The Problem It takes 2-6 business days for parcels to reach their destination. With the increase of online shopping, faster transport of parcels is required. Would there be another way to deliver parcels at much higher speeds? Solving The Problem

We solve this problem by introducing Hypermail. Our solution, Hypermail, utilises magnetic levitation in a low pressure tube to transport mail and packages across major cities within hours or even minutes. Hypermail can travel at top speeds of 1250 km/h, the tested top speed of Hyperloop. It can travel from Melbourne to Sydney in approximately 45 minutes. Hypermail also removes the time required for loading / unloading of parcels from aircrafts. The Hyperloop is an advanced transport system proposed by Elon Musk that reduces friction to achieve top speeds. It uses magnetic levitation to remove friction with the track. Its pods travel inside a low pressure tube, decreasing air friction to reach top speeds of 1250 km/h. The Hyperloop designed for humans creates several challenges. One of the significant problems is of high acceleration forces that would be very uncomfortable for human travel. The Kantrowitz limit also places limits on the design of the system. When the pod is travelling slower than the speed of sound, it requires large pods to hold humans, which increases the cost and the complexity of constructing the tube. It is also expected to take large time periods to acquire land required to construct all the system. The system in the USA is expected to cost nearly $100 billion (AUD $127 billion), and take 3 to 5 years to construct. Hypermail has the same principles as the Hyperloop but is designed for packages. Using the Hyperloop technology for packages instead of humans overcomes several of the problems faced by teams trying to construct maglev trains in a low pressure tube. This allows for smaller size, cost and allows the pod to travel at higher speeds as comfort is not a problem. Hypermail would work within a small “low pressure tube” constructed near gas pipelines and other existing infrastructure, reducing the cost. Hypermail could travel at higher speeds without safety concerns.

Hypermail produces no air pollution during operation and renewable energy is in use. There is no physical contact, there is no rolling friction or screeching noise that one would expect in traditional train transport, therefore reducing noise pollution. Hypermail Model Development Test No. 1

1. Stick taped ferrite magnets on toy tracks, North facing up.

2. Created straw carriage 3. Ferrite magnets attached underneath the carriage. North facing down. 4. Thin plastic walls used to hold the carriage in place.

Result

The carriage floated but not consistently. Problem Ferrite magnets were not strong enough to levitate the carriage effectively. We first must stabilise the magnet to not flip over. We decided to use more magnets but Earnshaw’s theorem , discovered by Samuel Earnshaw in 1842, states that no matter how many magnets used, the floating magnet cannot be stabilised. As an alternative, we decided to use strong Perspex walls to hold the carriage. Solution Stronger Neodymium magnets and stronger Perspex sheet to be used in test 2. A circular track is also introduced. Test No. 2

1. Sticky tape neodymium magnets onto the circular toy track, North facing up. 2. Created a carriage with straws and neodymium magnets, North facing down. 3. Stronger Perspex sheet to make walls.. 4. Placed carriage over the track.

Result

Carriage levitated but not consistent as magnets keep flipping. Problem The strong neodymium magnets keep flipping over as it is not adequately adhered to the track. It was also difficult to make a circular wall to restrain the carriage. Solution Use of metal track to more effectively hold down the magnets in a straight track in Test 3. Test No. 3

1. Placed neodymium magnets on straight metal bar, North facing up. 2. Created a carriage with straws and neodymium magnets. North facing down. 3. Strong Perspex plastic sheet to make walls.. 4. Place carriage over track.

Result

The magnets of the carriage were getting attracted to the metal track whenever there was a misalignment.

Problem The metal bar attracted the carriage, messing up the force we needed to make the carriage levitate. Solution Non-metal track is to be used. We used wooden track with holes drilled into it to better secure the strong neodymium magnets in Test 4. Also decided to use corflute for carriage for more stability.

Test No. 4

1. Drilled several holes at 1cm interval in a wooden bar for neodymium magnets. 2. Glue Neodymium magnets in holes. North facing up.

3. Created carriage using corflute. Neodymium magnets stuck under it. North facing down.

4. Strong Perspex plastic sheet to make walls. 5. Place carriage over the track. 6. Experimented with using a pivot in the centre to move carriage.

Result The carriage moved smoothly with help of gravity over the pivot.

Test No. 5

With setup as in Test 4, we created Halbach arrays for our carriage.

Halbach Array

Its strong where 3 red are together or 3 white but red white red white cancel.

Array Benefits

The array focuses most of its force from one side and very little from the other.

This is excellent for safety, if electricity fails the carriage keeps floating. There is not much magnetism in the carriage so iron things in mail don’t stick to floor. You get a stronger magnet force down for the same size magnet.

Making the array.

Improvement of Current Model

Use of a circular tube instead of a square so that vacuum is more easily created and tolerated. Make curve sections in tracks like in real life. Use stronger electromagnets.

Personal Risk Assessment When making of our model, we always wore safety goggles, gloves and occasionally ear-muffs when using power tools. Adult supervision was requested when needed.

Hypermail Risk Assessment Low Risk to people by packages going through a pipeline No airlines / weather accidents No explosives No toxic gasses No radiation No passengers to get hurt. Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the many assistance we had received from our parents in developing ideas, researching, explaining concepts, planning and making of the model, taking photos, filming, editing, administrative support and most importantly encouragement to persist on the project. Specific mention to the below for our discussion on magnetic levitation and designing of the model. 1. Mr. John Hansen, BSc Physics 2. Mr Samir Sinha, Mechanical Engineer 3. Mr Peter Yang, constructing and Construction expert

4. Mrs Anna Rigg, official editor. Master Dain Hansen, helper Bibliography 1. Maglev – Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev 2. construct floating train: https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Phys_p093.shtml 3. Exporting Bullet train: http://www.nippon.com/en/genre/politics/l00084/ 4. Japan maglev: https://cleantechnica.com/2011/06/19/japans-wicked-fast-maglev-train-moves-forward-again/ 5.New Japanese maglev: http://en.publika.md/japan-breaks-own-speed-record-with-new-maglev-train_2630115.htm 6. Japanese fastest train: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32391020 7. What is Hyperloop: http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/132405-what-is-elon-musk-s-hyperloop-the-700mph-subsonic-train-explained 8. facts about fastest train: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/maglev-know-some-important-facts-about-the-fastest-train-of-the-world/1/431682.html 9. Hyperloop One: https://hyperloop-one.com/ 10. Earnshaw’s Theorem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnshaw%27s_theorem 11. magnet’s repelling force: https://www.kjmagnetics.com/blog.asp?p=maglev-train 12. Aust post delivery times https://auspost.com.au/sending/send-within-australia/delivery-speeds-and-coverage 13.Sydney-Melbourne Hyperloop http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/future-melbourne/hyperloop-technology-could-make-melbourne-to-sydney-quicker-than-plane/news-story/585f5308fe1e2e293f8196cfaf492340 14.Goods Transportation http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/afreight.htm 15. Halbach Array https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQWHjj6ofwo http://www.gaussboys.com/store/index.php/magnet-information/halbach-array-info.html 16. E-commerce market size in Australia https://www.webalive.com.au/future-of-australian-ecommerce/

17. Amazon entering Australia http://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/amazon-could-launch-retail-operations-in-australia-within-weeks/news-story/c8571e2feed52452839acf9803a50ff9 18. Cost breakdown of Hyperloop https://infogram.com/hyperloop-cost-1gnl8m3ey35z236 19. Kantrowitz Limit http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/hyperloop_alpha-20130812.pdf 20. Kantrowitz Limit https://www.hyperloopdesign.net/airflow