THE PROCEDURE HANDBOOK OF ARC WELDING

TWELFTH EDITION

The material presented herein is based on infor­mation contained in available literature, developed by The Lincoln Electric Company, or provided by other parties and is believed to be correct. However. the publisher does not assume responsibility or lia­bility for any applications or installations produced from the design, products, processes, techniques, or data set forth in this book.

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, THE PROCEDURE HANDBOOK

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Section 9

Section 10

Section 11

Section 12

Section 13

Section 14

Section 15

Section 16

OF ARC WELDING

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION AND FUNDAMENTALS

DESIGNING FOR ARC WELDING

VARIABLES IN WELDING FABRICATION

CONSUMABLES AND MACHINERY

WELDING PROCESSES r WELDING CARBON AND LOW-ALLOY STEEL

WELDING STAINLESS STEEL

WELDING CAST IRON AND CAST STEEL I

WELDING ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS

WELDING COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS

QUALITY CONTROL

WELDING COSTS

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

SAFETY IN WELDING

REFERENCE SECTION AND INDEX

v

-A-Abrasion resistanc:e ....... 13.7·19,20 Ac<:eptability. weld . . . . . . . 11.1-3 AC or De, choosing .... 1.3·3;4.2·7.8;5.2·4;6.3·2,3 AC TIG welding . . . . . . . 9.4-3 - 5 Aircraft fabrication, applicable codes and

specifications 2.4-3, 4 Allowables

compressive $tress (AISC) 2.1-9,10 shear stress (AISC-AWS) ... . ..... 2.3-1,2 weld met.al (AISC-AWS) .... 2.3-2,3 fatigue (AISC) ........ 2.3-3 - 7

Alloy nuxes ..... . ..... , 13.7-14 - 16 Alloy steel electrodes ......... 6.2-13-15 Alloying ei(!ments in steel ....... . . . . .. . 6.1-3 Alluminum and aluminum alloys

alloy types .......... . . . . . . . . . .. ..9.1-1 weldability . . . . . . 9.1·1 - 6 welding via shielded metal-arc 9.2-1,2 welding via gas metal-arc 9.3-1-10 weldingviagastungsten.arc ... ~ ... 9.4-1-11

A1uminum bronze .... (see Copper and copper alloys) Angle of twist .. . ...... ,..... . ... 2.1·16,17 Appearance, weld ....... . .. 6.2·17,18; 9.4·3, 8

weldment . . . . . . ... ';-... ....... 2.1-2 Arc, nature of ...........• . ....... . . 1.3-2,3 Arc blow ....... . ....... 3.2·1 ~ 5; 4.4·9 Arc IfOUlfinlf ... 13.5-1 ~ 4 Arc heating ..... • •................. 4.3·10 -12 Arc shielding .... •. .. . 1.3·1, 2;5.~-2, 3;5.2-1;

Arc starti ng

Arc voltage ....... .

5.3·1; 5.4·1,3,4 .... 4.4-9-11;5.4·4;6.4-6;7.3·3;

7.5·2; 9.2·2; 9.4-7,8 ..... 6.4-7 - 9; 6.5·2

1.3-1; 3.2·1- 5; 5.1·2,3; 5.3-1

Arc·welding, fundamentals

historical development ............ 1.1-1-10 Argonshielding.. . .......... 4.1-17,18;9.3-6,7 Assembly, weldment ................ 2.1-4,5 Atomic hydrogen welding .. . ........ 5.6-4, 5 Austenitic manganese steels ...... .. 13.7·4,5 Austenitic stainless steels .. 7.1-2,3,6 - 9,12: 13. 7-5 Automatic welding . 4.3·7 - 10; 5.2-2 - 5; 5.3-2; 5.4-2,4;

6.3·20 - 22; 6.4-9 - 11; 7.5-2, 3

-B-Back blow . . . . . . 3.2-3, 4 Backstep welding . . . . . .. . 3.1-6 Backup methods .. 2.:<,·6;4.4·7,8; 6.3-6, 7; 7.3·2; 9.2-2 Balancing AC power, battery method .. __ . 9.4-3,4 Bead shape .. . .................. 6.3-18 -19 Bendina: loading .................... 2.1-10 -14

Index 16.1·67

Index

BibliOjraphies welded design . . . . . . . . . 2.1-44 stainless steel ................. _ ...... 7.1-12 welding safety ... _ . . . . ..... __ ....... 15.1·5

Box sections. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ___ 3.1-10 Brass, red . . . . . . . . (see Copper and copper alloys) Brinell hardness, measuring ...... . .... 1.2-6 Buckling and twisting ... 3.1-13,14 Burnthrough .... 2.1-42; 5.2-5 "Buttering" 7.2·5; 8.1·5 Butt joints, in stainless steel . . . . . . 7.3-1, 2 Butt welds, types of ......... _ .. _ . . . . . . . 6.2-1

cracking in ............ .• _ • • . . 6.3-19 submeried·arc welding .. . .. . .• • ..... 6.3-6 - 8 in clad steels ... 13.6·2 - 7

-c-Cable&, welding ...... 4.3·1,2; 13.8-3

recommended sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 4.3-2 Calculating welding costs 12.1-1 -12 Camber, control of ....... _ . . .. 3.1 ·8,15 Carbide precipitation . . . . . . . . . 7 .1-8,12 Carbon·arc welding 1.1·2; 4.3-11; 10.1-8; 13.2-2 Carbon dioxide shielding .... _ . 4.1·18,19 Carbon, effect of .......... . _ ..... _ .. 6.1·2 Carbon equivalents .......... 3.3-3 Carbon steels

compositions ................. . .. 6.1-10 low carbon ............. . ... .6.1-10,11 medium and high carbon. . . . . . 6.1-11,12; 13.7-6 structural ... __ . 6.1-12 hililh.stren~h, low·aHoy .... _. 6.1·12 -17 high·stren~h, quenched and tempered 6.1-17 - 19

Carbon steels, welding via self·shielded metal-arc ....... . via submerged-arc ..... . via self-shielded nux-cored process via ras-shielded nux·cored process via ps metal-arc .............. . via gas tungsten-arc

Cast iron

6.2-1- 54 6.3-1- 74 6.4-1- 42

.. 6.5-1-6 6.6-1-4

6.7-1,2

types. . . . . . . . . .8.1-1 welding ...... . . ... .• __ . 8.1-1 - 6

Cast steel, welding . . . • . . . • . • • • . 8.2·1 - 4 Charpy impact test ... 1.2-5,6 Chemical analysis ................. _. 11.2·15,16 Chromium carbides . . . . . . . . . 13.7-2 - 4 Chromium steels .........• .. .. _ . . .. _ .. 6.1·20 Circumferential welding ....• .. . _ ...... 6.3-10 -13;

