THE PROBLEM OF ALLERGIES

A Study of the Immune SystemAn Innovative Solution for

allergies

Allergies affect more people than any other chronic disease

About 50 million people are affected by allergies in the US

Main costs are due to Medications ER visits

But many people are not diagnosed or do not follow the treatment regimen

Allergies are becoming more common

From 1980 to 2010 the percentage of the western population with allergies went up from 10% to 30%

Food allergies are increasing among children

New allergies being discovered Latex allergy

Allergies are expensive Current cost of allergies

about $32 billion Since many people are

not diagnosed, the costs are underestimated

More and more people are becoming allergic

US Healthcare expenditure in billions of dollars

The increase of the overall the cost of treating allergic rhinitis

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

Mon

ey s

pent

(bill

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of d

olla

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2000

2005

2010

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

US cost of treating al-lergies in billions of dol-

lars

1998-20002004-2006

02,0

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02,6154,135 9,537

Hospital Dis-charges for chil-

dren under 18 due to food allergies

Allergies are expensive for the victim

Acute flair ups require ER visits Average cost

$1,038 Continuous cost of

chronic problems Antihistamines Topical-steroids Epi-pens Over $200 /month

Allergies compromise the lifestyle of the

patients Stay on constant vigilance

On medication at all times Ingredients in foods Indoor or outdoor activities Carry epi-pens and know how

to administer them Opportunity cost

About 3.8million lost school and work days because of allergies annually

I forgot my

Claritin Do they have pets?

Is that a Birch tree?

Does this have

peanuts?

Allergies and co-morbid conditions

People with allergies often have other chronic diseases Average person with

allergies has 2.3 co-morbid conditions

The most common co-morbid condition is hypertension

Most Common Chronic Conditions in People w ith Allergies, by Percentage

10%

11%

13%

16%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

Arthritis

Depression

Asthma

Hypertension

Condition

Prevention is better Envirobots has come up with an

innovative solution. We will modulate your immune

system to react differently to harmless allergens

Obvious benefit for allergy patients Other immune system diseases can

benefit in the future Auto immune, cancer, AIDS, organ

transplant recipients

Reasons for increase in Allergies

Increase in cleanliness By constantly washing up, we are

underexposed to dust, pollen, and other common allergens.

Our body now incorrectly classifies those substances as antigens

Limited exposure to animals Animals possess endotoxins- a bacteria

that helps prevent allergies and diseases Technological developments expose

us to more chemicals

Environmental Pollution When pollen is coated with chemicals from

burnt fossil fuels, the allergic reaction intensifies Healthy lifestyle is sacrificed for

convenience People are not going outside anymore

Computers and videogames keep people inside Less exposure to allergens makes people more

allergicGames like Farmville are replacing actual hobbies like gardening.

Reasons for increase in Allergies

Allergy type Data in the USAllergic rhinitis 35.9 million (about 11% of the population[75])

Asthma10 million suffer from allergic asthma (about 3% of the population). The prevalence of asthma increased 75% from 1980-1994.

Atopic eczemaAbout 9% of the population. Between 1960 and 1990 prevalence has increased from 3% to 10% in children.[78]

Anaphylaxis

About 40 deaths per year due to insect venom. About 400 deaths due to penicillin anaphylaxis. About 220 cases of anaphylaxis and 3 deaths per year are due to latex allergy. An estimated 150 people die annually from anaphylaxis due to food allergy.

Insect venomAround 15% of adults have mild, localized allergic reactions. Systemic reactions occur in 3% of adults and less than 1% of children.

Drug allergies Anaphylactic reactions to penicillin cause 400 deaths per year.

Food allergiesAbout 6% of US children under age 3 and 3.5-4% of the overall US population. Peanut and/or tree nut allergy affects about three million Americans, or 1.1% of the population.

HOW DOES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

WORK?

Our Immune System The Immune system was discovered in

the Plague of Athens in 430 BC Protects us against anything that attacks

the body White blood cells guards against

External pathogens like viruses and bacteria Internal tumors

The Immune System offers three layers of protection

1st •Physical barriers

2nd •Innate immune system

3rd •Adaptive immune system

Physical BarriersPrevent pathogen

entrance The skin acts like a

ceran wrap Other openings in

the body are protected E.g. nose

Pathogens that do get in get excreted/destroyed

Body secretions Saliva, mucus, urine,

faeces, tears Chemicals like

stomach acid destroy bacteria

Gut flora prevent colonization of pathogens

Entry point on

bottom

Nose hairs filter out particles

Innate Immune System

Parts FunctionPhagocytes Engulfs antigensBasophils Contain

histamineNatural Killers Kills antigensDendritic Cells Bridge to

adaptive systemComplement System/cytokines

Proteins that attract phagocytes release histamine

Histamine is secreted by Mast cells

Vasodilation increases blood supply

Phagocytes attracted by complement

Complement helps phagocytes engulf and also release histamine

Macrophage

Instantaneous, inflammatory response to antigens

Adaptive Immune System

PartsMajor Histocompatibility Complex (MHC or HLA)Helper T cells Killer T

cellsB Cells Antibodies

Histamine is secreted by Mast cells

Vasodilation increases blood supply

Phagocytes attracted by complement

Complement helps phagocytes engulf and also release histamine

B Cell with antibodies

Tailored responses to specific antigens

Summary

The person’s body now “remembers” the pathogen, so he knows what to due in future

