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The Problem with Maps of Metropolitan Statistical Areas
John OttensmannIndiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
March 2018
Introduction
Maps showing Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) can be misleading. Some MSAs encompass large areas, much of which is in no way integrated with the metropolitan area. These areas may have no urban or metropolitan character. When numbers of such MSAs are contiguous, they can present the impression of a very extensive metropolitan area, leading to misperceptions about areas of urban and metropolitan development.
Figure 1 is a map from the Census showing the extent of MSAs and Micropolitan Statistical Areas (the smaller analogues to MSAs). The areas shaded the darker green are the MSAs and the lighter green areas are the Micropolitan Areas. The largest extent of contiguous MSAs is in the southwestern corner of the United States. This area includes most of the western two-thirds of Arizona, all of southern California, goes up through much of California to north of San Francisco and Sacramento, and even extends into Nevada and Utah. Just from looking at the map, it certainly appears to be the largest area of metropolitan settlement, larger than the area of contiguous MSAs in the northeastern United States extending from south of Washington, DC, to north of Boston.
MSAs are defined as those areas with significant commuting to the central portions of the MSA (U.S. Office of Management and Budget 2010). As such, MSAs extend beyond the built-up urban areas (which the Census defines as Urbanized Areas). But while not being completely developed and urban, these outlying portions of MSAs generally include significant numbers of people, including those commuting towards the center. One will generally see signs of settlement beyond what is typical of purely rural areas, pockets of residential development along with cities and towns. The amount of such settlement declines as one moves outward into purely rural, nonmetropolitan areas.
Now consider that large area of MSAs in the southwestern United States. Traveling west on Interstate 40 across northern Arizona you come to Winslow (population just under 10,000) a few miles before entering Cococino County, the Flagstaff MSA, and that area of MSAs extending west to Los Angeles and the Pacific. From Winslow to Victorville, California (population over 115,000) is 440 miles according to Google Maps. Here is what you pass along the way: The first significant city, the largest you will encounter on this trip, is Flagstaff, with a population of 66,000. This does meet the criterion for establishing an Urbanized Area and an MSA, though just barely. Continuing
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Figure 1. Metropolitan and Micropolitan Areas of the United States and Puerto Rico (U.S. Bureau of the Census 2013).
across Arizona, you will pass Williams (3,000) and Sedona (10,000) before coming to the second largest city on this journey, Kingman, with a population of 28,000. After crossing into California, the next town is Needles (5,000). Then there is a long gap of 144 miles until Barstow, population 23,000. After Barstow, the next city is the end of this trip, Victorville. This hardly seems like urban or metropolitan territory. And there is certainly nothing one sees when driving this stretch that would counter this.
By coincidence, the Google Maps distance from Washington, DC., to Boston following Interstate 95 is exactly the same distance, 440 miles. But on this trip you would pass by Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Providence, and many other substantial urban areas. One would seldom have the impression on this trip of not being within a metropolitan area.
