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Title: A New Orchard And Garden

or, The best way for planting,

grafting, and to make any

ground good, for a rich

Orchard: Particularly in the North

and generall

Author: William Lawson

Simon Harwood

Anonymous

Release Date: June 6, 2009 [EBook

#29058]

Language: English

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EBOOK A NEW ORCHARD AND GARDEN ***

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Transcriber's note

This etext contains

1. A New Orchard andGarden, by WilliamLawson (contents)

2. The Country HousewifesGarden, by WilliamLawson (contents)

3. A Most Profitable newtreatise, from approvedexperience of the Art ofPropagating Plants, bySimon Harwood(contents)

4. The Husband MansFruitful Orchard

The first edition of "A NewOrchard and Garden", whichincluded "The Country

Housewifes Garden" appearedin 1618; many further editionsappeared over the period to1695. The "Art of PropagatingPlants" and "The HusbandMans Fruitful Orchard"appeared in all editions from1623. This transcript is takenfrom the 1631 edition. Thetranscriber used a modernfacsimile of the 1657 editionto clarify some doubtfulreadings.

The spelling and hyphenationin the original are erratic. Nocorrections have been made

other than those listed at theend of the etext. Theformatting of the originaltables of contents has beennormalised.

[A1r] A

NEVV ORCHARDAND GARDEN

ORThe best way for planting,

grafting, and to makeany ground good, for a rich Orchard:

Particularly in the North,and generally for the whole kingdome

of England, as in nature,reason, situation, and all probabilitie,

may and doth appeare.

With the Country Housewifes Gardenfor hearbes of common vse:

their vertues, seasons, profits,ornaments, varietie of knots, models

for trees, and plots for the best orderingof Grounds and Walkes.

AS ALSO,The Husbandry of Bees, with their

seuerall vses and annoyancesbeing the experience of 48 yeares labour, and

now the second time correctedand much enlarged, by William Lawson.

Whereunto is newly added the Art of

propagating Plants, with the trueordering of all manner of Fruits, in their

gathering, carrying home, & preseruation.

Skill and paines bring fruitfull gaines.

Nemo sibi natus.

LONDON,Printed by Nicholas Okes for IOHN

HARISON, at the goldenVnicorne in Pater-noster-row. 1631.

[A1v]

[A2] TO THE RIGHTWORSHIPFVLL

SIR HENRY ,Knight and Baronet,

Worthy Sir,

When in many yeeres by longexperience I had furnished this myNortherne Orchard and CountreyGarden with needfull plants and vsefullhearbes, I did impart the view thereof

to my friends, who resorted to me toconferre in matters of that nature, theydid see it, and seeing it desired, and Imust not denie now the publishing of it(which then I allotted to my priuatedelight) for the publike profit of others.Wherefore, though I could pleadecustome the ordinarie excuse of allWriters, to chuse a Patron andProtector of their Workes, and soshroud my selfe from scandall vnderyour honourable fauour, yet haue Icertaine reasons to excuse this mypresumption: First, the many courtesies

[ A 2 v ] you haue vouchsafed me.Secondly, your delightfull skill inmatters of this nature. Thirdly, theprofit which I receiued from yourlearned discourse of Fruit-trees.

Fourthly, your animating and assistingof others to such endeuours. Last of all,the rare worke of your owne in thiskind: all which to publish vnder yourprotection, I haue aduentured (as yousee). Vouchsafe it thereforeentertainement, I pray you, and I hopeyou shall finde it not the vnprofitablest

seruant of your retinue: for when yourserious employments are ouerpassed, itmay interpose some commoditie, andraise your contentment out of varietie.

Your Worshipsmost bounden,

WILLIAM LAVVSON.

[A3] THE PREFACEto all well minded.

Art hath her first originall out ofexperience, which therefore is calledthe Schoole-mistresse of fooles,because she teacheth infallibly, andplainely, as drawing her knowledge outof the course of Nature, (which neuerfailes in the generall) by the senses,feelingly apprehending, and comparing(with the helpe of the minde) the

workes of nature; and as in all otherthings naturall, so especially in Trees;for what is Art more then a prouidentand skilfull Collectrix of the faults ofNature in particular workes,apprehended by the senses? As whengood ground naturally brings forththistles, trees stand too thicke, or toothin, or disorderly, or (withoutdressing) put forth vnprofitablesuckers, and suchlike. All which and athousand more, Art reformeth, beingtaught by experience: and thereforemust we count that Art the surest, that

stands vpon experimentall rules,gathered by the rule of reason (notconceit) of all other rules the surest.

Whereupon haue I of my meere andsole experience, without respect to anyformer written Treatise, gathered theserules, and set them downe in writing,not daring to hide the least talent giuenme of my Lord and Master in Heauen:neither is this iniurious to any, thoughit differ from the common opinion [A3v]

in diuers points, to make it knowne toothers, what good I haue found out in

this facultie by long triall andexperience. I confesse freely my wantof curious skill in the Art of planting.And I admire and praise Plinie,Aristotle, Virgil, Cicero, and manyothers for wit and iudgement in thiskind, and leaue them to their times,manner, and seuerall Countries.

I am not determined (neither can Iworthily) to set forth the praises of thisArt: how some, and not a few, euen ofthe best, haue accounted it a chiefepart of earthly happinesse, to haue

faire and pleasant Orchards, as inHesperia and Thessaly, how all withone consent agree, that it is a chiefepart of Husbandry (as Tully desenectute) and Husbandry maintainesthe world; how ancient, how profitable,how pleasant it is, how many secrets ofnature it doth containe, how loued, howmuch practised in the best places, andof the best: This hath already beenedone by many. I only aime at thecommon good. I delight not in curiousconceits, as planting and graffing withthe root vpwards, inoculating Roses on

Thornes, and such like, although I haueheard of diuers prooued some, andread of moe.

The Stationer hath (as being mostdesirous with me, to further thecommon good) bestowed much cost andcare in hauing the Knots and Modelsby the best Artizan cut in greatvarietie, that nothing might be any waywanting to satisfie the curious desire ofthose that would make vse of thisBooke.

And I shew a plaine and sure way of

planting, which I haue found good by48. yeeres (and moe) experience in theNorth part of England: I preiudicateand enuie none, wishing yet all toabstaine from maligning that good (tothem vnknowne) which is well intended.Farewell.

Thine, for thy good, W. L.

[A4] A Table of the thingsContayned in this

Booke

CHAP. 1.

Of theGardner hislabour andwadges.

pag.1

CHAP. 2.

Of the Soyle p. 3 Of Grasse.The kinds of p. 3 Of the Crust

trees. of the earth.Of barrenearth.

p. 4

CHAP. 3.

Lowe &neere theRiuer.

p. 6 Of theSunne.

Of Windes. p. 8 Treesagainst awall.

CHAP. 4.

Of thequantity.

p. 10 Whatquantity ofground.

Orchards as p. 10 Want no

good as aCorne-field.

hinderance.

Good as theVineyard.

p. 11 How Land-lords bytheirTenantsmay makeflourishingOrchards.

CHAP. 5.

The formeof theOrchard.

p. 12

CHAP. 6.

Of Fences. p. 14 Of Pales

and Rayles.Effects ofeuillFencing.

p. 14 Of Stone-walles.

The kinds ofFencinge.

p. 15 OfQuicksetsand Moates.

CHAP. 7.

Of Setts. p. 17 Of Suckers.Of Slipps. p. 17 A Running

plant.OfBurknots.

p. 17 Of boughtSetts.

Of SmallSetts.

p. 18 The bestSett.

Tying of p. 19 Times of

Trees. remouing.Signes ofdiseases.

p. 19 The mannerof setting.

CHAP. 8.

Of thedistance oftrees.

p. 28 [A4v] Thebestdistance.

The hurts oftoo neereplanting.

p. 28 Of wastground inan Orchard.

All toucheshurtfull.

p. 29

CHAP. 9.

Of theplacing of

p. 31

trees.

CHAP. 10.

Of Grafting. p. 33 Gatheringof Grafts.

The kinds ofGrafting.

p. 34 Of Incising.

How toGraft.

p. 34 Of Packing.

What aGraft is.

p. 34 OfInoculating.

The eies ofa Graft.

p. 34 Grafting intheScutcheon.

Time ofGrafting.

p. 35

CHAP. 11.

The rightdressing oftrees.

p. 40 How todresse allFruit-trees.

Timber-wood euilldrest.

p. 41 The besttimes forproyning.

The cause ofhurts inwood.

p. 42 Faults ofeuilldressingand theremedies.

How todresseTimber.

p. 43 Of water-boughes.

The profit ofdressing.

p. 43-45

Barke-pyld.

Trees willtake anyforme.

p. 44 Instrumentsfordressing.

CHAP. 12

Of Foyling. p. 51 Time fit forFoyling.

CHAP. 13

OfAnnoyances.

p. 54 Of gallscankers,mosse &c.

Two euillsin anOrchard.

p. 54 Of wilfullannoyances.

CHAP. 14.

Of the age p. 60 The age of

of trees. timber-trees.

The parts ofa trees age.

p. 61 To discernethe age oftrees.

Of Mansage.

p. 62

CHAP. 15.

Ofgatheringand keepingFruit.

p. 65

CHAP. 16.

The profit ofOrchards.

p. 67 Of Fruit,Waters and

Conserue.Of Cydarand Perry.

p. 67

CHAP. 17.

OfOrnaments.

p. 68 Of Flowers,Borders,Mounts &c.

Of thedelights.

p. 69 Of Bees.

The causesof delights.

p. 70

[Pg 1] [B] THE BEST,SVRE

AND READIESTVVAY

to make a good Orchard andGarden.

CHAPTER. 1.

Of the Gardner, and hisWages.

Religious. Whosoeuer desireth &endeauoureth to haue a pleasant, andprofitable Orchard, must (if he be able)prouide himselfe of a Fruicterer,religious, honest, skilful in that faculty,& therwithall painfull: By religious, Imeane (because many think religionbut a fashion or custome to go to

Church) maintaining, & cherishingthings religious: as Schooles oflearning, Churches, Tythes, Church-goods, & rights; and aboue all things,Gods word, & the Preachers thereof, somuch as he is able, practising prayers,comfortable conference, mutuallinstruction to edifie, almes, and otherworks of Charity, and all out of a goodconscience.

Honest. Honesty in a Gardner, will graceyour Garden, and all your house, andhelpe to stay vnbridled Seruingmen,

giuing offence to none, not calling yourname into question by dishonest acts,nor infecting your family by euillcounsell or example. For there is noplague so infectious as Popery andknauery, he will not purloine yourprofit, nor hinder your pleasures.

Skilfull. Concerning his skill, he must notbe a Scolist, to make shew or take inhand that, which he cannot performe,especially in so weighty a thing as anOrchard: [B1v] [Pg 2] than the which, therecan be no humane thing more

excellent, either for pleasure or profit,as shall (God willing) be proued in thetreatise following. And what anhinderance shall it be, not onely to theowner, but to the common good, thatthe vnspeakeble benefit of manyhundred yeeres shall be lost, by theaudacious attempt of an vnskilfullArborist.

Painfull. The Gardner had not need be anidle, or lazie Lubber, for to yourOrchard being a matter of suchmoment, will not prosper. There will

euer be some thing to doe. Weedes arealwaies growing. The great mother ofall liuing Creatures, the Earth, is full ofseed in her bowels, and any stirringgiues them heat of Sunne, and beinglaid neere day, they grow: Mowlesworke daily, though not alwaies alike.Winter herbes at all times will grow(except in extreame frost.) In Winteryour young trees and herbes would belightned of snow, and your Allyescleansed: drifts of snow will set Deere,Hares, and Conyes, and other noysomebeasts ouer your walles & hedges, into

your Orchard. When Summer cloathesyour borders with greene and peckledcolours, your Gardner must dresse hishedges, and antike workes: watch hisBees, and hiue them: distill his Rosesand other herbes. Now begins SummerFruit to ripe, and craue your hand topull them. If he haue a Garden (as hemust need) to keepe, you must needsallow him good helpe, to end hislabours which are endlesse, for no oneman is sufficient for these things.

Wages. Such a Gardner as will

conscionably, quietly and patiently,trauell in your Orchard, God shallcrowne the labours of his hands withioyfulnesse, and make the clouds dropfatnesse vpon your trees, he willprouoke your loue, and earne hiswages, and fees belonging to [B2] [Pg 3]

his place: The house being serued,fallen fruite, superfluity of herbes, andflowers, seedes, grasses, sets, andbesides all other of that fruit whichyour bountifull hand shall reward himwithall, will much augment his wages,and the profit of your bees will pay you

backe againe.

If you be not able, nor willing to hire agardner, keepe your profits to yourselfe, but then you must take all thepains: And for that purpose (if youwant this faculty) to instruct you, haueI vndertaken these labours, andgathered these rules, but chieflyrespecting my Countries good.

CHAP. 2.

Of the soyle.

Kinds of trees. Fruit-trees most common,and meetest for our NortherneCountries: (as Apples, Peares, Cheries,Filberds, red and white Plummes,Damsons, and Bulles,) for we meddlenot with Apricockes nor Peaches, norscarcely with Quinces, which will notlike in our cold parts, vnlesse they behelped with some reflex of Sunne, or

other like meanes, nor with bushes,bearing berries, as Barberies, Goose-berries, or Grosers, Raspe-berries, andsuch like, though the Barbery bewholesome, and the tree may be madegreat: doe require (as all other treesdoe) a blacke, fat, mellow, cleane andwell tempered soyle, wherein they maygather plenty of good sap. Some thinkethe Hasell would haue a chanily rocke,and the sallow, and eller a waterishmarish. Soyle. The soile is made betterby deluing, and other meanes, beingwell melted, and the wildnesse of the

earth and weedes (for euery thingsubiect to man, and seruing his vse (notwell ordered) is by nature subiect [B2v]

[Pg 4] to the curse,) is killed by frostsand drought, by fallowing and layingon heapes, and if it be wild earth, withburning.

Barren earth. If your ground be barren (forsome are forced to make an Orchard ofbarren ground) make a pit threequarters deepe, and two yards wide,and round in such places, where youwould set your trees, and fill the same

with fat, pure, and mellow earth, onewhole foot higher then your Soile, andtherein set your Plant. For who is ableto manure an whole Orchard plot, if itbe barren? But if you determine tomanure the whole site, this is yourway: digge a trench halfe a yard deepe,all along the lower (if there be a lower)side of your Orchard plot, casting vpall the earth on the inner side, and fillthe same with good short, hot, & tendermuck, and make such another Trench,and fill the same as the first, and so thethird, and so through out your ground.

And by this meanes your plot shall befertile for your life. But be sure you setyour trees, neither in dung nor barrenearth.

Plaine. Your ground must be plaine, thatit may receiue, and keepe moysture,not onely the raine falling thereon, butalso water cast vpon it, or descendingfrom higher ground by sluices,Conduits, &c. Moyst. For I accountmoisture in Summer very needfull inthe soile of trees, & drought in Winter.Prouided, that the ground neither be

boggy, nor the inundation be past 24.houres at any time, and but twice in thewhole Summer, and so oft in theWinter. Therefore if your plot be in aBanke, or haue a descent, makeTrenches by degrees, Allyes, Walkes,and such like, so as the Water may bestayed from passage. And if too muchwater be any hinderance to your walks(for dry walkes doe well become anOrchard, and an Orchard them:) raiseyour walkes with earth first, and [B3] [Pg

5 ] then with stones, as bigge asWalnuts: and lastly, with grauell. In

Summer you need not doubt too muchwater from heauen, either to hurt thehealth of your body, or of your trees.And if ouerflowing molest you afterone day, auoid it then by deepetrenching.

Some for this purpose dig the soile oftheir Orchard to receiue moisture,which I cannot approue: for the rootswith digging are oftentimes hurt, andespecially being digged by somevnskilfull seruant: For the Gardinercannot doe all himselfe. And moreouer,

the roots of Apples & Peares being laidneere day, with the heate of the Sun,will put forth suckers, which are a greathinderance, and sometimes with euillguiding, the destruction of trees,vnlesse the deluing be very shallow,and the ground laid very leuell againe.Cherries and Plummes without deluing,will hardly or neuer (after twentyyeares) be kept from such suckers, noraspes.

Grasse. Grasse also is thought needfullfor moisture, so you let it not touch the

roots of your trees: for it will breedmosse, and the boall of your tree neerethe earth would haue the comfort of theSunne and Ayre.

Some take their ground to be too moistwhen it is not so, by reason of watersstanding thereon, for except in souremarshes, springs, and continuallouerflowings, no earth can be toomoyst. Sandy & fat earth will auoid allwater falling by receit. Indeed a stiffeclay will not receiue the water, andtherefore if it be grassie or plaine,

especially hollow, the water will abide,and it wil seeme waterish, when thefault is in the want of manuring, andother good dressing.

Naturally plaine. This plainnesse which werequire, had need be naturall, becauseto force an vneuen ground will destroythe fatnesse. For euery soile hath hiscrust next day wherein [B3v] [Pg 6] treesand herbes put their roots, and whencethey draw their sap, which is the best ofthe soile, and made fertile with heatand cold, moisture and drought, and

vnder which by reason of the want ofthe said temperature, by the said fourequalities, no tree nor herbe (in amanner) will or can put root. As maybe seene if in digging your ground, youtake the weeds of most growth: asgrasse or docks, (which will growthough they lie vpon the earth bare) yetbury them vnder the crust, and theywill surely dye and perish, & becomemanure to your ground. This crust isnot past 15. or 18. inches deepe in goodground, in other grounds lesse. Crust of

the earth. Hereby appeares the fault of

forced plaines, viz. your crust in thelower parts, is couered with the crust ofthe higher parts, and both with worseearth: your heights hauing the crusttaken away, are become meerelybarren: so that either you must force anew crust, or haue an euill soile. Andbe sure you leuell, before you plant,lest you be forced to remoue, or hurtyour plants by digging, and castingamongst their roots. Your ground mustbe cleered as much as you may ofstones, and grauell, walls, hedges,bushes, & other weeds.

CHAP. 3.

Of the Site.

There is no difference, that I findbetwixt the necessity of a good soile,and a good site of an Orchard. For agood soile (as is before described)cannot want a good site, and if it do,the fruit cannot be good, and a goodsite will much mend an euill soile. Low

and neere a Riuer. The best site is in lowgrounds, (and if you can) neere vnto a

Riuer. High grounds are not naturallyfat.

[B4] [Pg 7] And if they haue any fatnesseby mans hand, the very descent in timedoth wash it away. It is with grounds inthis case as it is with men in a commonwealth. Much will haue more: and oncepoore, seldome or neuer rich. The rainewill scind, and wash, and the wind willblow fatnesse from the heights to thehollowes, where it will abide, andfatten the earth though it were barrenbefore.

Hence it is, that we haue seldome anyplaine grounds, and low, barren: and asseldome any heights naturally fertill. Itis vnspeakeable, what fatnesse isbrought to low grounds by inundationsof waters. Neither did I euer know anybarren ground in a low plaine by aRiuer side. The goodnesse of the soilei n Howle or Hollowdernes, in York-shire, is well knowne to all that knowthe Riuer Humber, and the huge bulkesof their Cattell there. By estimation ofthem that haue seene the low groundsi n Holland and Zealand they farre

surpasse the most Countries in Europefor fruitfulnesse, and only because theylie so low. Psal. 1. 3.

Ezek. 17. 8.

Eccl. 39. 17. The world cannot comparewith Ægypt, for fertility, so farre asNilus doth ouer flow his bankes. Sothat a fitter place cannot be chosen foran Orchard, then a low plaine by a riuerside. For besides the fatnesse which thewater brings, if any cloudy mist orraine be stirring, it commonly fallsdowne to, and followes the course ofthe Riuer. And where see we greater

trees of bulke and bough, then standingon or neere the waters side? If you askewhy the plaines in Holderns, and suchcountries are destitute of woods? Ianswer that men and cattell (that haueput trees thence, from out of Plaines tovoid corners) are better then trees.Neither are those places without trees.Mr. Markham. Our old fathers can tel vs,how woods are decaied, & people inthe roomth of trees [ B 4 v ] [Pg 8]

multiplied. I haue stood somwhat longin this poynt, because some docondemne a moist soile for fruit-trees.

Winds.

Chap. 13. A low ground is good to auoidethe danger of winds, both for shakingdowne your vnripe fruite. Trees themost (that I know) being loaden withwood, for want of proyning, andgrowing high, by the vnskilfulnesse ofthe Arborist, must needes be incontinuall danger of the South-west,West, and North west winds, especiallyin September and March, when the aireis most temperate from extreme heat,and cold, which are deadly enemies togreat winds. Wherefore chuse your

ground low: Or if you be forced toplant in a higher ground, let high andstrong wals, houses, and trees, as wall-nuts, plane trees, Okes, and Ashes,placed in good order, be your fence forwinds.

The sucken of your dwelling house,descending into your orchard, if it becleanly conueyed, is good.

Sunne. The Sunne, in some sort, is thelife of the world. It maketh proudgrowth, and ripens kindly, andspeedily, according to the golden

tearme: Annus fructificat, non tellus.Therefore in the countries, neererapproching the Zodiake, the Sunneshabitation, they haue better, and soonerripe fruite, then we that dwell in thesefrozen parts.

Trees against a wall. This prouoketh most ofour great Arborists, to plantApricockes, Cherries and Peaches, by awall, and with tackes, and other meanesto spread them vpon, and fasten themto a wall, to haue the benefit of theimmoderate reflexe of the Sunne,

which is commendable, for the hauingof faire, good & soone ripe fruit. Butlet them know it is more hurtfull totheir trees then the benefit they reapetherby: as not suffering a tree to liuethe tenth part of his age. It helpesGardners to worke, for first the [B5r] [Pg

9] wall hinders the roots, because into adry and hard wall of earth or stone atree will not, nor cannot put any root toprofit, but especially it stops thepassage of sap, whereby the barke iswounded, & the wood, & diseasesgrow, so that the tree becomes short of

life. For as in the body of a man, theleaning or lying on some member,wherby the course of bloud is stopt,makes that member as it were dead forthe time, till the bloud returne to hiscourse, and I thinke, if that stoppingshould continue any time, the memberwould perish for want of bloud (for thelife is in the bloud) and so endanger thebody: so the sap is the life of the tree,as the bloud is to mans body: neitherdoth the tree in winter (as is supposed)want his sap, no more then mans bodyhis bloud, which in winter, and time of

sleep draws inward. So that the deadtime of winter, to a tree, is but a nightof rest: for the tree at all times, euen inwinter is nourished with sap, &groweth as well as mans body. Thechilling cold may well some little timestay, or hinder the proud course of thesap, but so little & so short a time, thatin calme & mild season, euen in thedepth of winter, if you marke it, youmay easily perceiue, the sap to put out,and your trees to increase their buds,which were formed in the summerbefore, & may easily be discerned: for

leaues fall not off, til they be thrust off,with the knots or buds, wherupon itcomes to passe that trees cannot bearefruit plentifully two yeares together,and make themselues ready toblossome against the seasonablenesseof the next Spring.

And if any frost be so extreme, that itstay the sap too much, or too long, thenit kils the forward fruit in the bud, andsometimes the tender leaues and twigs,but not the tree. Wherefore, to returne,it is perillous to stop the sap. And

where, or when, did you euer see agreat tree [B5v] [Pg 10] packt on a wall?Nay, who did euer know a tree sovnkindly splat, come to age? I haueheard of some, that out of theirimaginary cunning, haue planted suchtrees, on the North side of the wall, toauoide drought, but the heate of theSunne is as comfortable (which theyshould haue regarded) as the drought ishurtfull. And although water is asoueraigne remedy against drought, yewant of Sun is no way to be helped.Wherefore to conclude this Chapter, let

your ground lie so, that it may haue thebenefit of the South, and West Sun, andso low and close, that it may hauemoysture, and increase his fatnesse (fortrees are the greatest suckers & pillersof earth) and (as much as may be) freefrom great winds.