6.4-8; 13.7-18,19 Clad steels, welding ................ _ .. 13.6-1 - 8 Clampinr . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 4.4·6, 7

16.1-68 Reference Section

Cleaning weldment . . . . . . . . . ..... .. 2.1-5 joints in carbon steel ....... . . . . . . 6.3·16 joints in stainless steel ....... 7.2·3,4 join'" in cast iron .................... 8.1·4 aluminum surfaces ........... 9.1-5,6; 9.2-2; 9.4-7 tungsten electrodes ...... . . . . . . . 9.4·6 welded surfaces . . . . .. 16.1·63

Clothing, protective ............ 15.1·2 Codes and specifications /

derinitions ............... • ... . .... 2,4·1 governing organizations ........ 2.4-1, 2 applications covered .. 2.4-2 - 5 for in-plant pipinl ..................... 13.3-9

Cold cracking ................... 8.2·2 Compression loading ...•........... 2.1-8,9 Compreuive strength ...... .•.. .. . . .... 1.2-1,3 Concavity vs. convexity . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . .. .6.1·1 Conductivity, definitions

eledrical 1.2·6 thermal ........................... 1.2-6, 7

Consumables, welding ....... . ...... 4.1-1 ~ 20 Containers, ..velding ........... 15.1·3 Contaminants, effect on welds ............ 6.3·16, 11 Control S)'$tems, submerged·arc welding 6.3·21,22 Conversion factors .... . ....... 16.1-31 ~ 38 Cooling rates ........ 3.3-1; 6.1-4 - 6; 9.3·3 , 4; 13.7·11 Cooling systems ................ . ... 9.3-3,4 Copper and copper alloys

welding .............. . ..... . ... 10.1-1 - 8 properties .......... .... .... 10.1-1 ,3 overlays .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . 13.1-1

Copper, effect of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .6.1·3 Corner welds ......... 2.2·1 Cost, as a factor in design ................... 2.1·1 Costs, welding ....... 12.1-1 - 11 Cover plates .......... .. 2.1-38,39 Cracking, weld ... 6.1'4 ~ 10; 6.2-19; 6.3·18,19;

8.2,2; 9.1'1,2; 11.2·8 ~ 15; 13.3·3; 13.7-12, 13 Craters, weld .. ........ 9.4-8; 11.1·5 Cupro-nickel ......... (see Copper and copper alloys) Current ranges

fO!' shielded metal-arc electrodes ......... 6.2·2 for submerged·arc electrodes ........... . . 6.3'2

Current variations, effect of ......... 6.3-3, 4; 6.4·9, 11

-D-DCSP TIG welding .......... . ... 9.4·9 - 11

.6.3·7 .. 7.3-3; 8.1-3; 11.1-3 ~ 5;

11.2-1,8; 11.3-7 - 9; 13.6-1 Definitions of arc·welding terms / . . . . .. .. 16.1-1 - 24 Deflection . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-7,8,15,27,28

Deep-groove welds ........ . Defects, weld ......... .

Density .... . . . . . . . . 1.2·6 Deposition rates ............. 5.2-3,"; 5.3·2; 6.2·13 ;

Design evolution of a ..... . formulas ...... .

6.4-4; 6.5-2; 6.6-1, 2; 7.3-3; 7.4-3; 7.5·3; 12.1·8 ~ 10

.... .... 2.1-28,29,31 . . 2.1·7

importance of correct analysis .......... 2.1'30,31 selection .......... 2.1-6,7 specifying weld ................... 2.1-32 ~ 35 systems approach to ........... . . 2.1-6 ~ 44

welded ;oin1l Designing

······•· ....... 2.2·1-8

by equivalent sections .......... 2.1-22 ~ 27 from load conditions qualitative vs. quantitative m~th~ds' ...... ·2.i~~;~ ~~ meeting a design problem .\. ........ 2.1-31,32 sources of trouble ... . ......... l' 2.1-32 ~39 problem identiCication ............... 2.1-37 fOr eHicient fabrication ......•...... 2.1-39 - 42 fQl' strength and rigidity .................. 2.1-7

Destructive te&ting . .......... .•...... 11.2-16,17 Diaional bracing ............ . ....... 2.1-20 Distortion, weldment /"

causes of ~. . .............. . 3.1,1 - 4 control .......... 2.1-4,5; 2.5·5; 3.1'4 -19;

7.2-5; 13.7·14 Double-ending .................. 13.3-7,8 Oral angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.4-6,7, 10 Drills, gage size. . ..... ......... 16.1-39 Drive controls, fixture ................. 4.4-9 -12 Droas . . . . . . . . . . . . .•........ 9.3·5,6 Drying low-hydrogen electrodes .... • ...... 6.2·12, 13 Ductile iron ............... 8.1-1,6 Ductility ........... 1.2'2,3; 9.1-3 Duty cycle ....................... . .. 4.2-1,2

-E-Edge preparatlon ........ . ...... 2.~ -8; 6.3-19;

10.1·3; 13.6·2,5,6 Edge welds ............................ 6.3-10 Efficiency in material use ........... 2.1-39 ~ 41 Elasticity

modulus ot .............. • ....... 1.2-1 - 3, 5 efrect on distortion ............... . .... 3.1·4

Electrical conductivity .. \ ................... 1.2-6 Electricalstickout ............. .. 6.4-5, 6, 9; 6.5-3

(also see Long .tickout) Electrode anlle ........... 6.3-8;6.4-6,7; 6.5·3; 9.4-7 Electrodes

historical development . . ....... 1.1-3 - 9 c1usification ... .. 4.1·1~17;6.4-1-3 mild and low-alloy Iteel ............... 4.1·1- 8 color identification system .......... 4.1-1,2;7.2·2 manual covered ......... 4.1-1- 4; 5.1-3; 6.2'1-15 submerged-arc . . . ....... 4.1-5,6; 7.3-2 flux.cored ... 4.1_6_8;6.4.1_ 4 ;5.3_2;6.4_14 gumetal.arc ....................... 4.1·6-9 stainless steel ............. 4.1·8-10;7.2·1-6;

7.3·2; 7.4-4 cast iron .......... 4.1-10,11;8.1-2 cast steel . ............... 8.2-3, 4 aluminum ...... .. 4.1_11,13;9.2-1;9.4·9,10 copper and copper alloy ..... 4.1·11,14,17; 10.1-2, 3 ASTM steels . . . . . . . . . . ...... 6.2·4 - 7 fut-freeze ....... . ................ 6.2-7,8 fast-fill ... .................. 6.2·8 -10 fast.follow ........ • • . ............ 6.2·10, 1~ low-hydrogen ........•........... 6.2·11 -15 alloy-steel ........... . •.. ........ 6.2:1~719 tungsten .. 6.7-1,9.4 5 , TIG torch ....... _ . . -" .. 9.4-5,6 line pipe arc gouling clad steels

