Slide 2 The Progressive Era Slide 3 Four Goals of Progressive
Reformers 1. Protect Social Welfare: 2. Promote Moral Development:
3. Create Economic Reform: 4. Foster Efficiency: Slide 4
Progressive Era The time period from 1890-1920. A time of
government reform to better the lives of its citizens. What
problems did the government have to improve? Modern Reform:
President Johnson launched the Great Society Program in the 1960s.
Medicare & Medicaid? President Nixon started the EPA and OSHA
in the 1970s. What do they do? Slide 5 Muckrakers Muckrakers-reform
journalists and novelist that wrote articles/works to promote
progressive reform. Teddy Roosevelt gave the name- muckrakers.
McClures Magazine- Tweeds Days in St. Louis - Lincoln Steffens also
wroteThe Shame of the Cities (1904) Ida Tarbell- History of
Standard Oil Company public enemy Frank Norris- The Octopus (1901)
RRs, The Pit (1903) wheat exchange Theodore Dreiser- The Financier
(1912), The Titan (1914), and An American Tragedy (1925).
Painters,Photographers- Jacob Riis Slide 6 Jacob Riis: Muckraker
Jacob Riis: Photographer 1849 to 1914 He was the third of fifteen
children Emigrated to the United States in 1870 Unable to find
work, he often spent many nights in police station lodging houses.
He was recruited by the South Brooklyn News. In 1877 Riis became a
police reporter for the New York Tribune. In 1888 Riis was employed
as a photo-journalist by the New York Evening Sun. Riis was among
the first photographers to use flash powder, which enabled him to
photograph interiors and exteriors of the slums at night. Slide 7
Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives In December, 1889, an account
of city life, illustrated by photographs, appeared in Scribner's
Magazine. This created a great deal of interest and the following
year, a full-length version, How the Other Half Lives, was
published. The book was seen by Theodore Roosevelt, the New York
Police Commissioner, and he had the city police lodging houses that
were featured in the book closed down. Slide 8 Photographs from How
the Other Half Lives Slide 9 The Jungle (1906) Upton Sinclair.
Under the system of rigid economy, which the packers enforced,
there were some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time,
and among these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels. Every
spring they did it; and in the barrels would be dirt and rust and
old nails and stale water--and cart load after cart load of it
would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat, and
sent out to the public's breakfast. Slide 10 Pictures from The
Jungle Slide 11 In the JungleIn the Jungle. Slide 12 Ooops, wrong
jungle!! Slide 13 Upton Sinclairs The Jungle Slide 14 1906-Reforms
Meat Inspection Act- check animals health, sanitary conditions
Upton Sinclairs The Jungle depicts the conditions of the meat
packing plants Pure Food and Drug Act- forbade the manufacture and
sale of impure drugs and food. Labels mandatory on all medicines.
Employers Liability Insurance- provided accident insurance to RR
workers on interstate railroads and in D.C. Food/Drugs Workmans
Compensation Jungle Meat Packing Slide 15 Social Welfare Programs
To ensure a minimum standard of living. Unemployment insurance,
workman's compensation, and social security? Do we have these
today? Most people worked to get these reforms at the municipal
level. Municipal? Home rule? Slide 16 Middle Class Reformers
Progressives believed the government should no longer be an umpire.
Progressives believed the government should no longer be an umpire.
What does this mean? What does this mean? Corporation Corporation
Government was expected to level the playing field. Citizen Citizen
Slide 17 Public Health Roosevelt formed the Pure Food and Drug Act.
What is it? Is it still around today? Slide 18 Cities Reform broke
ground in the position of mayor of some cities Hazen S.