CHAP. 4.

Of the quantity.

It would be remembred what a benefitriseth, not onely to euery particularowner of an Orchard, but also to thecommon wealth, by fruit, as shall beshewed in the 16. Chapter (Godwilling) whereupon must needesfollow: the greater the Orchard is(being good and well kept) the better itis, for of good things, being equally

good, the biggest is the best. Orchard as

good as a corn-field. And if it shall appeare,that no ground a man occupieth (no,not the corne field) yeeldeth moregaine to the purse, and house keeping(not to speake of the vnspeakeablepleasure) quantity for quantity, than agood Orchard (besides the cost inplanting, and dressing an orchard, isnot so much by farre, as the labour andfeeding of your corne fields, nor fordurance of time, comparable, besidesthe certainty of the on before [B6r] [Pg 11]

the other) I see not how any labour, or

cost in this kind, can be idly orwastfully bestowed, or thought toomuch. Compared with a vinyard. And whatother things is a vineyard, in thosecountries where vines doe thriue, than alarge Orchard of trees bearing fruit? Orwhat difference is there in the iuice ofthe Grape, and our Cyder & Perry, butthe goodnes of the soile & clime wherethey grow? which maketh the one moreripe, & so more pleasant then the other.What soeuer can be said for the benefitrising from an orchard, that makes forthe largenesse of the Orchards bounds.

Compared with a garden. And (me thinkes)they do preposterously, that bestowmore cost and labours, and moreground in and vpon a garden than vponan orchard, whence they reape and mayreape both more pleasure and moreprofit, by infinite degrees. And further,that a Garden neuer so fresh, and faire,and well kept, cannot continue withoutboth renewing of the earth and thehearbs often, in the short and ordinaryage of a man: whereas your Orchardwell kept shall dure diuers hundredyeares, as shall be shewed chap. 14. In

a large orchard there is much laboursaued, in fencing, and otherwise: forthree little orchards, or few trees,being, in a manner, all out-sides, are soblasted and dangered, and commonly inkeeping neglected, and require a greatfence; whereas in a great Orchard, treesare a mutuall fence one to another, andthe keeping is regarded, and lessefencing serues sixe acres together, thanthree in seuerall inclosures.

What quantity of ground. Now what quantityof ground is meetest for an Orchard can

no man prescribe, but that must be leftto euery mans seuerall iudgement, tobe measured according to his abilityand will, for other necessaries besidesfruite must be had, and some are moredelighted with orchard then others.

[B6v] [Pg 12] Want is no hinderance. Let no manhauing a fit plot plead pouerty in thiscase, for an orchard once planted willmaintaine it selfe, and yeeld infiniteprofit besides. And I am perswaded,that if men did know the right and bestway of planting, dressing, and keeping

trees, and felt the profit and pleasurethereof, both they that haue no orchardswould haue them, & they that haueorchards, would haue them larger, yeafruit-trees in their hedges, as inWorcester-shire, &c. How Land-lords by

their Tenants may make flourishing Orchards in

England. And I think, that the want ofplanting, is a great losse to ourcommon-wealth, & in particular, to theowners of Lord-ships, which Landlords themselues might easily amend,by granting longer terme, and betterassurance to their tenants, who haue

taken vp this Prouerbe Botch and sit,Build and flit: for who will build orplant for an other mans profit? Or theParliament mighte ioyne eueryoccupier of grounds to plant andmainetaine for so many acres offruitfull ground, so many seuerall treesor kinds of trees for fruit. Thus muchfor quantity.

CHAP. 5.

Of the forme.

The goodnesse of the soile, and site,are necessary to the wel being of anorchard simply, but the forme is sofarre necessary, as the owner shallthinke meete, for that kind of formewherewith euery particular man isdelighted, we leaue it to himselfe,Suum cuique pulchrum. The vsuall forme is

a square. The forme that men like in

generall is a square, for althoughroundnesse be forma perfectissima, yetthat principle is good where necessityby art doth not force some other forme.If within one large square the Gardnershall make one round Labyrinth orMaze with some kind of Berries, it willgrace your forme, so there be [B7r] [Pg 14]

sufficient roomth left for walkes, sowill foure or more round knots do. Forit is to be noted, that the eye must bepleased with the forme. I haue seenesquares rising by degrees with stayesfrom your house-ward, according to

this forme which I haue, Crassa quodaiunt Minerua, with an vnsteady hand,rough hewen, for in forming thecountry gardens, the better sort mayvse better formes, and more costlyworke. What is needefull more to besayd, I referre that all (concerning theForme,) to the Chapter 17 of theornaments of an Orchard.

[B7v] [Pg 13] A.Al thesesquaresmust bee setwith trees,the Gardensand otherornamentsmust standin spacesbetwixt thetrees, & inthe borders& fences.

B. Trees 20.

yardsasunder.

C. GardenKnots.

D. Kitchengarden.

E. Bridge.

F. Conduit.

G. Staires.

H. Walkesset withgreat woodthicke.

I. Walkesset withgreat woodround aboutyourOrchard.

K. The outfence.

L. The outfence setwith stone-fruite.

M. Mount.To forceearth for amount, or

such like setit round withquicke, andlay boughesof treesstrangelyintermingledtops inward,with theearth in themidle.

N. Still-house.

O. Goodstanding forBees, if you

haue anhouse.

P. If theriuer run byyour doore,& vnderyour mount,it will bepleasant.

CHAP. 6.

Of Fences.

Effects of euill fencing. All your labourpast and to come about an Orchard islost vnlesse you fence well. It shallgrieue you much to see your young setsrubd loose at the rootes, the barke pild,the boughes and twigs cropt, yourfruite stolne, your trees broken, andyour many yeares labours and hopesdestroyed, for want of fences. A chiefe

care must be had in this point. Youmust therefore plant in such a soile,where you may prouide a conuenient,strong and seemely fence. For you canpossesse no goods, that haue so manyenemies as an orchard, looke Chapter13. Fruits are so delightsome, anddesired of so many (nay, in a manner ofall) and yet few will be at cost and takepaines to prouide them. Fence welltherefore, let your plot be wholly inyour owne power, that you make allyour fence your selfe: for neighboursfencing is none at all, or very carelesse.

Let the fence be your owne. Take heed of adoore or window, (yea of a wall) of anyother mans into your orchard: yea,though it be nayld vp, or the wall behigh, for [B8r] [Pg 15] perhaps they willproue theeues.

Kinds of fences, earthen walles. All Fencescommonly are made of Earth, Stone,Bricke, Wood, or both earth and wood.Dry wall of earth, and dry Ditches, arethe worst fences saue pales or railes,and doe waste the soonest, vnlesse theybe well copt with glooe and morter,

whereon at Mighill-tide it will be goodto sow Wall-flowers, commonly calledBee-flowers, or winter Gilly-flowers,because they will grow (thoughamongst stones) and abide thestrongest frost and drought, continuallygreene and flowring euen in Winter,and haue a pleasant smell, and aretimely, (that is, they will floure thefirst and last of flowers) and are goodfor Bees. And your earthen wall is goodfor Bees dry and warme. But thesefences are both vnseemly, euill torepaire, and onely for need, where

stone or wood cannot be had.Whosoeuer makes such Walles, mustnot pill the ground in the Orchard, forgetting earth, nor make any pits orhallowes, which are both vnseemly andvnprofitable. Old dry earth mixt withsand is best for these. This kind of wallwill soone decay, by reason of the treeswhich grow neere it, for the roots andboales of great trees, will increase,vndermine, and ouerturne such walles,though they were of stone, as isapparant by Ashes, Rountrees, Burt-trees, and such like, carried in the chat,

or berry, by birds into stone-walles.

Pale and Raile. Fences of dead wood, aspales, will not last, neither will raileseither last or make good fence.

Stone walls. Stone walles (where stonemay be had) are the best of this sort,both for fencing, lasting, and shroudingof your young trees. But about thismust you bestow much paines andmore cost, to haue them handsome,high and durable.

[B8v] [Pg 16] Quicke wood and Moates. But of

all other (in mine owne opinion)Quickwood, and Moats or Ditches ofwater, where the ground is leuell, is thebest fence. In vnequall grounds, whichwill not keepe water, there a doubleditch may be cast, made streight andleuel on the top, two yards broad for afaire walke, fiue or sixe foot higherthen the soyle, with a gutter on eitherside, two yards wide, and foure footdeepe set with out, with three or fourechesse of Thorns, and within withCherry, Plumme, Damson, Bullys,Filbirds, (for I loue these trees better

for their fruit, and as well for theirforme, as priuit) for you may makethem take any forme. And in euerycorner (and middle if you will) a mountwould be raised, whereabout the woodmay claspe, powdered with wood-binde: which wil make with dressing afaire, plesant, profitable, & sure fence.But you must be sure that your quickethornes either grow wholly, or thatthere be a supply betime, either withplanting new, or plashing the old whereneed is. And assure your selfe, thatneither wood, stone, earth, nor water,

can make so strong a fence, as thisafter seuen yeares growth.

Moates. Moates, Fish-ponds, and(especially at one side a Riuer) withinand without your fence, will afford youfish, fence, and moysture to your trees,and pleasure also, if they be so greatand deepe that you may haue Swans, &other water birds, good for deuouringof vermine, and boat for many goodvses.

It shall hardly auaile you to make anyfence for your Orchard, if you be a

niggard of your fruit. For as liberalitywill saue it best from noysomeneighbours, liberality I say is the bestfence, so Iustice must restraine rioters.Thus when your ground is tempered,squared, and fenced, it is time toprouide for planting.

[C] [Pg 17] CHAP. 7.

Of Sets.

There is not one point (in my opinion)about an Orchard more to be regarded,than the choyce getting and setting ofgood plants, either for readinesse orhauing good fruite, or for continualllasting. For whosoeuer shall faile in thechoyce of good Sets, or in getting, orgathering, or setting his plants, shallneuer haue a good or lasting Orchard.

And I take want of skill in this facultyto be a chiefe hinderance to the mostOrchards, and to many for hauing ofOrchards at all.

Slips. Some for readinesse vse slips,which seldome take roote: and if theydoe take, they cannot last, both becausetheir roote hauing a maine wound willin short time decay the body of thetree: and besides that rootes being soweakely put, are soone nipt withdrought or frost. I could neuer see(lightly) any slip but of apples onely

set for trees.

Bur-knot. A Bur-knot kindly taken froman Apple tree, is much better and surer.You must cut him close at the rooteende, an handfull vnder the knot.(Some vse in Summer about Lammas tocircumcise him, and put earth to theknots with hay roaps, and in winter cuthim off and set him, but this iscuriosity, needlesse, and danger withremouing, and drought,) and cut awayall his twigs saue one, the mostprincipall, which in setting you must

leaue aboue the earth, burying his trunkin the crust of the earth for his root. Itmatters not much what part of thebough the twig growes out of. If itgrow out of [C1v] [Pg 18] or neere theroote end, some say such an Apple willhaue no coare nor kirnell. Or if itplease the Plantor, he may let hisbough be crooked, and leaue out his topend, one foote or somewhat more,wherein will be good grafting, if eitheryou like not, or doubt the fruite of thebough (for commonly your bur-knotsare summer fruit) or if you thinke he

will not couer his wound safely.

Vsuall Sets. The most vsuall kind of sets,is plants with rootes growing of kirnelsof Apples, Peares, and Crabbes, orstones of Cherries, Plummes, &c.Remoued out of a Nursery, Wood orother Orchard, into, and set in yourOrchard in their due places I grant thiskind to be better than either of theformer, by much, as more sure andmore durable. Herein you must notethat in sets so remoued, you get all theroots you can; and without brusing of

any; Maine rootes cut. I vtterly dislike theopinion of those great Gardners, thatfollowing their Bookes would haue themaine rootes cut away, for tops cannotgrowe without rootes. Stow sets remoued.

And because none can get all therootes, and remouall is an hinderance,you may not leaue on all tops, whenyou set them: For there is a proportionbetwixt the top and root of a tree, euenin the number (at least) in the growth.If the roots be many, they will bringyou many tops, if they be not hindred.And if you vse to stow or top your tree

too much or too low, and leaue noissue, or little for sap, (as is to be seenein your hedges) it will hinder thegrowth of rootes and boale, becausesuch a kind of stowing is a kind ofsmothering, or choaking the sap. Greatwood, as Oke, Elme, Ash, &c. beingcontinually kept downe with sheeres,knife, axe, &c. neither boale nor rootewill thriue, but as an hedge or bush. Ifyou intend to graff in your Set, youmay cut him closer with a greaterwound, and nearer the earth, within a [C2] [Pg 19] foote or two, because the graft

or grafts will couer his wound. If youlike his fruite, and would haue him tobe a tree of himselfe, be not so bold:this I can tell you, that though you docut his top close, and leaue nothing buthis bulke, because his rootes are few, ifhe be (but little) bigger than yourthumbe (as I with all plants remoued tobe) he will safely recouer wound withinseuen yeares; by good guidance that is.In the next time of dressing immediatlyaboue his vppermost sprig, you cut himoff aslope cleanely, to that the spriggestand on the backe side, (and if you can

Northward, that the wound may hauethe benefit of Sunne) at the vpper endeof the wound: and let that sprigge onelybe the boale. Generall rule. And take thisfor a generall rule; Euery young plant,if he thriue, will recouer any woundaboue the earth, by good dressing,although it be to the one halfe, and tohis very heart. Tying of trees. This shortcutting at the remoue, saues your plantsfrom Wind, and neede the lesse or nostaking. I commend not Lying orLeaning of trees against holds orstayres; for it breedes obstruction of

sap and wounds incureable. Generall rule.

All remouing of trees as great as yourarme, or aboue, is dangerous: thoughsometime some such will grow but notcontinue long: Because they be taintedwith deadly wounds, either in the rooteor top. (And a tree once throughlytainted is neuer good) And though theyget some hold in the earth with somelesser taw, or tawes, which giue somenourishment to the body of the tree: yetthe heart being tainted, he will hardlyeuer thriue; Signes of diseases, Chap 13.

which you may easily discerne by the

blackenesse of the boughes at the heart,when you dresse your trees. Also, whenhe is set with moe tops than the rootescan nourish, the tops decaying, blackenthe boughes, and the boughs the armes, [C2v] [Pg 20] and so they boile at the veryheart. Or this taint in the remouall, if itkill not presently, but after some shorttime, it may be discerned byblacknesse or yellownesse in the barke,and a small hungred leafe. Or if yourremoued plant put forth leaues the nextand second summer, and little or fewspraies, it is a great signe of a taint, and

next yeares death. I haue knowne a treetainted in setting, yet grow, & beareblossomes for diuers yeares: and yetfor want of strength could neuer shapehis fruit.

Suckers good sets. Next vnto this or ratherequall with these plants, are suckersgrowing out of the roots of great trees,which cherries and plums do seldomeor neuer want: and being taken kindlywith their roots, will make very goodsets. And you may helpe them much byenlarging their rootes with the taws of

the tree, whence you take them. Theyare of two sorts: Either growing fromthe very root of the tree: and here youmust be carefull, not to hurt your treewhen you gather them, by rippingamongst the rootes; and that you takethem cleane away: for these are a greatand continuall annoyance to the growthof your tree: and they will hardly becleansed. Secondly, or they do arisefrom some taw: and these may be takenwithout danger, with long and goodrootes, and will soone become trees ofstrength.

A running Plant. There is another way,which I haue not throughly proued, toget not onely plants for graffing, butsets to remaine for trees, which I call aRunning Plant: the manner of it is this:Take a roote or kirnell, and put it intothe middle of your plot, and the secondyeare in the spring, geld his top, if hehaue one principall (as commonly bynature they haue) and let him put forthonely foure Cyons toward the fourecorners of the orchard, as neere theearth as you can. If he put not foure, [C3] [Pg 21] (which is rare) stay his top till

he haue put so many. When you hauesuch foure, cut the stocke aslope, as isaforesayd in this chapter, hard abouethe vttermost sprig, & keepe thosefoure without Cyons cleane andstraight, till you haue them a yard and ahalfe, at least, or two yards long. Thenthe next spring in grassing time, laydowne those foure sprayes, towards thefoure corners of your Orchard, withtheir tops in an heape of pure and goodearth, and railed as high as the roote ofyour Cyon (for sap will not descend)and a sod to keepe them downe, leauing

nine or twelue inches of the top tolooke vpward. In that hill he will putrootes, and his top new Cyons, whichyou must spread as before, and so fromhill to hill till he spread the compasseof your ground, or as farre as you list.If in bending, the Cyons cracke, thematter is small, cleanse the ground andhe will recouer. Euery bended boughwill put forth branches, and becometrees. If this plant be of a burre knot,there is no doubt. I haue proued it inone branch my selfe: and I know atWilton in Cleeue-land a Peare-tree of a

great bulke and age, blowne close tothe earth, hath put at euery knot rootesinto the earth, and from roote to top, agreat number of mighty armes or trees,filling a great roomth, like many trees,or a little Orchard. Much better may itbe done by Art in a lesse tree. And Icould not mislike this kind, saue thatthe time will be long before it come toperfection.

Sets bought. Many vse to buy sets alreadygrafted, which is not the best way: forfirst, All remoues are dangerous:

Againe, there is danger in the carriage:Thirdly, it is a costly course ofplanting: Fourthly, euery Gardner isnot trusty to sell you good fruite:Fifthly, you know not which is best,which is worst, and so may take mostcare about [C3v] [Pg 22] your worst trees.Lastly, this way keepes you frompractise, and so from experience in sogood, Gentlemanly, Scholerlike, andprofitable a faculty.

The best sets. The onely best way (in myopinion) to haue sure and lasting sets,

is neuer to remoue: for euery remoue isan hinderance, if not a dangerous hurtor deadly taint. This is the way.Vnremoued how. The plot forme beinglayd, and the plot appointed where youwill plant euery set in your orchard,digge the roomth, where your sets shallstand, a yard compasse, and make theearth mellow and cleane, and mingle itwith a few coale-ashes, to auoidewormes: and immediately after thefirst change of the Moone, in the latterend of February, the earth being a freshturn'd ouer, put in euery such roomth

three or foure kirnels of Apples orPeares, of the best: euery kirnell in anhole made with your finger, fingerdeepe, a foote distant one fromanother: and that day monethfollowing, as many moe, (lest some ofthe former misse) in the samecompasse; but not in the same holes.Hence (God willing) shall you hauerootes enough. If they all, or diuers ofthem come vp, you may draw (but notdigge) vp (nor put downe) at yourpleasure, the next Nouember. Howmany soeuer you take away, to giue or

bestow elsewhere, be sure to leaue twoof the proudest. And when in your 2.and 3. yeare you Graffe, if you graffethen at all, leaue the one of those twovngraffed, lest in graffing the other youfaile: For I find by tryall, that after firstor second graffing in the same stocke,being mist (for who hits all) the thirdmisse puts your stocke in deadlydanger, for want of issue of sap. Yea,though you hit in graffing, yet mayyour graffes with winde or otherwisebe broken downe. If your graffes orgraffe prosper, you haue your desire, in

a plant vnremoued, [C4] [Pg 23] withouttaint, and the fruite at your ownechoyce, and so you may (some littleearth being remooued) pull, but notdigge vp the other Plant or Plants inthat roomth. If your graffe or stocke, orboth perish, you haue another in thesame place, of better strength to workevpon. For thriuing without snub he willouer-lay your grafted stocke much.And it is hardly possible to misse ingraffing so often, if your Gardiner beworth his name.

Sets vngrafted best of all. It shall not beamisse (as I iudge it) if your Kirnels beof choyce fruite, and that you see themcome forward proudly in their body,and beare a faire and broad leafe incolour, tending to a greenish yellow(which argues pleasant and great fruit)to try some of them vngraffed: foralthough it be a long time ere this cometo beare fruit, ten or twelue yeares, ormoe; and at their first bearing, the fruitwill not seeme to be like his ownekind: yet am I assured, vpon tryall,before twenty yeares growth, such trees

will increase the bignesse andgoodnesse of their fruite, and comeperfectly to their owne kind. Trees(like other breeding creatures) as theygrow in yeares, bignes and strength, sothey mend their fruit. Husbands andHouswiues find this true by experience,in the rearing of their yong store. Morethen this, there is no tree like this forsoundnes and dureable last, if hiskeeping and dressing be answerable. Igrant, the readiest way to come sooneto fruit is graffing: because in amanner, all your graffes are taken of

fruit bearing trees.

Time of remouing. Now when you hauemade choise of your sets to remoue, theground being ready, the best time is,immediatly after the fall of the leafe,in, or about the change of the Moone,when the sap is most quiet: for then thesap is in turning: for it makes no stay,but in the extremity [C 4 v ] [Pg 24] ofdrought or cold. Generall rule. At any timein winter, may you transplant trees soyou put no ice nor snow to the root ofyour plant in the setting: and therefore

open, calme and moist weather is best.To remoue, the leafe being ready to falland not fallen, or buds apparantly putforth in a moist warme season, forneed, sometime may do well: but thesafest is to walke in the plaine troddenpath.

Some hold opinion that it is bestremouing before the fall of the leafe,and I heare it commonly practised inthe South by our best arborists, theleafe not fallen: and they giue thereason to be, that the descending of the

sap will make speedy rootes. Butmarke the reasons following and Ithinke you shall find no soundnesse,either in that position or practise, atleast in the reason.

1. I say, it is dangerous to remoue whenthe sap is not quiet, for euery remouegiues a maine checke to the stirringsap, by staying the course therof in thebody of your plant, as may appeare intrees remoued any time in summer,they commonly dye, nay hardly shallyou saue the life of the most young and

tender plant of any kinde of wood(scarcely herbes) if you remoue themin the pride of sap. For proud sapvniuersally staied by remoual, euerhinders; often taints and so presently,or in very short time kills. Sap is likebloud in mans body, in which is thel i f e , Cap. 3. p. 9. If the bloodvniuersally be cold, life is excluded; sois sap tainted by vntimely remouall. Astay by drought, or cold, is not sodangerous (though dangerous if it beextreme) because more naturall.

2. The sap neuer descends, as mensuppose, but is consollidated &transubstantiated into the substance ofthe tree, and passeth (alwayes abouethe earth) vpward, not onely betwixtthe barke and the wood, but also intoand in both body & barke, though notso plentifully, as may [C5r] [Pg 25] appeareby a tree budding, nay fructifying twoor three yeres, after he be circumcisedat the very root, like a riuer thatinlargeth his channel by a continualdescent.

3. I cannot perceiue what time theywould haue the sap to descend. AtMidsommer in a biting drought itstaies, but descends not, forimmediatly vpon moisture it makessecond shoots, at (or before rather)Michaeltide, when it shapens his budsfor next yeares fruit. If at the fal ofleafe, I grant, about that time is thegreatest stand, but no descent, of sap,which begins somwhat before the leafefall, but not long, therfore at that timemust be the best remouing, not byreason of descent, but stay of sap.

4. The sap in this course hath hisprofitable and apparant effects, as thegrowth of the tree, couering of wounds,putting of buds, &c. Wherupon itfollows, if the sap descend, it mustneeds haue some effect to shew it.

5. Lastly, boughs plasht and laid lowerthen the root, dye for want of sapdescending, except where it is forcedby the maine streame of the sap, as intop boughs hanging like water in pipes,or except the plasht bough lying on theground put rootes of his owne, yea

vnder boughs which we commonly callwater boughs, can scarcely get sap toliue, yea in time dye, because the sapdoth presse so violently vpward, andtherefore the fairest shootes and fruitsare alwayes in the top.

Remooue soone. Obiect. If you say thatmany so remoued thriue, I say thatsomewhat before the fall of the leafe(but not much) is the stand, for the fall& the stand are not at one instant,before the stand is dangerous. But toreturne.

The sooner in winter you remoue yoursets, the better; the latter the worse:For it is very perillous if a strongdrought take your Sets before they hauemade good their rooting. A Plant set atthe fall, shall gaine (in a [C5v] [Pg 26] amanner) a whole yeeres growth of thatwhich is set in the Spring after.

