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The Protestant Reformation (1450-1565)
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
Revolution in religious thought & practice
Challenged established authority & secured triumph of secular power
Contributed to centuries of violent conflict
Shaped identities & changed map of Europe
Contributed to ascendancy of individualism
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
Continuing crisis of the Church
Growing popular dissatisfaction
too much emphasis on ritual
increasing secularization
wealth, corruption, abuse
Caricature of Pope Alexander VI
The printing press
The development of printing took a dramatic step forward thanks to Johan Gutenberg, a Goldsmith working in Mainz, Germany, in the middle of the 15th century.
His revolutionary idea was to use metal to make individual pieces of type.
This moveable and re-useable type enabled printing to become a cheaper alternative to making books by hand
Once the printing had been finished, the type could be broken up and re-used to print another book.
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Before Gutenberg there were very few books. The books that did exist were mostly written in Latin and owned by the Church and the very rich.
Books has to be written out individually by monks which took a long time and kept the price high.
News had to be announced in church by Priests. Limited access to information allowed church to control the masses
Without access to books, most of the population were unable to read or write. There were very few schools and the ones that did exist were only for the rich.
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Gutenberg’s invention produced what is regarded as a landmark in the history of printing, and of western civilisation.
An edition of the Bible in Latin, known as the Gutenberg Bible was made at his workshop in Mainz between 1453 and 1455.
It consists of over 1,300 large pages. We know that 180 were offered for sale. 48 copies survive today, about 20 of them are complete.
The book was printed with two-colours, black and red, and was produced to an exceptionally high standard.
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•The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible.
•This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.
8Creative Media Production 2011
The Spread of Print
By 1471 printing had spread to other cities in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain and France.
By 1480 it had spread to many other cities in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, and France and also to Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Holland, Belgium and England.
By 1500 printing had spread to almost every part of Europe, including Portugal, Denmark, Austria, and Sweden.
100 Years War and Black Death
Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church
The Corruption within the Catholic Church
The Selling of Indulgences
Jorge Breu, 1530 “A Question to a Mintmaker”Depiction of Selling Indulgences
• Prior to 1517, the Catholic Church had been “selling indulgences.”
• Indulgences allowed people to “buy their way into heaven.” Given the right amount of money, the Church would forgive a person’s sins.
Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic
The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church
People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church
In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions
The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions
Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany
A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk—Lightening in a tower or on a road
He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven
He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort
In the Bible he found the answer for which he was looking
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)
“Justification by Faith Alone”
good works = evidence of grace, not cause
selling indulgences - 1517
JOHANNES TETZEL
authorized by Pope
“The righteous shall by his faith.”
Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.
Ninety-Five Theses (1517)
condemned selling of indulgences
only inner grace & faith guaranteed salvation
Luther nails Ninety-Five Theses to Wittenburg Castle, Oct. 31, 1517
denied papal authority over faith
Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs
Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany
Gained support from people and criticism from Church
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION and MARTIN LUTHER
Revised Christian doctrine
clergy no different than rest of believers
--rejected belief in purgatory
--called for end of monasteries
The balance: The Church v. the Bible
--reduced 7 sacraments to 2: baptism & communion
The Diet of Worms1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefsLuther burned the order and was excommunicatedLuther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further
He was the Pope during the height of the controversy
“I am fed up with the world, and it with me. I am like a ripe stool, and the world is like a gigantic anus, and so we’re about to let go of each other.”
-Luther
Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas
Lutheranism was formed
Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms
The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants
“May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.”
- Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with
Anti-Catholic
Influenced by Martin Luther
Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.”
Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland
Calvin believed in:
Salvation through Predestination
At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell
Foreknowledge
God knows everything that will happen in your life
Purified approach to life:
No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..
Started in Switzerland – Calvinists
England = Puritans
Scotland = Presbyterians
Holland = Dutch Reform
France = Huguenots
Germany = Reform Church
PuritanHugeunots
Presbyterian