The Progressive

In the early 1900’s, the effects of ___________ and ____________ had become apparent. _____________ quickly became popular. They were people __________ organized to help _______ society.

industrialization urbanization

Progressivism

politically

reform

The _____________ economics practiced by the government caused people to doubt the __________ ability to ___ problems. A group of journalists called _____________ uncovered corruption and unfair practices in __________, ______________, and ____________ ____________.

Laissez-Faire

Free-markets fix

Muckrakers

corporations government

Immigrant neighborhoods

Different ____ surfaced about how to better fix the government, one group of __________ ___________ believed that ____________ were not always the best suited to run _____.

ideas

efficiency

progressives politicians

cities

The ___________ _____ divided the city into several different __________, each was placed under the ___________ of an ________ ___________ and a ____ _______, they would _____ experts to run the city.

Commission Plan

departments

supervision

Expert commissioner City manager

hire

Others believed it was important to make ______ officials more responsive to ______. Wisconsin voters elected ________ _________ governor, he pressured the legislature to _______ officials be elected in a _____ ______.

elected voters

Robert

La Follette

require

Direct primary

Other political reforms: the ________, _________ and the _____ gave voters more _____. Soon the ___ amendment required ____ senators to be ______ in a direct primary also.

initiative

referendum recall

power 17th

state elected

The ________ movement that began in ___ grew during ___________. Women felt that their best chance was to convince ____ governments to give ______ the right to vote, before passing a __________ __________.

suffrage 1848

progressivism

State

women

Constitutional amendment

In 1878 a constitutional amendment was ________. The movement continued to grow and March 3 1913 the ________ ________ ______ _______ ________ marched on __________.

defeated

National American

Women Suffrage Association

Washington

_________ had been the first state to _____ women the right to vote; as others followed a constitutional amendment was again proposed in 1918 it ______. On August 26, _____, the nineteenth amendment was finally _______ by the states.

Wyoming grant

failed 1920

ratified

Reforms in ______ also took shape. The first area tackled by progressives was ____ _____. In 1900 ___ million children under the age of ___ worked outside their home. Boys working in ________ were paid ___ for a __ hour day mining coal.

business

Child labor

1.7

16

coalmines $.60 10

The work permanently bent their _____ and _______ their _____. Soon, child labor began to _______. ______ and ______ standards were also in need of reform.

backs

crippled hands

decline health safety

In 1911 a ____ swept through the __________ _________ _______ in New York City. Nearly ___ Women, trapped by _____ that _______ from the outside were ______.

fire

Triangular Shirtwaist Company

150

doors locked

killed

Outrage over this incident caused New York City to pass strict _______ _____ dealing with ____ _______, _______ ________ and ________ ________.

Building codes

Fire hazards Unsafe machinery

Working conditions

Other laws were passed that gave __________ for injured workers and divided the cities into both ___________ and ____________ areas.

compensation

residential commercial

_________ was blamed for many of societies problems, as a result, the _________ movement began trying to moderate or _______ alcohol consumption. It would eventually lead to a ____________ against alcohol and the passing of the ____ amendment.

Alcohol

temperance

eliminate

prohibition

20th

_________ _________ took office at 42; he was the youngest person ever to become president. In __________ affairs Roosevelt was a _______ _________, however, ___________ he was a __________.

Theodore Roosevelt

International

Social Darwinist

Domestically progressive

Roosevelt implemented programs known as the ______ _____, for him the United States needed to reform ______ to _______ with others.

Square deal

within compete

______, and large _________ though very efficient and largely responsible for Americans __________ had Roosevelt concerned that some corporations were pursuing _____ at the ________ expense. He wanted to find a way to ___________ business.

Trusts corporations

prosperity

goals Public’s

supervise

During his ____ year as president, Roosevelt witnessed a _____ in the _____ ________ over a fight for control of the _________ _________.

first

fight Stock market

Burlington

Railroad

This fight almost sent the country into a __________, but the major players worked out a ____ by creating a new holding company called the __________ _________ ________ _________. This merger ________ Americans and Roosevelt who felt that this type of activity was not in the best interest of the public.

recession

deal

Northern Securities

Holding Company outraged

Further, he believed this company was in violation of the ________ ________ ___. In 1904 a ______ was filed by the attorney General, Northern Securities v. United States. The Supreme court ruled ____ that the Northern Securities violated the Sherman Anti-Trust act. As a result, Roosevelt was given the title of “____ _______.”