The manner of setting. I vse in the setting tobe sure, that the earth be mouldy, (andsomewhat moist) that it may runneamong the small tangles withoutstraining or bruising: and as I fill in

earth to his root, I shake the Set easilyto and fro, to make the earth settle thebetter to his roots: and withall easilywith my foot I put in the earth close;for ayre is noysome, and will followconcauities. Some prescribe Oates tobe put in with the earth. I could like it,if I could know any reason thereof: andthey vse to set their Plant with thesame side toward the Sunne: but thisconceit is like the other. For first Iwould haue euery tree to stand so freefrom shade, that not onely the root(which therefore you must keepe bare

from graffe) but body, boughes, andbranches, and euery spray, may hauethe benefit of Sunne. And what hurt, ifthat part of the tree, that before wasshadowed, be now made partaker of theheat of the Sunne? In turning of Bees, Iknow it is hurtfull, because it changeththeir entrance, passage, and wholeworke: But not so in Trees.

Set in the crust. Set as deepe as you can, sothat in any wise you goe not beneaththe crust. Looke Chap. 2.

Moysture good. We speake in the second

Chapter of moysture in generall: butnow especially hauing put yourremoued plant into the earth, powre onwater (of a puddle were good) bydistilling presently, and so euery weeketwice in strong drought, so long as theearth will drinke, and refuse byouerflowing. For moisture mollifies,and both giues leaue to the roots tospread, and makes the earth yeeld sapand nourishment with plenty & facility.Nurses (they say) giue most & bestmilke after warme drinks.

[C6r] [Pg 27] If your ground be such that itwill keepe no moisture at the root ofyour plant, such plant shall neuer like,or but for a time. There is nothing morehurtfull for young trees then piercingdrought. I haue known trees of goodstature after they haue beene of diuersyeeres growth, & thriue well for a goodtime, perish for want of water, and verymany by reason of taints in setting.

It is meet your sets and grafts befenced, till they be as big as your arme,for feare of annoyances. Grafts must be

fenced. Many waies may sets receiuedammages, after they be set, whethergrafted or vngrafted. For although wesuppose, that no noysome beast, orother thing must haue accesse amongyour trees: yet by casualty, a Dog, Cat,or such like, or your selfe, or negligentfriend bearing you company, or ashrewd boy, may tread or fall vpon ayoung and tender plant or graft. Toauoid these and many such chances,you must stake them round a prettydistance from the set, neither so neere,nor so thicke, but that it may haue the

benefit of Sun, raine, and ayre. Yourstakes (small or great) would be sosurely put, or driuen into the earth, thatthey breake not, if any thing happen toleane vpon them, else may the fall bemore hurtfull, then the want of thefence. Let not your stakes shelter anyweeds about your sets, for want ofSunne is a great hinderance. Let themstand so farre off, that your graftsspreading receiue no hurt, either byrubbing on them, or of any other thingpassing by. If your stocke be long, andhigh grafted (which I must

discommend (except in need) becausethere the sap is weake, and they aresubiect to strong wind, and the lightingof birds) tie easily with a soft list threeor foure prickes vnder the clay, and lettheir tops stand aboue the grafts, toauoid the lighting of Crowes, Pyes, &c.vpon your grafts. If you sticke [C6v] [Pg

28] some sharpe thornes at the roots ofyour stakes, they will make hurtfullthings keepe off the better. Other betterfences for your grafts I know none.And thus much for sets and setting.

CHAP. 8.

Of the distance ofTrees.

I Know not to what end you shouldprouide good ground, well fenced, &plant good sets; and when your treesshould come to profit, haue all yourlabours lost, for want of due regard tothe distance of placing your trees. Ihaue seene many trees stand so thicke,

that one could not thriue for the throngof his neighbours. Hurts of too neere planting.

If you doe marke it, you shall see thetops of trees rubd off, their sides galledlike a galled horses backe, and manytrees haue more stumps then boughes,and most trees no well thriuing, butshort, stumpish, and euill thriuingboughes: like a Corne field ouerseeded, or a towne ouer peopled, or apasture ouer-laid, which the Gardinermust either let grow, or leaue the treevery few boughes to beare fruit. Hencesmall thrift, galls, wounds, diseases,

and short life to the trees: and whilethey liue greene, little, hard, worme-eaten, and euill thriuing fruit arise, tothe discomfort of the owners.

Remedy. To preuent whichdiscommodity, one of the bestremedies is the sufficient and fitdistance of trees. Therefore at thesetting of your plants you must hauesuch respect, that the distance of thembe such, that euery tree be notannoyance, but an helpe to hisfellowes: for trees (as all other things

of the same kind) should shroud, and [C7r] [Pg 29] not hurt one another. Andassure your selfe that euery touch oftrees (as well vnder as aboue the earth)is hurtfull. Generall rule.

All touches hurtfull. Therefore this must bea generall rule in this Art: That no treein an Orchard well ordered, nor bough,nor Cyon, drop vpon, or touch hisfellowes. Let no man thinke thisvnpossible, but looke in the eleuenthChapter of dressing of trees. If theytouch, the winde will cause a forciblerub. Young twigs are tender, if boughes

or armes touch or rub, if they arestrong, they make great galls. No kindof touch therefore in trees can be good.

The best distance of trees. Now it is to beconsidered what distance amongst setsis requisite, and that must be gatheredfrom the compasse and roomth, thateach tree by probability will take andfill. And herein I am of a contraryopinion to all them, which practise orteach the planting of trees, that euer yetI knew, read, or heard of. For thecommon space betweene tree and tree

is ten foot: if twenty foot, it is thoughtvery much. But I suppose twenty yardsdistance is small enough betwixt treeand tree, or rather too too little. For thedistance must needs be as far as twotrees are well able to ouer spread, andfill, so they touch not by one yard atleast. Now I am assured, and I knowone Apple-tree, set of a slip finger-great, in the space of 20 yeares, (whichI account a very small part of a treesage, as is shewed Chapter 14.) hathspred his boughes eleuen or twelueyards compasse, that is, fiue or sixe

yards on euery side. Here I gather, thatin forty or fifty yeares (which yet is buta small time of his age) a tree in goodsoile, well liking, by good dressing (forthat is much auaileable to this purpose)will spread double at the least, viz.twelue yards on a side, which beingadded to twelue alotted to his fellow,make twenty and foure yards, and [C7v]

[Pg 30] so farre distant must euery treestand from another. And looke howfarre a tree spreads his boughes aboue,so far doth he put his roots vnder theearth, or rather further, if there be no

stop, nor let by walls, trees, rocks,barren earth and such like: for an hugebulk, and strong armes, massieboughes, many branches, and infinitetwigs, require wide spreading roots. The

parts of a tree. The top hath the vast aire tospread his boughs in, high and low, thisway and that way: but the roots arekept in the crust of the earth, they maynot goe downward, nor vpward out ofthe earth, which is their element, nomore then the fish out of the water,Camelion out of the Aire, norSalamander out of the fire. Therefore

they must needs spread farre vnder theearth. And I dare well say, if naturewould giue leaue to man by Art, todresse the roots of trees, to take awaythe tawes and tangles, that lap and fretand grow superfluously and disorderly,(for euery thing sublunary is cursed formans sake) the tops aboue beinganswerably dressed, we should hauetrees of wonderfull greatnes, andinfinite durance. And I perswademyselfe that this might be donesometimes in Winter, to trees standingin faire plaines and kindly earth, with

small or no danger at all. So that Iconclude, that twenty foure yards arethe least space that Art can allot fortrees to stand distant one from another.

Waste ground in an Orchard. If you aske mewhat vse shall be made of that wasteground betwixt tree and tree? I answer:If you please to plant some tree or treesin that middle space, you may, and asyour trees grow contigious, great andthick, you may at your pleasure take vpthose last trees. And this I take to bethe chiefe cause, why the most trees

stand so thicke. For men not knowing(or not regarding) this secret ofneedfull distance, and louing fruit oftrees [C8r] [Pg 31] planted to their handes,thinke much to pull vpp any, thoughthey pine one another. If you or yourheires or successors would take vpsome great trees (past setting) wherethey stand too thicke, be sure you doe itabout Midsummer, and leaue no maineroot. I destinate this space of foure andtwenty yards, for trees of age & stature.More then this, you haue borders to bemade for walkes with Roses, Berries,

&c.

And chiefly consider: that yourOrchard, for the first twenty or thirtyyeeres, will serue you for manyGardens, for Safron, Licoras, roots, andother herbs for profit, and flowers forpleasure: so that no ground need bewasted if the Gardiner be skillfull anddiligent. But be sure you come notneere with such deepe deluing the rootsof your trees, whose compasse you maypartly discerne, by the compasse of thetops, if your top be well spread. And

vnder the droppings and shadow ofyour trees, be sure no herbes will like.Let this be said for the distance ofTrees.

CHAP. 9.

Of the placing of Trees.

The placing of trees in an Orchard iswell worth the regard: For although itmust be granted, that any of ourforesaid trees (Chap. 2.) will like wellin any part of your Orchard, being goodand well drest earth: yet are not allTrees alike worthy of a good place.And therefore I wish that your Filbird,Plummes, Damsons, Bulesse, and such

like, be vtterly remoued from theplaine soile of your Orchard into yourfence: for there is not such fertility andeasefull growth, [C8v] [Pg 32] as within:and there also they are more subiect to,and can abide the blasts of Æolus. Thecherries and plummes being ripe in thehot time of Summer, and the reststanding longer, are not so sooneshaken as your better fruit: neither ifthey suffer losse, is your losse so great.Besides that, your fences and ditcheswill deuoure some of your fruitgrowing in or neere your hedges. And

seeing the continuance of all these(except Nuts) is small, the care of themought to be the lesse. And make nodoubt but the fences of a large Orchardwill containe a sufficient number ofsuch kind of Fruit trees in the wholecompasse. It is not material, but at yourpleasure, in the said fences, you mayeither intermingle your seueral kinds offruit-trees, or set euery kind byhimselfe, which order doth very wellbecome your better and greater fruit.Let therefore your Apples, Peares, andQuinches, possesse all the soile of your

Orchard, vnlesse you be especiallyaffected to some of your other kinds:and of them let your greatest trees ofgrowth stand furthest from Sunne, andyour Quinches at the South side or end,and your Apples in the middle, so shallnone be any hinderance to his fellowes.The Warden-tree, and Winter-Pearewill challenge the preheminence forstature. Of your Apple-trees you shallfinde difference in growth. A goodPippin will grow large, and a Costard-tree: stead them on the North side ofyour other Apples, thus being placed,

the least will giue Sun to the rest, andthe greatest will shroud their fellowes.The fences and out-trees will guard all.

[D] [Pg 33] CHAP. 10.

Of Grafting.Of Grauing or Caruing.

Grafting What. Now are we come to themost curious point of our faculty:curious in conceit, but indeede asplaine and easie as the rest, when it isplainely shewne, which we commonlycall Graffing, or (after some) Grafting.I cannot Etymologize, nor shew theoriginall of the Word, except it come

o f Grauing and Caruing. A Graffe. Butthe thing or matter is: The reforming ofthe fruite of one tree with the fruit ofanother, by an artificiall transplacing,or transposing of a twigge, bud orleafe, (commonly called a Graft) takenfrom one tree of the same, or someother kind, and placed or put to, or intoanother tree in one time and manner.

[D1v] [Pg 34] Kinds of grafting. Of this therebe diuers kinds, but three or foure nowespecially in vse: to wit, Grafting,incising, packing on, grafting in thescutchion, or inoculating: whereof thechiefe and most vsuall, is called

grafting (by the generall name,Catahexocen:) for it is the mostknowne, surest, readiest, and plainestway to haue store of good fruit.

Graft how. It is thus wrought: You mustwith a fine, thin, strong and sharpeSaw, made and armed for that purpose,cut off a foot aboue the ground, orthereabouts, in a plaine without a knot,or as neere as you can without a knot(for some Stocks will be knotty) yourStocke, set, or plant, being surelystayed with your foot and legge, or

otherwise straight ouerthwart (for theStocke may be crooked) and thenplaine his wound smoothly with asharpe knife: that done, cleaue himcleanly in the middle with a cleauer,and a knocke or mall, and with a wedgeof wood, Iron or Bone, two handfulllong at least, put into the middle of thatclift, with the same knocke, make thewound gape a straw bredth wide, intowhich you must put your Graffes.

A Graft what. The graft is a top twig takenfrom some other Tree (for it is folly to

put a graffe into his owne Stocke)beneath the vppermost (and sometimein need the second) knot, and with asharpe knife fitted in the knot (andsome time out of the knot when needis) with shoulders an ynch downeward,and so put into the stocke with somethrusting (but not straining) barke tobarke inward.

Eyes. Let your graffe haue three or foureeyes, for readinesse to put forth, andgiue issue to the sap. It is not amisse tocut off the top of your graffe, and leaue

it but fiue or sixe inches long, becausecommonly you shall [D2] [Pg 35] see thetops of long graffes die. The reason isthis. The sap in graffing receiues arebuke, and cannot worke so stronglypresently, and your graffes receiue notsap so readily, as the naturall branches.When your graffes are cleanely andclosely put in, and your wedge puld outnimbly, for feare of putting yourgraffes out of frame, take welltempered morter, soundly wrought withchaffe or horse dung (for the dung ofcattell will grow hard, and straine your

graffes) the quantity of a Gooses egge,and diuide it iust, and therewithall,couer your stocke, laying the one halfeon the one side and the other halfe onthe other side of your graffes (forthrusting against your graffes) youmoue them, and let both your handsthrust at once, and alike, and let yourclay be tender, to yeeld easily; and all,lest you moue your graffes. Some vseto couer the clift of the Stocke, vnderthe clay with a piece of barke or leafe,some with a sear-cloth of waxe andbutter, which as they be not much

needfull, so they hurt not, vnlesse thatby being busie about them, you moueyour graffes from their places. Theyvse also mosse tyed on aboue the claywith some bryer, wicker, or otherbands. These profit nothing. Generall rule.

They all put the graffes in danger, withpulling and thrusting: for I hold thisgenerall rule in graffing and planting:if your stocke and graffes take, andthriue (for some will take and notthriue, being tainted by some meanesin the planting or graffing) they will(without doubt) recouer their wounds

safely and shortly.

Time of graffing. The best time of graffingfrom the time of remouing your stockeis the next Spring, for that saues asecond wound, and a second repulse ofsap, if your stocke be of sufficientbignesse to take a graffe from as big asyour [D2v] [Pg 36] thumbe, to as big as anarme of a man. You may graffe lesse(which I like) and bigger, which I likenot so well. The best time of the yeereis in the last part of February, or inMarch, or beginning of Aprill, when

the Sunne with his heat begins to makethe sap stirre more rankely, about thechange of Moone before you see anygreat apparancy of leafe or flowers butonely knots and buds, and before theybe proud, though it be sooner. Cheries,Peares, Apricocks, Quinces, andPlummes would be gathered andgrafted sooner.

Gathering graffes. The graffes may begathered sooner in February, or anytime within a moneth, or two beforeyou graffe or vpon the same day (which

I commend) If you get them any timebefore, for I haue knowne graffesgathered in December, and doe well,take heed of drought. I haue my selfetaken a burknot of a tree, & the sameday when he was laid in the earth aboutmid February, gathered grafts and putin him, and one of those graffes borethe third yeere after, and the fourthplentifully. Graffes of old trees. Graffes ofold trees would be gathered sooner thenof young trees, for they sooner breakeand bud. If you keepe graffes in theearth, moisture with the heat of the Sun

will make them sprout as fast, as ifthey were growing on the tree. Andtherefore seeing keeping is dangerous,the surest way (as I iudge) is to takethem within a weeke of the time ofyour grafting.

The grafts would be taken not of theproudest twigs, for it may be yourstocke is not answerable in strength.Where taken. And therefore say I, thegrafts brought from South to vs in theNorth although they take and thriue(which is somewhat doubtfull, by

reason of the difference of the Climeand carriage) yet shall they in timefashion themselues to our coldNortherne soile, in growth, taste &c.

[D3] [Pg 37] Nor of the poorest, for want ofstrength may make them vnready toreceiue sap (and who can tell but apoore graft is tainted) nor on theoutside of your tree, for there shouldyour tree spread but in the middest; forthere you may be sure your Tree is nowhit hindered in his growth or forme.He will stil recouer inward, more then

you would wish. Emmits. If your clayclift in Summer with drought, lookewell in the Chinkes for Emmits andEarewigs, for they are cunning andclose theeues about grafts you shallfinde them stirring in the morning andeuening, and the rather in the moistweather. I haue had many young budsof Graffes, euen in the flourishing,eaten with Ants. Let this suffice forgraffing, which is in the facultycounted the chiefe secret, and becauseit is most vsuall it is best knowne.

Graffes are not to be disliked forgrowth, till they wither, pine, and die.Vsually before Midsummer theybreake, if they liue. Some (but few)keeping proud and greene, will not puttill the second yeere, so is it to bethought of sets.

The first shew of putting is no suresigne of growth, it is but the sap thegraffe brought with him from his tree.

So soone as you see the graft put forgrowth, take away the clay, for thendoth neither the stocke nor the graffe

need it (put a little fresh well temperedclay in the hole of the stocke) for theclay is now tender, and rather keepesmoistture then drought.

The other waies of changing thenaturall fruit of Trees, are more curiousthen profitable, and therefore I mindnot to bestow much labour or timeabout them, onely I shall make knownewhat I haue proued, and what I doethinke.

Incising. And first of incising, which isthe cutting of the backe [D3v] [Pg 38] of

the boale, a rine or branch of a tree atsome bending or knee, shoulderwisewith two gashes, onely with a sharpeknife to the wood: then take a wedge,the bignes of your graffe sharpe ended,flat on the one side, agreeing with thetree, and round on the other side, andwith that being thrust in, raise yourbarke, then put in your graffe,fashioned like your wedge iust: andlastly couer your wound, and fast it vp,and take heed of straining. A great stocke.

This will grow but to small purpose,for it is weake hold, and lightly it will

be vnder growth. Thus may you graftbetwixt the barke and the tree of a greatstocke that will not easily be clifted:But I haue tryed a better way for greattrees, viz First, cut him off straight,and cleanse him with your knife, thencleaue him into foure quarters, equallywith a strong cleauer: then take foreuery Clift two or three small (buthard) wedges iust of the bignesse ofyour grafts, and with those Wedgesdriuen in with an hammer open thefoure clifts so wide (but no wider) thatthey may take your foure graffes, with

thrusting not with straining: and lastlycouer and clay it closely, and this is asure and good way of grafting: or thus,clift your stocke by his edges twice orthrice with your cleauer, and open himwith your wedge in euery clift one byone, and put in your grafts, and thencouer them. This may doe well.

Packing thus. Packing on is, when you cutaslope a twig of the same bignesse withyour graft, either in or besides the knot,two inches long, and make your graftagree iumpe with the Cyon, and gash

your graft and your Cyon in themiddest of the wound, length-way, astraw breadth deepe, and thrust the oneinto the other, wound to wound, sap tosap, barke to barke, then tie them closeand clay them. This may doe well. Thefairest graft I [D4] [Pg 39] haue in my littleOrchard, which I haue planted, is thuspackt on, and the branch whereon I puthim, is in his plentifull roote.

To be short in this point, cut your graftin any sort or fashion, two inches long,and ioyne him cleanly and close to any

other sprig of any tree in the latter endof the time of grafting, when sap issomewhat rife, and in all probabilitythey will close and thriue: thus

The Sprig. The graft. The twig. Thegraft.

Or any other fashion you thinke good.

Inoculating. Inoculating is an eye or bud,taken barke and all from one tree, andplaced in the roome of another eie orbud of another, cut both of onecompasse, and there bound. This mustbe done in Summer, when the sap isproud.

Much like vnto this is that, they callgrafting in the scutchion, they differ

thus: That here you must take an eiewith his leafe, or (in mine opinion) abud with his leaues. Graffing in the

Scutchion. (Note that an eie is for a Cyon,a bud is for flowers and fruit,) andplace them on another tree, in a plaine(for so they teach) the place or barkewhere you must set it, must be thus cut

H with a sharpe knife, and thebarke raised with a wedge, and then theeie or budde put in and so bound vp. Icannot denie but such may grow. Andyour bud if he take will flowre and

beare fruit that yeere: as some grafts &sets also, being set for bloomes. Ifthese two kinds thriue, they reformebut a spray, and an vndergrowth. Thusyou may place Roses on Thornes, andCherries on Apples, and such like.Many write much more of grafting, butto small purpose. Whom we leaue tothemselues, & their followers; &ending this secret we come in the next [ D4 v ] [Pg 40] Chapter to a point ofknowledge most requisite in anArborist, as well for all other woods asfor an Orchard.

CHAP. 11.

Of the right dressing ofTrees.

Necessity of dressing trees. If all these thingsaforesaid were indeed performed, as wehaue shewed them in words, you shouldhaue a perfect Orchard in nature andsubstance, begunne to your hand; Andyet are all these things nothing, if youwant that skill to keepe and dresse your

trees. Such is the condition of allearthly things, whereby a manreceiueth profit or pleasure, that theydegenerate presently without goodordering. Man himselfe left tohimselfe, growes from his heauenlyand spirituall generation, andbecommeth beastly, yea deuillish to hisowne kind, vnlesse he be regenerate Nomaruell then, if Trees make theirshootes, and put their spraiesdisorderly. And truly (if I were worthyto iudge) there is not a mischiefe thatbreedeth greater and more generall

harme to all the Orchard (especially ifthey be of any continuance) that euer Isaw, (I will not except three) then thewant of the skilfull dressing of trees. Itis a common and vnskilfull opinion,and saying. Let all grow, and they willbeare more fruit: and if you lop awaysuperfluous boughes, they say, what apitty is this? Generall rule. How manyapples would these haue borne? notconsidering there may arise hurt toyour Orchard, as well (nay rather) byabundance, as by want of wood. Soundand thriuing plants in a good soile, will

euer yeeld too much wood, anddisorderly, but neuer too little. So thata skilfull and painfull Arborist, need [D5r] [Pg 41] neuer want matter to effect aplentifull and well drest Orchard: for itis an easie matter to take awaysuperfluous boughes (if your Gardnerhaue skill to know them) whereof yourplants will yeeld abundance, and skillwill leaue sufficient well ordered. Allages both by rule and experience doeconsent to a pruining and lopping oftrees: yet haue not any that I knowdescribed vnto vs (except in darke and

generall words) what or which arethose superfluous boughes, which wemust take away, and that is the chiefeand most needfull point to be knownein lopping. And we may well assure ourselues, (as in all other Arts, so in this)there is a vantage and dexterity, byskill, and an habite by practise out ofexperience, in the performance hereoffor the profit of mankind; yet doe I notknow (let me speake it with thepatience of our cunning Arborists) anything within the compasse of humaneaffaires so necessary, and so little

regarded, not onely in Orchards, butalso in all other timber trees, where orwhatsoeuer.

Imagine the roote to be spread farrewider.

Timber wood euill drest. How many forrestsand woods? wherein you shall haue forone liuely thriuing tree, foure (naysometimes 24.) euill thriuing, rottenand dying trees, euen while they liue.And instead of trees thousands ofbushes and shrubs. What rottennesse?what hollownesse? what dead armes?withered tops? curtailed trunkes? whatloads of mosses? drouping boughes?and dying branches shall you see euerywhere? And those that like in this sort

are in a manner all vnprofitableboughes, canked armes, crooked, littleand short boales: what an infinitenumber of bushes, shrubs, and skrogsof hazels, thornes, and other profitablewood, which might be brought bydressing to become great and goodlytrees. The cause of hurts in woods. Considernow the cause: The lesser wood hathbeene spoiled [D5v] [Pg 42] with carelesse,vnskilfull, and vntimely stowing, andmuch also of the great wood. Thegreater trees at the first rising hauefilled and ouer-loaden themselues with

a number of wastfull boughes andsuckers, which haue not onely drawnethe sap from the boale, but also hauemade it knotty, and themselues and theboale mossie for want of dressing,whereas if in the prime of growth [D6r]

[Pg 43] they had bene taken away close,Dresse timber trees how. all but one top(according to this patterne) and cleaneby the bulke, the strength of all the sapshould haue gone to the bulke, and sohe would haue recouered and coueredhis knots, and haue put forth a faire,long and streight body (as you see) for

timber profitable, huge great of bulke,and of infinite last.

