The President stands as the single strong leader of the executive branch

Americans have looked to the President for leadership on complex issues

As commander in chief, the President has been asked to take decisive action in times of national emergency

Congress has granted the executive branch the authority to carry out many of its laws and has thus

strengthened the presidency

The President has used the mass media to capture public attention

Expanded Presidential Power

Major Diplomatic and Military Powers of the

President

May make treaties with other nations, with senatorial approval

May make executive agreements with the heads of other nations

May extend and withdraw recognition of other countries

May send U.S. troops into combat without congressional authorization

for 60 days

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

U.S. offers aid mostly to U.S. offers aid mostly to support struggling support struggling democraciesdemocracies

President has power to make President has power to make undeclared war, and that undeclared war, and that was limited by War Powers was limited by War Powers Resolution Act of 1973Resolution Act of 1973

President can use armed President can use armed forces abroad at his own forces abroad at his own discretiondiscretion

BasicsBasics

Humanitarian Aid-Humanitarian Aid- rapid assistance given to rapid assistance given to people in immediate distress by individuals, people in immediate distress by individuals, organizations, or governments to relieve suffering, organizations, or governments to relieve suffering, during and after man-made emergencies (like wars during and after man-made emergencies (like wars and natural disasters). and natural disasters).

Security Treaty-Security Treaty- treaty between 2 countries or treaty between 2 countries or more to secure peacemore to secure peace

Economic Treaty-Economic Treaty- treaty between 2 or more treaty between 2 or more countries to ensure stability of economic growth countries to ensure stability of economic growth and tradeand trade

Sanctions-Sanctions-A coercive measure adopted usually by A coercive measure adopted usually by several nations acting together against a nation several nations acting together against a nation violating international law. violating international law.

Key VocabularyKey Vocabulary

Foreign and Defense Policy:Foreign and Defense Policy: An Overview An Overview

Historically, America’s relationships with other countries Historically, America’s relationships with other countries were shaped largely by the policy of isolationism.were shaped largely by the policy of isolationism.

Today, the United States understands that its security is Today, the United States understands that its security is directly linked with that of other nations.directly linked with that of other nations.

Governmental leaders carefully shape American foreign Governmental leaders carefully shape American foreign policy, and the President plays the leading role in foreign policy, and the President plays the leading role in foreign and military affairs.and military affairs.

The Departments of State and DefenseThe Departments of State and Defense The State Department, headed by the Secretary The State Department, headed by the Secretary

of State, works closely with the President on of State, works closely with the President on foreign policy.foreign policy.

The State Department includes the Foreign The State Department includes the Foreign Service and ambassadors who represent the Service and ambassadors who represent the United States around the world.United States around the world.

State Department is in charge of creating State Department is in charge of creating passports and visas for citizenspassports and visas for citizens

The Defense Department assists the President The Defense Department assists the President in making and conducting military policy; its in making and conducting military policy; its secretary must be a civilian in keeping with the secretary must be a civilian in keeping with the principle of civilian control of the military.principle of civilian control of the military.

S E C T I O N 3

Other Foreign andOther Foreign andDefense Policy Agencies Defense Policy Agencies

There are several agencies, other There are several agencies, other than State and Defense, that are than State and Defense, that are closely involvedclosely involved with foreign policy:with foreign policy:

(1) The CIA (Central (1) The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) Intelligence Agency) coordinates the government’s coordinates the government’s intelligence gathering.intelligence gathering.

(2) The U. S. Information (2) The U. S. Information Agency promotes American Agency promotes American policy and way of life around policy and way of life around the world.the world.

American Foreign Policy: American Foreign Policy: Past and Present Past and Present

For much of our first 150 years, isolationism was For much of our first 150 years, isolationism was the main foreign policy. the main foreign policy.

By the end of the nineteenth century, the United By the end of the nineteenth century, the United States turned away from isolationism and States turned away from isolationism and became an active world power.became an active world power.

The United States began The United States began practicing foreign aid practicing foreign aid during World War II; during World War II; early aid was economic, early aid was economic, but military aid has but military aid has become increasingly become increasingly important.important.

Foreign AidForeign Aid

Defense AlliancesDefense Alliances Since World War II, the United States Since World War II, the United States

has forged a number of security has forged a number of security alliances alliances

NATONATO (North Atlantic Treaty (North Atlantic Treaty Organization Organization

The Rio PactThe Rio Pact- Inter-American Treaty - Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (of Reciprocal Assistance (an attack an attack against one is to be considered an against one is to be considered an attack against them all)attack against them all)

ANZUSANZUS- Australia, New Zealand, - Australia, New Zealand, United States Treaty- protect the United States Treaty- protect the Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

The United Nations The United Nations seeks to maintain seeks to maintain peace and security, peace and security, develop friendly develop friendly relations among relations among nations, and find a nations, and find a fair solution to fair solution to international international problemsproblems

United NationsUnited Nations

Foreign and Defense Agencies

NASACentral Intelligence

Agency (CIA)

Department of Homeland Security

Selective Service System