The Progressive MovementThe Progressive Movement

Chapter 10Chapter 10

Section 1Section 1

The The Progressive Progressive MovementsMovements goals were that goals were that they attempted to bring they attempted to bring under control the problems under control the problems created by created by industrialindustrial growth and growth and changechange..

People who took a People who took a conservativeconservative, anti-, anti-progressive view thought that progressive view thought that businessesbusinesses should should be free to be free to competecompete as they saw fit. as they saw fit.

In their view, businesses should In their view, businesses should notnot be regulated be regulated by by governmentgovernment commission and agencies. commission and agencies.

Laissez faireLaissez faire (hands off business) should (hands off business) should continue into the 20th century.continue into the 20th century.

Conservative ViewpointConservative Viewpoint

People who sided with People who sided with progressiveprogressive politicians thought that the time had politicians thought that the time had come to come to abandonabandon laissez faire. laissez faire.

They wanted laws that would They wanted laws that would stopstop businesses from businesses from competingcompeting in unfair in unfair ways and provide some ways and provide some protectionprotection for for consumersconsumers and the general public and the general public from the unpleasant effects of from the unpleasant effects of industrialismindustrialism. .

Progressive ViewpointProgressive Viewpoint

In their view, In their view, governmentgovernment should act toward should act toward businessesbusinesses as a good police officer as a good police officer making them obey rules that making them obey rules that would ensure would ensure safetysafety and fair and fair treatmenttreatment for all. for all.

Effects of Developing Effects of Developing TechnologiesTechnologies

They helped expand the They helped expand the railroadrailroad and and make it safer with such things as the make it safer with such things as the BessemerBessemer steel process, the steel process, the WestinghouseWestinghouse air brake, air brake, PullmanPullman cars for comfortable cars for comfortable train riding, and the development of train riding, and the development of refrigeratedrefrigerated cars that enabled railroads cars that enabled railroads to carry large shipments of food for to carry large shipments of food for longlong distances without fear of distances without fear of spoilagespoilage..

Some technological developments Some technological developments that helped that helped womenwomen get into the get into the workforce were the workforce were the typewritertypewriter, , dictaphonedictaphone, and , and telephonetelephone..

Florence KellyFlorence Kelly was responsible for a was responsible for a law in Illinois prohibiting law in Illinois prohibiting employment of women for more employment of women for more than eight hours a day.than eight hours a day.

Lochner v. New York (1905) Lochner v. New York (1905) A New York law prohibited bakers A New York law prohibited bakers in the state from working more in the state from working more than 60-hour week or a 10-hour than 60-hour week or a 10-hour day. The United States Supreme day. The United States Supreme Court decided that the New York Court decided that the New York law violated a business owner’s law violated a business owner’s right under the Fourteenth right under the Fourteenth Amendment not to be deprived of Amendment not to be deprived of the use of property without “due the use of property without “due process of law.” The Court process of law.” The Court therefore ruled the state law to be therefore ruled the state law to be unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

Case of Muller v. Oregon (1908) Case of Muller v. Oregon (1908)

An Oregon law provided that women An Oregon law provided that women could not work more than ten hours a could not work more than ten hours a day in factories and laundries. Defending day in factories and laundries. Defending the law before the United States the law before the United States Supreme Court, a brilliant lawyer named Supreme Court, a brilliant lawyer named Louis Brandeis used scientific studies of Louis Brandeis used scientific studies of women workers to demonstrate that women workers to demonstrate that women’s health could not be injured by women’s health could not be injured by overly long hours of physical labor. His overly long hours of physical labor. His arguments persuaded Congress the arguments persuaded Congress the Court to permit Oregon’s law to stand.Court to permit Oregon’s law to stand.

Social DarwinistsSocial Darwinists believed that believed that wealth was an outcome of the wealth was an outcome of the fittest and best rising to the top.fittest and best rising to the top.

The The progressiveprogressive candidates that candidates that were running for office were running for office depended on the backing of depended on the backing of middle classmiddle class voters and voters and publisherspublishers of city of city newspapersnewspapers..

Middle ClassMiddle Class

The chief characteristics of the The chief characteristics of the middle class were their practice of middle class were their practice of readingreading popular books, popular books, newspapers, and magazines. These newspapers, and magazines. These publications publications influencedinfluenced the readers’ the readers’ economiceconomic and and politicalpolitical views. views.

Most members of the middle class Most members of the middle class took their took their civiccivic duties seriously. duties seriously.

The The menmen voted regularly and the voted regularly and the womenwomen participated in clubs and participated in clubs and charities and sometimes joined charities and sometimes joined reform movements.reform movements.

Joseph Pulitzer and William Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph HearstRandolph Hearst

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer owned the owned the New York World, and New York World, and William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst owned the New York owned the New York Journal.Journal.

Both these publications by these Both these publications by these two men reached an enormous two men reached an enormous publicpublic by selling by selling newspapersnewspapers for for only a penny and running feature only a penny and running feature stories that appealed to people’s stories that appealed to people’s appetite for appetite for scandalscandal and and sensationsensation..

Yellow JournalismYellow JournalismPulitzer and Hearst used a Pulitzer and Hearst used a method called method called yellow yellow journalismjournalism..

