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The Principles of Musical Instruments In the modern era in the music industry it is important for music producers, sound engineers or music technologists to have a good understanding of how different musical instruments are constructed and how they work to produce the sound that they do. Once you understand those two aspects of musical instruments you can then work to produce/record an instrument with fidelity to give a real sound. The three main types of instrument I will be discussing in this article are wind, string and percussion instruments. I will discuss the physical construction of each instrument and how they are played, as well as the musical attributes of some of the instruments where possible. Wind Instruments Firstly, I will start by discussing wind instruments such as the flute and trumpet. These are both wind instruments but they have some similarities and differences which I will state in this article whilst comparing them. Flute – A flute is part of the woodwind group. They are round and cylindrical and rather than woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is an aerophone which is a reedless wind instrument that produces its sound by the flow of air across an opening. Professional flutes tend to be made from solid silver. A flute produces sound when a stream of air directed across a hole in the instrument creates a vibration of air at the hole. The stream of air across the hole creates a Bernoulli, or siphon. This disturbs the air contained in a cylindrical resonant cavity inside the flute. The flutist changes the pitch of the sound produced by opening and closing holes in the body of the instrument which changes the length of the resonator and its resonant frequency. By varying the air pressure, a flutist can also change the pitch of a note by causing the air in the flute to resonate at a harmonic level rather than the fundamental frequency without opening or closing any holes. The quality (timbre) varies because the flute can produce harmonics in different proportions or intensities. The quality can be adjusted by changing the internal shape of the bore, such as the diametertolength ratio. A harmonic is a frequency that is a whole number multiple of a lower register, or the fundamental note of the flute. Generally, the air stream is thinner, faster and aimed across the hole less deeply which allows a shallower deflection of the air stream in the production of upper harmonics. The frequency range of a flute is 250Hz 2.5kHz. In terms of envelope, a flute has a medium to short attack and decay with a full sustain and a medium to short release. Trumpet – A Trumpet is a brass wind instrument that is use in orchestral pieces and in concert bands. They are played by blowing air through partially closed lips, producing a buzzing type sound that starts a stationary wave vibration in the air column inside the

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Page 1: The Principles of Musical Instruments

The  Principles  of  Musical  Instruments    In  the  modern  era  in  the  music  industry  it  is  important  for  music  producers,  sound  engineers  or  music  technologists  to  have  a  good  understanding  of  how  different  musical  instruments  are  constructed  and  how  they  work  to  produce  the  sound  that  they  do.  Once  you  understand  those  two  aspects  of  musical  instruments  you  can  then  work  to  produce/record  an  instrument  with  fidelity  to  give  a  real  sound.      The  three  main  types  of  instrument  I  will  be  discussing  in  this  article  are  wind,  string  and  percussion  instruments.  I  will  discuss  the  physical  construction  of  each  instrument  and  how  they  are  played,  as  well  as  the  musical  attributes  of  some  of  the  instruments  where  possible.    Wind  Instruments    Firstly,  I  will  start  by  discussing  wind  instruments  such  as  the  flute  and  trumpet.  These  are  both  wind  instruments  but  they  have  some  similarities  and  differences  which  I  will  state  in  this  article  whilst  comparing  them.    Flute  –  A  flute  is  part  of  the  woodwind  group.  They  are  round  and  cylindrical  and  rather  than  woodwind  instruments  with  reeds,  a  flute  is  an  aerophone  which  is  a  reedless  wind  instrument  that  produces  its  sound  by  the  flow  of  air  across  an  opening.  Professional  flutes  tend  to  be  made  from  solid  silver.    A  flute  produces  sound  when  a  stream  of  air  directed  across  a  hole  in  the  instrument  creates  a  vibration  of  air  at  the  hole.  The  stream  of  air  across  the  hole  creates  a  Bernoulli,  or  siphon.  This  disturbs  the  air  contained  in  a  cylindrical  resonant  cavity  inside  the  flute.      The  flutist  changes  the  pitch  of  the  sound  produced  by  opening  and  closing  holes  in  the  body  of  the  instrument  which  changes  the  length  of  the  resonator  and  its  resonant  frequency.  By  varying  the  air  pressure,  a  flutist  can  also  change  the  pitch  of  a  note  by  causing  the  air  in  the  flute  to  resonate  at  a  harmonic  level  rather  than  the  fundamental  frequency  without  opening  or  closing  any  holes.      The  quality  (timbre)  varies  because  the  flute  can  produce  harmonics  in  different  proportions  or  intensities.  The  quality  can  be  adjusted  by  changing  the  internal  shape  of  the  bore,  such  as  the  diameter-­‐to-­‐length  ratio.  A  harmonic  is  a  frequency  that  is  a  whole  number  multiple  of  a  lower  register,  or  the  fundamental  note  of  the  flute.  Generally,  the  air  stream  is  thinner,  faster  and  aimed  across  the  hole  less  deeply  which  allows  a  shallower  deflection  of  the  air  stream  in  the  production  of  upper  harmonics.    The  frequency  range  of  a  flute  is  250Hz  -­‐  2.5kHz.  In  terms  of  envelope,  a  flute  has  a  medium  to  short  attack  and  decay  with  a  full  sustain  and  a  medium  to  short  release.    Trumpet  –    A  Trumpet  is  a  brass  wind  instrument  that  is  use  in  orchestral  pieces  and  in  concert  bands.  They  are  played  by  blowing  air  through  partially  closed  lips,  producing  a  buzzing  type  sound  that  starts  a  stationary  wave  vibration  in  the  air  column  inside  the  