Adaptive Immune System response: a pathogen-specific attack is started

Innate immune System Response: A generic response is initiated

The foreign substance gets past physical barriers

The pathogen attacks!

DETAILS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)

The adaptive immune system uses the MHC molecules to find antigens

The MHC molecules are able to display proteins on their surface

T-cells use these protein displays to identify the antigens

Aka Human Leukocyte Antigen

B Cells

Have receptors called antibodies on surface where antigens attach

Initial response Antigen attaches to a receptor

stimulating B cells to divide Some B cells change into memory cells,

to remember the specific antigen Others change into plasma cells that

produce antibodies for the next attack Secondary Response

If the B cells comes into contact with the allergen again they quickly multiply

Antibody

T Cells Learn to distinguish self from non self

cells Three types

Killer T cells attach to foreign or abnormal cells (having encountered them before) and kill these cells through a method of puncturing the cell and injecting enzymes to kill them

Helper T cells recognize the antigen and summon the B cells and killer T cellers

Suppressor T cells produce chemicals to stop the immune response

• Initially, a T cell can’t recognize an antigen in the body because it is too big to fit into the T-cell receptor.

• MHC molecules link with the smaller antigen fragments, and present them to the T-cell receptors

• The smaller fragments understandable by the T-cell, which begin the defense

• Enzymes within the dendritic cell break the antigen into little fragments.

• A dendritic cell, which can process antigens, digests it.

T Cells at work

IMMUNE SYSTEM MISTAKES

When the immune system makes a mistake

The Immune system can make mistakes False detections of external pathogens

result in allergies False detection of internal tissues can

cause auto-immune diseases

You sneeze when you get allergies

• Sometimes the immune system makes a mistake and thinks a harmless product is antigen

B cells and antibodies are activated• Killer T cells are

activated

The body has just initiated an Inflammatory Response

• IgE binds to the mast cells

• The mast cells de-granulate and release the histamine in them

• The MHC helps display the antigen to the T cells who recognize it as non self

• The peptide signal is displayed

THE ENVIROBOTS SOLUTION

The EnviroBOSS Solution Consists of a set of nano-bots

introduced into the blood stream The nanobots stop the allergic

reactions

A control arm band Allows the antigens to be configured

for the nanobot Allows for a manual over-ride in case

of emergency

How Does it Work? Stops the attack even before it starts The nanobots recognize the peptide

combination presented by the MHC and break it down before the antigen is presented to the T cells Destroys peptide signal to helper T cells

The Arm band has different signals for different peptides programmed into it

EnviroBOSS destroying the antigen presentation

EnviroBOSS Arm Band The arm band is like a

control center program peptide

combinations using a easy to use user interface

Communicates with nanobots using high frequency microwaves which are reliable and don’t hurt your body

Manual override Panic button releases

epinephrine in case of emergency

Antenna for communicating with nanobot

Epinephrine

The EnviroBOSS Nanobots Multiple nanobots are injected

into the bloodstream The nanobot is programmed to

recognize the amino acid/peptide combinations, which represent the user’s allergies.

The robot motor is made from grafted heart muscles and powered by the patient’s blood sugar

When a programmed protein combination is recognized by the nanobot it destroys the protein preventing the immune system reactions

Radio antenna Signal

Destroyer

Sugar intake

View from the bottom

ENVIROBOTS AGAINST EXISTING TREATMENTS

(Alternate treatments)

EnviroBOSS vs. AntihistaminesANTIHISTAMINES ENVIROBOSS

Histamines are still present, so brain stays alert and awake

Body doesn’t adapt to nanobots

Emergency should not even arise but the epinephrine panic button is easy to use in emergencies

Drowsiness in older antihistamines

Body adapts to antihistamines and you need a new one every few months

No good in emergencies

EnviroBOSS vs. Immunotherapy

IMMUNOTHERAPY ENVIROBOSS

Immediate effect after treatment

Works with all allergies

Emergencies should not even arise but the epinephrine panic button is easy to use in emergencies

Takes a long time to take effect

Does not work in food allergies

No good in an emergency