The difference is caused by the way MSAs are defined and the sizes of counties in the much of the western United States. MSAs are delineated using whole counties as building blocks. When a county meets one of the criteria for being considered as, or for inclusion in, an MSA—urban area size or commuting—the entire county becomes part of the MSA. The population in only a portion of the county may have led to its being
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Rich-mond
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Rock Springs
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Roswell
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Silver City
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Toccoa
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Tullahoma-Manchester
Tupelo
Twin Falls
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SAN ANTONIO-NEW BRAUNFELS
SAN DIEGO-CARLSBAD
SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND-HAYWARD
SAN JOSE-SUNNYVALE-SANTA CLARA
SAN LUIS OBISPO-PASO ROBLES-ARROYO GRANDE
SANTA CRUZ-WATSONVILLE
SANTA FE
SANTA MARIA-SANTA BARBARA
SANTA ROSA
SAVANNAH
SCRANTON--
WILKES-BARRE--
HAZLETON
SEATTLE-TACOMA-BELLEVUE
SEBRING
SHEBOYGAN
SHERMAN-DENISON
SHREVEPORT-BOSSIER CITY
SIERRA VISTA-DOUGLAS
SIOUXCITY
SIOUX FALLS
SOUTHBEND-
MISHAWAKA
SPARTANBURG
SPOKANE-SPOKANE VALLEY
SPRINGFIELD
SPRINGFIELD
SPRINGFIELD
SPRING-FIELD
STATECOLLEGE
STAUNTON-
WAYNESBORO
STOCKTON-LODI
SUMTER
SYRACUSE
TALLAHASSEE
TAMPA-
ST. PETERSBURG-
CLEARWATER
TERREHAUTE
TEXARKANA
THEVILLAGES
TOLEDO
TOPEKA
TRENTON
TUCSON
TULSA
TUSCALOOSA
TYLER
UTICA-ROME
VALDOSTA
VALLEJO-FAIRFIELD
VICTORIA
VINELAND-BRIDGETON
VISALIA-PORTERVILLE
WACO
WALLA WALLA
WARNERROBINS
WASHINGTON-
ARLINGTON-
ALEXANDRIA
WATERLOO-CEDAR FALLS
WATERTOWN-
FORT DRUM
WAUSAU
WEIRTON-
STEUBENVILLE
WENATCHEE
WHEELING
WICHITA
WICHITA FALLS
WILLIAMSPORT
WILMINGTON
WINCHESTER
WINSTON-SALEM
WORCESTER
YAKIMA
YORK-HANOVER
YUBA CITY
YUMA
Vidalia
Vin-cennes
VineyardHaven
Wa-bash
Wahpeton
Wapakoneta
Warren
Warrensburg
Warsaw
Washington
Washington
WashingtonCourt House
Watertown
Watertown-Fort
Atkinson
Wauchula
Waycross
Weatherford
WestPlains
White-water-Elkhorn
Williston
Willmar
Wilming-ton
Wilson
Winnemucca
Winona
WisconsinRapids-
Marshfield
Woodward
Wooster
Worthington
Yankton
Zanesville
Zapata
PALM BAY-MELBOURNE-TITUSVILLE
SEBASTIAN-VERO BEACH
MIAMI-FORT LAUDERDALE-
WEST PALM BEACH
CUMBERLAND
PROVIDENCE-
WARWICK
BOSTON-CAMBRIDGE-NEWTON
YOUNGSTOWN-WARREN-
BOARDMAN
PointPleasant
HILTON HEAD ISLAND-BLUFFTON-BEAUFORT
VIRGINIA BEACH-NORFOLK-NEWPORT NEWS
Anaheim-Santa Ana-Irvine
Boston
Cambridge-Newton-
Framingham
Camden
Chicago-Naperville-
ArlingtonHeights
Dallas-Plano-Irving
Detroit-Dearborn-Livonia
DutchessCounty-PutnamCounty
Elgin
Fort Lauderdale-
Pompano Beach-
Deerfield Beach
Fort Worth-Arlington
Gary
Lake County-Kenosha County
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale
Miami-Miami Beach-
Kendall
Montgomery
County-Bucks
County-Chester County
Nassau County-
Suffolk CountyNewark
New York-
Jersey City-
White Plains
Oakland-Hayward-Berkeley
Philadelphia
RockinghamCounty-
Strafford County
San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco
SanRafael
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett
SilverSpring-
Frederick-Rockville
Tacoma-Lakewood
Warren-Troy-Farmington Hills
Washington-Arlington-
Alexandria
West Palm Beach-
Boca Raton-
Delray Beach
Wilmington
70°W75°W115°W120°W
120°W125°W130°W
50°N
25°N
Pacific Ocean
Gulf of Mexico
Atlantic Ocean
C A N A D A
M E X I C O
110°W 105°W 100°W 95°W 90°W 85°W 80°W
115°W120°W
75°W 70°W
125°W 120°W
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55°N 115°W 110°W 105°W 100°W 95°W 90°W 85°W 80°W 75°W 70°W 65°W 60°W
AK
KETCHIKAN GATEWAY
MATANUSKA-SUSITNA
JUNEAU
ANCHORAGE
FAIRBANKSNORTH STAR
Juneau
Ketchikan
ANCHORAGE
FAIRBANKS
60°N
150°W 130°W140°W160°W170°W170°E
50°N
Bering Sea
R U S S I A
C A N A D A
180°
55°N
65°N70°N
HI
Hilo
Kapaa
KAHULUI-WAILUKU-LAHAINA
