CO2

The process in which metabolic waste is removed from an organism.

Wastes produced by working cells. (cellular waste)

Respiration

Lungs

Relatively non-toxic

Dehydration Synthesis

Skin, Lungs, Kidneys

Non-toxic

Perspiration

Skin

Non-toxic

Detoxification

Liver, skin, kidneys

Moderately toxic

Detoxification

Liver

Most toxic

What role does the skin play in excretion?

-The sweat glands excrete water, salts, and urea from the blood in the form of

Sweating is the body’s way of cooling down =Thermoregulation Normal body Temperature is 98.6°F

Function:

Wastes: -Sweat (water, mineral salts, urea)

Outer layer of skin

Inner layer of skin

Regulate body temperature

Sweat excretes through

Responsible for perspiration and maintaining body temperature

Release oils that keep skin and hair soft

Pore

(capillary)

Sebaceous gland

Hair

What is the liver’s role in excretion?

-Recycles worn out red blood cells (RBC) -Produces urea by breaking down amino acids (Moderately toxic)

Function:

The process of converting toxic chemicals into harmless chemicals.

Ex: Alcohol An alcoholics liver MUST work harder!!!!

Wastes: Urea and worn out RBC

What is urea?

-Your body changes amino acids into: -ammonia (poisonous) -pyruvic acid (used as energy source) -glycogen (stored fat)

Since ammonia is toxic, your liver MUST change it into UREA (less toxic)

Urea is then filtered out of the blood by the

What is the role of the kidneys in excretion?

Function:

-Filtration of wastes from blood -Reabsorption of water and nutrients (maintains water balance)

Wastes: Urine

How is blood “cleaned”?

Renal Arteries: Carry blood AWAY from body to kidneys

Kidneys: Main organ. Salt and water maintained, wastes removed (urine) (filtering unit of kidneys- nephron)

Ureter: Tubes that urine passes through to get to the urinary bladder.

Urinary bladder: Temporarily stores urine

Urethra: Urine excreted out of the body

Renal Veins: Carry “cleaned” blood back to body

Renal Vein

Kidney

Renal Artery

Ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Muscle (sphincter)

What is the role of the lungs in excretion?

Function:

-Gas Exchange -Oxygen in, CO2 out

Wastes: CO2, water vapor

Filtering Unit: Alveoli (air sacs) -gas exchange occurs here

-Inflammation of kidney (nephron not working-NO Filters) Caused by: Bacterial infection

Treatment: Antibiotics

Long Term Effects: Can lead to kidney failure if untreated

-Mineral calcium buildup in kidney

Caused by: No known Cause (although believed poor diet plays a role)

Treatment: Surgery or shock waves

Long Term Effects: Very painful. May become recurring

-Painful inflammation of affected joints (usually big toe and ankle bone) due to crystallizations of uric acid

Caused by: High levels of uric acid in blood (solid nitrogenous waste) (found in red meat, alcohol) Treatment: Lots of water, special diet, and medication Long Term Effects: Very painful. Occasional Flair ups.

-Fats accumulate in the liver scarring cells

Caused by: -Too much alcohol -Hepatitis B

Treatment: No cure. Must change habits. Damage irreversible.

Long Term Effects: The liver stops working. Homeostasis no longer maintained. Can be fatal

-inflammation of the liver

Caused by: virus

Treatment: No Cure. Maintained By medication and diet

Long Term Effects: May lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. Can be fatal.

HEALTY LIVER

CIRRHOSIS

Why do doctors test urine? Possible urinalysis results may be an indication of:

1. Color/Odor may indicate: Dark Brown: Liver Disorder Red/Pink: Blood Dark Yellow/Orange: B Vitamins, Carotene Green/Blue: Artificial Coloring Foamy: Proteinuria

2. pH

3. Glucose

4.Proteins: + may indicate blood in urine or kidney disease 5. Drug Tests 6.Pregnancy Test- Human Chorionic Gonadatrophin (HCG) detected in urine