. . . . . . 13.3·1,2 .•....... - ........... 13.5-2, 3

.. ' . .•.......... ' 13.6-3,4 ........... . ....... .....

surfacing ........ . ........ 4.1·16,17 Electrode coru;umption .......... 12.1·4,5; 13.3·4 - 6 Electrode feeding ............... 9.3·4 Electrode holders ....... . .......... 4.3·2, 3 Electrode selection .......... . . . . . . .. 6.2'1,2 Electrode size . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.2·17; 6.3·1, 2, 14 Electrode (tungsten) spitting ........... 9.4·6 Electrogas welding ... 5.4·4; 5.6·2; 6.5·5, 6 Electroslag welding ....... ............ 5.6·1, 2 Elongation ............. . ....... 1.2·1- 3 Endurance limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2·4 Equipment, welding ......... 4.2·1- 8; 4.3·1 - 12;

6.3·19- 22; 6.4·4 - 6; 6.6·2; 9.4·9; 13.1·1,2; 13.8·1; 14.1-1- 8

Etching solutioru; .................... 16.1'64,65 Expansion, thermal .... . ...... 1.2·7; 3.1·3 Evolution of a weldment design ......... 2.1·28,29,31

-F-Face shields ...................... 15.1·1 Fast·fill ................ 5.5-2", 4; 6.2·1; 6.2·8 - 10 Fast·follow (fill·freeze) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.5·2 - 4; 6.2·1;

6.2·10,11;6.4·9,10 F!S~.treeze ................ 5.5·2 - 4;6.2·}; 6.2·7,8 F tlgue allowables (AISC) ........ ........... 2.3·3 - 7 Fati,ue cracking . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.}·38, 3.9 Fatigue strength ...... 1.2·1 - 4 Feeding MIG electrode . • . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3·4 Feeding TIG filler rod ... '-' . . . . . .. 9.4·8 Ferritic stainless steels ............ . .. 7.1·3,4 Filler metals

for stainless steels ................ 7.2·3,4; 7.5·2 for a1uminum ailoys ...... ':-....... 9.1'2:- 5; 9.4·8

Fillet welds

Fire prevention ... , ..... . Fitup ............. .

Fixtures

2.2·1- 5; 2.3·1-7;6.1·7; 6.2·3; 6.3·8, 9; 6.3·18,19

. . . . . . . . . . 15.1-2,3 .... 4.4·6,7; 5.3·3;

....... 6.2·16;6.4·6 .. ~ ..... 2.1-4; 2.1·43; 3.2·5;

4.4·1 -12; 5.5·6 Fixturing, effects on arc blow ......... 3.2·5 Flame shrinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1·3; 3.1·16, 17 Flame straightening ......... . ...... 3.1·3; 3.1·16 Flange·to·web welding .. . .. • ........ 3.1·14,15 Flash·through .. • •............ 5.2·5 Flux·cored eleetrodes . . ........ 6.4·1 - 4 Flux, magnetic ...... . ............... 3.2'4 Flux, recovery ............... 6.3·17 Fluxes, submerged'arc ....... 4.1·6,7; 5.2,1; 6.3'16,17;

7.3·2; 13.7·14 -16 "ux supports ...... . ....... 6.3·11-13

orces, transfer of ............. 2.1·19,20 Forge welding ....... . . • . . . . . ..... 1.1·1 Forming ...........•.... • ........ 2.1·3; 2.1·43 Formulas

design ........................... 2.1·7 deflection ............•....... 2.1·7,8; 2.1·21

' radius of gyration .............. 2.1·9 unit shear on fillet weld ....... 2.1·11 torsional resistance 2.1·16 angular twist ........ . ..... 2.1·17

\~ni~nal properties, closed.,.seetioru; 2.1·17 inertIa .................... . ..... 2.1'21

Index 16.1·69

modulus of elasticity ......•... ••• •...... 3.1·7 transvel'!le weld shrinkage . . . . . . . . • • . .. .. 3.1·8 angular distortion ...............•...... 3.1·8 longitudinal distortion .. . . 3.1·9 carbon equivalent . . . . . . . . 3.3·3 heat input .......... . .............. 3.3·3 cost of labor .............. . . . .... 12.1·2,10 cost of welding materials ......... . ....... 12.1·2 operating factor . . . . . . 12.1·3 weight of electrode coru;umed ...... 12.1·5 time to make weld ................... 12.1·8 melt·off rate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.1·8 weight of weld metal deposited ........... 12.1·10 time for multi·pass weld ........... 12.1·10

Full·alloy welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6·5,6 Full·automatic welding ........ (see Automatic welding) Functioru; of numbers . . . . . . . . . . 16.1·53 - 62

... Fusion, correcting poor . . . . . . . .. 6.2'19

-G-Galvanized steel, welding ............. .. 13.2·1,2 Gases, shielding .......... 1.1·7; 4.1·17 - 20; 5.4-1 - 5

MIG welding of aiuminum ..... 9.3·6, 7 TIG welding of aluminum .............. 9.4·9, 10

Gas entrapment in welds . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3·2 Gas now . . . . . . . . . ...... 6.5·3; 9.3·6, 7 Gas metal·arc (MIG) welding .... 1.1·8;

4.1'17-20;5.4·2-4 carbon and low·alloy steels ..... 6.6·1 - 4 stainless steels ........ . .......... 7.4·1 - 4 aluminum and aluminum alloys .. 9.3·1-10 copper and copper alloys ............. 10.1·5,6 galvanized steel ....................... 13.2·2 clad steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6·6

Gas·shielded flux·cored welding 504·1, 2; 6.5'1 - 6 Gastungsten·arc(TlG)welding ... 1.1·7;4.1·17-20;

4.3·10,11; 5.4·4,5 carbon and tow·alloy steels .............. 6.7·1,2 staintess steels ...................... 7.5·1 - 3 aluminum and aluminum alloys ......... 9.4·1 - 11 copper and copper alloYI ......... 10.1-6 - 8 clad steels ....... 13.6·6

Globular transfer .... . ......... 4.1·19; 5.4·3; 6.6·1 Gouging. . . . . . ................ 13.5·1 - 4 Gray iron ........... 8.1·1,2 Groove·fillet combination welds 2.2·2 - 4 Groove joints ................ 2.2·5 - 8; 6.1·7 - 9;

6.3·19;7.3'1,2 Groove wetds, cracking in ........... . ... 6.1·7 - 9 Ground effect .................... . 3.2·2 Grounding .. ....... 4.3·3,4; 4.4-8, 9; 6.3'14 Guide tips ...... . ............ 6.4·5, 6 Guru;, semiautomatic ....... 1.1·7; 4.3·4 - 6; 504·1;

6.3-20; 6.4·5

-H-Hardenability, total .......... 3.3·3 Hardnessofmetals.. 1.2'1,6;8.2·2;13.7·2,3

coversion tables .................. 16.1·47 - 51 Hardness testing ....................... 11.2·17 Hardsurfacing .......... . ..... 13.7'1- 20

to maintain a cutting edge . . . • . . . . 13.7·7,8 to protect a single surface 13.7·8

16,1,70 Reference Section

to protect contacting surfaces alloy fiuxes procedures ........... .