MuckrakersMuckrakersMonthly magazines like the Ladies Monthly magazines like the Ladies Home Journal and McClure’s carried Home Journal and McClure’s carried lengthy articles about lengthy articles about corruptioncorruption in city in city governmentgovernment and shocking conditions in and shocking conditions in factoriesfactories and and slumsslums. .

The writers of these articles played dirty The writers of these articles played dirty politics, or “politics, or “muckmuck” all that seemed ” all that seemed dishonest, immoral, and ugly. dishonest, immoral, and ugly.

Theodore Roosevelt referred to these Theodore Roosevelt referred to these writers as writers as muckrakersmuckrakers..

Two influential magazine writers Two influential magazine writers who were considered who were considered muckrakers were muckrakers were Lincoln Lincoln SteffensSteffens, and , and Ida TarbellIda Tarbell..

Muckrakers in our time are Muckrakers in our time are known as known as investigative reportersinvestigative reporters..

Lincoln SteffensLincoln Steffens

Lincoln Steffens Lincoln Steffens wrote magazine wrote magazine articles and a articles and a book, The Shame book, The Shame of the Cities of the Cities (1904), revealed (1904), revealed how thoroughly how thoroughly corruptcorrupt the city the city politicians of his politicians of his time were.time were.

Ida TarbellIda Tarbell

Ida Tarbell did a Ida Tarbell did a thorough investigation of thorough investigation of the the monopolisticmonopolistic methods methods of of John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller and published it as a and published it as a series of magazine series of magazine articles and then as a articles and then as a book, History of the book, History of the Standard Oil Company.Standard Oil Company.

Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair

Upton Sinclair’s Upton Sinclair’s novel The novel The Jungle (1906) Jungle (1906) exposed the exposed the dreadfuldreadful conditions in conditions in Chicago Chicago meatpackingmeatpacking plants.plants.

The public outcry following the The public outcry following the publication led directly to a U.S. law publication led directly to a U.S. law providing for federal inspection of providing for federal inspection of meat (the Meat Inspection Act, 1906). meat (the Meat Inspection Act, 1906).

A related law, the Pure Food and A related law, the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), regulated the Drug Act (1906), regulated the manufacture of foods. manufacture of foods.

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

It banned the It banned the manufacturemanufacture and and salesale of impure of impure foodsfoods, , drugsdrugs, and , and liquorsliquors. . Required commercially Required commercially bottled and packaged bottled and packaged medicines to be truthfully and medicines to be truthfully and fully labeled.fully labeled.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)Meat Inspection Act (1906)

It gave U.S. officials the It gave U.S. officials the power to check the power to check the qualityquality and and healthfulnesshealthfulness of of meatsmeats shipped in interstate shipped in interstate commerce.commerce.

Jacob RiisJacob Riis

He wrote How He wrote How the Other Half the Other Half Lives which Lives which were about the were about the welfarewelfare of of people living in people living in urban urban slumsslums..

Jane AddamsJane Addams

Established the Established the Hull HouseHull House, , a settlement house in a settlement house in Chicago.Chicago.

A A Settlement houseSettlement house a a building located in a poor building located in a poor immigrant neighborhood immigrant neighborhood were women and children were women and children could go for help in could go for help in adjusting to American life.adjusting to American life.

The The women’s suffrage women’s suffrage movementmovement tried persuade state tried persuade state legislatures to allow women legislatures to allow women the right to vote.the right to vote.

The The 1919thth Amendment Amendment granted granted women the right to vote.women the right to vote.

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington founded a founded a vocational training institution in the vocational training institution in the late 1800s to improve economic late 1800s to improve economic opportunities for African Americans.opportunities for African Americans.

The The NAACPNAACP stands for the National stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).Colored People (NAACP).

Four things that NAACP lawyers Four things that NAACP lawyers managed to win concerning civil managed to win concerning civil rights in the Supreme Court that rights in the Supreme Court that were declared unconstitutionalwere declared unconstitutional

The “grandfather clause”The “grandfather clause”A segregated housing lawA segregated housing lawThe practice of denying African The practice of denying African Americans the right to serve on Americans the right to serve on juriesjuriesThe practice of denying African The practice of denying African Americans the right to run for office Americans the right to run for office in party primariesin party primaries

Ida WellsIda Wells wrote a muckraking book about wrote a muckraking book about the evil of lynching.the evil of lynching.

Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey urged African Americans urged African Americans not to seek acceptance by the white not to seek acceptance by the white majority. Instead, he believed that they majority. Instead, he believed that they should build their own institutions and should build their own institutions and leave the United States for Africa, their leave the United States for Africa, their ancestors’ homeland. ancestors’ homeland.

Reformers in the Reformers in the temperancetemperance movement urged people movement urged people notnot to drink to drink alcoholicalcoholic beverages. beverages.

The The Anti-Defamation LeagueAnti-Defamation League were were composed of Jewish immigrants from composed of Jewish immigrants from Europe were often the target of Europe were often the target of native-born Americans’ religious and native-born Americans’ religious and cultural prejudices. To combat the cultural prejudices. To combat the unfair statements made about them, unfair statements made about them, Jewish Americans organized the Anti-Jewish Americans organized the Anti-Defamation League in 1913.Defamation League in 1913.