The Problem 1. Identify a problem 2. May be something you have observed 3. You wonder why it happens

The ProblemThe Problem

1. Identify a problem1. Identify a problem

2. May be something you have 2. May be something you have observedobserved

3. You wonder why it happens3. You wonder why it happens

PurposePurpose1. 1 -3 sentences that explains why 1. 1 -3 sentences that explains why

you are doing this investigationyou are doing this investigation

2. Should state what benefit will be 2. Should state what benefit will be gained from answering the gained from answering the experimental questionexperimental question

3. “The purpose of this project is . . . “3. “The purpose of this project is . . . “

The QuestionThe Question

1. Experiment is designed to answer 1. Experiment is designed to answer the question.the question.

2. Must be answered with measurable 2. Must be answered with measurable data collected during the data collected during the experimentexperiment

3. Is not based on opinion or a survey3. Is not based on opinion or a survey

4. Must contain the Dependent and 4. Must contain the Dependent and Independent VariableIndependent Variable

VariablesVariables1. Anything in an experiment that can 1. Anything in an experiment that can

change. change.

2. Only two variable should change: 2. Only two variable should change:

1. one on purpose 1. one on purpose

2. one as a result 2. one as a result

3. All other variable must remain the 3. All other variable must remain the

same - controlledsame - controlled

Independent VariableIndependent Variable What you change on purpose in an What you change on purpose in an

experiment to see if it makes a experiment to see if it makes a difference.difference.

The whole point of the experimentThe whole point of the experiment IIndependent ndependent II changed it changed it

Dependent VariableDependent Variable What changes in an experiment because What changes in an experiment because

of the independent variable. of the independent variable. What you are measuring – the dataWhat you are measuring – the data DDependent ependent DDataataControlled VariablesControlled Variables All other aspect of an experiment must All other aspect of an experiment must

remain the same.remain the same.

Identify the VariablesIdentify the VariablesUnderline the independent variable and Underline the independent variable and

circle the dependent variable.circle the dependent variable.

1. Will Bounty or Gala absorb more water? 1. Will Bounty or Gala absorb more water?

Will Will Bounty or GalaBounty or Gala absorbabsorb more water? more water?

Controlled:Controlled:same size paper towel same size paper towel same amount of watersame amount of waterequal time of towel in waterequal time of towel in water

2. Does flake or chunk shaped cereal 2. Does flake or chunk shaped cereal absorb more milk?absorb more milk?

Does Does flake or chunk shaped cerealsflake or chunk shaped cereals absorb absorb more milk?more milk?

Controlled:Controlled:same amount of milk same amount of milk same amount of cerealsame amount of cerealsame type bowlssame type bowls

3. Will nail polish dry faster under a 3. Will nail polish dry faster under a light or a fan?light or a fan?

Will nail polish Will nail polish dry fasterdry faster under a under a light light or a fan? or a fan?

Controlled:Controlled:

Same amount of exposure to light and Same amount of exposure to light and fanfan

Same type of nail polishSame type of nail polish

Same amount of polish: 1 or 2 coatsSame amount of polish: 1 or 2 coats

HypothesisHypothesis

1. States a proposed solution to a 1. States a proposed solution to a scientific scientific

problemproblem

2. Should answer the problem question2. Should answer the problem question

3. Must contain both the Independent 3. Must contain both the Independent and and

Dependent Variable.Dependent Variable.

4. Must be written with an If. . . then,. . . 4. Must be written with an If. . . then,. . . statementstatement

Hypothesis PracticeHypothesis Practice 1. Will Bounty or Gala absorb more water? 1. Will Bounty or Gala absorb more water?

IfIf Bounty and GalaBounty and Gala are placed in water, are placed in water, thenthen Bounty will Bounty will absorbabsorb more water. more water.

2. Does flake or chunk shaped cereal absorb 2. Does flake or chunk shaped cereal absorb more milk?more milk?

IfIf flake and chunk shapedflake and chunk shaped cereal is placed in cereal is placed in milk, milk, thenthen flake shaped will flake shaped will absorbabsorb more more milk.milk.