Head shields Heat effects

13.7·8,9 13.7-14 -16 13.7·16 - 19

...... 15.1-1,2 .. 1.3-4;6.1-3,4;8.2-2;

9.1-1; 9.3-3,4 Heat input ............ 3.1-7; 3.3·1- 3; 6.1-19; 9.1·2 Heat·treatable steel$ .......... . ........ 13.7·5,6 Heliumshielding ........ 4.1-17,18;9.3-6,7 High.frequency arc starting 7.5-2; 9.4-7, 10 History

fusion joining .. . . 1.1-1 -10 covered e lectrode . •. ....... 1.1-3 - 5 arc-welding process ... 1.1·2 - 10

Hoods and booths, exhaust ........ . .. 15.1-4 Hot cracking. . . . ................ 8.2-2; 9.1-1,2 Hot shortness . . . . . . . . . . .......... 7.4·4 Hot-wire welding ..... • ...... 5.6-5; 7.5-3 Hydrogen . . . . • . . . • . . ...... 9.3-2, 3 Hydrostatic testing . ..... .. . .. . . . 11.2·17 HYsteei6... ........ 6.1-17,18

-[-

Impact data conversion table . . . . . . . . . 16.1·37 Impact strength. . ... 1.2·1,5, 6; 13.7·19, 20 Inert gases ....... ...... . .... 1.1·7 Ingot iron . . . . . . . . . . ....... 13.2·3 lnnershield welding .. . .... 1.1 ·8, 9; 5.3·1- 4

(see Self·shielded flux·cored) Inspection and testing ...... 2.1 ·5, 6;11.2·1-17 Installation, weld equipment ..... 14.1-1 - 3 Intermittent welds ......... 2.1·34; 2.2-6; 3.1·6; 11.1·5 Interpass temperatures 3.3·2 - 4; 6.2·17; 8.2·3; 13.4·5 Iron·powder electrodes ...... . 6.2·9 lzod test ......... 1.2·6

Jias and fixtUres

Joint cleanliness Joint design

-J-

....... 2.1·4; 2.1·43; 3.1·14, 15, 17; 3.2·5; 4.4·1 - 12; 9.2·2

· ............ 6.2·16; 6.3·16; 7.2·3, 4 · ......... 2.1·3,4; 2.2·1- 8; 6.2·16;

6.3·6 - 8; 6.6·2, 3; 7 .2,4; 7.3'1, 2; 9.1·2; 9.4·10; 13.4·2 - 4; 13.6·2 - 7

Joint geometry and filup Joint position

.... ~ ......... 6.2·15,16

........ 3.1·14;6.2·15;9.2·2 Joint preparation · . . . . . . . .. 2.2·6 - 8;6.2·16; 8.1·4;

13.6'1 - 3; 10.1·3 Joint requirements .............. 5.5·2 -7; 6.2·1 - 3 Joint restraint .... . ........ 6.1·6 - 9

-L-Lamellar cracking . ............. 6 .1·9 Lap welds . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 6.3·9; 6.3·17 Layout, weldment design ......... 2.1·2,3; 2.1·39, 40 Leak detection ...........•....... 11.2'14.16,17 Lenses, face shield ........ . . ..... 15.1·1,2 Line-Fi ll welding .................... . ... 5.6·5 Uncoln preheat calculator .. ..... .... . . 3.3·3 Liquid·penetrant inspection ..... 11.2'13,14 Loading

determining load conditions . . . . . .. . ... 2.1·2 tYpe:5 of ........................ 2.1·8 - 18

Long stickout ............ 1.3-4; 5.6·5; 6.3'5, 6; 6.4·5

Low·alloy steels ........ . ........... 6.1,20 - 22 Low·hydrogen electrodes ....• •. ... 1.1-6; 6.2'11 -13

-M-Magnetic arc blow ........... 1. . . ... 3.2-1 _ 3 Maif\etic fields (flux) .......... ! ..... ... 3.2.1 _ 4 Magnetic'particle inspection ...... •.. .. 11.2·10 -1 13 Maintenance, welding equipment 14.1,1 _ 7 Malleable iron ..... . . . . . . . . 8.1.1,2 Manganese, effects of .. . ....... ..... 6.1.2 Manipulators, welding ............... 4.4.1 - 12 Manual welding ...... . ........... 5.1'1 _ 4 Martensitic stainless steels ;...Y' ...•••• 7.1·5 - 11; 13.7.5 Materials, efficient use of .............. 2.1·39 - 41 Malerial selection . . . . .. .. 2.1.21,22 Mechanical properties . . . ....... 1.2·1 - 6

as basis for specification .... . ........ 6.1.3 deposited steel weld metal ................. 6.2.2 submerged·arc weld metal .... . ........... 6.3.1 flux·cored electrode weld metal .......... 6.4.2 CO2·shielded flux·cored weld metal ..•....... 6.5·1 ferritic stainless steels ............•... . .. 7.1-4 austenitic ~tainl_ ~tO:lel~ .•••..•....•....•. 7.1.4 martensitic sJ.ainless steels ................ . 7.1-7 stai nless stee~ weld metal .....•• • ........ 7.2·2,3 copper and copper alloys ................ 10.1·3

Mechanical testing ...... . ......... 11.2-16,17 Mechanized travel units ............ 1 .... 4.3-6,7 Mechanized welding .......... (see Automatic welding;

Equipment, welding; and Fixtures) Melting points ......................... 1.2-7,8 Melt-ofC rates ............ 5.2-2; 6.3-3; 12.1-8 Metallographic tests .. 11.2·16 Metals, sourCe:5 of information on .............. 2.4·4 Metal transfer ....... l ........ 1.3·3; 4.1-18; 5.1·2;