Sherman Antitrust Act

lawsuit

5-4

Trust buster

In 1902, the ________ ____ ________ went on _____. As the strike dragged on and coal _____ rose, Roosevelt feared that there would soon be a coal ________. He urged the ______ and ______ to go to _________. The Union agreed, but the owners ______.

United Mine Workers

strike

prices

shortages

union owners arbitration

refused

This infuriated Roosevelt, who threatened to have the ____ take over the mining ________. This _____ encouraged the owners to ________ over arbitration. The government became seen as an honest ______ between different powerful groups in society.

army operations

threat

negotiatebroker

Despite the __________, Roosevelt still believed in big business. He convinced congress to create the _________ __ _________ ___ _____ to investigate corporations. In response, several companies like ___ ____ agreed to open their _____ provided the government ______ tell them what was wrong and give them an opportunity to ______ it.

interventions

Department of

Commerce and Labor

U.S. Steel books

privately

correct

Another great reform was the passage of the _______ ___, this gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to ________ railroad rates and protect people from __________.

Hepburn Act

regulate

monopolies

Consumer ________ quickly became important. People _________ products had no real way of knowing what they were _______. Many ________ were simply, _______, _____ and ____.

protections

purchasing

buying

medicines caffeine

Sugar water

Bad _____ were being doused with __________ and sent back to the ______. In 1906 _____ _______ published __ ______, about the meatpacking industry. Congress responded by passing the ____ _______ ____.

meats

preservatives market

Upton Sinclair The Jungle

Meat inspection Act

Roosevelt most clearly impacted the future of the _________. As an avid __________, he protected _______, and added nearly ___ _______ acres of protected forests.

environment outdoorsmen

forests 100

Million

With the help of _______ like _____ _____, Roosevelt added __ New National Parks and ___ Federal Wildlife reserves, including _________.

naturalists John Muir

5

51

Yosemite

After ________ left office, his successor was another _________ that had served as _________ of the _________, Roosevelt’s secretary of ___ and a very trusted Lieutenant, ______ _______ ___.

Roosevelt

republican

governor Philippines

war

William Howard Taft

Taft was ______ elected president. Unlike Roosevelt, Taft was a skilled _________, but he disliked political __________ and _________. This attitude quickly brought Taft conflicts with ____________.

easily

administrator

maneuvering

conflict

progressives

Taft believed like many progressives that _____ _____ limited __________, hurt ________ and helped _____. Despite a _______ from Roosevelt, Taft decided to push ________ to lower Tariffs.

High tariffs competition

consumers trusts

warning

congress

The Speaker of The _____ was a very unpopular man named Joseph G. Cannon. Cannon often _________ progressive legislation, but did have the power to _______ all __________ and decided what _________ they handled.

House

blocked

appoint committees

legislation

Taft worked to stop progressives ___________ against Cannon in return for Tariff bill being ________ through _________. The bill that passed became known as the _______________ Tariff, which hardly ____ Tariffs and actually _______ them on certain goods. Despite the outcome, Taft __________ the Bill further ___________ Progressives.

campaigning

pushedcongress

Payne-Aldrich

cutraised

acceptedangering

In _____ a ________ in the government broke out which would cost Taft all his ________ with ___________. He replaced Roosevelt’s secretary of the _______ an aggressive ____________, with Richard A. Ballinger a corporate _________.

1909 conflict

popularity progressives

interior

conservationist

lawyer

Ballinger tried to make nearly a ________ acres of public _________ and ________ available for ____________. Roosevelt’s appointee to head the ___ ______ ______, ________ _________, accused Ballinger of trying to _______ from public lands in __________.

million

forests reserves

development

U.S. Forest Service

Gifford Pinchot

profitpublic

Pinchot took the ______ to Taft who dismissed them. He then _______ the story to the ______ and was ____ by Taft.

charges

leaked

press fired

Taft did have his own progressive ________. He had brought over ______ as many ________ lawsuits as did his __________, the “Trust buster.” He also created the _________ Bureau, to investigate _____ ____.