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instrument.  Since  the  15th  century  they  have  mainly  been  constructed  of  brass  tubing,  usually  bent  two  times  into  a  round  oblong  type  shape.  Modern  trumpets  have  three  (or  sometimes  four)  piston  valves,  which  extend  the  length  of  tubing  when  engaged  which  in  turn  lowers  the  pitch.    A  trumpet  has  tow  different  frequency  ranges  depending  on  which  note  to  play.  When  a  C  note  is  played  the  frequency  range  is  107Hz  –  1kHz  and  when  an  F  note  is  played  the  frequency  range  is  300Hz  –  1kHz.  The  envelope  for  a  trumpet  is  similar  to  that  of  a  flute  because  it  has  a  medium  to  short  attack  and  decay    String  Instruments    Secondly,  I  will  be  discussing  string  instruments  such  as  the  guitar  and  the  violin.  These  are  both  string  instruments  but  they  have  some  similarities  and  differences  which  I  will  state  in  this  article  whilst  comparing  them.      Guitar  –  A  guitar  is  a  popular  type  of  string  instrument  with  anywhere  from  four  to  eighteen  strings,  however,  they  usually  have  six.  The  sound  is  projected  acoustically  or  through  electrical  amplifiers.  Guitars  are  played  by  strumming  or  plucking  the  strings  with  one  hand  while  fretting  (pressing  against  the  frets)  the  strings  with  the  other.  A  guitar  is  a  type  of  chordophone,  traditionally  constructed  from  wood  and  strung  with  gut,  nylon  or  steel  strings.  A  Guitar  is  different  from  other  chordophones  because  of  its  construction  and  tuning.    The  frequency  range  of  a  guitar  is  80Hz  to  630Hz.  In  terms  of  the  envelope,  the  attack  all  depends  on  how  you  play  the  guitar.  If  you  strum  the  guitar  quickly  and  apply  a  lot  of  pressure,  then  the  attack  will  be  short.      Violin  –  The  violin  (also  called  a  fiddle)  is  a  string  instrument  usually  with  four  strings  tuned  in  perfect  fifths.  It  is  the  smallest  and  highest-­‐pitched  member  of  the  violin  family  of  string  instruments.  A  violinist  plays  the  violin  by  drawing  a  bow  across  one  or  more  of  the  strings  which  may  be  stopped  by  the  fingers  of  the  other  hand  to  create  a  full  range  of  pitches  by  plucking  the  strings  with  either  hand.    The  parts  of  a  violin  are  usually  made  from  different  types  of  wood  and  violins  are  usually  strung  with  gut,  Perlon  or  other  synthetic  or  steel  strings.  Although  violins  are  typically  made  of  wood,  electric  violins  may  not  be  made  of  wood  as  their  sound  may  not  be  reliant  on  specific  acoustic  characteristics  of  the  instrument's  construction.      The  frequency  range  of  a  violin  is  200Hz  to  3.5kHz.  In  terms  of  the  envelope  for  a  violin,  the  attack  will  be  relatively  long  for      Percussion  Instruments    Furthermore,  I  will  be  discussing  percussion  instruments  such  as  the  Xylophone  and  the  Tambourine.  These  are  both  percussion  instruments  but  they  have  some  similarities  and  differences  which  I  will  state  in  this  article  whilst  comparing  them.    

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 Xylophone  –    The  Xylophone  is  a  musical  instrument  in  the  percussion  family  that  consists  of  wooden  bars  struck  by  mallets.  The  xylophone  has  bars  of  Rosewood,  Padauk  or  synthetic  materials  such  as  fiberglass  or  fiberglass-­‐reinforced  plastic  which  produces  a  louder  sound.      The  xylophone  is  a  transposing  instrument  because  its  parts  are  written  one  octave  below  the  sounding  notes.  Xylophones  are  played  with  very  hard  rubber,  polyball,  or  acrylic  mallets.  Sometimes  medium  to  hard  rubber  mallets  are  used  for  softer  effects.  Lighter  tones  can  be  created  on  xylophones  by  using  wooden-­‐headed  mallets  made  from  rosewood,  ebony,  birch,  or  other  hard  woods.      The  frequency  range  of  a  Xylophone  is  700Hz  to  3.5kHz.    Tambourine  –  The  tambourine  is  a  musical  instrument  in  the  percussion  family  consisting  of  a  frame,  often  of  wood  or  plastic  with  pairs  of  small  metal  jingles  called  zils.  Tambourines  come  in  many  different  shapes  but  the  most  common  is  a  circular  shape.  The  tambourine  can  be  held  in  the  hand  or  mounted  on  a  stand,  and  can  be  played  in  many  different  ways,  from  stroking  or  shaking  the  jingles  (zils)  to  striking  it  sharply  with  the  hand  or  a  stick.  Sometimes  you  could  also  use  the  tambourine  to  strike  the  leg  or  hip.      The  frequency  range  of  a  tambourine  is  200Hz  to  1kHz  depending  on  whether  or  not  the  tambourine  has  a  head  or  not.  If  the  tambourine  has  a  head  the  head  will  produce  the  low  frequency  tones  and  the  jingles  (zils)  will  produce  the  higher  frequency  tones.    Conclusion    All  of  these  instruments  are  part  of  their  individual  families  and  have  their  own  characteristics.  Those  characteristics  allow  each  instrument  to  be  perfect  for  the  genre  of  which  the  instrument  is  used.  It  is  vital  as  much  producers,  sound  engineers,  or  music  technologists  to  understand  these  characteristics  and  aspects  of  each  instruments  to  achieve  fidelity  in  studio  recording  and  live  performance.