5.4·2 - 4; 6.6-1; 7.4-1, 2, 4 MIGwelding .......... .. 1.1·8;4.1-17-20;5.4·2-4 Modulus of elasticity ............ 1.2-1- 3; 3.1-4 Modulus of resilience .............. 1.2·5 Molybdenum steels . . . . . . . .. 6.1·21,22 Moment of inertia ... . ....... 2.1-11,12,27,28 Motor generators ........ . . . . . . .... . 4.2-5 - 7 Multiple arcs . . . . . . . ....... 3.2-3;6.3·13 - 15

6.3-20-22;7.5-3 Muntz metal ...... (see Copper and copper alloys)

-N-Narrow'gap welding . . . . . ..... 5.6-5 Neutral axis .................•..... 2.1-10; 3.1·6 Nickel steels .......••............ 6.1-20 Nickel-chromium steels ... ................. 6.1-20 Nondestructive testinr ................. . 11.2-4, 5 Nomographs

inertia of beam under bendinr load .......... 2.1-12 section modulus of beam under

2.1-13 bending load ......... 25 steel vs. cru;t iron for riridity ............. 2.1· use in conversions .. . ....•.... 2.1.25,2:

Nodular iron ...................... --: ... 8.1.12-6 Notch impact strength ..................... 1.

-0-Operating factor .................... 12.1-2,3 Operation, welding equipment ..... 14.1-1 - 6 Overwelding ......... 2.1-4; 2.1-33, 34; 3.1-5 Oxyacetylene welding ...... . .. 1.1-1 Oxygen in inert shielding gases. . . . . . . . .. . ... 4.1-18

-p-

Paralleling arc welders . . • . . . . 16.1-66 Painting over welds ..... . . . . . . . 16.1-63 Peening . . . . . . . 3.1-7 ; 8.2-3 Penetrameters . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 11.2-7 Penetration ..... 2.3-2; 5.5-2 - 4; 6.2-19; 9.4-2 Phosporu5 bronze "':-... (see Copper and copper alloys) Ph06phorus, effect of ........ . . 6.1"'3 Physical properties or m etals ............ 1.2·6 - 8 Pipeline welding .................. 13.3-1- 9

API qualification tests 11.3-35 - 38; 13.3-8, 9 Piping and tubing

AWS qualification testa Pipe steels' .. Pipe thawing Plasma arc

11 .3-15 - 24 .... 13.3-1,2

...... 13.8·1 - 3

definition . . . . . . . . .. 1.3·2, 3 heating and welding ...... _ . . 4 .3-11, 12; 5.6-3 , 4

Plate preparation . _ .. _ . . . . .. ...... . 2.1·3 Plug welds .......................... 6.3·9 ,10 Polarity, with 5ubmeried-arc ..... :---...... 6 .3-2,3, 17 Porosity, weld . . . . . 5.2-5; 6 .2-13, 18,19; 6.3-15 - 18;

6.6'1,2; 8.2-2; 9.3-2 - 5; 9.4·4; 11.1-4, 5

Positioners .. _ .... _ . . . . . ......... 2.1-4 Positioning of work _..... . ...... _ .~ .3 -2 Postweld heat treatment .. 6. 3,15 ;7.1-9;8.2,3 Power sources (see Welders) .. 4.2-1- 8

classification ..... 4.2-1 , 2 selecting . . . . . . . 4.2-7 ,8 fOf metal·arc welding ...... . .. _ . 5.1·3,4; 7.2-6 for self-shielded flux·cored welding .. . .. 6.4-4 for gas tungsten-arc .. 7.5-2; 9.4·4, 5 .cor arc iouging ........ . . . . . . 13.5-3 for underwater arc weldini ... 13.1-2

~:~~~~~;ec~~~e_n.d~~ ~.e l.d.i~g .. : : : : :: (see Pr~e.d~.r;~J Precipitation hardening ..... _ .. _ . . . . . 7.1·9 - 12 Preheating ............ 3.3-1-7; 6.1·6, 22;6.2·17;

'-- 6.3-15; 7.1-9;8.1·2, 4;

Prequal ified joints ....... . Preb fits Pressure vessels and piping

8.2-2,3; 9.1 -2; 9.2-1,2; 9.4·8; 13.4-5; 13.6·8; 13.7-11, 12

11.3·11-15 .... 6.3·17

. 2.4' 2,3; 3.3-7 11.3·1- 38

applicable codes and specirications Procedure qualification .. Procedures, welding

hasic guidelines ... _ . . . . . . . . 2 .1-5 code vs. commercial quality ~ .. . ..... _ .... 6.2-21 data sheets ... __ ........... 6.2·22; 6 .3-25; 6.4-15 shielded metal-arc with steel ...... 6.2-21 - 54 submerged·arc with steel .... _ . _ . . . 6 .3·23 -74 self-shielded nux·cored with steel 6.4·13 - 42 ~-shielded flux·cored with steel .. _ . 6.5-4, 5

Index /6./-71

gas metal·arc with steel .... . .... 6.6·3 ,4 gas tungsten-arc with steel 6 .7·1 ,2 shielded metal-arc with stai nless ... _ . . . 7.2-6 - 8 submerged-arc wi t h stainless 7.3-2 - 4 gas metal·arc with stainless 7.4-1 ,2 gas tungsten-arc with stainless . . . . .. .. 7.5-1 gas tungsten-arc with aluminum .. _ . 9.4-7, 10, 11 gas metal·arc with aluminum ......... 9.3·7 - 10 gas metal·arc with copper ............ 10.1-6 gas tungsten-arc with silicon bronze .... 10.1·7 gas tungsten-arc with copper .... 10.1·8 prequalified joints .. . _ . ] 1 .3-14 line pipe welding ...... . ... _ .. 13.3-3,4.6 - 8 notea on submerged·arc 6.3·24 notes on self-shielded flux-cored. . . . . . . . . 6.4-14 strength only ........ 6.3-23 ; 6.4·13 reinforcing·bar welding . _ . 13.4-4, 5 with clad steels ... 13.6-1 - 7 hardsurfacing ........ 13.7-16 - 19 pipe thawing .................. _ . 13.8-2,3

Processea, welding history of development carbon·arc shielded metal-arc

1.1·2 - 10 . . 1.1·2; 4.3-11

5.1 -1 - 4 5.2-1- 6 5.3-1- 4

submerged·arc .................. _ . sf!lf-shielded nux-cored ......• • . _ .. gas-shielded nux-cored .. . .• • • _ •.. . . . 5.4-1,2

5.4·2 - 4 gas metal-arc gas tungsten-arc ....... . .... 5.4-4, 5 selection . . . . . . . ... _ ... 5.5-1 - 7 electroslag ....... . . . .. .. . . . . . _ ..... 5.6-1, 2 electrogas ... _ ..... . ........•......... 5.6-2 s tud·arc .. _ ...............• _ . . . . . 5.6-2, 3 plasma-arc ........... _ . . . . .. 5.6-3, 4 atomic hydrogen __ ..........•........ 5.6-4,5 hot-wire .. . . . . . . . .. . 5.6-5 na.nuw-pp ..... . . . . . . • . . . . .. 5.6-5 master chart of . _ . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . 16.1-30

Proortesting ........... . ... 11.2-16,17 Production considerations _. . . • . • . . . 5.5-6 Proportional eleastic limit .... 1.2-2 Protective equipment .. . Pulsed·arc transfer ....... .