URBANHONOLULU
MAUI
HAWAII
KALAWAO
HONOLULU
KAUAI
22°N
20°N
Pacific Ocean
160°W 156°W158°W 154°W
PR CIALESCOROZALMOROVIS
PONCE
MAYAGÜEZ(part)
UTUADO
ADJUNTAS
AGUADILLA
AGUASBUENAS
AIBONITO
AÑASCO
ARROYO
BARRAN-QUITAS
BAYA
MÓN
CABOROJO
CAGUASNAGUABO
NARANJITO
PEÑUELAS
QUEBRADILLAS
RINCÓN
SALINAS
SANJUAN
SANLORENZO
SANTAISABEL
TOA ALTA
TOA BAJA
TRUJILLOALTO
VEGABAJA
VILLALBA
YAUCO
CANÓVANAS
CAYEY
CEIBA
CIDRA
COAMO
FAJARDO
FLORID
A
GUÁNICA
GUAY
ANILL
A
GUAY
NABO
GURABO
HORMIGUEROS
HUMACAO
LAJAS
LARES
LAS P
IEDRA
S
LUQUILLO
MAUNABO
CAMUY
HATILLO
LOÍZA
PATILLASSABANAGRANDE
SAN SEBASTIÁN
YABUCOA
JUNCOS
JUANADÍAZ
AGUADA
BARCELONETA
CAROLINA
COMERÍO
GUAYAMA
JAYUYA
MANATÍ
OROCOVIS
SANGERMÁN
VEGAALTAARECIBO
CATAÑO
DORADO
ISABELA
MOCA
RÍOGRANDE
MAYAGÜEZ(part)
MAYAGÜEZ(part)
MAYAGÜEZ
SAN GERMÁNGUAYAMA
ARECIBO
SAN JUAN-CAROLINA-CAGUASAGUADILLA-ISABELA
PONCE
Coco
Coamo
Adjuntas
SantaIsabel
Jayuya
68°W
18°30'N
Atlantic Ocean
Caribbean Sea
67°30'W 67°W 66°30'W 66°W 65°30'W
18°N
Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areasof the United States and Puerto Rico
February 2013
Puerto Rico
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau
Prepared by the Geography Division, February, 2014Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas of the United States and Puerto Rico February 2013
Population Division, (301) 763-2419, [email protected] 50 100 150 200 Miles
0 50 100 150 200 Kilometers
1:4,000,000
Miles0 100 200
Kilometers0 100 200
1:16,000,000
0 50 100 150 200 Miles
0 50 100 150 200 Kilometers
1:4,000,000
0 10 20 30 40 Miles
0 10 20 30 40 Kilometers
1:1,200,000
Resources
For information on census geographic concepts, contact:Geography Division, (301) 763-3056.
To order copies of this map or other geographic products, contact:
Geographic Products Branch, (301) 763-1128.
Further information about geographic areas delineated under the metropolitan and micropolitanstatistical area standards is available at "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas" withinthe "Geography" area of the Census Bureau's Internet Site at www.census.gov, or by contacting:www.census.gov
Legend
Outside Core Based Statistical Area County
(or statistical equivalent)
BALTIMORE* Core Based Statistical Area Incorporated Place
that is legally independent of any county
CUMBERLAND Core Based Statistical Area County
(or statistical equivalent)
Urbanized Area or Urban Cluster with a
population of 10,000 or more in 2010
Metropolitan Statistical AreaYAKIMA
Shelton Micropolitan Statistical Area
!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!
!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Metropolitan DivisionNewark
International
KS State (or statistical equivalent)
Core Based Statistical Area Description The United States Office of Management and Budget delineates metropolitanand micropolitan statistical areas, which are referred to collectively as "corebased statistical areas" (CBSAs). The general concept of the metropolitan andmicropolitan statistical area is that of a core area containing a substantialpopulation nucleus, together with adjacent communities having a high degreeof economic and social integration with that core. Metropolitan statisticalareas contain at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more population;micropolitan statistical areas contain at least one urban cluster of at least10,000 and less than 50,000 population. If specified criteria are met,a metropolitan statistical area containing a single core with a populationof 2.5 million or more may be subdivided into metropolitan divisions, whichfunction as distinct areas within the larger metropolitan statistical area.CBSAs are composed of entire counties. There are 388 metropolitanstatistical areas, of which 11 are subdivided into 31 metropolitan divisions,and 541 micropolitan statistical areas in the United States and Puerto Rico,as of February, 2013.