Pingree-Detroit Samuel M. Golden Rule Jones- every man must rule
himself City Manager Manager, not politician, hired to run city
(much like a business) Policies made by council, enforced by
manager Commission rule Some cities formed an elected commission to
run local government This eliminated the possibility of a corrupt
boss from ruling. Slide 19 State reform Reform governors Robert M
LaFollette, (Wisconsin) Battling Bob ~brought direct primary to
choose candidates ~restricted lobbying ~set up civil service
~conservation policies ~taxed corporations/reg. Banks Slide 20
Voting Secret (Australian) ballot in Massachusetts- 1888 Prior to
this, each party would distribute a colored ballot for their party,
making it easier to see how someone voted. More secretive the
better, better representatives Slide 21 Improving Our
Representation Direct primaries allow people, not bosses, to choose
who runs for office. Direct election of Senators would allow
people, not state legislatures, to elect people to the rich mans
club (Senate). 17 TH AMENDMENT (1913) Slide 22 More Voting Reform:
initiative -5-8% of voters could start a bill by petition
referendum- bill put on a ballot for voters to pass or defeat
recall- by petition, voters could demand an official to stand for
reelection Gives a voice to the public in making laws and affecting
election outcomes. Slide 23 Teddy "This country will not be a
permanently good place for any of us to live in unless we make it a
reasonably good place for all of us to live in." Chicago, IL, June
17, 1912 Slide 24 Teddys Background Born into wealth, Roosevelt
traveled as a youngster Struggled with asthma and poor eyesight as
a child. Active in boxing, track and field, and hunting. Took a
punch in the eye during a fight and blinded his left eye. Always
kept his boyish energy. Accomplished author with works in history,
politics, ethics Slide 25 Teddy Becomes President With the
assassination of President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, not quite
43, became the youngest President in the Nation's history He took
the view that the President as a "steward of the people" should
take whatever action necessary for the public good unless expressly
forbidden by law or the Constitution Slide 26 Theodore Roosevelt
Slide 27 Theodore Roosevelts Square Deal After William McKinley
wins the election of 1900, he never reaps the benefits of his
victory. During the late summer following his inauguration, a 28-
year-old anarchist named Leon Czolgosz shoots McKinley. Theodore
Roosevelt is sworn into the presidency in what will become one of
the many dramatic presidential terms in our history. The three Cs
of the Square Deal: Conservation Corporate Control Consumer
Protection Slide 28 The Square Deal The main idea of 'Square Deal'
was reducing inequality. Theodore Roosevelt's 'Square Deal' handled
the problems with businesses and society. It promised a fair deal
to all sides of transactions. It was popular with people from all
walks of life. He changed the rules so that everyone could have
equal opportunity and everyone is treated the same way. Slide 29
President in his Own Right Smothers opponent in election of 1904
(Alton Parker) 336 to 140 electoral votes Time to Reform:
Strengthen the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate the RR. Hepburn
Bill- gave I.C.C. power to regulate: Pipelines Express and sleeping
car companies Bridges Ferries Terminals *Major accomplishment to
regulate business. Slide 30 TRs Presidency In the Presidency Used
the presidency as a bully pulpit to spread his ideas. TR loved
power, and hated wealth. Shocked no one had attacked monopolies
sooner He believed the President should lead. Slide 31 Trust
Busting Slide 32 Northern Securities Holding company founded by:
James J. Hill of Great Northern RR J.P. Morgan Rockefeller E.H.
Harriman of Union Pacific RR A. Responsible for maintaining large
RR monopoly in the Northwest. B. Roosevelt had the company sued by
using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act C. Supreme Court (5 to 4) ruled
the company violated Sherman A.T. Act and must dissolve D.