Successes Twice

antitrust

Predecessor

Children’s

Child labor

Taft also increased the regulatory powers of the ________ ________ __________, by supporting the Mann-Elkins Act of _____. He even set up the Bureau of ______ to monitor the activities of _______ companies. Despite all of these successes,

Interstate Commerce Commission

1910

Mines

mining

Taft lost support from ________ when he brought an Antitrust lawsuit against ______ _______. Roosevelt had worked hard to have large _________ work with and _____ the _________.

Roosevelt

U.S. Steel

corporations

trust government

He felt Taft was so focused on __________ trusts that he was destroying the system of ____________. In 1911 Roosevelt publicly __________ his former advisor.

destroying

cooperation

criticized

He even agreed to run for _________ again. Though he was _________ in the ___________ ________, Roosevelt decided to run as a candidate for the _________ party.

President

defeated

Republican Primary

Progressive

With _________ and _____ butting heads, time was ripe for a __________ to return to _________. _________ _______ had entered politics as a __________ and as ___________ of ____ _________; he kept pushing more and more progressive legislation through the _____ houses.

Roosevelt Taft

democrat

Washington Woodrow Wilson

progressive

Governor New Jersey

state

In less than ___ years, Wilson had made New Jersey a ______ of progressive _______. Wilson ran on an idea known as ___ _________. He criticized Roosevelt’s ___ __________ saying that it supported “_______ _________.”

2

model

reform

New Freedom

New Nationalism

Regulated monopolies

It was no surprise that with Taft and Roosevelt _________ the __________ vote that Wilson won the _____ election.

splitting republican

1912

__ weeks after taking office, Wilson appeared before _______ to present his bill to ______ tariffs, the first president to do so since ____ ______. Wilson believed that reducing tariffs would _____ American ________ is to remain ________ in order to _______ with other _________.

5

congress

reduce

John Adams

force

business

efficient compete

countries

In 1913 Wilson signed the ________ ____ that reduced the _____ on ________ goods to ____of their value, ____ the tariff rate of the ______.

Underwood Tariff

taxes imported

30% half

1890’s

Another important component of the Underwood Tariff was that it allowed the _________ to collect taxes on people’s ________. This was _________ in the constitution until the passage of the ___ amendment.

government

income prohibited

16th

Another problem that the U.S. faced was the periodic ________ of _______. When this happened peoples entire ___ ______ could be wiped out. Wilson proposed creating a ________ ______ that banks would be required to keep a portion of their ________.

collapse banks

Life savings

Federal Reserve

deposits

This provided a safety net for _________ _______. In 1913 the ______ ______ ___ became one of the most significant pieces of _____________ in U.S. History.

Unanticipated

losses Federal Reserve Act

significant

In office, Wilson began to realize that ___ __________ would not likely be replaced with ________ more __________ firms. In 1914, congress created the _________ ______ ___________ (FTC) to monitor American business.

Big

Business

smaller competitive

Federal

Trade Commission

The FTC ____________ companies using _____ trade practices or those that hurt ___________. Wilson no longer wanted to __________ big business, but rather _____ activities that created _______ competition.

investigated

unfair

consumers

breakuplimit unfair

In 1916 the _________ _____ _____ ___, prohibited children under ___ from working in _________. Wilson also supported legislation that __________ the workday for __________ employees to __ hours and established a ______ to provide _______ to _______.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

14

factories

reduced

railroad 8

bank

loans farmers

___________ made important _______ changes in the United States. During this time, public _______ shifted and people began _________ the government to play an ______ role in ________ the ________ and solving ________ ________.

Progressives political

opinion

expecting

active regulating economy

Social problems

One of the biggest ________ was that progressivism did not address ______ _____ or _________ issues in the United Sates. In _____ the _______ ________ ___ ____ __________ __ _____ ________ (NAACP) was founded.

failures

African American

religious

1909 National Association For The

Advancement of Colored People

Despite the shortfalls, the progressives _________ the ________ of ____ for millions of Americans, however as the U.S. entered ____ the focus shifted from _________ reforms to making the ______ a ______ place.

improved quality life

WWI

domestic world

safer

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