If all timber trees were such (will somesay) how should we haue crooked woodfor wheeles, courbs, &c.

Answ. Dresse all you can, and therewill be enough crooked for those vses.

More than this, in most places, theygrow so thicke, that neither themselues,nor earth, nor any thing vnder or neerethem can thriue, nor Sunne, nor raine,nor aire can doe them, nor any thing

neere or vnder them any profit orcomfort.

I see a number of Hags, where out ofone roote you shall see three or foure( nay more, such as mens vnskilfullgreedinesse, who desiring many hauenone good) pretty Okes or Ashesstraight and tall, because the root at thefirst shoote giues sap amaine: but ifone onely of them might bee sufferedto grow, and that well and cleanelypruned, all to his very top, what a treeshould we haue in time? And we see by

those rootes continually and plentifullyspringing, notwithstanding so deadlywounded. What a commodity shouldarise to the owner, and the Common-wealth, if wood were cherished, andorderly dressed.

Profit of trees dressed. The wast boughesclosely and skilfully taken away, wouldgiue vs store of fences and fewell, andthe bulke of the tree in time wouldgrow of huge length and bignes. Buthere (me thinkes) I heare an vnskilfullArborist say, that trees haue their

seuerall formes, euen by nature, [D6v] [Pg

44] the Peare, the Holly, the Aspe, &c.grow long in bulke with few and littlearmes, the Oke by nature broad, andsuch like. All this I graunt: but grantme also, that there is a profitable end,and vse of euery tree, from which if itdecline (though by nature) yet man byart may (nay must) correct it. The end of

Trees. Now other end of trees I neuercould learne, than good timber, fruitmuch and good, and pleasure. Vsesphysicall hinder nothing a good forme.

Trees will take any forme. Neither let anyman euer so much as thinke, that itvnprobable, much lesse vnpossible, toreforme any tree of what kind soeuer.For (beleeue me) I haue tried it, I canbring any tree (beginning by time) toany forme. The peare and holly may bemade to spread, and the Oke to close.

But why do I wander out of thecompasse of mine Orchard, into theForrests and Woods? Neither yet am Ifrom my purpose, if boales of timbertrees stand in need of all the sap, to

make them great and straight (forstrong growth and dressing makesstrong trees) then it must needes beprofitable for fruit (a thing moreimmediately seruing a mans need) tohaue all the sap his roote can yeeld: The

end of Trees. for as timber sound, greatand long, is the good of timber trees,and therefore they beare no fruite ofworth: so fruit, good, sound, pleasant,great and much, is the end of fruit-trees. That gardner therefore shallperforme his duty skilfully andfaithfully, which shall so dresse his

trees, that they may beare such andsuch store of fruit, which he shall neuerdo (dare vndertake) vnlesse he keepethis order in dressing his trees.

How to dresse a fruit-tree. A fruit tree sostanding, that there need none otherend of dressing but fruit (notornaments for walkes, nor delight tosuch as would please their eye onely,and yet [D7r] [Pg 45] the best forme cannot but both adorne and delight) mustbe parted from within two foote, orthereabouts, of the earth, so high to

giue liberty to dresse his roote, and nohigher, for drinking vp the sap thatshould feede his fruit, for the boale willbe first, and best serued and fed,because he is next the roote, and ofgrenest waxe and substance, and thatmakes him longest of life, into two,three, or foure armes, as your stocke orgraffes yeelde twigs, and euery armeinto two or more branches, and euerybranch into his seuerall Cyons, stillspreading by equall degrees, so that hislowest spray be hardly without thereach of a mans hand, and his highest

be not past two yards higher, rarely(especially in the middest) that no onetwig touch his fellow. Let him spreadas farre as he list without his maister-bough or lop equally. And when anybough doth grow sadder and fall lower,than his fellowes (as they will withweight of fruite) ease him the nextspring of his superfluous twigs, and hewill rise: when any bough or sprayshall amount aboue the rest; eithersnub his top with a nip betwixt yourfinger and your thumbe, or with asharpe knife, and take him cleane

away, and so you may vse any Cyonyou would reforme, and as your treeshall grow in stature and strength, solet him rise with his tops, but slowly,and earely, especially in the middest,and equally, and in bredth also, andfollow him vpward with lopping hisvndergrowth and water boughes,keeping the same distance of twoyards, but not aboue three in any wise,betwixt the lowest and the highesttwigs.

Benefits of good dressing. 1. Thus you shall

haue well liking, cleane skind,healthfull great, and long-lasting trees.

2. Thus shall your tree grow low, andsafe from winds, for his top will begreat, broad and weighty.

[D7v] [Pg 46] 3. Thus growing broad, shallyour trees beare much fruit (I dare say)one as much as sixe of your commontrees, and good without shadowing,dropping and fretting: for his boughes,branches, and twigs shalbe many, andthose are they (not the boale) whichbeare the fruit.

4. Thus shall your boale being little(not small but low) by reason of hisshortnesse, take little, and yeeld muchsap to the fruit.

5. Thus your trees by reason of strengthin time of setting shall put forth moreblossomes, and more fruite, being freefrom taints; for strength is a greathelpe to bring forth much and safely,whereas weakenesse failes in settingthough the season be calme.

Some vse to bare trees rootes inWinter, to stay the setting til hotter

seasons, which I discommend, because,

1. They hurt the rootes.

2. It stayes it nothing at all.

3. Though it did, being small, with vsin the North, they haue their part of ourAprill and Mayes frosts.

4. Hinderance cannot profit weake treesin setting.

5. They wast much labour.

6. Thus shall your tree be easie todresse, and without danger, either to

the tree or the dresser.

7. Thus may you safely and easilygather your fruite without falling,bruising or breaking of Cyons.

This is the best forme of a fruit tree,which I haue here onely shadowed outfor the better capacity of them that areled more with the eye, than the mind,crauing pardon for the deformity,because I am nothing skilfull either inpainting or caruing.

Imagine that the paper makes but one

side of the tree to appeare, the wholeround compasse will giue leaue formany more armes, boughes, branches,and Cyons.

[D8r] [Pg 47]

The perfect forme of a Fruit-tree.

If any thinke a tree cannot well be

brought to this forme: Experto credeRoberto, I can shew diuers of themvnder twenty yeeres of age.

Time best for proining. The fittest time ofthe Moone for proyning is as ofgrafting, when the sap is ready to stirre(not proudly stirring) and so to couerthe wound, and of the yeere, a monethbefore (or at least when) you graffe.Dresse Peares, Apricocks, Peaches,Cherries, and Bullys sooner. And oldtrees before young plants, you maydresse at any time betwixt Leafe and

Leafe. And note, where you take anything away, the sap the next Summerwill be putting: be sure therefore whenhe puts a bud in any place where youwould not haue him, rub it off withyour finger.

[D8v] [Pg 48] Dressing betime. And here youmust remember the common homelyProuerbe:

Soone crookes the Tree,That good Camrell must be.

Beginne betime with trees, and do what

you list: but if you let them grow greatand stubborne, you must do as the treeslist. They will not bend but breake, norbee wound without danger. A smallbranch will become a bough, and abough an arme in bignesse. Then if youcut him, his wound will fester, andhardly, without good skill, recouer:therefore, Obsta principys. Faults of euill

drest trees, and the remedy. Of such wounds,and lesser, of any bough cut off ahandfull or more from the body, comeshollownesse, and vntimely death. Andtherefore when you cut, strik close, and

cleane, and vpward, and leaue nobunch.

The forme altered. This forme in somecases sometimes may be altered: Ifyour tree, or trees, stand neere yourWalkes, if it please your fancy more,let him not breake, till his boale beaboue you head: so may you walkevnder your trees at your pleasure. Or ifyou set your fruit-trees for your shadesin your Groues, then I expect not theforme of the tree, but the comelinesseof the walke.

Dressing of old trees. All this hithertospoken of dressing, must be vnderstoodof young plants, to be formed: it ismeete somewhat be sayd for theinstruction of them that haue olde treesalready formed, or rather deformed:for, Malum non vitatur nisi cognitum.The faults therefore of the disorderedtree, I find to be fiue:

Faults are fiue, and their remedies. 1.An vnprofitable boale.2. Water-boughes.3. Fretters.

4. Suckers: And,5. One principall top.

[ E ] [Pg 49] 1. Long boale. A long boaleasketh much feeding, and the more hehath the more he desires, and gets (as adrunken man drinke, or a couetuousman wealth) and the lesse remaines forthe fruit, he puts his boughes into theaire, and makes them, the fruit, and itselfe more dangered with windes: forthis I know no remedy, after that thetree is come to growth, once euill,neuer good.No remedy.

2. Water boughs. Water boughes, orvndergrowth, are such boughes as growlow vnder others and are by themouergrowne, ouershadowed, droppedon, and pinde for want of plenty of sap,and by that meanes in time die: For thesap presseth vpward; and it is likewater in her course, where it findethmost issue, thither it floweth, leauingthe other lesser floes dry: euen aswealth to wealth, and much to more.These so long as they beare, they bearelesse, worse, and fewer fruit, andwaterish.

Remedy. The remedy is easie if they benot growne greater then your arme. Lopthem close and cleane, and couer themidel of the wound, the next Summerwhen he is dry, with a salue made oftallow, tarre, and a very little pitch,good for the couering of any suchwound of a great tree: Barke-pild, and the

remedy. vnlesse it be barke-pild, andthen sear-cloath of fresh Butter, Hony,and Waxe, presently (while the woundis greene) applyed, is a soueraigneremedy in Summer especially. Somebind such wounds with a thumbe rope

of Hay, moist, and rub it with dung.

Fretters. Fretters are, when as by thenegligence of the Gardner, two or moeparts of the tree, or of diuers trees, asarmes, boughes, branches, or twigs,grow to neere and close together, thatone of them by rubbing, doth woundanother. Touching. This fault of all othershewes the want of skill or care (atleast) in the Arborist: for here the hurtis apparant, and the remedy easie,seene to betime: galls [E1v] [Pg 50] andwounds incurable, but by taking away

those members: Remedy. for let themgrow, and they will be worse andworse, & so kill themselues with ciuillstrife for roomth, and danger the wholetree. Auoide them betime therefore, asa common wealth doth bosomeenemies.

Suckers. A Sucker is a long, proud, anddisorderly Cyon, growing straight vp(for pride of sap makes proud, long,and straight growth) cut of any lowerparts of the tree, receiuing a great partof the sap, and bearing no fruit, till it

haue tyrannized ouer the whole tree.These are like idle and great Dronesamongst Bees; and proud and idlemembers in a common wealth.

Remedy. The remedy of this is, as ofwater-boughes, vnlesse he be grownegreater then all the rest of the boughs,and then your Gardner (at yourdiscretion) may leaue him for hisboale, and take away all, or the most ofthe rest. If he be little, slip him, and sethim, perhaps he will take: my fairestApple-tree was such a Slip.

One principall top or bough, and remedy. One ortwo principall top boughes are as euill,in a manner, as Suckers, they rise ofthe same cause, and receiue the sameremedy; yet these are more tolerable,because these beare fruit, yea the best:but Suckers of long doe not beare.

I know not how your tree should befaulty, if you reforme all your vicestimely, and orderly. As these rulesserue for dressing young trees and setsin the first planting: so may they wellserue to helpe old trees, though not

exactly to recouer them.

Instruments for dressing. The Instrumentsfittest for all these purposes, are mostcommonly: For the great trees anhandsome long, light Ladder ofFirpoles, a little, nimble, and strongarmed Saw, and sharpe. For lesseTrees, a little and sharpe Hatchet, abroad mouthed Chesell, strong [E2] [Pg

5 1 ] and sharpe, with an hand-beetle,your strong and sharpe Cleeuer, with aknock, & (which is a most necessaryInstrument amongst little trees) a great

hafted and sharpe Knife or Whittle.

And as needfull is aStoole on the top of a Ladder of eightor moe rungs, with two backe-feet,whereon you may safely and easefullystand to graffe, to dresse, and to gatherfruit thus formed: The feet may be fastwedged in: but the Ladder must hangloose with two bands of iron. And thusmuch of dressing trees for fruit,formerly to profit.

CHAP. 12.

Of Foyling.

Necessity of foiling. There is one thing yetvery necessary for make your Orchardboth better, and more lasting: Yea, sonecessary, that without it your Orchardcannot last, nor prosper long, which isneglected generally both in preceptsand in practice, viz. manuring withFoile: whereby it hapneth that whentrees (amongst other euils) through

want of fatnesse to feed them, becomemossie, and in their growth are euill (ornot) thriuing, it is either attributed tosome wrong cause, as age (when indeedthey are but young) or euill standing(stand they neuer so well) or such like,or else the cause is altogethervnknowne, and so not amended.

Trees great suckers. Can there be deuisedany way by nature, or art, sooner orsoundlier to seeke out, and take awaythe heart and strength of earth, then bygreat trees? Great bodies. Such great

bodies cannot be sustained withoutgreat store of sap. What liuing [E2v] [Pg

52] body haue you greater then of trees?The great Sea monsters (whereof onecame a land at Teesmouth inYorkeshire, hard by vs, 18. yards inlength, and neere as much in compasse)seeme hideous, huge, strange andmonstrous, because they be indeedgreat: but especially because they areseldome seene: But a tree liuing, cometo his growth and age, twice thatlength, and of a bulke neuer so great,besides his other parts, is not admired,

because he is so commonly seene. AndI doubt not, but if he were wellregarded from his kirnell, bysucceeding ages, to his full strength,the most of them would double theirmeasure. About fifty yeeres agoe Iheard by credible and constant report,That in Brooham Parke in West more-land, neere vnto Penrith, there lay ablowne Oake, whose trunke was sobigge, that two Horse men being theone on the one side, and the other onthe other side, they could not one seeanother: to which if you adde his

armes, boughs, and roots, and considerof his bignesse, what would he hauebeen, if preserued to the vantage. AlsoI read in the History of the West-Indians, out of Peter Martyr, thatsixteene men taking hands one withanother, were not able to fathome oneof those trees about. Now Naturehauing giuen to such a faculty by largeand infinite roots, taws and tangles, todraw immediately his sustenance fromour common mother the Earth (whichis like in this point to all other mothersthat beare) hath also ordained that the

tree ouer loden with fruit, and wantingsap to feed all she hath brought forth,will waine all she cannot feed, like awoman bringing forth moe children atonce then she hath teats. See you nothow trees especially, by kind beinggreat, standing so thicke and close, thatthey cannot get plenty of sap, pineaway all the grasse, [E3] [Pg 53] weeds,lesser shrubs, and trees, yea andthemselues also for want of vigor ofsap? So that trees growing large,sucking the soile whereon they stand,continually, and amaine, and the

foyzon of the earth that feeds themdecaying (for what is there that wastescontinually, that shall not haue end?)must either haue supply of sucker, orelse leaue thriuing and growing. Somegrounds will beare Corne while they benew, and no longer, because their crustis shallow, and not very good, andlying they scind and wash, and becomebarren. The ordinary Corne soilescontinue not fertile, with fallowing andfoyling, and the best requires supply,euen for the little body of Corne. Howthen can we thinke that any ground

(how good soeuer) can containe bodiesof such greatnesse, and such greatfeeding, without great plenty of Saparising from good earth? This is one ofthe chiefe causes, why so many of ourOrchards in England are so euillthriuing when they come to growth,and our fruit so bad. Men are loth tobestow much ground, and desire muchfruit, and will neither set their trees insufficient compasse, nor yet feed themwith manure. Therefore of necessityOrchards must be foiled.

Time fit for foyling. The fittest time is,when your trees are growne great, andhaue neere hand spread your earth,wanting new earth to sustaine them,which if they doe, they will seekeabroad for better earth, and shun that,which is barren (if they find better) ascattell euill pasturing. For nature hathtaught euery creature to desire andseeke his owne good, and to auoid hurt.The best time of the yeere is at the Fall,that the Frost may bite and make ittender, and the Raine wash it to theroots. The Summer time is perillous if

ye digge, because the sap fills amaine.Kind of foyle. The best kind of Foile issuch as is fat, hot, and [E3v] [Pg 54] tender.Your earth must be but lightly opened,that the dung may goe in, and washaway; and but shallow, lest you hurt theroots: and the spring closely andequally made plaine againe for feare ofSuckers. I could wish, that after mytrees haue fully possessed the soile ofmine Orchard, that euery seuen yeeresat least, the soile were bespread withdung halfe a foot thicke at least. Puddlewater out of the dunghill powred on

plentifully, will not onely moisten butfatten especially in Iune and Iuly. If itbe thicke and fat, and applied eueryyeere, your Orchard shall need noneother foiling. Your ground may lye solow at the Riuer side, that the floudstanding some daies and nightsthereon, shall saue you all this labourof foiling.

CHAP. 13.

Of Annoyances.

A Chiefe helpe to make euery thinggood, is to auoid the euils thereof: youshall neuer attaine to that good of yourOrchard you looke for, vnlesse youhaue a Gardner, that can discerne thediseases of your trees, and otherannoyances of your Orchard, and findout the causes thereof, and know &apply fit remedies for the same. For be

your ground, site, plants, and trees asyou would wish, if they be wasted withhurtfull things, what haue you gainedbut your labour for your trauell? It iswith an Orchard and euery tree, as withmans body, The best part of physickefor preseruation of health, is to foreseeand cure diseases.

Two kinds of euils in an Orchard. All thediseases of an Orchard are of two sorts,either internall or externall. I call thoseinward hurts which breed on and inparticular trees.

[E4] [Pg 55] 1 Galles.2 Canker.3 Mosse.4 Weaknes in setting.5 Barke bound.6 Barke pild.7 Worme.8 Deadly wounds.

Galls. Galles, Canker, Mosse, weaknes,though they be diuers diseases: yet(howsoeuer Authors thinke otherwise)they rise all out of the same cause.

Galles we haue described with their

cause and remedy, in the 11. Chaptervnder the name of fretters.

Canker. Canker is the consumption ofany part of the tree, barke and wood,which also in the same place isdeceiphered vnder the title of water-boughes.

Mosse. Mosse is sensibly seene andknowne of all, the cause is pointed outin the same Chapter, in the discourse oftimber-wood, and partly also theremedy: but for Mosse adde this, thatat any time in summer (the Spring is

best) When the cause is remoued, withan Harecloth, immediatly after ashowre of raine, rub off your Mosse, orwith a peece of weed (if the Mosseabound) formed like a great knife.

Weaknesse in setting. Weaknesse in thesetting of your fruit shall you findethere also in the same Chapter, and hisremedy. All these flow from the wantof roomth in good soile, wrongplanting, Chap. 7. and euill or nodressing.

Barke-bound. Bark-bound (as I thinke)

riseth of the same cause, and the best,& present remedy (the causes beingtaken away) is with your sharpe knifein the Spring, length-way to launch hisbark throughout, on 3. or 4. sides of hisboale.

Worme. The disease called the Worme isthus discernd: The barke will be hoaldin diuers places like gall, the wood willdie & dry, and you shall see easily thebarke swell. It is verily to be thought,that therin is bred some worm I hauenot yet thorowly sought it out, because

I was neuer [ E 4 v ] [Pg 56] troubledtherewithall: but onely haue seene suchtrees in diuers places. I thinke it aworme rather, because I see thisdisease in trees, bringing fruit of sweettaste, and the swelling shewes as much.Remedy. The remedy (as I coniecture) isso soone as you perceiue the wound,the next Spring cut it out barke and all,and apply Cowes pisse and vinegerpresently, and so twice or thrice aweeke for a moneths space: For I wellperceiue, if you suffer it any time, iteates the tree or bough round, and so

kils.

Since I first wrote this Treatise, I hauechanged my mind concerning thedisease called the worme, because Iread in the History of the West-Indians,that their trees are not troubled with thedisease called the worme or canker,which ariseth of a raw and euillconcocted humor or sap, WitnessePliny, by reason their Country is morehot then ours, whereof I thinke the bestremedy is (not disallowing the former,considering that the worme may breed

by such an humor) warme standing,sound lopping and good dressing.

Barke pild. Bark-pild you shall find withhis remedy in the 11. Chapter.

Wounds. Deadly wounds are when amans Arborist wanting skill, cut offarmes, boughes or branches an inch, or(as I see sometimes) an handfull, orhalfe a foot or more from the body:These so cut cannot couer in any timewith sap, and therefore they die, anddying they perish the heart, and so thetree becomes hollow, and with such a

deadly wound cannot liue long.

Remedy. The remedy is, if you find himbefore he be perished, cut him close, asin the 11. Chapter: if he be hoald, cuthim close, fill his wound, tho neuer sodeepe, with morter well tempered & soclose at the top his wound with a Seare-cloth doubled and nailed on, that noaire nor [E5r] [Pg 57] raine approach hiswound. If he be not very old, anddetaining, he will recouer, and the holebeing closed, his wound within shallnot hurt him for many yeeres.

Hurts on trees.Ants, Earewigs, Caterpillars, and such like wormes.

Hurts on your trees are chiefly Ants,Earewigs, and Caterpillars. Of Ants andEarewigs is said Chap. 10. Let there beno swarme of Pismires neere your tree-root, no not in your Orchard, turnethem ouer in a frost, and powre inwater, and you kill them.

For Caterpillars, the vigilant Fruterershall soone espy their lodging by theirweb, or the decay of leaues eatenaround about them. And being seene,they are easily destroyed with your

hand, or rather (if your tree may spareit) take sprig and all: for the redpeckled butterfly doth euer put them,being her sparm, among the tenderspraies for better feeding, especially indrought, and tread them vnder yourfeet. I like nothing of smoke among mytrees. Vnnaturall heates are nothinggood for naturall trees. This fordiseases of particular trees.

Externall euils. Externall hurts are eitherthings naturall or artificiall. Naturallthings, externally hurting Orchards.

1Beasts.

1Deere.

2Birds.

1Bulfinch.

2Goates.

2 Thrush.

3Sheepe.

3Blackbird.

4 Hare. 4 Crow.5 Cony. 5 Pye.6Cattell.7Horse.

&c.

The other things are,1 Winds.2 Cold.

3 Trees.4 Weeds.5 Wormes. [E5v] [Pg 58] 6 Mowles.7 Filth.8 Poysonfull smoke.

Externall wilfull euils are these.1 Walls.2 Trenches.3 Other works noisomedone in or neere yourOrchard.4 Euill Neighbours.

5 A carelesse Master.6 An vndiscreet, negligentor no keeper.

See you here an whole Army ofmischeifes banded in troupes againstthe most fruitfull trees the earthbeares? assailing your good labours.Good things haue most enemies.

Remedy. A skilfull Fructerer must put sohis helping hand, and disband and putthem to flight.

Deere, &c. For the first ranke of beasts,

besides your out strong fence, you musthaue a faire and swift Greyhound, astone-bow, gun, and if need require, anApple with an hooke for a Deere, andan Hare-pipe for an Hare.

Birds. Your Cherries and other Berriswhen they be ripe, will draw all theBlack-birds, Thrushes, and Maw Piesto your Orchard. The Bul-finch is adeuourer of your Fruit in the bud, Ihaue had whole trees shald out withthem in Winter-time.

Remedy. The best remedy here is a Stone

bow, a Piece, especially if you haue aMusket or Spar-hawke in Winter tomake the Black bird stoope into a bushor hedge.