3. Will nail polish dry faster under a light or a 3. Will nail polish dry faster under a light or a fan?fan?

IfIf nail polish is placed under a nail polish is placed under a light and a fanlight and a fan, , thenthen the polish under the light will the polish under the light will drydry faster. faster.

Which can go Which can go fasterfaster a a motorcycle or a motorcycle or a car?car?

If a motorcycle or a car is driven, then If a motorcycle or a car is driven, then a motorcycle will go faster.a motorcycle will go faster.

Which water Which water evaporates fasterevaporates faster salt salt water or fresh water?water or fresh water?

ProceduresProcedures All steps to do the experimentAll steps to do the experiment All steps must be numberedAll steps must be numbered Include: labeling, brands, types, amounts, Include: labeling, brands, types, amounts,

units, and sizesunits, and sizes Include repeat steps if appropriateInclude repeat steps if appropriate Should have at least 3 trialsShould have at least 3 trials Gathering materials is not part of the Gathering materials is not part of the

proceduresprocedures Anyone should be able to perform this Anyone should be able to perform this

experiment with the procedures.experiment with the procedures.

Question: Will Bounty or Gala Question: Will Bounty or Gala paper towels absorb more paper towels absorb more water?water?

1.1. Cut one Bounty paper towel into a 20 x 20 cm squareCut one Bounty paper towel into a 20 x 20 cm square

2.2. Place the paper towel into the square metal cake panPlace the paper towel into the square metal cake pan

3.3. Pour 100 mL of water onto the paper towel in the metal cake panPour 100 mL of water onto the paper towel in the metal cake pan

4.4. Let paper towel sit in water for 30 secondsLet paper towel sit in water for 30 seconds

5.5. Hold the paper towel by two corners and lift it out of the waterHold the paper towel by two corners and lift it out of the water

6.6. Let paper towel drip for 30 secondsLet paper towel drip for 30 seconds

7.7. Throw paper towel awayThrow paper towel away

8.8. Pour water left in the metal cake pan into a beakerPour water left in the metal cake pan into a beaker

9.9. Determine amount absorbed: subtract amount of water left from Determine amount absorbed: subtract amount of water left from 100 mL 100 mL

10.10. Record the amount absorbed on the data tableRecord the amount absorbed on the data table

11.11. Repeat steps 1-10 two more times with Bounty paper towelsRepeat steps 1-10 two more times with Bounty paper towels

12.12. Repeat steps 1 – 11 with Gala TowelsRepeat steps 1 – 11 with Gala Towels

Procedure PracticeProcedure Practice2. Does flake or chunk shaped cereal 2. Does flake or chunk shaped cereal

absorb more milk?absorb more milk?


Material ListsMaterial Lists

1. List all materials and equipment 1. List all materials and equipment used in experimentused in experiment

2. Include: brands, types, amounts, 2. Include: brands, types, amounts, units, and sizesunits, and sizes

3. Use only metric measurements3. Use only metric measurements

Example Material ListExample Material List

Question: Will Question: Will Bounty or GalaBounty or Gala absorbabsorb more water? more water?3 – 20 x 20 cm squares each: Bounty and Gala 3 – 20 x 20 cm squares each: Bounty and Gala paper towelspaper towels1 pair of scissors1 pair of scissors250 mL beaker250 mL beaker600 mL water 20*C600 mL water 20*C1 - 20 x 20 cm sq metal cake pan1 - 20 x 20 cm sq metal cake pan1 - Celsius thermometer1 - Celsius thermometer1 - Clock with second hand1 - Clock with second hand

Underline the brands, types, amounts, units, and Underline the brands, types, amounts, units, and sizessizes

ExampleExample

33 –squares each: –squares each: Bounty and GalaBounty and Gala paper towelspaper towels

1 pair of scissors1 pair of scissors

250250 mLmL beakerbeaker

600600 mLmL water water 20*C20*C

1 1 - - 20 x 20 cm20 x 20 cm sq sq metalmetal cake pan cake pan

11 - - CelsiusCelsius thermometer thermometer

11 - Clock with - Clock with second handsecond hand

Material List PracticeMaterial List Practice

Select the question you wrote Select the question you wrote procedures for and write a material procedures for and write a material listlist

