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The problem
How do we get nutrients and gases to every cell of the body?
The Circulatory System
What is the circulatory system?
What are its functions?
Circulatory system - structure Consists of
Blood – the medium The Heart – the pump Blood Vessels – the pathways
Function
Transports substances within the body Nutrients/waste products Gases – oxygen/carbon dioxide Hormones Immune system
Also assists with temperature regulation
Blood
Plasma Makes up 55% of blood volume
90% water 7% plasma protein
Fibrinogen, albumins and globulins – assist in transport and clotting
2% dissolved solutes Nutrients, wastes, hormones
1% dissolved salts Sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and sulfate
Formed elements
Formed Elements
Erythrocytes (gk Erythro = red) Red blood cells Carry oxygen
Leukocytes (gk Leuco = white) White blood cells Immune system - defence
Platelets Clotting
Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
aka erythrocytes Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide Biconcave Do not have a nucleus Produced in bone marrow and stored in the
spleen Contain hemoglobin – the protein which carries
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
Each hemoglobin has 4 subunits Each subunit has an iron atom which
associates with one oxygen/carbon dioxide molecule
A shortage of hemoglobin is called anemia
White Blood Cells
Part of the immune system Defends the body against invaders Pus can form when there is an infection
A mixture of living and dead white blood cells and bacteria
Responds to infection by: Enveloping foreign bodies Destroying infected cells Signalling the body – inflammation, fever
Platelets
Platelets
Contain the protein fibrinogen Responsible for clotting
Blood Types
What are they? How are they determined?
Blood types
The four blood types are A, B, AB and O. They are determined by the presence (or
absence) of the A and B antigens on the cell A separate antigen (Rh factor) determines
whether or not it is positive or negative
Donating Blood
Recipient
Donor
A B AB O
A
B
AB
yes
yes
yes
yes
O
yes
yes
yes
yesyes
no
no
no
no
no
no no
The Heart
Inferior Vena Cava
Right Ventricle
Right Atrium
Pulmonary Veins (right)
Pulmonary Artery (right)
Superior Vena Cava
Aorta
Pulmonary Artery (left)
Pulmonary Vein (left)
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Septum
Semi-lunar Valve[pulmonary]
Semi-lunar Vavle[aortic]
Atrioventricular (A-V) Valve[tricuspid]
Atrioventricular (A-V) Valve[bicuspid/Mitral]
Arteries
The Heart
Muscled organ used to pump blood Consists of 4 chambers Two types of chambers – atria and ventricles Heart can be divided into left and right sides
Septum – tissue that separates left and right sides
Atria and Ventricles
Two types of chambers Atria
Receive blood Ventricles
Pump blood
Left and Right Sides
Left side Receives deoxygenated blood from body Pumps it to lungs
Right side Receives oxygenated blood from lungs Pumps it to the body
Two loops
Vena cava
Right atrium
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs/capillaries/alveoli
Pulmonary Veins
Left atrium
Left Ventricle
Aorta
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
Systemic and Pulmonary Circuits Blood travels along two distinct pathways SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
From the heart to all the tissues and back Leaving the heart with oxygenated blood and
returning with deoxygenated blood PULMONARY CIRCUIT
From the heart to the lungs and back Leaving the heart with deoxygenated blood and
returning with oxygenated blood
Blood Vessels
Blood Vessels
Arteries – carry blood away from the heart Veins – carry blood towards heart Capillaries – site of diffusion
Arteries
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart Thick, muscular walls – epithelial, muscle
and connective tissue Elastic Found deep within muscle tissue Blood propelled by heart, blood pressure Arteries branch into smaller arterioles
Veins
Veins
Carry blood towards the heart Thin, elastic walls Found near the surface of the skin Contain valves to ensure blood only flows in
one direction Blood is propelled by muscular contraction Smaller veins called venules collect blood
from capillaries
Capillaries
Capillaries
Site of nutrient exchange/diffusion Extremely narrow – only one red blood cell
may pass at a time Extremely thin walls Beds of extremely dense, diffuse blood
vessels provide surface area for diffusion
Blood Pressure
The force of the blood on the walls of the blood vessels
Systolic – while the heart is contracting Diastolic – while the heart is relaxing
Measuring Blood Pressure
Measured with a SPHYGMOMANOMETER and a stethoscope
Measuring blood pressure
Systolic Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
Cuff Pressure
No pulseCuff cuts off circulation
PulseSystolic pressure ableto overcome cuff pressure
No pulseBoth systolic and diastolicpressures are greater thanCuff pressure. Blood flows smoothly
Measuring Blood Pressure
Inflate cuff until circulation cut off Slowly release pressure Listen Pulse is heard when systolic pressure is
reached Pulse stops when diastolic pressure is
reached
Blood Pressure
A normal systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg A normal diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg
Blood Pressure
What is your blood pressure? What factors do you think affect blood
pressure? Design and conduct an experiment to
determine one of the factors affecting blood pressure.