Other trees. The Gardner must cleanse hissoile of all other trees: but fruit-treesaforesaid Chapter 2 for which it isordained, and I would especially nameOakes, Elmes, Ashes, and such othergreat wood, but that I doubt it shouldbe taken as an admission of lessertrees: for I admit [E6r] [Pg 59] of nothingto grow in mine Orchard but fruit and

flowers. If sap can hardly be good tofeed our fruit-trees, why should weallow of any other, especially those,that will becom their Masters, & wrongthem in their liuelyhood.

Winds. And although we admit withoutthe fence of Wall-nuts in most plaineplaces, Trees middle-most, and ashesor Okes, or Elmes vtmost, set incomely rowes equally distant with faireAllies twixt row and row to auoide theboisterous blasts of winds, and withinthem also others for Bees; yet wee

admit none of these into your Orchard-plat: other remedy then this haue weenone against the nipping frosts. Frosts.

Weeds. Weeds in a fertile soile (becausethe generall curse is so) till your Treesgrow great, will be noysome, anddeforme your allies, walkes, beds, andsquares, your vnder Gardners mustlabour to keepe all cleanly & handsomefrom them and all other filth with aSpade, weeding kniues, rake with ironteeth: a skrapple of Iron thus formed.

For Nettles and ground-Iuy after ashowre.

Remedy. When weeds, straw, stickes andall other scrapings are gatheredtogether, burne them not, but burythem vnder your crust in any place ofyour Orchard, and they will dye andfatten your ground.

Wormes.

Moales. Wormes and Moales open theearth, and let in aire to the roots of

your trees, and deforme your squaresand walkes, and feeding in the earth,being in number infinite, draw onbarrennesse.

Remedy. Worms may be easilydestroyed. Any Summer euening whenit is darke, after a showre with acandle, you may fill bushels, but youmust tred nimbly & where [E6v] [Pg 60]

you cannot come to catch them so; siftthe earth with coale ashes an inch ortwo thicknes, and that is a plague tothem, so is sharpe grauell.

Moales will anger you, if your Gardneror some skilful Moale-catcher ease younot, especially hauing made theirfortresses among the roots of yourtrees: you must watch her wel with aMoal spare, at morne, noon, and night,when you see her vtmost hill, cast aTrench betwixt her and her home (forshe hath a principall mansion to dwelland breed in about Aprill, which youmay discerne by a principall hill,wherein you may catch her, if youtrench it round and sure, and watchwell) or wheresoeuer you can discerne

a single passage (for such she hath)there trench, and watch, and haue her.

Wilfull annoyances. Wilfull annoyancesmust be preuented and auoided by theloue of the Master and Fruterer, whichthey beare to their Orchard.

Remedy. Iustice and liberality will putaway euill neighbours or euillneighbour-hood. And then if (Godblesse and giue successe to yourlabours) I see not what hurt yourOrchard can sustaine.

CHAP. 14.

Of the age of Trees.

It is to be considered: All this Treatiseof trees tends to this end, that men mayloue and plant Orchards, whereuntothere cannot be a better inducementthen that they know (or at least beperswaded) that all that benefit theyshall reape thereby, whether ofpleasure or profit, shall not be for a dayor a moneth, or one, or many (but many

hundreth) yeeres. Of good things thegreatest, and most durable is alwaiesthe best. The age of trees. If therefore outo f [E7 r] [Pg 61] reason grounded vponexperience, it be made (I thinke)manifest, but I am sure probable, that afruit tree in such a soile and site, as isdescribed so planted and trimmed andkept, as is afore appointed and duelyfoiled, shall dure 1000 yeeres, whyshould we not take paines, and be attwo or three yeeres charges (for vnderseuen yeeres will an Orchard beperfected for the first planting, and in

that time be brought to fruit) to reapesuch a commodity and so long lasting.

Gathered by reason out of experience. Let noman thinke this to be strange, butperuse and consider the reason. I haueApple trees standing in my littleOrchard, which I haue knowne theseforty yeeres, whose age before my timeI cannot learne, it is beyond memory,tho I haue enquired of diuers aged menof 80. yeeres and vpwards: these treesalthough come into my possession veryeuill ordered, mishapen, and one of

them wounded to his heart, and thatdeadly (for I know it will be his death)with a wound, wherein I might haue putmy foot in the heart of his bulke (nowit is lesse) notwithstanding, with thatsmall regard they haue had since, theyso like, that I assure my selfe they arenot come to their growth by more then2. parts of 3. which I discerne not onelyby their owne growth, but also bycomparing them with the bulke of othertrees. And I find them short (at least)by so many parts in bignesse, althoughI know those other fruit-trees to haue

beene much hindred in their stature byeuill guiding. Herehence I gather thus.

Parts of a trees age. If my trees be ahundred yeeres old, and yet want twohundred of their growth before theyleaue encreasing, which make threehundred, then we must needs resolue,that this three hundred yeere are but thethird part of a Trees life, because (asall things liuing besides) [E7v] [Pg 62] sotrees must haue allowed them for theirincrease one third, another third fortheir stand, and a third part of time also

for their decay. All which time of aTree amounts to nine hundred yeeres,three hundred for increase, threehundred for his stand, whereof we hauethe terme stature, and three hundred forhis decay, and yet I thinke (for we mustconiecture by comparing, because noone man liueth to see the full age oftrees) I am within the compasse of hisage, supposing alwaies the foresaidmeanes of preseruing his life. Considerthe age of other liuing creatures. TheHorse and moiled Oxe wrought to anvntimely death, yet double the time of

their increase. A Dog likewiseincreaseth three, stanns three at least,end in as many (or rather moe)decayes.

Mans age. Euery liuing thing bestowesthe least part of his age in his growth,and so must it needs be with trees. Aman comes not to his full growth andstrength (by common estimation)before thirty yeeres, and some slenderand cleane bodies, not till forty, so longalso stands his strength, & so long alsomust he haue allowed by course of

nature to decay. Euer supposing that hebe well kept with necessaries, and fromand without straines, bruises, and allother dominyring diseases. I will notsay vpon true report, that Physickeholds it possible, that a cleane bodykept by these 3. Doctors, Doctor Dyet,Doctor Quiet, and Doctor Merriman,may liue neere a hundred yeeres.Neither will I here vrge the long yeeresof Methushalah, and those men of thattime, because you will say, Mans dayesare shortned since the floud. But whathath shortned them? God for mans

sinnes: but by meanes, as want ofknowledge, euill gouernment, ryot,gluttony, drunkenesse, and (to be short)the encrease of [E8r] [Pg 63] the curse, oursinnes increasing in an iron and wickedage.

Now if a man, whose body is nothing(in a manner) but tender rottennesse,whose course of life cannot by anymeanes, by counsell, restraint ofLawes, or punishment, nor hope ofpraise, profet, or eturnall glory, be keptwithin any bounds, who is degenerate

cleane from his naturall feeding, toeffeminate nicenesse, and cloying hisbody with excesse of meate, drinke,sleepe &c. and to whom nothing is sopleasant and so much desired as thecauses of his owne death, as idlenesse,lust, &c. may liue to that age: I see notbut a tree of a solide substance, notdamnified by heate or cold, capable of,and subiect to any kinde of ordering ordressing that a man shall apply vntohim, feeding naturally, as from thebeginning disburdened of allsuperfluities, eased of, and of his owne

accord auoiding the causes that mayannoy him, should double the life of aman, more then twice told; and yetnaturall phylosophy, and the vniuersallconsent of all Histories tell vs, thatmany other liuing creatures farreexceed man in the length of yeeres: Asthe Hart and the Rauen. Thus reporteththat famous Roterodam out ofHesiodus, and many otherHistoriographers. The testimony ofCicero in his booke De Senectute, isweighty to this purpose: that we mustin posteras ætates ferere arbores ,

which can haue none other fence: butthat our fruit-trees whereof he speakes,can endure for many ages.

What else are trees in comparison withthe earth: but as haires to the body of aman? And it is certaine, withoutpoisoning, euill and distemperate dyet,and vsage, or other such forcible cause,the haires dure with the body. That theybe called excrements, it is by reason oftheir superfluous growth: (for cut themas often as you list, [E8v] [Pg 64] and theywill still come to their naturall length)

Not in respect of their substance, andnature. Haires endure long, and are anornament and vse also to the body, astrees to the earth.

So that I resolue vpon good reason, thatfruit-trees well ordered, may liue andlike a thousand yeeres, and beare fruit,and the longer, the more, the greater,and the better, because his vigour isproud and stronger, when his yeeres aremany: You shall see old trees put theirbuds and blossomes both sooner andmore plentifully then young trees by

much. And I sensibly perceiue myyoung trees to inlarge their fruit, asthey grow greater, both for number andgreatnesse. Young Heifers bring notforth the Calues so faire, neither arethey so plentifull to milke, as whenthey become to be old Kine. No goodHouswife will breed of a young but ofan old bird-mother: It is so in all thingsnaturally, therefore in trees.

The age of timber trees. And if fruit-treeslast to this age, how many ages is it tobe supposed, strong and huge timber-

trees will last? whose huge bodiesrequire the yeeres of diuersMethushalaes, before they end theirdayes, whose sap is strong and bitter,whose barke is hard and thicke, andtheir substance solid and stiffe: allwhich are defences of health and longlife. Their strength withstands allforcible winds, their sap of that qualityis not subiect to wormes and tainting.Their barke receiues seldome or neuerby casualty any wound. And not onelyso, but he is free from remoualls,which are the death of millions of

trees, where as the fruit-tree incomparison is little, and often blownedowne, his sap sweet, easily and soonetainted, his barke tender, and soonewounded, and himselfe vsed by man, asman vseth himselfe, that is either [F] [Pg

65] vnskilfully or carelessely.

Age of trees discerned. It is good for somepurposes to regard the age of your fruittrees, which you may easily know, tillthey come to accomplish twentyyeeres, by his knots: Reckon from hisroot vp an arme and so to hys top-twig,

and euery yeeres growth isdistinguished from other by a knot,except lopping or remouing doe hinder.

CHAP. 15.

Of gathering andkeeping Fruit.

Generall Rule. Although it be an easiematter, when God shall send it, togather and keepe fruit, yet are theycertaine things worthy your regard.You must gather your fruit when it isripe, and not before, else will it witherand be tough and sowre. All fruit

generally are ripe, when they beginneto fall. For Trees doe as all otherbearers doe, when their yong ones areripe, they will waine them. The Doueher Pigeons, the Cony her Rabbets, andwomen their children. Some fruit treesometimes getting a taint in the settingwith a frost or euill wind, will cast hisfruit vntimely, but not before he leauegiuing them sap, or they leaue growing.Cherries, &c. Except from this foresaidrule, Cherries, Damsons and Bullies.The Cherry is ripe when he is sweldwholy red, and sweet: Damsons and

Bulies not before the first frost.

Apples. Apples are knowne to be ripe,partly by their colour, growing towardsa yellow, except the Leather-coat andsome Peares and Greening.

When. Timely Summer fruit will beready, some at Midsummer, most atLammus for present vse; but generallynoe keeping fruit before Michal-tide.Hard Winter fruit and Wardens longer.

[F1v] [Pg 66] Dry stalkes. Gather at the full ofthe Moone for keeping, gather dry for

feare of rotting.

Gather the stalkes with all: for a littlewound in fruit, is deadly: but not thestumpe, that must beare the next fruit,nor leaues, for moisture putrifies.

Seuerally. Gather euery kind seuerally byit selfe, for all will not keepe alike, andit is hard to discerne them, when theyare mingled.

Ouerladen trees. If your trees be ouer-laden(as they will be, being ordered, as isbefore taught you) I like better of

pulling some off (tho they be not ripe)neere the top end of the bough, then ofpropping by much, the rest shall bebetter fed. Propping puts the bough indanger, and frets it at least.

Instruments. Instruments: A long ladder oflight Firre: A stoole-ladder as in the 11.Chapter. A gathering apron like apoake before you, made of purpose, ora Wallet hung on a bough, or a basketwith a siue bottome, or skinne bottome,with Lathes or splinters vnder, hung ina rope to pull vp and downe: Bruises.

bruise none, euery bruise is to fruitdeath: if you doe, vse them presently.An hooke to pull boughs to you isnecessary, breake no boughes.

Keeping. For keeping, lay them in a dryLoft, the longest keeping Apples firstand furthest on dry straw, on heapes tenor fourteene dayes, thicke, that theymay sweat. Then dry them with a softand cleane cloth, and lay them thinneabroad. Long keeping fruit would beturned once in a moneth softly: but notin nor immediately after frost. In a loft

couer well with straw, but rather withchaffe or branne: For frost doth causetender rottennesse.

[F2] [Pg 67] CHAP. 16.

Of Profits.

Now pause with your selfe, and viewthe end of all your labours in anOrchard: vnspeakable pleasure, andinfinite commodity. The pleasure of anOrchard I referre to the last Chapter forthe conclusion: and in this Chapter, aword or two of the profit, whichthorowly to declare is past my skill:and I count it as if a man should

attempt to adde light to the Sunne witha Candle, or number the Starres. Noman that hath but a meane Orchard oriudgement but knowes, that thecommodity of an Orchard is great:Neither would I speake of this, being athing so manifest to all; but that I see,that through the carelesse lazinesse ofmen, it is a thing generally neglected.But let them know, that they losehereby the chiefest good which belongsto house-keeping.

Compare the commodity that commeth

of halfe an acre of ground, set withfruit-trees and hearbs, so as isprescribed, and an whole acre (say it betwo) with Corne, or the bestcommodity you can wish, and theOrchard shall exceed by diuers degrees.

Cydar and Perry. In France and some otherCountries, and in England, they makegreat vse of Cydar and Perry, thusmade: Dresse euery Apple, the stalke,vpper end, and all galles away, stampethem, and straine them, and within 24.houres tun them vp into cleane, sweet,

and sound vessels, for feare of euillayre, which they will readily take: andif you hang a poakefull of Cloues,Mace, Nutmegs, Cinamon, Ginger, andpils of Lemmons in the midst of thevessell, it will make it as wholesomeand pleasant as wine. The like vsagedoth Perry require.

[F2v] [Pg 68]

These drinks are very wholesome, theycoole, purge, and preuent hot Agues.But I leaue this skill to Physicians.

Fruit. The benefit of your Fruit, Roots

and Hearbs, though it were but to eateand sell, is much.

Waters. Waters distilled of Roses,Woodbind, Angelica, are bothprofitable and wondrous pleasant, andcomfortable.

Conserue. Saffron and Licoras will yeeldyou much Conserues and Preserues, areornaments to your Feasts, health inyour sicknesse, and a good helpe toyour friend, and to your purse.

He that will not be moued with such

vnspeakable profits, is well worthy towant, when others abound in plenty ofgood things.

CHAP. 17.

Ornaments.

Me thinks hitherto we haue but abare Orchard for fruit, and but halfegood, so long as it wants those comelyOrnaments, that should giue beauty toall our labours, and make much for thehonest delight of the owner and hisfriends.

Delight the chiefe end of Orchards. For it is not

to be doubted: but as God hath giuenman things profitable, so hath heallowed him honest comfort, delight,and recreation in all the workes of hishands. Nay, all his labours vnder theSunne without this are troubles, andvexation of mind: For what is greedygaine, without delight, but moyling,and turmoyling in slauery? Butcomfortable delight, with content, isthe good of euery thing, and thepatterne of heauen. A morsell of breadwith comfort, is better by much then afat Oxe with vnquietnesse. An Orchard

delightsome. And [F3] [Pg 69] who can deny,but the principall end of an Orchard, isthe honest delight of one wearied withthe works of his lawfull calling? Thevery workes of, and in an Orchard andGarden, are better then the ease andrest of and from other labours. WhenGod had made man after his owneImage, in a perfect state, and wouldhaue him to represent himselfe inauthority, tranquillity, and pleasurevpon the earth, he placed him inParadise. An Orchard is Paradise. What wasParadise? but a Garden and Orchard of

trees and hearbs, full of pleasure? andnothing there but delights. The gods ofthe earth, resembling the great God ofheauen in authority, Maiestie, andabundance of all things, wherein istheir most delight? Causes of wearisomnesse.

and whither doe they withdrawthemselues from the troublesomeaffaires of their estate, being tyred withthe hearing and iudging of litigiousControuersies? choked (as it were) withthe close ayres of their sumptuousbuildings, their stomacks cloyed withvariety of Banquets, their eares filled

and ouerburthened with tediousdiscoursings? whither? but into theirOrchards? Orchard is the remedy. made andprepared, dressed and destinated forthat purpose, to renue and refresh theirsences, and to call home their ouer-wearied spirits. Nay, it is (no doubt) acomfort to them, to set open theirCazements into a most delicate Gardenand Orchard, whereby they may notonely see that, wherein they are somuch delighted, but also to giue fresh,sweet, and pleasant ayre to theirGalleries and Chambers.

All delight in Orchards. And looke, whatthese men do by reason of theirgreatnes and ability, prouoked withdelight, the same doubtlesse wouldeuery of vs doe, if power wereanswerable to our desires, whereby weshew manifestly, that of all otherdelights on earth, they that are taken byOrchards, [F3v] [Pg 70] are most excellent,and most agreeing with nature.

This delights all the senses. For whereaseuery other pleasure commonly fillessome one of our senses, and that onely,

with delight, this makes all our sencesswimme in pleasure, and that withinfinite variety, ioyned with no lessecommodity.

Delighteth old age. That famousPhilosopher, and matchlesse Orator,M.T.C. prescribeth nothing more fit, totake away the tediousnesse and heauyload of three or foure score yeeres, thenthe pleasure of an Orchard.

Causes of delight in an Orchard. What canyour eye desire to see, your eares tohear, your mouth to tast, or your nose

to smell, that is not to be had in anOrchard, with abundance and variety?What more delightsome then aninfinite variety of sweet smellingflowers? decking with sundry colours,the greene mantle of the Earth, thevniuersall Mother of vs all, so by thembespotted, so dyed, that all the worldcannot sample them, and wherein it ismore fit to admire the Dyer, thenimitate his workemanship. Colouringnot onely the earth, but decking theayre, and sweetning euery breath andspirit.

Flowers. The Rose red, damaske, veluet,and double double prouince Rose, thesweet muske Rose double and single,the double and single white Rose. Thefaire and sweet senting Woodbinde,double and single, and double double.Purple Cowslips, and double Cowslips,and double double Cowslips. Primerosedouble and single. The Violet nothingbehinde the best, for smelling sweetly.A thousand more will prouoke yourcontent.

Borders and squares. And all these, by the

skill of your Gardner, so comely, andorderly placed in your Borders andSquares, and so intermingled, that nonelooking thereon, cannot but wonder, tosee, what Nature corrected by Art candoe.

[F4] [Pg 71] Mounts.Whence you may shoote a Bucke.Dyall.

Musique. When you behold in diuerscorners of your Orchard Mounts ofstone, or wood curiously wroughtwithin and without, or of earth coueredwith fruit-trees: Kentish Cherry,

Damsons, Plummes, &c. with staires ofprecious workmanship. And in somecorner (or moe) a true Dyall or Clockeand some Anticke-workes andespecially siluer-sounding Musique,mixt Instruments and voices, gracingall the rest: How will you be rapt withdelight?

Walkes.

Seates. Large Walkes, broad and long,close and open, like the Tempe grouesi n Thessalie, raised with grauell andsand, hauing seats and bankes ofCammomile, all this delights the

minde, and brings health to the body.

Order of trees. View now with delight theworkes of your owne hands, your fruit-trees of all sorts, loaden with sweetblossomes, and fruit of all tasts,operations, and colours: your treesstanding in comely order which waysoeuer you looke.

Your borders on euery side hangingand drooping with Feberries,Raspberries, Barberries, Currens, andthe rootes of your trees powdred withStrawberries, red, white, and greene,

what a pleasure is this? Shape of men and

beasts. Your Gardner can frame yourlesser wood to the shape of men armedin the field, ready to giue battell: orswift running Greyhounds: or of wellsented and true running Hounds, tochase the Deere, or hunt the Hare. Thiskind of hunting shall not waste yourcorne, nor much your coyne.

Mazes. Mazes well framed a mansheight, may perhaps make your friendwander in gathering of berries, till hecannot recouer himselfe without your

helpe.

Bowle-Alley.

Buts. To haue occasion to exercisewithin your Orchard: it shall be apleasure to haue a Bowling Alley, orrather [F4v] [Pg 72] (which is more manly,and more healthfull) a paire of Buts, tostretch your armes.

Hearbes. Rosemary and sweete Eglantineare seemely ornaments about a Dooreor Window, and so is Woodbinde.

Conduit. Looke Chapter 5, and you shallsee the forme of a Conduite. If there

were two or more, it were not amisse.

Riuer. And in mine opinion, I couldhighly commend your Orchard, ifeither through it, or hard by it thereshould runne a pleasant Riuer withsiluer streames; you might sit in yourMount, and angle a peckled Trout, orfleightie Eele, or some other daintyFi sh. Moats. Or moats, whereon youmight row with a Boate, and fish withNettes.

Bees. Store of Bees in a dry and warmeBee-house, comely made of Fir-boords,

to sing, and sit, and feede vpon yourflowers and sprouts, make a pleasantnoyse and sight. For cleanely andinnocent Bees, of all other things, loueand become, and thriue in an Orchard.If they thriue (as they must needes, ifyour Gardiner bee skilfull, and louethem: for they loue their friends, andhate none but their enemies) they will,besides the pleasure, yeeld great profit,to pay him his wages Yea, the increaseof twenty Stockes or Stooles, withother fees will keepe your Orchard.

You need not doubt their stings, forthey hurt not whom they know, andthey know their keeper andacquaintance. If you like not to comeamongst them, you need not doubtthem: for but neere their store, and intheir owne defence, they will not fight,and in that case onely (and who canblame them?) they are manly, and fightdesperately. Some (as that HonorableLady [F5r] [Pg 73] at Hacknes, whose namedoth much grace mine Orchard) vse tomake seates for them in the stone wallof their Orchard, or Garden, which is

good, but wood is better.

Vine. A Vine ouer-shadowing a seate, isvery comely, though her Grapes withvs ripe slowly.

Birds.

Nightingale. One chiefe grace that adornesan Orchard, I cannot let slip: A broodof Nightingales, who with their seuerallnotes and tunes, with a strongdelightsome voyce, out of a weakebody, will beare you company nightand day. She loues (and liues in) hotsof woods in her hart. She will helpe

you to cleanse your trees ofCaterpillers, and all noysome wormesand flyes. Robin-red-brest.

Wren. The gentle Robin-red-brest willhelpe her, and in winter in the coldeststormes will keepe a part. Neither willthe silly Wren be behind in Summer,with her distinct whistle (like a sweeteRecorder) to cheere your spirits.

Black-bird.

Thrush. The Black-bird and Threstle (forI take it the Thrush sings not, butdeuoures) sing loudly in a Maymorning and delights the eare much

(and you neede not want theircompany, if you haue ripe Cherries orBerries, and would as gladly as the restdo you pleasure:) But I had rather wanttheir company than my fruit.

What shall I say? A thousand ofpleasant delightes are attendant in anOrchard: and sooner shall I be weary,then I can recken the least part of thatpleasure, which one that hath and louesan Orchard, may find therein.

What is there of all these few that Ihaue reckoned, which doth not please

the eye, the eare, the smell, and taste?And by these sences as Organes, Pipes,and windowes, these delights arecarried to refresh the gentle, generous,and noble mind.

[F5v] [Pg 74] Your owne labour. To conclude,what ioy may you haue, that you liuingto such an age, shall see the blessingsof God on your labours while you liue,and leaue behind you to heires orsuccessors (for God will make heires)such a worke, that many ages after yourdeath, shall record your loue to their

Countrey? And the rather, when youconsider (Chap. 14.) to what length oftime your worke is like to last.

FINIS.

[F6r] THE

COVNTRYHOVSE-VVIFES

GARDEN.