4.3-12; 15 .1-1, 2 . 7.4-4

-Q-Quality V8, acceptability Quality, weld ......... .

.. ... . 11.1-2,3 6.2-21 ; 6_3·23; 6.4-13;

9.1-3; 9.3-1 - 6; 11.1-1 - 5 Qualification tests .................. 11.3-1 - 38

AWS buildings and bridges ...... _. . . 11.3-1-15 AWS piping and tubing ... _ . . . . 11.3·15 - 24 ASME boiler and pressure vessel 11.3-24 - 35 API pipeline ....... _ 11.3-35 - 38; 13.3-8, 9 How to pass .................. _ .. 11.3-8 - 10

Quench hardness ................ _ ........ 8.2·2 Quenched and tempered steels ..... 3_3-4 - 6; 6.17 - 19

-R-Radialforces ............ . .... 2.1-36 ,37 Radiographic inspection ........ 11.2-6 - 10; 11.3-7, 8 Radius of gyration ... ___ ... __ .. _ . . . . ... 2.1-9 Reactive additions to shielding gases ... 4.1-17 - 20

16.1·72 Reference Section

Rede&iln by equivalent sections by nomographs .......... .

2.1-22 - 27 2.1-25 - 27 13.H - 6 Reinforcing bars, welding

Repair welding ..... Resistance heating Resistance welding Rigidity

conversion via nomographs designing for ... equivalent rigidity factors

Rockwell hardness measuring Roda, weldin"

... 8.1·3 - 6; 8.2-1 - 4 .. 1.3·3, 4

......... 1.1·1

..... 2.1-25,26 ....... 2.1-7

............. 2.1-23 . . . . . . . . . . 1.2-6

Cr and Cr-Ni ................. . 4.1-9,10 4.1-10 4.1-11

4.1-11 -17

(or cast iron .................. . for aluminum for copper and copper alloys ..

-s-Safety practices. . . . . .. .. 13.1-3,4; 13.5-4; 15.1-1 - 5 Schaerner diagram ..... . . . . . . . . .. .. 7.1·7 Scott connection ...... 3.2-4; 4.2-4 Section thickness, effects of 6.1-5,6 Selection

fixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4-3 - 6 welding process . . . . . . 5.5·1 - 7 process chart .............. . . . ....... 5.5·7 electrodes for ea:rbon and low·alloy steels ... 6.2-1 - 15 electrodes for butt welds . . . . . . . . . . 6.2-1 electrodes for fillet and corner welds ... . . 6.2-3 electrodes for sheet metal welds ..... . ...... 6.2-3 electrodes for ASTM steels . . . . . . . . 6.2·4-7 electrodes for stainless steel ........ 7.2·2,3 electrodes for cast iron ...... 8.1·2,3 electrodes for cast steel . . . .. _ . . 8.2·3,4 electrodes for aluminum and

alu minum alloys ........ . ...... 9.2-1 'harsurfacing materials .. ..... , 13.7-7 -10

Self·shielded nux-cored process .. 5.3-1 - 4-;-6.4-1 - 42 SemiaUstentic steels . . . . . . . . . 7.1-11; 13.7-4 Semiautomatic guns .... . . , ... 1.1·7; 4.3-4 - 6;

5.4-1; 6.3-20; 6.4-5 Semiautomatic welding ... 5.2-1 - 4; 5.3-1 - 4; 6.3-19, 20 Sequen~ welding 3.1·6,11-15 Shear allowables .............. . .. 2.3-1 - 7 Shearioading . . . . . . . . . .... 2.1 -11 Shear strength. . . . . . . . . . 1.2-1,3 Sheet metal

joints ............ . .. 6.2·3,15;6.3-6 welding .................... 6.2-11,15;6.3-10

Shielding, arc ....... 1.3-1, 2; 5.1-2. 3; 5.2·1; 9.3·5 - 7; 9.4-9

Shielded metal-arc process .. . . ......... 5.1-1 - 4 welding cargon and low·alloy steels ... 6.2-1 - 54 we lding stainless steels ................ 7.2·1 - 8 welding a luminum and aluminum alloys 9.2-1,2 welding copper and copper alloys .. 10.1-3 - 5 welding clad steels .. 13.6·2 - 6 welding galvanizes steel ....... 13.2·1,2

Ship construction welding h istory applicable codes and specifications

....... 1.1·6

Shore scleroscope hardness .... . ..... . 2.4·4,5

. .... 1.2-6

Short-cirCuiting transfer (Short-arc welding) 4.1-19; 5.4-3; 6.6-1 ; 7.4·2; 13 2-2

Shrinkage . as a cause of distortion .... - .......... ~3.1-2 , 3 used constructively . .. 3.1 -3 ; 3.1-1,6, 17 control of ........... _ . . . . .. 3.1-4-7 calculating in welds ...... ~. _ ......... 3.1-7 - 9 steel weld beads on cast iron ... \ . . .... . ... 8.1-4 , 5

Sigma phase ........................ . .. . 7~ 1-6 Silicon bronze . .. . ..... (see Copper and copper alloys ) Silicon effect of .................... _ .... 6.1-3 S~7.~, submerged·arc electrodes .. . . . . . 6.3-1, 2 SIZing of welds ...... . ... 2.1-4; 2.2·1, 4 , 5; 2.3-1 , 2 Slag removal ....... . ......... 6.3-12, 13; 6.4 -6 Spalling ...... . . . . . . . . ......... 13.7-11 Spatter ........ . .......... 6.2-18 Specifications ........

in design ........... . · ....... 2.1-31, 32 for intermittent welds ....... 2.1·34 ,35

(see Steels and Steel specification) Speeds, comparative weld inll .......... . 6.3-1 Spittinll, electrode .............. . ...... 9.4-6 Spot checking . . . ~ ........ . . .... 11.2.17 Spot weld ing ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . 5 .4-4 Spray-arc transfer ......... 5.4-2 - 4; 6.6-1 ; 7.4 -1 , 2, 4 Stabilized stainless steels ..... . .. 7.1-8,9 Stainless steels -...

compositions and grades .............. 7.1-1 - 12 weldability ..... . welding via shielded metal-arc welding via su bmerged·arc ..... welding via gas metal-arc .. welding via gas tungsten-arc ....

