THE PROGRESSIVE THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

1890 - 19201890 - 1920

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES: 1. Causes of the Progressive 1. Causes of the Progressive

MovementMovement 2. Analyze the role Journalists played 2. Analyze the role Journalists played

in the Progressive Movementin the Progressive Movement 3. What were some of the social 3. What were some of the social

reformsreforms 4. What were some of the political 4. What were some of the political

reformsreforms

American Lifestyles at American Lifestyles at the turn of the Centurythe turn of the Century

Annual wage of American Annual wage of American workers: $400-$500workers: $400-$500Cook: $5/week or $260/yearCook: $5/week or $260/yearMaid: $3.50/week or Maid: $3.50/week or

$180/year$180/year

FACTORY WAGESFACTORY WAGES

MASSACHUSETTS MILL PAID 14 MASSACHUSETTS MILL PAID 14 CENTS/HOURCENTS/HOUR

NATION’S STEEL WORKERS NATION’S STEEL WORKERS less than 18 cents/hourless than 18 cents/hour

TOOK $800 /YEAR TO SUPPORT TOOK $800 /YEAR TO SUPPORT A FAMILY = 110 HOURS/WEEKA FAMILY = 110 HOURS/WEEK

MILLIONAIRESMILLIONAIRES

1900: 1% of population 1900: 1% of population owned over 80% of the owned over 80% of the wealthwealth

Andrew Carnegie earned over Andrew Carnegie earned over $23,000,000 (no income Tax )$23,000,000 (no income Tax )

Expenditures of the Expenditures of the wealthywealthy

Houses (mansions)Houses (mansions) ““Country” Houses: Newport, Country” Houses: Newport,

Rhode Island, Long IslandRhode Island, Long Island Art objectsArt objects Entertainment (lavish)Entertainment (lavish)

Breakers: RockefellerBreakers: Rockefeller

Carnegie MansionCarnegie Mansion

CAUSES OF PROGRESSIVE CAUSES OF PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

CORRUPT GOVERNMENTCORRUPT GOVERNMENT POLITICAL MACHINESPOLITICAL MACHINES MUCKRAKER WRITINGSMUCKRAKER WRITINGS GROWTH OF EDUCATED MIDDLE GROWTH OF EDUCATED MIDDLE

CLASSCLASS

Progressive Movement Progressive Movement sought to correct:sought to correct:

Problems of American Society Problems of American Society caused by:caused by:Expanding industrializationExpanding industrializationPractices of big businessPractices of big businessExpanding urbanizationExpanding urbanizationPolitical corruptionPolitical corruption

Change neededChange needed::

Government had to play a Government had to play a greater role in regulating greater role in regulating business, public health and business, public health and safetysafety

Who were the Who were the progressives?progressives? Progressive leaders Progressive leaders

emerged from every walk of emerged from every walk of life including the poor, the life including the poor, the middle, and the wealthy that middle, and the wealthy that was acting for the good of was acting for the good of society.society.

These people believed that These people believed that industrialization and industrialization and urbanization had created urbanization had created terrible social and political terrible social and political problems.problems.

So who do they target to So who do they target to improve society?improve society?

The progressive movement The progressive movement sought to use modern ideas sought to use modern ideas to improve society.to improve society.

They realized that if they They realized that if they wanted society to improve, wanted society to improve, they would have to get help they would have to get help from the government.from the government.

The laissez-faire attitude of The laissez-faire attitude of the government would have the government would have to end.to end.

What issues were they What issues were they seeking to rectify?seeking to rectify? Political IssuesPolitical Issues Many city officials used Many city officials used

bribery and violence to bribery and violence to influence elections.influence elections.

Many city workers Many city workers “looked the other way” at “looked the other way” at political corruption.political corruption.

Women were rallying for Women were rallying for the right to vote.the right to vote.