Containing Rules forHearbs and Seedes

of common vse, with theirtimes and seasons,

when to set and sow them.

TOGETHER,With the Husbandry of Bees, published

with secretsvery necessary for euery House-wife.

As also diuerse new Knots for Gardens.

The Contents see at large in the last Page.

Genes. 2. 29.I haue giuen vnto you euery Herbe, and

euery tree, that shall be to you for meate.

LONDON,Printed by Nicholas Okes for IOHN

HARISON, at thegolden Vnicorne in Pater-noster-row.

1631.

[F6v]

[F7r] [Pg 77] THE COVNTRYHOVSVVIFES

GARDEN.

CHAP. 1.

The Soyle.

The soyle of an Orchard and Garden,differ onely in these three points: Dry.

First, the Gardens soyle would besomewhat dryer, because hearbes beingmore tender then trees, can neitherabide moisture nor drought, in suchexcessiue measure, as trees; andtherefore hauing a dryer soyle, theremedy is easie against drought, if need

be: water soundly, which may be donewith small labour, the compasse of aGarden being nothing so great, as of anOrchard, and this is the cause (if theyknow it) that Gardners raise theirsquares:Hops. but if moysture troubleyou, I see no remedy without a generalldanger, except in Hops, which delightmuch in a low and sappy earth.

Plaine. Secondly, the soyle of a Gardenwould be plaine and [F7v] [Pg 78] leuell, atleast euery square (for we purpose thesquare to be the fittest forme) the

reason: the earth of a garden wantingsuch helpes, as should stay the water,which an orchard hath, and the rootesof hearbes being short, and not able tofetch their liquor from the bottome, aremore annoyed by drought, and thesoyle being mellow and loose, is sooneeither washt away, or sends out hisheart by too much drenching andwashing.

Thirdly, if a garden soyle be not cleereof weedes, and namely, of grasse, thehearbes shall neuer thriue: for how

should good hearbes prosper, wheneuill weeds waxe so fast: consideringgood hearbes are tender in respect ofeuill weedes: these being strengthenedby nature, and the other by art?Gardens haue small place incomparison, and therefore may bemore easily be fallowed, at the leastone halfe yeare before, and the betterdressed after it is framed. And youshall finde that cleane keeping doth notonely auoide danger of gatheringweedes, but also is a speciall ornament,and leaues more plentifull sap for your

tender hearbes.

CHAP. 2.

Of the Sites.

I cannot see in any sort, how the siteof the one should not be good, and fitfor the other: The ends of both beingone, good, wholesome, and much fruitioyned with delight, vnlesse trees bemore able to abide the nipping frostesthan tender hearbes: but I am sure, theflowers of trees are as soone perishedwith cold, as any hearbe except

Pumpions, and Melons.

[F8r] [Pg 79] CHAP. 3.

Of the Forme.

Let that which is sayd in the Orchardsforme, suffice for a garden in generall:but for speciall formes in squares, theyare as many, as there are diuices inGardners braines. Neither is the wit andart of a skilfull Gardner in this poyntnot to be commended, that can workemore variety for breeding of moredelightsome choyce, and of all those

things, where the owner is able anddesirous to be satisfied. The number offormes, Mazes and Knots is so great,and men are so diuersly delighted, thatI leaue euery House-wife to her selfe,especially seeing to set downe many,had bene but to fill much paper; yetlest I depriue her of all delight anddirection, let her view these few,choyse, new formes, and note thisgenerally, that all plots are square, andall are bordered about with Priuit,Raisins, Fea-berries, Roses, Thorne,Rosemary, Bee-flowers, Isop, Sage, or

such like.

[F8v] [Pg 80]

Thegroundplot forKnots.

Cinkfoyle.

[G] [Pg 81]

Flower-deluce.

TheTrefoyle.

[G1v] [Pg 82]

The Fret.

Lozenges.

[G2] [Pg 83]

Crosse-bow.

Diamond.

[G2v] [Pg 84]

Ouall.

Maze.

[G3] [Pg 85] CHAP. 4.

Of the Quantity.

A Garden requireth not so large ascope of ground as an Orchard, both inregard of the much weeding, dressingand remouing, and also the paines in aGarden is not so well repaied home, asin an Orchard. It is to be graunted, thatthe Kitchin garden doth yeeld richgaines by berries, roots, cabbages, &c.yet these are no way comparable to the

fruits of a rich Orchard: butnotwithstanding I am of opinion, that itwere better for England, that we hadmore Orchards and Gardens, and morelarge. And therefore we leaue thequantity to euery mans ability and will.

CHAP. 5.

Of Fence.

Seeing we allow Gardens in Orchardplots, and the benefit of a Garden ismuch, they both require a strong andshrowding fence. Therefore leauingthis, let vs come to the hearbesthemselues, which must be the fruit ofall these labours.

[G3v] [Pg 86] CHAP. 6.

Of two Gardens.

Hearbes are of two sorts, andtherefore it is meete (they requiringdiuers manners of Husbandry) that wehaue two Gardens: A garden forflowers, and a Kitchen garden: or aSummer garden: not that we meane soperfect a distinction, that the Gardenfor flowers should or can be withouthearbes good for the Kitchen, or the

Kitchen garden should want flowers,nor on the contrary: but for the mostpart they would be seuered: first,because your Garden flowers shallsuffer some disgrace, if among themyou intermingle Onions, Parsnips, &c.Secondly, your Garden that is durable,must be of one forme: but that, whichis for your Kitchens vse, must yeelddaily rootes, or other hearbes, andsuffer deformity. Thirdly, the hearbs ofboth will not be both alike ready, at onetime, either for gathering, or remouing.First therefore

Of the Summer Garden.

These hearbs and flowers are comelyand durable for squares and knots andall to set at Michael-*tide, orsomewhat before, that they may besetled in, and taken with the groundbefore winter, though they may be set,especially sowne in the spring.

Roses of all sorts (spoken of in theOrchard) must [G4] [Pg 87] be set. Somevie to set slips and twine them, whichsometimes, but seldome thriue all.

Rosemary, Lauender, Bee-flowers,Isop, Sage, Time, Cowslips, Pyony,Dasies, Cloue Gilliflowers, Pinkes,Sothernwood, Lillies, of all whichhereafter.

Of the Kitchen Garden.

Though your Garden for flowers dothin a sort peculiarly challenge to it seisea profit, and exquisite forme to theeyes, yet you may not altogetherneglect this, where your hearbes for the

pot do growe. And therefore, some heremake comely borders with the hearbesaforesayd. The rather becauseaboundance of Roses and Lauenderyeeld much profit, and comfort to thesences: Rose-water and Lauender, theone cordial (as also the Violets,Burrage, and Buglas) the other reuiuingthe spirits by the sence of smelling:both most durable for smell, both inflowers and water: you need not hereraise your beds, as in the other garden,because Summer towards, will not lettoo much wet annoy you.

And these hearbes require moremoysture: yet must you haue your bedsdiuided, that you may goe betwixt toweede, and somewhat forme would beexpected: To which it auaileth, that youplace your herbes of biggest growth, bywalles, or in borders, as Fenell, &c. andthe lowest in the middest, as Saffron,Strawberries, Onions, &c.

[G4v] [Pg 88] CHAP. 7.

Diuision of hearbs.

Garden hearbs are innumerable, yetthese are common and sufficient forour country House-wifes.

Hearbs of greatest growth.

Fenell, Anglica, Tansie, Hollihock,Louage, Elly Campane, French

mallows, Lillies, French poppy,Endiue, Succory and Clary.

Herbes of middle growth.

Burrage, Buglas, Parsley, sweet Sicilly,Floure-de-luce, Stocke Gilliflowers,Wall-flowers, Anniseedes, Coriander,Feather fewell, Marigolds, OculusChristi, Langdibeefe, Alexanders,Carduus Benedictus.

Hearbes of smallest growth.

Pansy, or Harts-ease, Coast Margeram,Sauery, Strawberries, Saffron, Lycoras,Daffadowndillies, Leekes, Chiues,Chibals, Skerots, Onions, Batchellorsbuttons, Dasies, Peniroyall.

Hitherto I haue onely reckoned vp, andput in this ranke, some hearbs. TheirHusbandry follow each in anAlphabeticall order, the better to befound.

CHAP. 8.

Husbandry of Herbes.

Alexanders are to be renewed asAngelica. It is a timely Pot-hearbe.

Anglica is renued with his seede,whereof he beareth plenty the secondyeare, and so dieth. You may remouethe rootes the first yeare. The leauesdistilled, [ G 5 r ] [Pg 89] yeeld watersoueraigne to expell paine from the

stomacke. The roote dried taken in thefall, stoppeth the poares againstinfections.

Annyseedes make their growth, andbeareth seeds the first yeere, and diethas Coriander: it is good for opening thepipes, and it is vsed in Comfits.

Artichoakes are renewed by diuidingthe rootes into sets, in March, euerythird or fourth yeare. They require aseuerall vsage, and therefore a seuerallwhole plot by themselues, especiallyconsidering they are plentifull of fruite

much desired.

Burrage and Buglas, two Cordials,renue themselues by seed yearely,which is hard to be gathered: they areexceeding good Pot-hearbes, good forBees, and most comfortable for theheart and stomacke, as Quinces andWardens.

Camomile, set rootes in bankes andwalkes. It is sweete smelling,qualifying head-ach.

Cabbages require great roome, they

seed the second yeare: sow them inFebruary, remoue them when theplants are an handfull long, set deepeand wet. Looke well in drought for thewhite Caterpillers worme, the spaunesvnder the leafe closely; for euery liuingCreature doth seeke foode and quietshelter, and growing quicke, they drawto, and eate the heart: you may findethem in a rainy deawy morning.

It is a good Pothearbe, and of thishearbe called Cole our Countrie House-wiues giue their pottage their name,

and call them Caell.

Carduus Benedictus, or blessed thistle,seeds and dyes the first yeere, theexcellent vertue thereof I referre toHerbals, for we are Gardiners, notPhysitians.

Carrets are sowne late in Aprill orMay, as Turneps, [G5v] [Pg 90] else theyseede the first yeere, and then theirroots are naught: the second yeere theydye, their roots grow great, and requirelarge roome.

Chibals or Chiues haue their rootsparted, as Garlick, Lillies, &c. and soare they set euery third or fourth yeere:a good pot-hearb opening, but euill forthe eies.

Clarie is sowne, it seeds the secondyeere, and dyes. It is somewhat harshin taste, a little in pottage is good, itstrengtheneth the reines.

Coast, Roote parted make sets inMarch: it beares the second yeere: it isvsed in Ale in May.

Coriander is for vsage and vses, muchlike Anniseeds.

Daffadowndillies haue their rootsparted, and set once in three or foureyeere, or longer time. They flowertimely, and after Midsummer, arescarcely seene. They are more forornament, then for vse, so are Daisies.

Daisie-rootes parted and set, asFlowre-deluce and Camomile, whenyou see them grow too thicke or decay.They be good to keepe vp, andstrengthen the edges of your borders, as

Pinkes, they be red, white, mixt.

Ellycampane root is long lasting, as isthe Louage, it seeds yeerely, you maydiuide the root, and set the roote, takenin VVinter it is good (being dryed,powdered and drunke) to kill itches.

Endiue and Succory are much like innature, shape, and vse, they renuethemselues by seed, as Fennell, andother hearbs. You may remoue thembefore they put forth shankes, a goodPot-hearbe.

Fennell is renued, either by the seeds(which it beareth the second yeere, andso yeerely in great abundance) sownein the fall or Spring, or by diuiding oneroot into many Sets, as Artichoke, it islong of growth [G6r] [Pg 91] and life. Youmay remoue the roote vnshankt. It isexceeding good for the eyes, distilled,or any otherwise taken: it is vsed indressing Hiues for swarmes, a verygood Pot-hearbe, or for Sallets.

Fetherfewle shakes seed. Good againsta shaking Feuer, taken in a posset

drinke fasting.

Flower-deluce, long lasting. Diuide hisroots, and set: the roots dryed haue asweet smell.

Garlicke may be set an handfulldistance, two inches deepe, in the edgeof your beds. Part the heads intoseuerall cloues, and euery cloue set inthe latter end of February, willincrease to a great head beforeSeptember: good for opening, euill foreyes: when the blade is long, fast two& two together, the heads will be

bigger.

Hollyhocke riseth high, seedeth anddyeth: the chiefe vse I know isornament.

Isop is reasonable long lasting: youngroots are good set, slips better. A goodpot-hearbe.

Iuly-flowers, commonly called Gilly-flowers, or Cloue-Iuly-flowers (I callthem so, because they flowre in Iuly)they haue the name of Cloues, of theirsent. I may well call them the King of

flowers (except the Rose) and the bestsort of them are called Queene-Iulyflowers. I haue of them nine or tenseuerall colours, and diuers of them asbig as Roses; of all flowers (saue theDamaske Rose) they are the mostpleasant to sight and smell: they lastnot past three or foure yeeresvnremoued. Take the slips (withoutshanks) and set any time, saue inextreme frost, but especially atMichael tide. Their vse is much inornament, and comforting the spirits,by the sence of smelling.

Iuly flowers of the wall, or wall-Iuly-flowers, wall-flowers, or Bee-flowers,or Winter-Iuly-flowers, because [G6v] [Pg

9 2 ] growing in the walles, euen inWinter, and good for Bees, will groweuen in stone walls, they will seemedead in Summer, and yet reuiue inWinter. They yeeld seed plentifully,which you may sow at any time, or inany broken earth, especially on the topof a mud-wall, but moist, you may setthe root before it be brancht, euery slipthat is not flowr'd will take root, orcrop him in Summer, and he will

flower in Winter: but his Winter-seedis vntimely. This and Palmes areexceeding good, and timely for Bees.

Leekes yeeld seed the second yeere,vnremoued and die, vnlesse youremoue them, vsuall to eate with saltand bread, as Onyons alwaies greene,good pot-hearb, euill for the eyes.

Lauendar spike would be remouedwithin 7 yeeres, or eight at the most.Slips twined as Isop and Sage, wouldtake best at Michael-tide. This floweris good for Bees, most comfortable for

smelling, except Roses; and kept dry, isas strong after a yeere, and when it isgathered. The water of this iscomfortable.

Whi t e Lauendar would be remouedsooner.

Lettice yeelds seed the first yeere, anddyes: sow betime, and if you wouldhaue them Cabbage for Sallets, remouethem as you doe Cabbage. They arevsuall in Sallets, and the pot.

Lillies white and red, remoued once in

three or foure yeeres their roots yeeldmany Sets, like the Garlicke, Michael-tide is the best: they grow high, afterthey get roote: these roots are good tobreake a Byle, as are Mallowes andSorrell.

Mallowes, French or gagged, the firstor second yeere, seed plentifully: sowin March, or before, they are good forthe house-wifes pot, or to breake abunch.

[G7r] [Pg 93] Marigolds most commonlycome of seed, you may remoue the

Plants, when they be two inches long.The double Marigold, being as bigge asa little Rose, is good for shew. They area good Pot-hearbe.

Oculus Christi, or Christs eye, seedsand dyes the first or second yeere: youmay remoue the yong Plants, but seedis better: one of these seeds put into theeye, within three or foure houres willgather a thicke skinne, cleere the eye,and bolt it selfe forth without hurt tothe eye. A good Pot-hearbe.

Onyons are sowne in February, they

are gathered at Michael-tide, and allthe Summer long, for Sallets; as alsoyoung Parsly, Sage, Chibals, Lettice,sweet Sicily, Fennell, &c. good alone,or with meate as Mutton, &c. for sauce,especially for the pot.

Parsly sow the first yeere, and vse thenext yeere: it seedes plentifully, anhearbe of much vse, as sweet Sicily is.The seed and roots are good against theStone.

Parsneps require and whole plot, theybe plentifull and common: sow them in

February, the Kings (that is in themiddle) seed broadest and reddest.Parsneps are sustenance for a strongstomacke, not good for euill eies:When they couer the earth in a drought,to tread the tops, make the rootesbigger.

Peny-royall, or Pudding Grasse,creepes along the ground like groundIuie. It lasts long, like Daisies, becauseit puts and spreads dayly new roots.Diuide, and remoue the roots, it hath apleasant taste and smell, good for the

pot, or hackt meate, or HaggasPudding.

Pumpions: Set seedes with your finger,a finger deepe, late in March, and sosoone as they appeare, euery night ifyou doubt frost, couer them, and waterthem continually out of a water-pot:they be very tender, [G7v] [Pg 94] theirfruit is great and waterish.

French poppy beareth a faire flower,and the Seed will make you sleepe.

Raddish is sauce for cloyed stomacks,

as Capers, Oliues, and Cucumbers, castthe seeds all Summer long here andthere, and you shall haue them alwaiesyoung and fresh.

Rosemary, the grace of hearbs here inEngland, in other Countries common.To set slips immediately after Lammas,is the surest way. Seede sowne mayproue well, so they be sowne in hotweather, somewhat moist, and goodearth: for the hearbe, though great, isnesh and tender (as I take it) broughtfrom hot Countries to vs in the cold

North: set thinne. It becomes aWindow well. The vse is much inmeates, more in Physicke, most forBees.

Rue, or Hearbe of Grace, continuallygreene, the slips are set. It lasts long asRosemary, Sothernwood, &c. toostrong for mine Housewifes pot,vnlesse she will brue Ale therewith,against the Plague: let him not seede, ifyou will haue him last.

Saffron euery third yeere his rootswould be remoued at Midsummer: for

when all other hearbs grow most, itdyeth. It flowreth at Michael-tide, andgroweth all Winter: keepe his flowersfrom birds in the morning, & gather theyellow (or they shape much likeLillies) dry, and after dry them: they beprecious, expelling diseases from theheart and stomacke.

Sauery seeds and dyes the first yeere,good for my Housewifes pot and pye.

Sage: set slips in May, and they growaye: Let it not seed it will last thelonger. The vse is much and common.

The Monkish Prouerbe is tritum:

[G8r] [Pg 95] Cur moritur homo,cum saluia crescit in horto?

Skerots, roots are set when they beparted, as Pyonie, and Flower-deluce atMichael-tide: the roote is but small andvery sweet. I know none other speciallvse but the Table.

Sweet Sicily, long lasting, pleasantlytasting, either the seed sowne, or theroot parted, and remoued, makesincrease, it is of like vse with Parsly.

Strawberries long lasting, set roots atMichael-tide or the Spring, they be red,white and greene, and ripe, when theybe great and soft, some by Midsummerwith vs. The vse is: they will coole myHousewife well, if they be put in Wineor Creame with Sugar.

Time, both seeds, slips and rootes aregood. If it seed not, it will last three orfoure yeeres or more, it smellethcomfortably. It hath much vse: namely,in all cold meats, it is good for Bees.

Turnep is sowne. In the second yeere

they beare plenty of seed: they requirethe same time of sowing that Carretsdoe: they are sicke of the same diseasethat Cabbages be. The roots increasethmuch, it is most wholesome, if it besowne in a good and well temperedearth: Soueraigne for eyes and Bees.

I reckon these hearbs onely, because Iteach my Countrey Housewife, notskilfull Artists, and it should be anendlesse labour, and would make thematter tedious to reckon vp Landtheefe,Stocke-Iuly-flowers, Charuall,

Valerian, Go-to bed at noone, Piony,Licoras, Tansie, Garden mints,Germander, Centaurie, and a thousandsuch physicke Hearbs. Let her firstgrow cunning in this, and then she mayenlarge her Garden as her skill andability increaseth. And to helpe her themore, I haue set her downe theseobseruations.

[G8v] [Pg 96] CHAP. 9.

Generall Rules inGardening.

In the South parts Gardening may bemore timely, and more safely done,then with vs in Yorkeshire, because ourayre is not so fauourable, nor ourground so good.

2 Secondly most seeds shakt, byturning the good earth, are renued, their

mother the earth keeping them in herbowels, till the Sunne their Father canreach them with his heat.

3 In setting hearbs, leaue no top morethen an handfull aboue the ground, normore then a foot vnder the earth.

4 Twine the roots of those slips you set,if they will abide it. Gilly-flowers aretoo tender.

5 Set moist, and sowe dry.

6 Set slips without shankes any time,except at Midsummer, and in frosts.

7 Seeding spoiles the most roots, asdrawing the heart and sap from theroot.

8 Gather for the pot and medicines,hearbs tender and greene, the sap beingin the top, but in Winter the root isbest.

9 All the hearbs in the Garden forflowers, would once in seuen yeeres berenued, or soundly watered with puddlewater, except Rosemary.

10 In all your Gardens and Orchards,

bankes and seates of Camomile, Peny-royall, Daisies and Violets, are seemelyand comfortable.

11 These require whole plots:Artichokes, Cabbages, Turneps,Parsneps, Onyons, Carrets, and (if you [H] [Pg 97] will) Saffron and Scerrits.

12 Gather all your seeds, dead, ripe,and dry.

13 Lay no dung to the roots of yourhearbs, as vsually they doe: for dungnot melted is too hot, euen for trees.

14 Thin setting and sewing (so therootes stand not past a foot distance) isprofitable, for the hearbs will like thebetter. Greater hearbs would haue moredistance.

15 Set and sow hearbs in their time ofgrowth (except at Midsummer, for thenthey are too too tender) but trees intheir time of rest.

16 A good Housewife may, and willgather store of hearbs for the pot, aboutLammas, and dry them, and powndthem, and in Winter they will make

good seruice.

Thus haue I lined out a Garden to ourCountrey Housewiues, and giuen themrules for common hearbs. If any ofthem (as sometimes they are) beknotty, I referre them to Chap. 3. Theskill and paines of weeding the Gardenwith weeding kniues or fingers, I referto themselues, and their maides,willing them to take the opportunitieafter a showre of raine: withall I aduisethe Mistresse, either be present herselfe, or to teach her maides to know

hearbs from weeds.

[H1v] [Pg 98] CHAP. 10.

The Husbandry of Bees.

There remaineth one necessary thingto be prescribed, which in mine opinionmakes as much for ornament as eitherFlowers, or forme, or cleanlinesse, andI am sure as commodious as any of, orall the rest: which is Bees, wellordered. And I will not account her anyof my good House-wiues, that wantetheither Bees or skilfulnesse about them.

And though I knowe some haue writtenwell and truely, and others moreplentifully vpon this theame: yetsomewhat haue I learned by experience(being a Bee-maister my selfe) whichhitherto I cannot finde put into writing,for which I thinke our House-wiueswill count themselues beholding vntome.

Bee-house. The first thing that a Gardinerabout Bees must be carefull for, is anhouse not stakes and stones abroad, Subdio: for stakes rot and reele, raine and

weather eate your hiues, and couers,and cold most of all is hurtfull for yourBees. Therefore you must haue anhouse made along, a sure dry wall inyour Garden, neere, or in your Orchard:for Bees loue flowers and wood withtheir hearts.

[H2] [Pg 99] This is the forme, a Framestanding on posts with a Floore (if youwould haue it hold more Hiues, twoFloores boorded) layd on bearers, andbacke posts, couered ouer with boords,slate-wise.

Let the floores be without holes orclifts, least in casting time, the Beeslye out, and loyter.

And though your Hiues stand within anhand breadth the one of another: yetwill Bees know their home.

In this Frame may your Bees standdrye and warme, especially if youmake doores like doores of windows toshroud them in winter, as in an house:prouided you leaue the hiues mouthsopen. I my self haue [H2v] [Pg 100] deuisedsuch an house, and I find that it keepsand strengthens my Bees much, and myhiues will last sixe to one.

Hiues. M. Markham commends Hiues of

wood. I discommend them not: butstraw Hiues are in vse with vs, and Ithinke with all the world, which Icommend for nimblenesse, closenesse,warmnesse and drinesse. Bees loue noexternall motions of dawbing or suchlike. Sometimes occasion shall beoffered to lift and turne Hiues, as shallappeare hereafter. One light entire hiueof straw in that case is better, then onethat is dawbed, weighty andcumbersome. I wish euery hiue, for akeeping swarme, to hold three pecks atleast in measure. For too little Hiues

procure Bees, in casting time, either tolye out, and loyter, or else to castbefore they be ripe and strong, and somake weake swarmes and vntimely:Whereas if they haue roome sufficient,they ripen timely, and castingseasonably, are strong, and fit forlabour presently. Neither would thehiue be too too great, for then theyloyter, and waste meate and time.