CBSA boundaries and titles are as of February, 2013, and reflect theapplication of the 2010 Standards for Delineating Metropolitan and MicropolitanStatistical Areas to Census Bureau data. All other boundaries and names are as ofJanuary 1, 2010.
Source Description
included. Other parts of the county may be in no sense metropolitan. But the entire area of the county has now been designated as being in an MSA.
For many purposes, this use of whole counties does not create a problem. For consideration of the population and employment in metropolitan areas, adding extra nonmetropolitan territory makes little difference as this adds few people or employees. Where this does make a difference is with respect to MSA land area and extent.
San Bernardino County, California, is the largest county in the lower 48 states, with an area of over 20,000 square miles. This is larger than 9 states. The county extends from Los Angeles County across California to Arizona and Nevada and encompasses the western portion of the I-40 trip described earlier. It is 1 of 2 counties in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario MSA. The population of the county is about 2 million, but nearly all of that is concentrated in the southwest corner. Most of the county is not only rural and not urban or metropolitan, it consists of mountains and deserts (the Mojave Desert) and is virtually empty. Along that stretch of I-40 is a section with warning signs before interchanges of no more gas for over 80 miles. This is not an area most would consider urban or metropolitan.
Figure 2. Percentage Change in Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Population: 2000 to 2010 (U.S. Bureau of the Census 2011).
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Does this matter? Consider the map of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area population change in Figure 2. The areas shaded with purples are MSAs, with the darker purples indicating greater percentage increases in population. In looking at the map, one cannot help but notice the very large area with with the darkest purple in the southwestern United States, in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah. One readily gains the impression that this is where most of the very rapid population growth in the United States has been occurring. One has to look a lot more closely to notice that all of the largest MSAs in Texas and numbers of the smaller ones are also deep purple and also experienced the highest levels of population growth. And those MSA in Texas in the highest growth category had a total 2010 population that was nearly twice the population of the cluster of high-growth MSAs in the southwest.
MSA Clusters
The discussion has focused on the large area of MSAs extending across the states of California, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah. This section seeks to further understand the nature and extent of areas with multiple adjacent MSAs. MSAs that are contiguous are grouped into MSA clusters. The 7 largest clusters (in term of land area) are shown in Figure 3 along with the MSAs not included in these clusters. These seven clusters are selected for analysis, as there is a gap in area to the next clusters, which are also limited to only 1 or 2 major urban areas.
Figure 3. MSA clusters and Other MSAs.
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Pacific Northwest
Midwest
Gulf Coast
Florida
Carolina
NortheastCorridorGreater California
Table 1 presents some basic information about the clusters—numbers of MSAs included, land areas, and populations. The clusters are ordered by decreasing land area. Greater California, the area discussed extensively above, is the largest cluster in terms of area, more than twice the size of the next largest, the Northeast Corridor cluster. That cluster, stretching from Virginia to Maine, includes the greatest number of MSAs and has the largest population (though not that much larger than Greater California). Next comes the Midwest cluster, centered on Chicago and extending to Detroit, Indianapolis, St. Louis, and north into Wisconsin. Fourth largest in terms of land area is the Pacific Northwest cluster anchored by Seattle and Portland. It has the smallest population of the 7 clusters. Next is the Carolina cluster consisting of a large number of somewhat smaller MSAs (Charlotte is the largest). Most of the areas are, of course, in North and South Carolina but this cluster also goes into Virginia and Tennessee. Extending from Houston to Panama City, Florida, and Dothan, Alabama, is the Gulf Coast cluster. The Florida cluster encompasses the MSAs on the Florida peninsula.
Table 1. Number of MSAs, Land Area, and Population for MSA Clusters.
The 7 clusters include 205 MSAs, over half of all MSAs. Likewise, they include just over half of the land area included in MSAs. However, the metropolitan population is more concentrated in these clusters, which have over two-thirds of the total MSA population.