2. Does flake or chunk shaped cereal 2. Does flake or chunk shaped cereal absorb more milk?absorb more milk?


Data Data TablesTables

1. Used to collect data from 1. Used to collect data from experimentexperiment

2. Columns and rows must be labeled2. Columns and rows must be labeled

3. May contain a row for a total or 3. May contain a row for a total or averageaverage

4. Have a main title = what’s on the 4. Have a main title = what’s on the graphgraph

Paper Towel AbsorbencyPaper Towel Absorbency

Bounty mLBounty mL Gala mLGala mL

Trial 1Trial 1 7575 6262



TotalTotal 227227 180180

AverageAverage 7676 6060

GraphingGraphing

Two main types of graphsTwo main types of graphs

BAR: used to compare – data that does BAR: used to compare – data that does not occur in a continuous mannernot occur in a continuous manner

LINE: data that occurs in a continuous LINE: data that occurs in a continuous mannermanner

Graph ConstructionGraph Construction

Title:Title: short description of data being short description of data being displayed, displayed,

each axis also needs a titleeach axis also needs a title

Horizontal Axis:Horizontal Axis: independent variable independent variable

Vertical Axis:Vertical Axis: dependent variable dependent variable

SpacingSpacing: evenly placed across both : evenly placed across both horizontal and horizontal and

vertical axesvertical axes

Paper Towel AbsorbencyPaper Towel Absorbency

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Bounty Gala

Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Average

Paper Towels

Wate

r A

bso

rbed

(mL)

Graph PracticeGraph PracticeThe following data was collected The following data was collected

during an experiment with the during an experiment with the question: Will chunk or flake cereal question: Will chunk or flake cereal absorb more milk?absorb more milk?Chunk mLChunk mL Flake mLFlake mL




TotalTotal 7979 5757

AverageAverage 39.539.5 3030

Graph PracticeGraph PracticeWill chunk or flack cereal absorb more Will chunk or flack cereal absorb more

milk?milk?

ConclusionConclusion

1. Examine all of your data: charts and 1. Examine all of your data: charts and graphsgraphs

2. Ask yourself questions???2. Ask yourself questions???– Were the results expected – how were they Were the results expected – how were they

differentdifferent– Any problems or occurrences that effected Any problems or occurrences that effected

the outcomethe outcome– Did you collect enough data/have enoughDid you collect enough data/have enough

ConclusionConclusion

3. State what your results were – 3. State what your results were – include data numbersinclude data numbers

4. Was your hypothesis supported or 4. Was your hypothesis supported or refutedrefuted

5. Describe any problems or unusual 5. Describe any problems or unusual eventsevents

6. What should be done differently6. What should be done differently

7. Revised hypothesis if needed.7. Revised hypothesis if needed.

ConclusionConclusionIf chunk and flake cereal are placed in milk, then If chunk and flake cereal are placed in milk, then

chunk cereal will absorb more milk.chunk cereal will absorb more milk.

Our group preformed an experiment to find out Our group preformed an experiment to find out which type of cereal absorbed more milk. We which type of cereal absorbed more milk. We used chunk and flake cereal and 2% milk to used chunk and flake cereal and 2% milk to perform the experiment. The experimental perform the experiment. The experimental results showed us that chunk cereal absorbed results showed us that chunk cereal absorbed 39.5 mL of milk while the flake cereal absorbed 39.5 mL of milk while the flake cereal absorbed 30 mL of milk. This data shows that chunk cereal 30 mL of milk. This data shows that chunk cereal absorbs more milk than flake therefore, our absorbs more milk than flake therefore, our hypothesis was supported. The experiment hypothesis was supported. The experiment proceeded as expected and no problems proceeded as expected and no problems occurred.occurred.

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The Problem 1. Identify a problem 2. May be something you have observed 3. You wonder why it happens