Hiuing of Bees. Your Bees delight inwood, for feeding, especially forcasting: therefore want not an Orchard.

A Mayes swarme is worth a MaresFoale: if they want wood, they be indanger of flying away. Any time beforeMidsummer is good, for casting andtimely before Iuly is not euill. I muchlike M Markhams opinion for hiuing aswarme in combes of a dead orforsaken hiue, so they be fresh &cleanly. To thinke that a swarme ofyour owne, or others, will of it selfecome into such an hiue, is a meereconceit. Experto crede Roberto. Hissmearing with honey, is to no purpose,for the other Bees will eate it vp. If

your swarme knit in the top of a tree, asthey will, if the winde beate them notto fall [H3] [Pg 101] downe: let the stooleor ladder described in the Orchard, doeyou seruice.

Spelkes. The lesse your Spelkes are, thelesse is the waste of your honey, andthe more easily will they draw, whenyou take your Bees. Foure Spelkesathwart, and one top Spelke aresufficient. The Bees will fasten theircombes to the Hiue. A little honey isgood: but if you want, Fennell will

serue to rub your Hiue withall. TheHiue being drest and ready spelkt, rubdand the hole made for their passage (Ivse no hole in the Hiue, but a piece ofwood hoal'd to saue the hiue & keepout Mice) shake in your Bees, or themost of them (for all commonly youcannot get) the remainder will follow.Many vse smoke, Nettles, &c. which Ivtterly dislike: for Bees loue not to bemolested. Ringing in the time ofcasting is a meere fancie, violenthandling of them is simply euill,because Bees of all other creatures,

loue cleanlinesse and peace. Thereforehandle them leasurely & quietly, andtheir Keeper whom they know, may dowith them, what he will, without hurt:Being hiued at night, bring them totheir seat. Set your hiues all of oneyeere together.

Signes of breeding, if they be strong:

1 They will auoid dead young Bees andDroanes.

2 They will sweat in the morning, till itrunne from them; alwaies when they be

strong.

Signes of casting.

1 They will fly Droanes, by reason ofheat.

2 The young swarme will once or twicein some faire season, come forthmustering, as though they would cast,to proue themselues, and goe in againe.

[H3v] [Pg 102] 3 The night before they cast,if you lay your eare to the Hiues

mouth, yo shall heare two or three, butespecially one aboue the rest, cry, Vp,vp, vp; or, Tout, tout, tout, like atrumpet, sounding the alarum to thebattell.

Much descanting there is, of, and aboutthe Master-Bee, and their degrees,order and gouernment: but the truth inthis point is rather imagined, thendemonstrated. There are someconiectures of it, viz. we see in thecombs diuers greater houses then therest, & we heare commonly the night

before they cast, sometimes one Bee,sometimes two, or more Bees, giue alowd and seueral sound from the rest,and sometimes Bees of greater bodiesthen the common sort: but what of allthis? I leane not on coniectures, butloue to set downe that I know to betrue, and leaue these things to themthat loue to diuine. Keepe none weake,for it is hazard, oftentimes with losse:Feeding will not helpe them: for beingweake, they cannot come downe tomeate, or if they come downe, theydye, because Bees weake cannot abide

cold. If none of these, yet will the otherBees being strong, smell the honey, andcome and spoile, and kill them. Catching.

Some helpe is in casting time, to puttwo weake swarmes together, or as M.Markham well saith: Let not them castlate, by raising them with wood orstone: but with impes (say I.) An impeis three or foure wreathes, wrought asthe hiue, the same compasse, to rasethe hiue withall: Clustering. but byexperience in tryall, I haue found out abetter way by Clustering, for late orweake swarmes hitherto not found out

of any that I know. That is this: Aftercasting time, if I haue any stockeproud, and hindered from timelycasting, with former Winters [H4] [Pg 103]

pouerty, or euill weather in castingtime, with two handles and crookes,fitted for the purpose, I turne vp thatstocke so pestred with Bees, and set iton the crowne, vpon which so turnedwith the mouth vpward, I place anotherempty hiue well drest, and spelkt, intowhich without any labour, the Swarmethat would not depart, and cast, willpresently ascend, because the old Bees

haue this qualitie (as all other breedingcreatures haue) to expell the young,when they haue brought them vp.

There will the swarme build as kindely,as if they had of themselues beene cast.But bee sure you lay betwixt the Hiuessome straight and cleanly sticke orstickes, or rather a boord with holes, tokeepe them asunder: otherwise theywill ioyne their workes together so fast,that they cannot be parted. If you sokeepe them asunder at Michael-tide, ifyou like the weight of your swarme

(for the goodnesse of swarmes is tryedby weight) so catched, you may set itby for a stocke to keepe. Take heed inany case the combes be not broken, forthen the other Bees will smell thehoney, and spoyle them. This haue Itryed to be very profitable for thesauing of Bees. The Instrument haththis forme. The great straight piece iswood, the rest are iron claspes andnailes, the claspes are loose in theStapes: Two men with two of thesefastened to the Hiue, will easily turne itvp.

[H4v] [Pg 104] They gather not till Iuly; forthen they be discharged of their young,or else they are become now strong tolabour, and now sap in flowers isstrong and proud: by reason of time,and force of Sunne. And now also inthe North (and not before) the hearbs ofgreatest vigour put their Flowers; AsBeanes, Fennell, Burrage, Rape, &c.

The most sensible weather for them, isheat and drought, because the nesh Beecan neither abide cold or wet: andshowres (which they well fore-see) doeinterrupt their labours, vnlesse they fallon the night, and so they further them.

Droanes. After casting time, you shallbenefit your stockes much, if you helpethem to kill their Droanes, which by allprobability and iudgement, are an idlekind of Bees, and wastefull. Some saythey breed and haue seene youngDroanes in taking their honey, which I

know is true. But I am of opinion, thatthere are also Bees which haue losttheir stings, and so being, as it weregelded, become idle and great. There isgreat vse of them: Deus, et natura nihilfecit frustra. They hate the Bees, andcause them cast the sooner. They neuercome foorth but when they be ouerheated. They neuer come home loaden.After casting time, and when the Beeswant meate, you shall see the labouringBees fasten on them, two, three, orfoure at once, as if they were theeues tobe led to the gallowes, and killing

them, they cast out, and draw themfarre from home, as hatefull enemies.Our Housewife, if she be the Keeper ofher owne Bees (as she had need to be)may with her bare hand in the heate ofthe day, safely destroy them in thehiues mouth. Some vse towards night,in a hot day, to set before the mouth of [H5r] [Pg 105] the hiue a thin board, withlittle holes, in at which the lesser Beesmay enter, but not the Droanes, so thatyou may kill them at your pleasure.

Annoyances. Snayles spoile them by night

like theeues: they come so quietly, andare so fast, that the Bees feare themnot. Looke earely and late, especiallyin a rainie or dewey euening ormorning.

Mice are no lesse hurtfull, and therather to hiues of straw: and thereforecouerings of straw draw them. Theywill in either at the mouth, or sheerethemselues an hole. The remedy isgood Cats, Rats-bane and watching.

The cleanly Bee hateth the smoake aspoison, therefore let your Bees stand

neerer your garden then your Brew-house or Kitchen.

They say Sparrowes and Swallowes areenemies to Bees, but I see it not.

More hiues perish by Winters cold,then by all other hurts: for the Bee istender and nice, and onely liues inwarme weather, and dyes in cold: Andtherefore let my Housewife beperswaded, that a warme dry housebefore described, is the chiefest helpeshe can make her Bees against this, andmany more mischiefes. Many vse

against cold in Winter, to stop vp theirhiue close, and some set them inhouses, perswading themselues, thatthereby they relieue their Bees. First,tossing and mouing is hurtfull.Secondly, in houses, going, knocking,and shaking is noysome. Thirdly, toomuch heate in an house is vnnaturallfor them: but lastly, and especially,Bees cannot abide to be stopt close vp.For at euery warme season of theSunne they reuiue, and liuing eate, andeating must needs purge abroad, (in herhouse) the cleanly Bee will not purge

[H5v] [Pg 106] her selfe. Iudge you what itis for any liuing creature, not todisburden nature. Being shut vp incalme seasons, lay your care to theHiue, and you shall heare them yarmeand yell, as so many hungred prisoners.Therefore impound not your Bees, soprofitable and free a creature.

Taking of Bees. Let none stand aboue threeyeares, else the combes will be blackeand knotty, your honey will be thinneand vncleanly: and if any cast afterthree yeares, it is such as haue

swarmes, and old Bees kept alltogether, which is great losse.Smoaking with ragges, rozen, orbrimstone, many vse: some vsedrowning in a tub of cleane water, andthe water well brewde, will be goodbotchet. Drawe out your spelkesimmediatly with a paire of pinchars,lest the wood grow soft and swell, andso will not be drawne, then must youcut your Hiue.

Straining Honey. Let no fire come neereyour hony, for fire softeneth the waxe

and drosse, and makes them runne withthe hony. Fire softneth, weakeneth, andhindereth hony for purging. Breakeyour combes small (when the deadempty combes are parted from theloaden combes) into a siue, borne ouera great bowle, or vessell, with twostaues, and so let it runne two or threedayes. The sooner you tunne it vp, thebetter will it purge. Runne yourswarme honey by it selfe, and that shallbe your best. The elder your hiues are,the worse is your honey.

Vessels. Vsuall vessels are of clay, butafter wood be satiated with honey (forit will leake at first: for honey ismaruellously searching, the thicke, andtherefore vertuous.) I vse it ratherbecause it will not breake so soone,with fals, frosts, or otherwise, andgreater vessels [H6r] [Pg 107] of clay willhardly last.

When you vse your honey, with aspoone take off the skin which it hathput vp.

And it is worth the regard, that bees

thus vsed, if you haue but forty stockes,shall yeeld you more commoditycleerely than forty acres of ground.And thus much may suffice, to makegood Housewiues loue and haue goodGardens and Bees.

Deo Laus.

FINIS.

[H6v] [Pg 108] The Contents ofthe Countrey

House-wifes Garden.

Chap.1.

The Soyle. Pag. 77 Bee-house.

Chap.2.

Site. p. 78 Hiues.

Chap.3.

Forme. p. 79 Hiuing ofBees.

Chap.4.

Quantity. p. 85 Spelkes.

Chap.5.

Fences. p. ibid. Catching.

Chap.6.

TwoGardens.

p. 86 Clustering.

Chap.7.

Diuisionof herbs.

p. 88 Droanes.

Chap.8.

TheHusbandry

p. ibid. Annoyances.

of herbes.Chap.9.

Generallrules.

p. 96 Taking ofBees.

Chap.10.

TheHusbandryof Bees.

p. 98 Straininghoney.

Vessels.

[H7r] [Pg 109] A MOSTPROFITABLE

NEWE TREATISE,From approued experience of

the artof propagating Plants: by

Simon Harward.

CHAP. 1.

The Art of propagatingPlants.

1. There are foure sorts of Planting, orpropagating, as in laying of shootes orlittle branches, whiles they are yettender in some pit made at their foote,as shall be sayd hereafter, or vpon alittle ladder or Basket of earth, tyed tothe bottome of the branch, or in

boaring a Willow thorow, and puttingthe branch of the tree into the hole, asshall be fully declared in the Chapter ofGrafting.

2. There are likewise seasons topropagate in; but the best is in theSpring, and March, when the trees are [H7v] [Pg 110] in the Flower, and doe beginto grow lusty. The young planted Siensor little Grafts must be propagated inthe beginning of Winter, a foot deepein the earth, and good manure mingledamongst the earth, which you shall cast

forth of the pit, wherein you meane topropagate it, to tumble it in vpon itagaine. In like manner yoursuperfluous Siens, or little Plants mustbe cut close by the earth, when as theygrow about some small Impe, which wemeane to propagate, for they would doenothing but rot. For to propagate, youmust digge the earth round about thetree, that so your rootes may be laid ina manner halfe bare. Afterward drawinto length the pit on that side whereyou meane to propagate, and accordingas you perceiue that the roots will be

best able to yeeld, and be gouerned inthe same pit, to vie them, and that withall gentlenesse, and stop close yourSiens, in such sort, as that the wreathwhich is in the place where it isgrafted, may be a little lower then theSiens of the new Wood, growing out ofthe earth, euen so high as it possiblemay be. If the trees that you wouldpropagate be somewhat thicke, andthereby the harder to ply, andsomewhat stiffe to lay in the pit: thenyou may wet the stocke almost to themidst, betwixt the roote and the

wreathing place, and so with gentlehandling of it, bow downe into the pitthe wood which the grafts haue putforth, and that in as round a compasseas you can, keeping you from breakingof it: afterward lay ouer the cut, withgummed Waxe, or with grauell andsand.

[H8r] [Pg 111] CHAP. 2.

Grafting in the Barke.

Grafting in the Barke, is vsed frommid-August, to the beginning ofWinter, and also when the Westernewinde beginneth to blow, being fromthe 7. of February, vnto 11. of Iune.But there must care be had, not tograffe in the barke in any rainy season,because it would wash away the matterof ioyning the one and the other

together, and so hinder it.

3. Grafting in the budde, is vsed in theSummer time, from the end of May,vntill August, as being the time whenthe trees are strong and lusty, and fullof sap and leaues. To wit, in a hotCountrey, from the midst of Iune, vntothe midst of Iuly: but cold Countries, tothe midst of August, after some smallshowres of Raine.

If the Summer be so exceeding dry, asthat some trees doe withhold their sap,you must waite the time till it doe

returne.

Graft from the full of the Moone, vntillthe end of the old.

You may graft in a Cleft, withouthauing regard to the Raine, for the sapwill keepe it off.

You may graft from mid-August, to thebeginning of Nouember: Cowes dungwith straw doth mightily preserue thegraft.

It is better to graft in the euening, thenthe morning.

The furniture and tooles of a Grafter,are a Basket to lay his Grafts in, Clay,Grauell, Sand, or strong Earth, to drawouer the plants clouen: Mosse, [H8v] [Pg

112] Woollen clothes, barkes of Willowto ioyne to the late things and earthbefore spoken, and to keepe them fast:Oziers to tye againe vpon the barke, tokeepe them firme and fast: gummedWax, to dresse and couer the ends andtops of the grafts newly cut, that so theraine and cold may not hurt them,neither yet the sap rising from belowe,be constrained to returne againe vnto

the shootes. A little Sawe or handSawe, to sawe off the stocke of theplants, a little Knife or Pen-knife tograffe, and to cut and sharpen thegrafts, that so the barke may not pillnor be broken; which often commeth topasse when the graft is full of sap. Youshall cut the graffe so long, as that itmay fill the cliffe of the plant, andtherewithall it must be left thicker onthe barke-side, that so it may fill vpboth the cliffe and other incisions, asany need is to be made, which must bealwaies well ground, well burnished

without all rust. Two wedges, the onebroad for thicke trees, the other narrowfor lesse and tender trees, both of themof box, or some other hard and smoothwood, or steele, or of very hard iron,that so they may need lesse labour inmaking them sharpe.

A little hand-Bill to set the plants atmore liberty, by cutting off superfluousboughs, helu'd of Iuory, Box, orBrazell.

[I] [Pg 113] CHAP. 3.

Grafting in the cleft.

The manner of grafting in a cleft, towit, the stocke being clou'd, is propernot onely to trees, which are as great asa mans legs or armes, but also togreater. It is true that in as much as thetrees cannot easily be clouen in theirstocke, that therefore it is expedient tomake incision in some one of theirbranches, and not in the maine body, as

we see to be practised in great Appletrees, and great Peare-trees, and as wehaue already declared heretofore.

To graft in the cleft, you must makechoise of a graft that is full of sap andiuyce, but it must not bee, but till fromafter Ianuary vntill March: And youmust not thus graft in any tree that isalready budded, because a great part ofthe iuyce and sap would be alreadymounted vp on high, and risen to thetop, and there dispersed and scatteredhither and thither, into euery sprigge

and twigge, and vse nothing welcometo the graft.

You must likewise be resolued not togather your graft the day you graft in,but ten or twelue dayes before: forotherwise, if you graft it new gathered,it will not be able easily to incorporateitselfe with the body and stocke, whereit shall be grafted; because that somepart of it will dry, and by this meaneswill be a hinderance in the stocke to therising vp of the sap, which it shouldcommunerate vnto the graft, for the

making of it to put forth, and whereasthis dried part will fall a crumbling,and breaking thorow his rottennesse, itwill cause to remaine a concauity, orhollow place in the stock, which will bean occasion of a like inconuenience [I1v]

[Pg 114] to befall the graft. Moreouer, thegraft being new and tender, mighteasily be hurt of the bands, which areof necessity to be tyed about theStocke, to keepe the graft firme andfast. And you must further see, thatyour Plant was not of late remoued, butthat it haue already fully taken root.

When you are minded to graft manygrafts into one cleft, you must see thatthey be cut in the end all alike.

7. See that the grafts be of one length,or not much differing, and it is enough,that they haue three or foure eyletswithout the wrench when the Plant isonce sawed, and lopped of all his smallSiens and shootes round about, as alsoimplyed of all his branches, if it hauemany: then you must leaue but two atthe most, before you come to thecleauing of it: then put to your little

Saw, or your knife, or other edged toolethat is very sharpe, cleaue it quitethorow the middest, in gentle and softsort: First, tying the Stocke very sure,that so it may not cleaue further then isneed: and then put to your Wedges intothe cleft vntill such time as you haueset in your grafts, and in cleauing of it,hold the knife with the one hand, andthe tree with the other, to helpe tokeepe it from cleauing too farre.Afterwards put in your wedge of Boxeor Brazill, or bone at the small end,that so you may the better take it out

againe, when you haue set in yourgrafts.

8. If the Stocke be clouen, or the Barkeloosed too much from the wood: thencleaue it downe lower, and set yourgrafts in, and looke that their incisionbee fit, and very iustly answerable tothe cleft, and that the two saps, first, ofthe Plant and graft, be right and euenset one against the other, and sohandsomely fitted, as [I2 ] [Pg 115] thatthere may not be the least appearanceof any cut or cleft. For if they doe not

thus lumpe one with another, they willneuer take one with another, becausethey cannot worke their seemingmatter, and as it were cartilaguous gluein conuenient sort or manner, to thegluing of their ioynts together. Youmust likewise beware, not to makeyour cleft ouerthwart the pitch, butsomewhat aside.

The barke of your Plant being thickerthen that of your Graft, you must setthe graft so much the more outwardlyin the cleft, that so the two saps may in

any case be ioyned, and set right theone with the other but the rinde of thePlant must be somewhat more out, thenthat of the grafts on the clouen side.

9. To the end that you may not faile ofthis worke of imping, you mustprincipally take heed, not to ouer-cleaue the Stockes of your Trees. Butbefore you widen the cleft of yourwedges, binde, and goe about theStocke with two or three turnes, andthat with an Ozier, close drawnetogether, vnderneath the same place,

where you would haue your cleft toend, that so your Stocke cleaue not toofarre, which is a very vsuall cause ofthe miscarrying of grafts, in asmuch ashereby the cleft standeth so wide andopen, as that it cannot be shut, and sonot grow together againe; but in themeane time spendeth it selfe, andbreatheth out all his life in that place,which is the cause that the Stocke andthe Graft are both spilt. And this fallethout most often in Plum-trees, &branches of trees. You must be carefulso to ioyne the rinds of your grafts, and

Plants, that nothing may continue open,to the end that the wind, moisture ofthe clay or raine, running vpon thegrafted place, do not get in: when theplant cloueth very [I2v] [Pg 116] straight,there is not any danger nor hardnesse insloping downe the Graft. 10. If youleaue it somewhat vneuen, or rough insome places, so that the saps both ofthe one and of the other may the bettergrow, and be glued together, when yourgrafts are once well ioyned to yourPlants, draw out your wedges verysoftly, lest you displace them againe,

you may leaue there within the cleftsome small end of a wedge of greenewood, cutting it very close with thehead of the Stocke: Some cast glue intothe cleft, some Sugar, and somegummed Waxe.

If the Stocke of the Plant whereuponyou intend to graft, be not so thicke asyour graft, you shall graft it after thefashion of a Goates foot, 11. make acleft in the Stocke of the Plant, notdirect, but byas, & that smooth andeuen, not rough: then apply and make

fast thereto, the graft withall his Barkeon, and answering to the barke of thePlant. This being done, couer the placewith the fat earth and mosse of theWoods tyed together with a strongband: sticke a pole of Wood by it, tokeepe it stedfast.

CHAP. 4.

Grafting like aScutcheon.

In grafting after the manner of aScutcheon, you shall not vary nor differmuch from that of the Flute or Pipe,saue only that the Scutcheon-like graft,hauing one eyelet, as the other hath yetthe wood of the tree whereupon theScutcheon-like graft is grafted, hath

not any knob, or budde, as the woodwhereupon the graft is grafted, [I3 ] [Pg

117] after the manner of a pipe.

12. In Summer when the trees are wellreplenished with sap, and that their newSiens begin to grow somewhat hard,you shall take a shoote at the end of thechiefe branches of some noble andreclaimed tree, whereof you wouldfaine haue some fruit, and not many ofhis old store or wood, and from thenceraise a good eylet, the tayle and allthereof to make your graft. But when

you choose, take the thickest, andgrossest, diuide the tayle in themiddest, before you doe any thing else,casting away the leafe (if it be not aPeare plum-tree: for that would hauetwo or three leaues) without remouingany more of the said tayle: afterwardwith the point of a sharpe knife, cut offthe Barke of the said shoote, thepatterne of a shield, of the length of anayle.

13. In which there is onely one eylethigher then the middest together, with

the residue of the tayle which you leftbehinde: and for the lifting vp of thesaid graft in Scutcheon, after that youhaue cut the barke of the shoote roundabout, without cutting of the woodwithin, you must take it gently withyour thumbe, and in putting it awayyou must presse vpon the wood fromwhich you pull it, that so you maybring the bud and all away togetherwith the Scutcheon: for if you leaue itbehinde with the wood, then were theScutcheon nothing worth. You shallfinde out if the Scutcheon be nothing

worth, if looking within when it ispulled away from the wood of the samesute, you finde it to haue a hole within,but more manifestly, if the bud doestay behind in the VVood, which oughtto haue beene in the Scutcheon.

Thus your Scutcheon being well raisedand taken [I3v] [Pg 118] off, hold it a littleby the tayle betwixt your lips, 14.

without wetting of it, euen vntill youhaue cut the Barke of the tree whereyou would graft it, and looke that it becut without any wounding of the wood

within, after the manner of a crutch,but somewhat longer then theScutcheon that you haue to set in it,and in no place cutting the woodwithin; after you haue made incision,you must open it, and make it gapewide on both sides, but in all manner ofgentle handling, and that with littleSizers of bone, and separating the woodand the barke a little within, euen somuch as your Scutcheon is in lengthand breadth: you must take heed that indoing hereof, you do not hurt the bark.

