The Properties Of MATTER

CHEMISTRY:The science that investigates and explains

the structure and property of matter and the changes it undergoes

What do we study in chemistry?

• Anything that is made of MATTERMATTER

• The PROPERTIESPROPERTIES of matter

• The The STRUCTURE of matter of matter

• TRANSFORMATIONSTRANSFORMATIONS of matter of matter

• ENERGY CHANGES ENERGY CHANGES that occur during that occur during transformationstransformations

• Suitable Suitable APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS in the use of in the use of matter and energy matter and energy

Matter•Anything that takes up space

(volume) and has mass(grams)– Mass: Mass: The property of matter that The property of matter that

can be measured with a balancecan be measured with a balance– Volume: Volume: the amount of space the amount of space

occupied by an object : occupied by an object : – mL, Liters, L x W x H = mmL, Liters, L x W x H = m33

Mass• measures the amount of matter in an

object—measured in Grams (g)

• Not matter--heat, light, thoughts, ideas, radio waves, magnetic fields.

Classify Matter by its Composition

QualitativeQualitative: made withoutwithout measurement

Example: Sucrose is composed of the elements Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen

QuantitativeQuantitative: Uses measurementmeasurement.

Example: 100g of Sucrose contains 42.1g C, 51.4g O, and 6.5g of H.

MATTER:

• Stuff!!• Makes up the UNIVERSE• Has MASS and occupies Space• Examples: stars, air , gasoline, furniture, food,

organisms, PEOPLE• Great diversity of matter• All matter is composed of essentially the same

fundamental particles—ATOMSATOMS

ATOMS:• Atoms, once THEORECTICAL, can now actually

be seen!• Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) allows

atoms to become visible• VERY different material looks extremely similar

under the microscope• Think of a beach—from a distance looks like sand

—up close one beach may be VERY different from another, just as one piece of matter can be very different from the next

Atoms:

• tiny particles that compose matter

• fundamental units of elements

• All atoms are NOT alike

• There are about 100 different types of atoms

Macroscopicand

Sub-Microscopic

Chemists study materials that are:

Macroscopicmaterials appear similar, but are different atomically!!

Sugar

Sea Salt

RUBY

Submicroscopic Materials appear to be different

• Bromine atoms

• Iodine

Sulfur

atoms

Silicon

atoms

By bringing the tip of an STM close to an adsorbed surface atom, the atom can be

dragged

along and positioned to build atomic

How do we organize matter?

PURE SUBSTANCEPURE SUBSTANCE:

• a kind of material that has the same makeup throughout• always the same composition, either a pure element or a

compound• Elements: GOLD, OXYGEN, • Compounds: WATER, SALT, SUGAR • are all only ONE kind of Material

Substances

MIXTURESMIXTURESCombination of 2 or Combination of 2 or more substances in more substances in

which the basic which the basic identity of each identity of each

substance is NOT substance is NOT changedchanged

Types of Mixtures:• Heterogeneous: not the same

throughout; contains regions of different properties

• Homogeneous: all the same throughout

ALLOYS

• An alloy is a partial or complete solid solution of one or more elements in a metallic matrix.

• mixture of metals

• composition VARIES

Color of Gold Alloy Composition

Yellow Gold (22K) Gold 91.67%Silver 5%Copper 2%Zinc 1.33%

Red Gold (18K) Gold 75%Copper 25%

Rose Gold (18K) Gold 75%Copper 22.25%Silver 2.75%

Pink Gold (18K) Gold 75%Copper 20%Silver 5%

White Gold (18K) Gold 75%Platinum or Palladium 25%

White Gold (18K) Gold 75%Palladium 10%Nickel 10%Zinc 5%

Gray-White Gold (18K) Gold 75%Iron 17%Copper 8%

Soft Green Gold (18K) Gold 75%Silver 25%

Light Green Gold (18K) Gold 75%Copper 23%Cadmium 2%

Green Gold (18K) Gold 75%Silver 20%Copper 5%

Deep Green Gold (18K) Gold 75%Silver 15%Copper 6%Cadmium 4%

Blue-White or Blue Gold (18K) Gold 75%Iron 25%

Purple Gold Gold 80%Aluminum 20

24k gold is 100% pure18k gold is 75% pure14k gold is 58.3% pure10k gold is 41.6% pure

Solutions, Suspensions and Colloids

Separating a mixture

• Distillation

• Filtration

Physical Change• H2O(l) → H2O(g) Evaporation

• H2O (s) H2O(l) melting

• H2O (l) H2O(s) freezing• Here (l) stands for liquid, (s) for solid and the (g) stands

for gas. These are physical changes, the H2O molecule does not change.

4 STATES of MATTER

• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas

• Plasma

STATES of MATTER

Properties of Matter

• Physical Properties:Characteristic of a substance that can change without the substance becoming something else

• Intensive: does not not depend on amount of substance (i.e. color)

• Extensive: depends on the amount of matter (i.e. mass)

Intensive Properties :do not depend on the amount of matter

•Color •Odor •Luster - How shiny a substance is. •Malleability - ability to be beaten into thin sheets. •Ductility - ability to be drawn into thin wires. •Conductivity - allow the flow of energy or

electricity. •Hardness - How easily a substance can be

scratched. •Melting/Freezing Point - temperature at which

the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium

•Boiling Point - temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure on the liquid

Intensive Properties cont.

•Magnetic•Solubility – can dissolve in a liquid

•Viscosity- a fluid’s resistance to flow

•Elasticity— can stretch and return to shape

•Buoyancy

•Density = mass / volume D =

M/V

Extensive Properties : : dodo depend on the amount of matter present. • Mass - A measurement of the amount of

matter in a object (grams). • Weight - A measurement of the

gravitational force of attraction of the earth acting on an object.

• Volume - A measurement of the amount of space a substance occupies.

• Length

Density formulas

•     m = v x D

•   

Density

• density: mass per unit volume of a substance.

Density Problems

• Calculate the density of a 500 g rectangular block with the following dimensions: length=8 cm, width=6 cm, height=5 cm.

• (answer = 2.1 g/cm3)

Density Problems

• An irregular object with a mass of 18 kg displaces 2.5 L of water when placed in a large overflow container. Calculate the density of the object.

answer = 7.2 kg/L or 7.2 g/mL or 7.2 g/cm3

Chemical Properties

• A characteristic of a substance that allows it to change into a new substance or transform from one substance into another. – Flammability– Light sensitivity– Rusting– Corroding– Reacting with Acids, Bases or other chemicals– A change in temperature is produced– Toxicity

Compounds: The composition of a compound is always the

same, 2 or more atoms of different elements chemically combined

• Methane (CH4) molecules in a carbon nano-tube

• Water(H2O) molecule

Organization of Matter

Physical Change

• Any change of matter that does not change the type of atoms and molecules within the matter is called a physical change. Water boiling is an example of a physical change. When water boils it is changing from a liquid state to a gaseous state.

SUBLIMATION of CO2( DRY ICE)

Chemical Change

• Molecules, on the other hand, can split or combine together to make other types of molecules. The process where a molecule is transformed into a different molecule is called a chemical change.

Chemical Changes