The Greater California cluster is especially large in terms of land area because of the large counties and the extensive amounts of nonmetropolitan land included in its MSAs. To examine the degree to which the other clusters may or may not share this
Cluster Number of MSAs in Cluster
Cluster Land Area (Square Miles)
Cluster Population 2010
Greater California 36 188,087 44,042,231
Northeast Corridor 50 79,353 57,551,820
Midwest 45 65,586 29,676,759
Pacific Northwest 16 45,228 8,362,417
Carolina 25 44,654 11,779,739
Gulf Coast 15 38,060 11,219,517
Florida 18 30,005 16,857,328
Total 205 490,972 179,489,811
Percent of all MSAs 54.4 52.1 69.0
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characteristic, the ratio of the cluster land area to the population (in thousands) is calculated. This is shown in the first numeric column in Table 2.
Table 2. MSA Cluster Area to Population Ratio, Density, and Urbanized Area Density.
The ratio of land area to population for Greater California is 4.3, compared with only 1.4 for the Northeast Corridor. This makes the California cluster over 3 times more prominent on the map in comparison to its population than the Northeast cluster. The Pacific Northwest cluster had an even higher ratio of 5.4, explaining its relative visual prominence. The ratios for the Midwest (2.2) and Florida (1.8) clusters, while higher than the Northeast, were still well below the average of 3.2 for the 7 clusters. Carolina was above average at 3.8, while the Gulf Coast cluster was close to the average with 3.4.
Ratios of land area to population are simply the inverse of density, shown in the next column. Density obviously tells the same story, with the greatest density in the Northeast Corridor cluster. Note that this is the population of the cluster divided by the total land area, which includes varying amounts of effectively nonmetropolitan land. Density is more frequently used to characterize the intensity of settlement, especially in urban areas. It does not have this meaning for the clusters, which vary in terms of area in rather arbitrary fashions. Here, density is more indicative of the extent of nonmetropolitan area included within the clusters.
The cluster densities and the area-population ratios can be influenced by the population size and density of urban settlement within the clusters. So it could be the case that lower cluster densities could be the result lower settlement densities. To explore this
Cluster
Ratio Cluster Land Area to Population
(Thousands)
Cluster Density (Persons per Square Mile)
Cluster Urbanized Area Density (Persons per Square Mile)
Greater California 4.27 234 4,215
Northeast Corridor 1.38 725 2,784
Midwest 2.21 452 2,492
Pacific Northwest 5.41 185 2,793
Carolina 3.79 264 1,364
Gulf Coast 3.39 295 2,168
Florida 1.78 562 2,477
Mean 3.18 388 2,613
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possibility, we calculate the population densities of the Urbanized Areas within the clusters. These are the more-or-less built-up areas defined by Census. Settlement densities are meaningful for these areas. The densities for the Urbanized Areas within each of the clusters is shown in the final column of Table 2. Higher Urbanized Area densities are not in general associated with higher cluster densities. The Greater California cluster has the highest Urbanized Area density by far, 4,200 persons per square mile, while having the second lowest cluster density. The Northeast Corridor cluster, on the other hand, with the highest cluster density, has an Urbanized Area density of only 2,800, not that much above the average for all 7 clusters. The one case in which low Urbanized Area densities could have had some influence on the cluster density is for the Carolina cluster. This area has by far the lowest Urbanized Area density of less than 1,400 persons per square mile while also having one of the lower cluster densities.
Considering the Urbanized Areas suggests another way of looking at the relative land areas of the clusters. Figure 4 is a map showing the 7 clusters and the Urbanized Areas within those clusters. The Greater California and Pacific Northwest clusters show large expanses with small or no Urbanized. Areas. The Northeast Corridor cluster displays the mass of Urbanized Areas from Washington up through Boston.
Figure 4. MSA Clusters and Urbanized Areas.
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We can now look at the ratio of the land areas of the clusters to the land areas of the Urbanized Areas within those clusters. This is a measure of the extent to which the MSA clusters encompass relatively more area than the more densely settled Urbanized Areas. Table 3 gives the land areas of the clusters and the Urbanized Areas, and the ratios of these areas. The ratios for the Greater California and Pacific Northwest clusters are both around 19, nearly twice the mean of 10. The other 5 clusters all have ratios that are less than half those values. In this comparison, the clusters that are especially low are the Northeast Corridor and Florida clusters, with cluster to Urbanized Area land area ratios of less than 5. The West Coast clusters are clearly the 2 with the greatest amount of land relative to the Urbanized Areas.