This done take your Scutcheon by theend, and your tayle which you haue leftremaining, and put into your incisionmade in your tree, 15. lifting vp softlyyour two sides of the incision with yoursaid Sizers of bone, and cause the saidScutcheon to ioyne, and lye as close asmay be, with the wood of the tree,being cut, as aforesaid, in waying alittle vpon the end of your rinde: so cutand let the vpper part of yourScutcheon lye close vnto the vpper endof your incision, or barke of your saidtree: afterward binde your Scutcheon

about with a band of Hempe, as thickeas a pen or a quill, more or lesse,according as your tree is small or great,taking the same Hempe in the middest,to the end that either part of it mayperforme a like seruice; and wreathingand binding of the said Scutcheon intothe incision of a tree, and it must not betyed too strait, for that would keepe itfrom taking the ioyning of the one sapto the other, being hindred thereby, andneither the Scutcheon, nor yet theHempe must be moist or wet: and themore iustly [I4 ] [Pg 119] to binde them

together, begin at the backe side of theTree, right ouer against the middest ofthe incision, and from thence comeforward to ioyne them before, abouethe eylet and tayle of the Scutcheon,crossing your band of Hempe, so oft asthe two ends meet, and from thencereturning backe againe, come about andtye it likewise vnderneath the eylets:and thus cast about your band stillbackward and forward, vntill the wholecleft of the incision be couered aboueand below with the said Hempe, theeylet onely excepted, and his tayle

which must not be couered at all; 17.

his tayle will fall away one part afteranother, and that shortly after theingrafting, if so be the Scutcheon willtake. Leaue your trees and Scutcheonsthus bound, for the space of onemoneth, and the thicker, a great dealelonger time. Afterward looke themouer, and if you perceiue them to growtogether, vntye them, or at theleastwise cut the Hempe behinde them,and leaue them vncouered. Cut alsoyour branch two or three fingers abouethat, so the impe may prosper the

better: and thus let them remaine tillafter Winter, about the moneth ofMarch, and Aprill.

If you perceiue that your budde of yourScutcheon doe swell and comeforward: then cut off the tree threefingers or thereabouts, aboue theScutcheon: 18. for if it be cut off tooneere the Scutcheon, at such time as itputteth forth his first blossome, itwould be a meanes greatly to hinderthe flowring of it, and cause also that itshould not thriue and prosper so well

after that one yeere is past, and that theshoote beginneth to be strong:beginning to put forth the second budand blossome, you must goe forward tocut off [I4v] [Pg 120] in byas-wise the threefingers in the top of the tree, which youleft there, when you cut it in the yeeregoing before, as hath beene said.

19. When your shoote shall haue putfoorth a great deale of length, you muststicke down there, euen hard ioynedthereunto, little stakes, tying themtogether very gently and easily; and

these shall stay your shootes and propthem vp, letting the winde from doingany harme vnto them. Thus you maygraft white Roses in red, and red inwhite. Thus you may graft two or threeScutcheons: prouided that they be all ofone side: for they will not be setequally together in height because thenthey would bee all staruelings, neitherwould they be directly one oueranother; 20. for the lower would staythe rising vp of the sap of the tree, andso those aboue should consume inpenury, and vndergoe the aforesaid

inconuenience. You must note, that theScutcheon which is gathered from theSien of a tree whose fruite is sowre,must be cut in square forme, and not inthe plaine fashion of a Scutcheon. It isordinary to graffe the sweet Quincetree, bastard Peach-tree, Apricock-tree,Iuiube-tree, sowre Cherry tree, sweetCherry-tree, and Chestnut tree, afterthis fashion, howbeit they might begrafted in the cleft more easily, andmore profitably; although diuers be ofcontrary opinion, as thus best: Take thegrafts of sweet Quince tree, and bastard

Peach-tree, or the fairest wood, andbest fed that you can finde, growingvpon the wood of two yeeres old, 21.

because the wood is not so firme norsolid as the others, and you shall graffethem vpon small Plum-tree stocks,being of the thicknes of ones thumbe;these you shall cut after the fashion ofa Goats foot: you [I5r] [Pg 121] shall notgoe about to make the cleft of anymore sides then one, being about a foothigh from the ground; you must open itwith your small wedge: and being thusgrafted, it will seeme to you that it is

open but of one side; afterward youshall wrap it vp with a little Mosse,putting thereto some gummed Wax, orclay, and binde it vp with Oziers tokeepe it surer, because the stocke is notstrong enough it selfe to hold it, andyou shall furnish it euery manner ofway as others are dealt withall: this ismost profitable.

The time of grafting.

All moneths are good to graft in, (the

moneth of October and Nouemberonely excepted). But commonly, graftat that time of the Winter, when sapbeginneth to arise.

In a cold Countrey graft later, and in awarme Countrey earlier.

The best time generall is from the firstof February, vntill the first of May.

The grafts must alwaies be gathered, inthe old of the Moone.

For grafts choose shootes of a yeereold, or at the furthermost two yeeres

old.

If you must carry grafts farre, prickethem into a Turnep newly gathered, orlay earth about the ends.

If you set stones of Plummes,Almonds, Nuts, or Peaches: First letthem lye a little in the Sunne, and thensteepe them in Milke or Water, three orfoure dayes before you put them intothe earth.

Dry the kernels of Pippins, and sowthem in the end of Nouember.

[I5v] [Pg 122] The stone of a Plum-treemust be set a foot deepe in Nouember,or February.

The Date-stone must be set the greatend downwards, two cubits deepe in theearth, in a place enriched with dung.

The Peach-stone would be set presentlyafter the Fruit is eaten, some quantityof the flesh of the Peach remainingabout the stone.

If you will haue it to be excellent, graftit afterward vpon an Almond tree.

The little Siens of Cherry-trees, grownthicke with haire, rots, and those alsowhich doe grow vp from the rootes ofthe great Cherry-trees, being remoued,doe grow better and sooner then theywhich come of stones: but they must beremoued and planted while they are buttwo or three yeeres old, the branchesmust be lopped.

[I6r] [Pg 123] The Contents ofthe Art of

Propagating Plants.

The Art ofpropagatingPlants.

page109.

Inoculationin theBarke.

Grafting inthe Barke.

p. 111. Emplaister-wisegrafting.

Grafting inthe cleft.

p. 113. To prickestickes tobeare thefirst yeere.

GraftersTooles.

To haueCherries orPlumswithoutstones.

Time ofplanting &seting.

To makeQuincesgreat.

Time ofgrafting.

To setstones ofPlummes.

How to cutthe stumpsin grafting.

Dates, Nut,andPeaches.

Sprouts andimps: howgathered.

To makefruit smellwell.

Graftinglike aScutcheon.

p. 116. To plantCherry-trees.

[I6v] [Pg 124]

[I7r] [Pg 125] THE

HVSBAND MANS

FRVITEFVLLORCHARD.

For the true ordering ofall sorts of

Fruits in their due seasons;and how double

increase commeth by care ingathering

yeere after yeare: as also the best wayof carriage by land or by water:

With their preseruation forlongest continuance.

Cherries. Of all stone Fruit, Cherriesare the first to be gathered: of which,though we reckon foure sorts; English,Flemish, Gascoyne and Blacke, yet arethey reduced to two, the early, and theordinary: the earely are those whosegrafts came first from France andFlanders, and are now ripe with vs inMay: the ordinary is our owne naturallCherry, and is not ripe before Iune;they must be carefully kept from Birds,either with [I7v] [Pg 126] nets, noise, orother industry.

Gathering of Cheries. They are not all ripeat once, nor may be gathered at once,therefore with a light Ladder, made tostand of it selfe, without hurting theboughes, mount to the tree, and with agathering hooke, gather those which befull ripe, and put them into yourCherry-pot, or Kybzey hanging by yourside, or vpon any bough you please,and be sure to breake no stalke, but thatthe cherry hangs by; and pull themgently, lay them downe tenderly, andhandle them as little as you can.

To carry Cherries. For the conueyance orportage of Cherries, they are best to becarried in broad Baskets like siues,with smooth yeelding bottomes, onelytwo broad laths going along thebottome: and if you doe transport themby ship, or boate, let not the siues befil'd to the top, lest setting one vponanother, you bruise and hurt theCherries: if you carry by horse-backe,then panniers well lined with Fearne,and packt full and close is the best andsafest way.

Other stone-fruit. Now for the gathering ofall other stone-fruite, as Nectarines,Apricockes, Peaches, Peare-plumbes,Damsons, Bullas, and such like,although in their seuerall kinds, theyseeme not to be ripe at once on onetree: yet when any is ready to dropfrom the tree, though the other seemehard, yet they may also be gathered, forthey haue receiued the full substancethe tree can giue them; and thereforethe day being faire, and the dew drawneaway; set vp your Ladder, and as yougathered your Cherries, so gather them:

onely in the bottomes of your largesiues, where you part them, you shalllay Nettles, and likewise in the top, forthat will ripen those that are mostvnready.

Gathering of Peares. In gathering of Pearesare three things obserued; [I8r] [Pg 127] togather for expence, for transportation,or to sell to the Apothecary. If forexpence, and your owne vse, thengather them as soone as they change,and are as it were halfe ripe, and nomore but those which are changed,

letting the rest hang till they changealso: for thus they will ripen kindely,and not rot so soone, as if they werefull ripe at the gathering. But if yourPeares be to be transported farre eitherby Land or Water, then pull one fromthe tree, and cut it in the middest, andif you finde it hollow about the choare,and the kernell a large space to lye in:although no Peare be ready to dropfrom the tree, yet then they may begathered, and then laying them on aheape one vpon another, as of necessitythey must be for transportation, they

will ripen of themselues, and eatekindly: but gathered before, they willwither, shrinke and eate rough, losingnot onely their taste, but beauty.

Now for the manner of gathering;albeit some climb into the trees by theboughes, and some by Ladder, yet bothis amisse: the best way is with theLadder before spoken of, whichstandeth of it selfe, with a basket and aline, which being full, you must gentlylet downe, and keeping the string stillin your hand, being emptied, draw it vp

againe, and so finish your labour,without troubling your selfe, or hurtingthe tree.

Gathering of Apples. Now touching thegathering of Apples, it is to be doneaccording to the ripening of the fruite;your Summer apples first, and theWinter after.

For Summer fruit, when it is ripe, somewill drop from the tree, and birds willbe picking at them: But if you cut oneof the greenest, and finde it as was [I8v]

[Pg 128] shew'd you before of the Peare:

then you may gather them, and in thehouse they will come to their ripenesseand perfection. For your Winter fruit,you shall know the ripenesse by theobseruation before shewed; but it mustbe gathered in a faire, Sunny, and dryday, in the waine of the Moone, and noWind in the East, also after the deaw isgone away: for the least wet ormoysture will make them subiect to rotand mildew: also you must haue anapron to gather in, and to empty intothe great baskets, and a hooke to drawthe boughes vnto you, which you

cannot reach with your hands at ease:the apron is to be an Ell euery way,loopt vp to your girdle, so as it mayserue for either hand without anytrouble: and when it is full, vnloose oneof your loopes, and empty it gently intothe great basket, for in throwing themdowne roughly, their owne stalkes maypricke them; and those which areprickt, will euer rot. Againe, you mustgather your fruit cleane without leauesor brunts, because the one hurts thetree, for euery brunt would be a stalkefor fruit to grow vpon: the other hurts

the fruit by bruising, and pricking it asit is layd together, and there is nothingsooner rotteth fruit, then the greene andwithered leaues lying amongst them;neither must you gather them withoutany stalke at all: for such fruit willbegin to rot where the stalke stood.

To vse the fallings. For such fruit as fallethfrom the trees, and are not gathered,they must not be layd with the gatheredfruit: and of fallings there are twosorts, one that fals through ripenesse,and they are best, and may be kept to

bake or roast; the other windfals, andbefore they are ripe, and they must bespent as they are gathered, or else theywill wither and come to nothing: and [K] [Pg 129] therefore it is not good by anymeanes to beate downe fruit withPoales, or to carrie them in Carts looseand iogging or in sacks where they maybe bruised.

Carriage of fruit. When your fruit isgathered, you shall lay them in deepeBaskets of Wicker, which shallcontaine foure or sixe bushels, and so

betweene two men, carry them to yourApple-Loft, and in shooting or layingthem downe, be very carefull that it bedone with all gentlenesse, and leasure,laying euery sort of fruit seuerall by itselfe: but if there be want of roomehauing so many sorts that you cannotlay them seuerally, then such somefruite as is neerest in taste and colour,and of Winter fruit, such as will tastealike, may if need require, be laidtogether, and in time you may separatethem, as shall bee shewed hereafter.But if your fruit be gathered faire from

your Apple-Loft, them must thebottomes of your Baskets be lined withgreene Ferne, and draw the stuborneends of the same through the Basket,that none but the soft leafe may touchthe fruit, and likewise couer the tops ofthe Baskets with Ferne also, and drawsmall cord ouer it, that the Ferne maynot fall away, nor the fruit scatter out,or iogge vp and downe: and thus youmay carry fruit by Land or by Water,by Boat, or Cart, as farre as you please:and the Ferne doth not onely keepethem from bruising, but also ripens

them, especially Peares. When yourfruit is brought to your Apple-Loft orstore house, if you finde them notripened enough, then lay them inthicker heapes vpon Fearne, and couerthem with Ferne also: and when theyare neere ripe, then vncouer them, andmake the heapes thinner, so as the ayremay passe thorow them: and if you [K1v] [Pg 130] will not hasten the ripeningof them, then lay them on the boordswithout any Fearne at all. Now forWinter, or long lasting Peares, theymay be packt either in Ferne or Straw,

and carried whither you please; andbeing come to the iourneys end must belaid vpon sweet straw; but beware theroome be not too warme, nor windie,and too cold, for both are hurtfull: butin a temperate place, where they mayhaue ayre, but not too much.

Of Wardens. Wardens are to be gathered,carried, packt, and laid as WinterPeares are.

Of Medlers. Medlers are to be gatheredabout Michaelmas, after a frost hathtoucht them; at which time they are in

their full growth, and will then bedropping from the tree, but neuer ripevpon the tree. When they are gathered,they must be laid in a basket, siue,barrell, or any such caske, and wraptabout with woollen cloths, vnder, ouer,and on all sides, and also some waightlaid vpon them, with a boord betweene:for except they be brought into a heat,they will neuer ripen kindly or tastewell.

Now when they haue laine till youthinke some of them be ripe, the ripest,

still as they ripen, must be taken fromthe rest: therefore powre them out intoanother siue or basket leasurely, that soyou may well finde them that be ripest,letting the hard one fall into the otherbasket, and those which be ripe laidaside: the other that be halfe ripe, seueralso into a third siue or basket: for ifthe ripe and halfe ripe be kept together,the one will be mouldy, before theother be ripe: And thus doe, till all bethroughly ripe.

Of Quinces. Quinces should not be laid

with other fruite; for the sent isoffensiue both to other fruite, and tothose that keepe the fruite or comeamongst them: therefore [K2] [Pg 131] laythem by themselues vpon sweet strawe,where they may haue ayre enough: theymust be packt like Medlers, andgathered with Medlers.

To packe Apples. Apples must be packt inWheat or Rye-straw, and in maunds orbaskets lyned with the same, and beinggently handled, will ripen with suchpacking and lying together. If seuerall

sorts of apples be packt in one maundor basket, then betweene euery sort, laysweet strawe of a pretty thicknesse.

Emptying and laying apples. Apples must notbe powred out, but with care andleasure: first, the straw pickt cleanefrom them, and then gently take outeuery seuerall sort, and place them bythemselues: but if for want of roomeyou mixe the sorts together, then laythose together that are of equalllasting; but if they haue all one taste,then they need no separation. Apples

that are not of the like colours shouldnot be laid together, and if any such bemingled, let it be amended, and thosewhich are first ripe, let them be firstspent; and to that end, lay those applestogether, that are of one time ripening:and thus you must vse Pippins also, yetwill they endure bruises better thenother fruit, and whilst they are greenewill heale one another.

Difference in Fruit. Pippins though theygrow of one tree, and in one ground,yet some will last better then other

some, and some will bee bigger thenothers of the same kinde, according asthey haue more or lesse of the Sunne,or more or lesse of the droppings of thetrees or vpper branches: therefore leteuery one make most of that fruitewhich is fairest, and longest lasting.Againe, the largenesse and goodnesseof fruite consists in the age of the tree:for as the tree increaseth, so the fruiteincreaseth in bignesse, beauty, taste,and firmnesse: and otherwise, as itdecreaseth.

[K2v] [Pg 132] Transporting fruit by water. If yoube to transport your fruit farre bywater, then prouide some dry hogges-heads or barrells, and packe in yourapples, one by one with your hand, thatno empty place may be left, to occasionsogging; and you must line your vessellat both ends with fine sweet straw; butnot the sides, to auoid heat: and youmust bore a dozen holes at either end,to receiue ayre so much the better; andby no meanes let them take wet. Somevse, that transport beyond seas, to shutthe fruite vnder hatches vpon straw: but

it is not so good, if caske may begotten.

When not to transport fruit. It is not good totransport fruite in March, when thewind blowes bitterly, nor in frostyweather, neither in the extreme heate ofSummer.

To conuay small store of fruit. If the quantitybe small you would carry, then youmay carry them in Dossers or Panniers,prouided they be euer filled close, andthat Cherries and Peares be lined withgreene Fearne, and Apples with sweete

straw; and that, but at the bottomes andtops, not on the sides.

Roomes for fruite. Winter fruite must lyeneither too hot, nor too cold; too close,nor too open: for all are offensiue. Alowe roome or Cellar that is sweet, andeither boorded or paued, and not tooclose, is good, from Christmas tillMarch: and roomes that are seeled ouerhead, and from the ground, are goodfrom March till May: then the Cellaragaine, from May till Michaelmas. Theapple loft would be seeled or boorded,

which if it want, take the longest Rye-straw, and raise it against the walles, tomake a fence as high as the fruitelyeth; and let it be no thicker then tokeepe the fruite from the wall, whichbeing moyst, may doe hurt, or if notmoist, then the dust is offensiue.

[K3] [Pg 133] Sorting of Fruit. There are somefruite which will last but vntillAllhallontide: they must be laid bythemselues; then those which will lastt i l l Christmas, by themselues: thenthose which will last till it be

Candlemas, by themselues: those thatwill last till Shrouetide, by themselues:and Pippins, Apple-Iohns, Peare-maines, and Winter-Russettings, whichwill last all the yeere by themselues.

Now if you spy any rotten fruite inyour heapes, pick them out, and with aTrey for the purpose, see you turne theheapes ouer, and leaue not a taintedApple in them, diuiding the hardest bythemselues, and the broken skinned bythemselues to be first spent, and therotten ones to be cast away; and euer as

you turne them, and picke them, vnder-lay them with fresh straw: thus shallyou keepe them safe for your vse,which otherwise would rot suddenly.

Times of stirring fruit. Pippins, Iohn Apples,Peare maines, and such like longlasting fruit, need not to be turned tillthe weeke before Christmas, vnlessethey be mixt with other of a riper kind,or that the fallings be also with them,or much of the first straw left amongstthem: the next time of turning is atShroue-tide, and after that, once a

moneth till Whitson-tide; and afterthat, once a fortnight; and euer in theturning, lay your heapes lower andlower, and your straw very thinne:prouided you doe none of this labour inany great frost, except it be in a closeCeller. At euery thawe, all fruit ismoyst, and then they must not betouched: neither in rainy weather, forthen they will be danke also: andtherefore at such seasons it is good toset open your windowes, and doores,that the ayre may haue free passage todry them, as at nine of the [K3v] [Pg 134]

clocke in the fore-noone in Winter; andat sixe in the fore-noone, and at eight atnight in Summer: onely in March, opennot your windowes at all.

All lasting fruite, after the middest ofMay, beginne to wither, because thenthey waxe dry, and the moisture gone,which made them looke plumpe: theymust needes wither, and be smaller;and nature decaying, they must needesrot. And thus much touching theordering of fruites.

FINIS.

LONDON,Printed by Nicholas Okes for IOHN

HARISON, at thegolden Vnicorne in Pater-noster-row.

1631.

Transcriber's notes

The following correctionshave been made:

A New Orchard and GardenTitle page

"carring home" changedto "carrying home".

Sig. A2r

"SIR HENRY " possibleerror for "SIR HENRY

BELLOSES"; not changed.

Sig. A3v

"how ancient, how,profitable," changed to"how ancient, howprofitable,".

"Roses on Thornes. andsuch like," changed to"Roses on Thornes, andsuch like,".

Sig. A4r

"Of bough Setts."changed to "Of boughtSetts." for consistencywith the text.

Sig. A4v

Page number for "OfFoyling" in Chapter 12changed from 53 to 51,for consistency with thetext.

Page number for "OfFlowers, Borders, Mounts&c." in Chapter 17changed from 71 to 70,for consistency with thetext.

Chapter 1, page 3

"other offall, that fruit"changed to "all other ofthat fruit"

Chapter 2, page 3

"nor searcely withQuinces," changed to"nor scarcely withQuinces,".

"(not well ordered,"changed to "(not wellordered)".

Page 5

"will pu forth suckers"changed to " will put forthsuckers".

Page 6

"become manure to your

ground" changed to"become manure to yourground.".

"15. or 18 inches deepe"changed to "15. or 18.inches deepe".

Chapter 3, page 6

"(as is before described,"changed to "(as is beforedescribed)".

Page 7

"in Holland and Zealand"changed to "in Hollandand Zealand".

"Our old fathers cantelvs" changed to "Ourold fathers can tel vs".

Page 8

"chuse your ground lowOr if you be forced"changed to "chuse yourground low: Or if you beforced".

Page 10

"(for trees are thegreatest suckers & pillersof earth," changed to "(fortrees are the greatestsuckers & pillers of

earth)".

Chapter 7, page 18

"for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit)"changed to "(forcommonly your bur-knotsare summer fruit)".

Page 20

"arse from some taw"changed to "arise fromsome taw".

Page 21

"I could not mislke thiskind" changed to "I could

not mislike this kind".

Page 27

"Let not you stakes"changed to "Let not yourstakes".

"or of auy other thing"changed to "or of anyother thing".

Chapter 8, page 29

"forty or fity yeares"changed to "forty or fiftyyeares".

"alotted to his felllow"changed to "alotted to his

fellow".

Page 30

"vpward out of he earth"changed to "vpward out ofthe earth".

Chapter 9, page 32

"they are more subiect,"changed to "they aremore subiect to,".

Chapter 10, page 33

"commonly called aGraft)" changed to"(commonly called aGraft)".

Chapter 11, page 43

"(nay more) such asmens" changed to "(naymore, such as mens".

Page 46

"It stayes it nothing at al"changed to "It stayes itnothing at all.".

Chapter 12, page 53

"wastes cotinually"changed to "wastescontinually".

Chapter 13, page 57

"take sprig and all (for"changed to "take sprigand all: for".

Page 58

"cleanse his foile"changed to "cleanse hissoile".

Chapter 14, page 63

"growth: for cut them"changed to "growth: (forcut them".

Page 64

"to inlarge their frust"changed to "to inlarge

their fruit".

Chapter 16, page 67

"Orchrad shall exceed"changed to "Orchard shallexceed"

Chapter 17, page 70

"double double Cowslips"not changed.

The Country HousewifesGardenChapter 8, page 90

"drunke to kill itches"changed to "drunke) tokill itches".

Page 94

"It floweth at Michael-tide" changed to "Itflowreth at Michael-tide".

Page 95

"Cur moritur homo, cumsaluia crescit in horto?"not changed. Possibleerror for "... cui saluia ...".

Chapter 9, page 97

"for then they are too tootender" not changed.

Chapter 10, page 99

"the Beees lye out"changed to "the Bees lyeout".

Page 100

"Neither would the hiuebe too too great" notchanged.

Page 102

"hey cannot come downe"changed to "they cannotcome downe".

Page 103

"claspes are loose in theStapes" not changed.

Page 106

"combes into a siue"changed to "combes) intoa siue".

The Art of propagating plantsChapter 3, page 116

The last side note hasbeen changed from "1." to"11.".

Chapter 4, page 120

"aud these shall stay"changed to "and theseshall stay".

"sowre Cherry treee"

changed to "sowre Cherrytree".

The Husband mans fruitefullorchardPage 125

"Gascoyne and Blacke"changed to "Gascoyneand Blacke".

Page 126

"if you doe trasport them"changed to "if you doetransport them".

"Nertarines, Apricockes"changed to "Nectarines,

Apricockes".

End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A

New Orchard And Garden, by

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