· .. "')' . 7.1-1 -12 . . .. .. . .. 7.2-1 - 8 · . . _ ..... 7.3-1 - 4 . .•...... 7.4-1 - 4 .. _ •..... 7.5-1-3

Steels AISI designation system ... . . .• . . . 6.1-2, 10 specifications ........ ) ............... 6.1-1 - 3 AlSI-SAE compoSitIOns ...... . .......... 6.1 -10 low-carbon ............... . _ •..... 6.1-10,11 clad ......•. _ • ..... 13.6-1 - 6 medium and high carbon ... •. _ •..... 6.1-11 , 12 structural carbon ........ _ • . . . . ... 6.1-12 high-strength, low-alloy ........•.. 6.1-12 -17

ASTM specifications ............. 6.1-13 - 16 SAE specifications ........ 6.1-16, 17

quenched and tempered .....•• _ • . . . .. 6.1-17 , 18 ASTM: specifications ..• . _ • . . . . . 6.1-18

low-alloy ................. •• ..... 6.1-19 , 20 stai nleSll ... . • ..... . 7.1-1-12 pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 13.3-1 reinforcing.bar .............•.... .:. .... 13.4-1

Steel s pecification by chemistry by mechanical properties by end product

... . _ ....... 6.1-1 -3 .......... 6.1-3

. .... 6.1-3 reinforcing bars ........... . · ..... . .... 13.4-1

1.3·3, 4 ;5.1-1 -4 ... 6.4-5,6,9; 6.5-3,

(see Lon, stickout )

Stick-electrode welding ... . Stickout, electrical ............ .

.............. 2.1·19 .. _ .......... ~1 -12

St iffeners ............ . Stiffness, nomograph Storage tanks

a pplicable codes and specifications .. 24-3 ......... Strength

designing for . . 2.1-7 ...... ' .... '

equivalent strength factor .... . ...... 2.1·24 nomograph ..... . . . • . . . . . 2.1-18 of aluminum alloys underwater welds

....... _ ......... 9.1-3 ........ _ . _ . • . . . 13.1-1

Strength, definitions tensile ...................... . ... 1.2-1,2 compressive . . . • . . . . ..... 1.2-3 shear ______ . . . . . _ .••....... 1.2-3, 4 fatiiue ......... . .• • ..•.. .. ... _ ...... 1.2-4 impact _ . . . .... . .............. . ......... 1,.2·5 yield .. . . . . . . . . .. 1.2-2

StreS!; analysis ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 2.1-33 StreS!; failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18.7-12,13 StreS!; raisers ... . . . . . . . . 1.2·4; 2.1-35, 36 StrelS relief . .. • . . . .. 3.1-7,18; 3.3-7; 13. 6·8 Stress·strain .. [ .••................ 1.2·2 - 5 Stronibacks .. r ..................... 3.1-17,18 Structural steels

carbon ................ . ...... 6.1-12 high-strength, low-alloy 6.1·12 - 17 quench:d and tem,.-ed alloy ......... 6.1·17 - 20

Stud weldlnt- ......................... 5.6-2, 3 Studding .................. . .... 8.1-5,6 Subassemblies, weldment .. --:-7" 2.1-4,43 Submerged-arc welding ...... 1.1-7; 4.3-8 - 10; 5.2-1 - 5

carbon and low·alloy steels ........ 6.3·1 - 74 trouble-shooting guide . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.3-26,27 stainless steels ..... . ............ 7.3-1 - 4 clad ste.1s ................. _ ........ 13.6-6

Sulfur .--effect in steels ........... . segregation ............ .

Symbols desiin formula COlt equation

.........•..•.......... 2.1-0 .................. 12.1-2

standard welding (AWS) ..... . .. 16.1-25 - 29 ,

/ -T-Tandem arc weldinl ......... . ...... 6.3-13, 15, 22 Techniques, welding

shielded me~ arc, carbon and low-alloy steels ........ . 6.2-8-12

submerged·arc, oobon and low·alloy steels ........ . 6.3·2 -15

submerged·arc, carbon and low-alloy steels with multiple arcs ........... 6.3-13 - 15

semiautomatic self·shielded nux-cored, carbon and low-alloy steels

\ fuil·automatic self-shielded nux'cored, carbon and low-alloy steels .....

IU-shielded nux-cored,

6.4-6- 9

6.4-9-11

carbon and low-alloy steela ........ /":- . 6.5-1 - 6 shielded metal·arc, stainless ........ . ... 7.2-4,5 submerged-arc, stainless .. 7.3-3 gas metal-arc, stainless 7.4-1 - 4 gas tungsten·arc, stainless . . . . . .. 7.5·1 - 3 shielded metal-arc, aluminum . . . . . . . . 9.2·12 gas metal-arc, a luminum ......... 9.3-1 - 10 AC TIG, aluminum .......... 9.4·7 - 9 DCSP TIO, aluminum . . . . . . . 9.4-9 - 11 nCRP TIG, aluminum 9.4-11 cast iron .............•.. 8.1-1 - 6

Index 16.1-73

nodular iron ......... 8.1-6 cast steel ......................... 8.2-1 - 4 shielded metal-arc, copper ........•.... 10.1-3 - 5 gas metal-arc, copper ... . •. •• • . . . 10.1·5,6 gas tunpten'arc, copper 10.1-6 - 8 carbon-arc, copper .................. 10.1-8 concrete-reinforcing bars ......... 13.4-1 - 5 underwater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 13.1·2,3 galvanized steel ......... . ..•.... .. 13.2·1,2 pipeline ... . .................... 13.3-2 - 8 clad steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 13.6-1-7 hardsurfacing. ....... .. 13.7-10-19

Temperature conversion tables .............. 16.1·52 Temperatures, preheat and interpass ........ 3.3·1 - 5 Tensilestrength . .. . . . ... . . . . 1.2-1.2 Tension loading . . . . . . . ........ 2.1-8 Terms and definitions, arc-welding ........ 16.1·1 - 24 TH",

tensile ............................ 1.2-1,2 mechanical properties, flux-cored welds .. . 6.4-2

11.3·1- 3 11.3-2 - 6 ... 11.3·6

AWS procedure qualification .......... . AWS welder qualificaiton ..... . AWS weldinl operator qualification AWS qualification testli for piping

and tubing .. ASME qualification tests for pipe

and plate ....... . API qualification tests for pipeline

11.3-15 - 24

11.3-24 - 35

welding ... . .............. 11.3-35 - 38 abrasion and impact resistance ......... 13.7-19,20