Table 3. MSA Cluster Urbanized Area Land Areas and Ratios.
A final analysis looked at the distances from each MSA to its nearest neighboring MSA (figuring distances from the centroids of the largest Urbanized Area in each MSA). For the two largest clusters the results were as expected: The greatest nearest-neighbor distance for the Greater California cluster was 110 miles, from Las Vegas to St. George, Utah. For the Northeast Corridor cluster the maximum was from Kingston, New York to Pittsfield, Massachusettes, 55 miles. And the mean of the nearest-neighbor distances was 45 miles for the west coast cluster and 33 miles for the east coast cluster. But the pattern of nearest-neighbor distances was not consistent for the remaining 5 clusters.
Alternatives to the Traditional MSA Maps
Since the standard maps showing the areas of the MSAs can be misleading, alternatives should be considered. Perhaps the simplest approach is to use point symbols for mapping the location of each MSA as is done in Figure 5. The symbols are
Cluster Cluster Land Area (Square Miles)
Urbanized Area Land Area (Square
Miles)
Ratio of Cluster Area to Urbanized
Area Land Area
Greater California 188,087 9,695 19.40
Northeast Corridor 79,353 18,219 4.36
Midwest 65,586 10,112 6.49
Pacific Northwest 45,228 2,443 18.51
Carolina 44,654 5,926 7.54
Gulf Coast 38,060 4,306 8.84
Florida 30,005 6,271 4.79
Mean 70,139 8,139 9.99
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Figure 5. MSAs Mapped Using Point Symbols.
not located at the centroids of the MSAs, which are sometimes far from the main population concentrations in the larger MSAs. Instead, they have been placed at the centroids of the largest Urbanized Area of the MSA.
If it is still felt necessary to display the boundaries and spatial extent of the MSAs, these can be included, very lightly shaded, along with the point symbols as shown in Figure 6. This combination uses the symbols to highlight the location and presence of the MSAs, keeping the extent and coverage of the MSAs from being the dominant feature.
One objection to the mapping of the MSAs using equal-sized point symbols is that this does not reflect the (population) sizes of the MSAs. At least in the eastern United States with smaller counties, MSAs with larger populations tend to include more counties and extend over greater areas, which of course is to be expected. Therefore the MSAs with larger populations are more prominent on the map. (With large counties, this relationship between population and the areal extent of MSAs is lost.) The same effect can be achieved using graduated point symbols with larger symbols for the MSAs with greater populations. Figure 7 is one example of such a map.
Certainly other options exist for the mapping of MSAs in a more effective and representative manner. One possibility would be to redefine MSA areas just for
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Figure 6. MSAs Mapped Using Point Symbols with MSA Areas Lightly Shaded.
purposes of mapping using data at the census tract level. Counties are added to MSAs if 25 percent of the population commutes to the central counties of the MSA, A similar criterion might be devised, perhaps based on percentage from census tracts commuting to those census tracts that approximate the Urbanized Areas of the MSA. (Commuting to the central counties could not be used because the large counties with extensive nonmetropolitan areas include central counties.) These more realistic areas would better represent the extent of the MSAs for purposes of mapping. The formal MSA definitions would continue to use entire counties as this is required because many data sources are available only at the county level.
I do not expect the maps showing MSAs will soon be changing. At least the problems with the current maps should be considered both by those creating the maps and by those using these maps.
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Figure 7. MSAs Mapped Using Population Graduated Point Symbols.
References
U.S. Office of Management and Budget. 2010. 2010 Standards for Delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas. Federal Register 75, 123 (June 28): 37246-37252. Downloaded from http://www.census.gov/population/metro/ on July 25, 2016.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2011. Population Distribution and Change: 2000 to 2010. 2010 Census Briefs. C2010BR-01. Downloaded from https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf on March 10, 2018.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2013. Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas of the United States and Puerto Rico (map). Downloaded from https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/maps/cbsacsa.html on March 10, 2018.
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