MUCKRAKERSMUCKRAKERS

Journalists whose writings Journalists whose writings began in the late 1800sbegan in the late 1800s

Exposed corruption in Exposed corruption in business and politicsbusiness and politics

THE JUNGLETHE JUNGLE

UPTON SINCLAIRUPTON SINCLAIR

Described in gory detail the Described in gory detail the unhealthy practices in unhealthy practices in meatpacking plantsmeatpacking plants

POPULAR MAGAZINESPOPULAR MAGAZINES McClure’sMcClure’s Publisher: Lincoln SteffensPublisher: Lincoln Steffens CosmopolitanCosmopolitan Jacob Riis: photographer of Jacob Riis: photographer of

tenementstenements

PROGRESSIVESPROGRESSIVES

Jacob RiisJacob Riis ExposedExposed

Tenement housingTenement housing

The Jungle; Upton The Jungle; Upton SinclairSinclair

Settlement HousesSettlement Houses

Jane AddamsJane Addams

Social ReformsSocial Reforms

Social ReformsSocial Reforms Safer working conditionsSafer working conditions Shorter work daysShorter work days

Social Reforms:Social Reforms:

Social Gospel: Guides for Social Gospel: Guides for reformreform

Settlement HousesSettlement Houses Community CenterCommunity Center

Improvement in educationImprovement in education

FRANCES PERKINSFRANCES PERKINS

DAUGHTER OF FACTORY DAUGHTER OF FACTORY OWNEROWNER

PUSHED FOR SAFETY PUSHED FOR SAFETY MEASURES AFTER MEASURES AFTER TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST CO TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST CO FIREFIRE

Sweatshops Today?Sweatshops Today?

Department of Labor:Department of Labor:Over 50% of U.S. garment Over 50% of U.S. garment

factories are sweatshops. factories are sweatshops. NY,Ca, Dallas, Miami, NY,Ca, Dallas, Miami, AtlantaAtlanta

Nike, GapNike, Gap

RISE of SWEATSHOPSRISE of SWEATSHOPS

Violates 2 or more of the basic Violates 2 or more of the basic labor laws:labor laws:Child LaborChild LaborMinimum wage Minimum wage

abuse/overtimeabuse/overtimeFire safetyFire safety

Garment Sales controlled Garment Sales controlled by:by:

5 corporations:5 corporations: Wal-MartWal-Mart JC PenneyJC Penney SearsSears May Company: Lord & Taylor, HechtsMay Company: Lord & Taylor, Hechts Federated Dept Stores: Macy, Steins, Federated Dept Stores: Macy, Steins,

BloomingdalesBloomingdales

More ChangesMore Changes

state level,state level, minimum wage laws for women minimum wage laws for women

workers,workers, industrial accident insurance,industrial accident insurance,restricted child labor, restricted child labor, factory regulation factory regulation

National ChangesNational Changes

laws establishing federal laws establishing federal regulation of regulation of meat-packing, meat-packing,

DrugDrug railroad industriesrailroad industries anti-trust laws.anti-trust laws. lowered the tariff, lowered the tariff, legislation to improve legislation to improve working condition working condition

Progressive changesProgressive changes

local level, local level, expand high schools,expand high schools, construct playgrounds,construct playgrounds, municipal governmentmunicipal government. .

Constitutional Constitutional AmendmentsAmendments

Amendment 16: income tax (1913)Amendment 16: income tax (1913) Amendment 17: direct election of Amendment 17: direct election of

senators,senators, Amendment 18: Prohibition (1919)Amendment 18: Prohibition (1919) Amendment 19: Women’s Suffrage Amendment 19: Women’s Suffrage

(1920)(1920)

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt

Big Business dominated Big Business dominated the country when he took the country when he took officeoffice

Took on Nickname of Took on Nickname of “Teddy the Trust Buster”“Teddy the Trust Buster”

The ManThe Man

In 1901, Teddy In 1901, Teddy Roosevelt became the Roosevelt became the youngest President of youngest President of the U.S. at age 43.the U.S. at age 43.

Roosevelt was a hero Roosevelt was a hero of the Spanish-of the Spanish-American War.American War.

He led a cavalry unit He led a cavalry unit known as the Rough known as the Rough Riders.Riders.

Roosevelt becomes Roosevelt becomes PresidentPresident

In the 1900 election, President William In the 1900 election, President William McKinley selects Roosevelt to become his McKinley selects Roosevelt to become his Vice-President.Vice-President.

A few months into McKinley’s term, he was A few months into McKinley’s term, he was assassinated, leaving Roosevelt as President.assassinated, leaving Roosevelt as President.

Roosevelt quickly took advantage of his Roosevelt quickly took advantage of his position, making instant changes to expand position, making instant changes to expand the power of the President and pushing his the power of the President and pushing his Progressive agenda.Progressive agenda.