Thawing water pipes . . . . . . 13.8·1 - 3 Thermal arc blow ............... . . 3.2·3 Thermal conductivity

definition .... of commercial metals effect on shrinkage

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2·6 ............. 1.2·7

. . . . . . .. .. 3.1-4 Thermal efficiencies ....... . ............... 1.3-3 Thermal expansion TIO. welding

. . . . . . . . .. 1.2·7; 3.1·1- 3

..... 1.1-7;4.1·17-20;4.3-10,11; 5.4-4,5; 6.7·1

Time, welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1·7 Timers, synchronous . . . . . .. . ...... 4.4·9 -11 Tolerances, manufacturinll ......•.. 2.1·39 Tool and die steels .. ............... 13.7-7 Torches

carbon·uc ........... . . . . . . 4.3-11 plasma-arc ........... 4.3-11; 5.6-3,4 TIG 4.3-11; 5.4-4,5; 5.6·4; 6.7·2; 7.5-1 - 3;

9.4·5 arc-gouging.. . . . . . . . . . ... 13.5-1,2,4

Torsional loading . . . . . . . ... 2.1·15 -18 Torsional properties, closed tubes 2.1·17 Toughness of metals . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 1.2·5 Transfer of forces ............... 2.1-19,36,37 Travel speed, arc ....... 6.2·15; 6.3-4,5,14,18;

6.4-9-11;6.5-2,3;9.1·2 Trouble-shootinll .......... 6.2-17 - 19; 6.3'26,27;

7.5-2; 7.3·3; 6.4·9; 13.5-4; 14.1-6, 7 Tubular sectiom .......... 2.1-17 Tungsten carbide ...................... 13.7-1,2 Tungsten electrodes, care .nd shaping ..... 9.4-6, 7 Tungsten inert-gas welding ... 1.1-7;4.1-17-20;

4.3-10,11; 5.4·4, 5; 9.4-1-11 Twin-electrode welding ............. 4.3·7 - 9; 6.3·21

16.1·74 Reference Section

-u -Ultimate energy resistance ...... . Ultrasonic inspection ... . Under bead cracking .. . Undercut ... . ..... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2-5 11.2·14, 15

. . (see Cracking) . ... 6.2-18; 11.1·4, 5

Underwater welding .. Unsymmetrical beams

. ........... 13.1-1- 4

Ventilation .. Vertical-down welding Vertical-up welding VisibilitY,lIrc Visual inspection .. Voltaae

............ 3.1-10,11

- y-. .. 15.1-4,5 .. 13.3·2 - 4

............ 6.4·11; 13.3-4 - 6 ................. 5.5·6

..11.2-1-5

constant . . .. .. . . .. .. . 4.2-2; 4.2-6;6.3-22 variable ............. 4.2-2,5,6; 5.1-4; 6.3-21,22;

7.5-2 effect of variations . . . . 6.3·3 - 5; 6.4-7,8; 6.5·2

-IV-

Water piping, specifications for Web·to-flange welding Weights of steel shapes Weights of steel weld metal Weldability

carbon and low·alloy steels

... 2.4-3 .. 3.1-14,15

..... 16.1-43 - 46 ... 12.1·3 - 8

...... 6.1-1-20;6.2-21; 6.3·23; 6.4-13, 14

quenched and tempered steels .......... 6.1-18,19 stainless steels ..................... 7.1·1-12 aluminum and aluminum alloys ... 9.1-1 - 6 copper and copper alloys . . . . . . . . ..... 10.1-1

Weld bead metallurllY ..... ....... . . 6.1-3,4 Weldderect~,~isnifieaneeor .. 11.1_3_5;11.2_1

with clad steels ... . . . . . . 13.6-7 Weld metal, stainless chemical requirement. . . 7.2-1 Weld quality ......... . . . . . . UJ-l- 6 Welded design

reneral considerations ......... 2.1-1 (actors that aCCect ................... 2.1-2 - 6 desirn approach 2.1-6,20 for strength and r igidity ............. . . 2.1'7 evolution of a design ............. 2.1-28,29 qualitative vs. quantitative methods ..... 2.1·29 - 3 1

meeting a desirn problem Welders .... . ....•....... 2.1-31,32 AC transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2'1 - 8

alternators ... :'::::::'::::::::' ::: ~:2'-~:;:.: AC-OC transformer·rectiflers ...... . ..... '14.2-4,5 DC generators .................. .

1· 1 .... 4.a-5 6

mu hp e output ...................... 4.2.7 selection .............. '" . . . . . . . . 4 2-1 8

Welding arc ................ \ .... ..... 1'3-2' 3 Welding cable\i ................. , 4.3~1· 2' i3 .S.3 Weld!ng concrete-reinforcing bars ....... ... '13:4-1'- 6 Weld~ng containers, precautions when ........ 16.1.3 Weld~ng c~ts. . ......... 12.1,1 -12 Weldmg CIrCUIt, basic . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.3.1 Welding currents

choice of ...... . . . . • • . . . . . . . .. 1 3-3 4 ty~ Cor submeried-arc ............... . 6:3.2: 3 for Clrcumferential weldiift,. .. ....... ...... 6.3-12

Welding fixtures .... ... .......... .. (see Filltufft) Welding heads ........ .... 4.3-7 - 10; 4.4-4 - 6; 6.4·2 Welding with mUltiple arcs ....... 6.3·13 - 15 20 - 22 Welding operator qualification ... (see Qualification t-.ta) Welding procedures ............... (see ProcedUretl) Welding processes .... -;..... . . . .. (see Processes, weldinc) Welding processes, AWS master chart ...... ... 16.1-30 Welding sequence ............... 3.1-6,11,12 -15 Welding stainless to mild steel .............. 7.2·5 6 Welding symbols ....... . .. ........ 16.1-25 - b Welding techniques ........ (see Techniques, weldinc) Welding time, minimizing ............ ;/ ... .. 3.1·7 Weldment layout .............. 2.1-2,3; 2.1-39 - 41 Weldor qualification .. ....... (lee Qualification testa) Weld reinforcement .................... 2.2-2 - 4 Weld types .......... . ........ 2.1-33; 2.2-1- 5 White iron .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8.1-1 Wire data ... . ............ 16.1-39 - 41 Wire feeding ... . 'J' . 4.3-4 - 10; 6.3-19, 20; 6.4 ·5

-x-X-ray examination .. .. (see Radi0ft8.phic inspection)

-y-Yield strength ... ....... 1.2-1,2; 3.1·4