Roosevelt uses momentum to attack beef trusts, oil trusts, and
tobacco trusts. E. Urged Congress to approve Department of Commerce
and Labor to Cabinet. Slide 33 T R in action Slide 34 Events
Defining Roosevelt: Coal Strike In the mines of Illinois, PA, Ohio,
and West Virginia Workers received no raise in 20 years 441 men
killed in accidents in 1901 Workers earnings in what they dug were
dishonestly weighed John Mitchell, President of United Mine Workers
led strike in May 1902 In October, with winter coming, people
feared the RR would stop running No coal, no fuel for RR No RR, no
business No business, no work No work, no food Slide 35 Coal Strike
(continued) Roosevelt threatened to send the Army into the mines if
the owners continued to hold out from talks. Owners give in to
talks- Strike Over Shows: Roosevelt fearless to big business Sticks
up for ordinary America Leader Provided square deal for miners
Slide 36 Conservation Efforts Newlands Reclamation Act- take money
from public sale of lands out west, and build dams and canals to
help irrigationincreased the price of once dry, arid land. Used the
power granted by Congress to hold millions of acres of woodlands
for a natural reserve. Increased acreage from 50 million to 190
million. (GB and France combined) Transformed Public Land Service
to United States Forest Service headed by Gifford Pinchot Pinchot
pioneered reforestation, (seen as a resource) Slide 37 Panic of
1907 Prices drop JP Morgan urges TR to allow United States Steel to
purchase Tennessee Coal and Iron Company. Roosevelt allows it for
economy. Slide 38 Social reforms on the way Income and Inheritance
tax Limits on use of labor injunctions More control on business
More Criticized as a socialist- public ownership of means of
production and distribution Believed in capitalism, not socialism.
Wanted capitalism to benefit all Americans. Wanted to eliminate
extremes of wealth and poverty. Slide 39 Reforms (major Progressive
reforms) By 1912, of all states passed child labor laws Workmens
compensation /Insurance Womens minimum wage and conditions Banning
alcohol 26 states by 1917 Heavy taxes on rich Taxes on inheritance,
profits, incomes RR/ utilities commission to control rates Slide 40
Slide 41 Taft in the White House o Roosevelt decides to not run for
a third term. o Promotes the nomination of William Howard Taft
(Secretary of War) 1908- Defeats William Jennings Bryan Slide 42
President Taft Former Solicitor General for the Supreme Court
/Federal Judge Methodical, calculated man. Would rather delay a
decision until it is thought out and investigated Tariff issue Once
elected, decides to attack (promised substantial revision) o
Produced long process of little revision Payne-Aldrich tariff was
subtle o Progressives upset at hoax of a revision Pinchot fired
Gifford Pinchot (Chief of Forest Service) v. Richard Ballinger
(Sec. of Interior) dispute about ownership (JP Morgan and
Guggenheim) of government coal lands in Alaska. Pinchot fired by
Taft! Roosevelt not happy. Slide 43 Progressives respond After
Payne-Aldrich tariff/ Pichot firing, Progressives call Taft-tool of
the interests Become insurgents and fight against own party. In
past, Speaker of House (Joseph Cannon) headed the Rules Committee-
committee that decides if a bill will be set aside, or pushed to a
vote. Insurgents change rules of heading Rules Committee- must be
elected by members of House. (no more self-appointed dictator of
House) Mann Elkins Act (1910) extended the power of the Interstate
Commerce Act to regulate telephone, telegraph, cable, and wireless
companies. Slide 44 Tafts accomplishments in office: More civil
service jobs Million acres of Appalachian reserved Control of
underground resources New Mexico/ Arizona become states- 1912
Sponsored income tax amendment (Sixteenth Amendment, passed 1913)
Taft sends 45 indictments to trusts. (one of them part owned by
Roosevelt) Slide 45 Congressional Elections of 1910 Democrats win
House, Senates republican majority reduced Woodrow Wilson elected
as reform governor of New Jersey For the presidency, Battling Bob
LaFollete emerges as insurgent nominee for 1912 election. Slide 46
Guess Whos Back Roosevelt travels after leaving office. Returns to
US to embark on speaking tour to criticize Taft and support the