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt

Trust bustingTrust bustingLabor Relations Labor Relations Coal Strike 1902Coal Strike 1902Square DealSquare DealConservationConservation

TR’s first term – no Vice President / TR’s first term – no Vice President / no provision in the Constitutionno provision in the Constitution

22ndnd term – VP was Charles Fairbanks term – VP was Charles Fairbanks 1912- Assassination attempt by a 1912- Assassination attempt by a

John SchrankJohn Schrank 55thth cousin of FDR cousin of FDR

Clinton awarded TR Medal of Honor Clinton awarded TR Medal of Honor for actions on Kettle Hill and San for actions on Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill in the Spanish American Juan Hill in the Spanish American War.War.

Nickname “Teddy Bear” came from Nickname “Teddy Bear” came from hunting triphunting trip

Tried to remove “In God we Trust” Tried to remove “In God we Trust” from coinsfrom coins

Assistant Secretary of the Assistant Secretary of the NavyNavy

1897-18981897-1898Advocate of expansionismAdvocate of expansionismAnd the war with SpainAnd the war with SpainAfter attack on MaineAfter attack on Maine

Governor of New YorkGovernor of New York1898-19001898-1900Against Political BossesAgainst Political BossesMet with the bosses but he Met with the bosses but he

did not take their advicedid not take their adviceMore jobs on merit rather More jobs on merit rather

than politicsthan politics

Nominated for Vice-President Nominated for Vice-President and reluctant to acceptand reluctant to accept

McKinley assassinated McKinley assassinated ““Cowboy in the White Cowboy in the White

House”House”He lived up to the quoteHe lived up to the quote

Square Deal Roosevelt Square Deal Roosevelt wanted to work for what was wanted to work for what was right and fair = Square dealright and fair = Square deal

Anti TrustAnti TrustProgressives felt all Trust Progressives felt all Trust

should be broken upshould be broken upRoosevelt was a moderate Roosevelt was a moderate

concerning trustsconcerning trusts

J P Morgan controlled major J P Morgan controlled major rail systems and cornered rail systems and cornered the marketthe market

The Supreme Court ruled in The Supreme Court ruled in the government’s favor and the government’s favor and concluded the trust had to concluded the trust had to be broken upbe broken up

First time the government First time the government took an active role against took an active role against trusts and the policy of trusts and the policy of “hands off” government “hands off” government involvement in businessinvolvement in business

Conditions in the meat Conditions in the meat packing industrypacking industry

Roosevelt could not change Roosevelt could not change industry under current lawindustry under current law

New legislation New legislation Pure Food & Drug Act Pure Food & Drug Act

Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act All animals were required to pass All animals were required to pass

an inspection by the U.S. Drug an inspection by the U.S. Drug Administration prior to slaughterAdministration prior to slaughter

All carcasses were subject to a All carcasses were subject to a post-mortem inspection post-mortem inspection

Cleanliness standards were Cleanliness standards were established for slaughterhouses established for slaughterhouses and processing plantsand processing plants. .

Cocaine in productsCocaine in products Coca Cola Coca Cola Realized horror of productsRealized horror of products Roosevelt Roosevelt 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act Contents on labels Contents on labels States passed anti-cocaine lawsStates passed anti-cocaine laws

The Square DealThe Square Deal

Roosevelt’s first goal was to keep Roosevelt’s first goal was to keep wealthy business owners from wealthy business owners from preying on small businesses and preying on small businesses and the poor.the poor.

““When I say I believe in a square When I say I believe in a square deal, I do not mean to give every deal, I do not mean to give every man the best hand. If good cards man the best hand. If good cards do not come to any man, or if they do not come to any man, or if they do come, and he has not got the do come, and he has not got the power to play them, that is his power to play them, that is his affair. All I mean is that there shall affair. All I mean is that there shall be no crookedness in the be no crookedness in the dealing.” dealing.” Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt

Trust-busting and RegulatingTrust-busting and Regulating

Roosevelt’s first goal was Roosevelt’s first goal was to take on industry.to take on industry.

The first dispute he The first dispute he settled was between mine settled was between mine owners and workers.owners and workers.

Roosevelt threatened to Roosevelt threatened to bring in federal troops to bring in federal troops to run the mines. The mine run the mines. The mine owners gave in.owners gave in.