insurgents of the party. Speaks of a New Nationalism that included
a return of many reforms: Strict regulation on large corporations
Real tariff revision Federal income and inheritance tax National
workmens compensation laws Protection of womens and children in
industry Direct primaries Initiative, Referendum, and Recall Slide
47 Roosevelt believed the federal government should distinguish
between good and bad trusts. Roosevelt, loving a good fight, joins
the race. Taft runs Republican Convention, Roosevelt loses bid for
nomination Progressives flee angered.. Later, Progressive Party
nominates Roosevelt. Slide 48 Progressive demands: Direct democracy
Conservation Minimum wage for women Ban child labor Tariff revision
Closer regulation on Interstate Commerce Act Responding to a
question of health, Roosevelt comments strong as a Bull Moose- Bull
Moose becomes slogan Slide 49 Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson
emerges as popular Democratic candidate by his moral reform
platform as governor of New Jersey. Election of 1912 becomes:
Woodrow Wilson (D) Taft (R) Roosevelt (Pr) Slide 50 Woodrow Wilson
(D) v. Roosevelt (Pr) v. Taft (R) Subtle party differences
Democrats- very low tariffs, Regulate trusts Republicans- Mild
revision of tariffs, Eliminate monopolies Both: conservation and
banking reform Slide 51 The Four Horsemen of 1912 I ran for
president in 1900, 1904, and 1908, so why not? Who am I? Eugene
Debs- Socialist Party TR TAFT WW Slide 52 Outcome of the election
Roosevelts impact on the election Split the Republican vote, but
not enough to defeat Wilson Wilson wins Taft happy to leave office,
sought position on Supreme Court Harding in 1921 appoints Taft to
Chief Justice of Supreme Court Only man to be President and Chief
Justice (1921-1930) Slide 53 Slide 54 I. Wilson was TRs opposite a.
College Elite b. Not an outdoorsman c. President of Princeton d.
Stiff and distant Wilson had a wider appeal because he was more
moderate than Bryan II Inauguration a. Cleanse, reconsider, and
restore b. No inaugural ball i. Dedication, serious c. Set a
concern, and get support to act upon it Slide 55 Tariff reform
Personally addresses Congress (not since Wash, Adams) Not for free
trade, but for free opportunity Enlists the help of expert, Oscar
Underwood Underwood-Simmons Bill 1913 Reduces the tariff 11% Income
tax (for treasury revenue) Slide 56 Banking No stable reserve for
banks if they experienced mass withdrawals Deposits went to bigger
banks, NYC, and then to Wall Street (used in stock exchange) When a
bank need a loan, they would call NYC to get a loan on- call Slide
57 Federal Reserve Act of 1913 12 Districts in the country Each
with a central reserve bank-Bankers Bank Ruled by Federal Reserve
Board (members appointed by President) Every national bank must
give to support the capital in reserve bank Perhaps Wilsons biggest
accomplishment Slide 58 Federal Reserve System Slide 59 Business
Clayton Anti-Trust Act PPrevented on company from taking over stock
in another if it created a monopoly NNo one could be director of
two or more companies when it limits competition. SSet up Federal
Trade Commission (Act 1914) set up fair trade rules Slide 60
Continues to Reform for Re-election Federal Farm Loan Act Child
Labor law * 8-Hour Day for RR Wilsons first term (1912-1916)
followed through with platform, and Progressive reforms. Slide 61
Wilson Moral Diplomacy Mexico Madero overthrown by General Huerta,
who owned 4/5 of the country Observed globally as president de
facto Wilson asks Huerta to step down, He refuses Wilson allows
arms to be sent to Carraza (rebel) Incident: Marines arrested,
released, apology from Huerta BUT, according to customary
procedures.Huerta does not fire a salute at the US flag.Uh OH
1914..Wilson asks Congress to use force against Huerta (Mexico)
Slide 62 Wilson (continued) US troops seized Veracruz to stop a
shipment of arms to reach the city. Mexicans and Carraza revolt
against the US ABC interventionArgentina, Brazil, Chile Huerta out
in July Slide 63 Pancho Villa Villa one of Carrazas generals 1916,
burns down Columbus, NM Wilson sends Pershing w/ 15,000 troops...
dead or alive Puts Natl Guard on border- 150,000 8,000 troops into
Mexico With war beginning in Europe, Wilson says Why am I chasing
this one bandit? 1917 withdraws troops END OF PROGRESSIVE ERA