Roosevelt takes on the Roosevelt takes on the railroadsrailroads

Roosevelt creates the Roosevelt creates the Interstate Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)Commerce Commission (ICC) to keep on eye on interstate to keep on eye on interstate shipping rates.shipping rates.

The The Elkins ActElkins Act would fine would fine railroads for overcharging people railroads for overcharging people for freight costs.for freight costs.

The ICC created the The ICC created the Hepburn Hepburn ActAct which would place a limit on which would place a limit on shipping costs, tolls, and ferry shipping costs, tolls, and ferry costs.costs.

Roosevelt splits the railroadsRoosevelt splits the railroads

Due to its’ dirty business practices, Roosevelt forced Due to its’ dirty business practices, Roosevelt forced the railroads to split into smaller companies to force the railroads to split into smaller companies to force competition and lower prices.competition and lower prices.

He did not force this on all of the big businesses, only He did not force this on all of the big businesses, only those that practiced less scrupulous business tactics.those that practiced less scrupulous business tactics.

Roosevelt takes on the food Roosevelt takes on the food industry!industry!

In response to In response to The Jungle,The Jungle, Roosevelt pushes through Roosevelt pushes through the the Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act, , so that the gov’t could so that the gov’t could check out all meat check out all meat products crossing state products crossing state lines for health concerns.lines for health concerns.

The The Food and Drug ActFood and Drug Act did the same for did the same for medicines. Today, we medicines. Today, we have the FDA.have the FDA.

Roosevelt: the EnvironmentalistRoosevelt: the Environmentalist

Roosevelt felt that nature Roosevelt felt that nature should be preserved, but should be preserved, but not at the expense of man.not at the expense of man.

He allowed for the use of He allowed for the use of nature’s resources and nature’s resources and protected a large amount protected a large amount of land against use.of land against use.

He also made regulations He also made regulations against overusing forests against overusing forests and instead became more and instead became more prudent about when and prudent about when and how they could be used.how they could be used.

Who owns the water?Who owns the water?

Water became highly Water became highly demanded for strip mining demanded for strip mining and irrigation farming.and irrigation farming.

With the rise in demand, With the rise in demand, so came claims to water.so came claims to water.

Roosevelt helped to enact Roosevelt helped to enact the National Reclamation the National Reclamation Act, which allowed the Act, which allowed the federal gov’t to control federal gov’t to control how and where water how and where water could be distributed.could be distributed.

Conservation under Conservation under RooseveltRoosevelt

150 National Forests150 National Forests 51 Fed. Bird reservations51 Fed. Bird reservations 5 National Parks5 National Parks 18 National Monuments18 National Monuments 7 conservation conferences7 conservation conferences

National ParksNational Parks

Yellowstone: 1Yellowstone: 1stst National Park National Park 18721872

National park system has 84 National park system has 84 million acresmillion acres

Delaware only state without a Delaware only state without a National ParkNational Park

Teddy the MuckrakerTeddy the Muckraker

Meat Inspection Act 1906Meat Inspection Act 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act Pure Food and Drug Act

Creation of FDACreation of FDATesting of all food and drugsTesting of all food and drugsWarning labelsWarning labels

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

““A Civilized nation had the A Civilized nation had the right to stop chronic right to stop chronic wrongdoing throughout the wrongdoing throughout the western hemisphere.”western hemisphere.”

Great White FleetGreat White Fleet

To impress upon Japan that the US navy To impress upon Japan that the US navy could shift from the Atlantic to the pacific.could shift from the Atlantic to the pacific.

What issues were they What issues were they seeking to rectify?seeking to rectify?

Social IssuesSocial Issues In the cities, poor living In the cities, poor living

conditions were normal.conditions were normal. Many progressives Many progressives

sought welfare laws to sought welfare laws to help children.help children.

Progressives also Progressives also wanted gov’t regulations wanted gov’t regulations to help the working man to help the working man and consumers.and consumers.

PANAMA CANALPANAMA CANAL

1904-19141904-1914 $352,000,000$352,000,000 80,000 workers80,000 workers 30,000 deaths 30,000 deaths

Roosevelt 1901-1908Roosevelt 1901-1908

Picks his Secretary of War Picks his Secretary of War William Howard Taft as the William Howard Taft as the next nominee for president next nominee for president in 1908in 1908