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The Preservation Principles of the Secretary of the Interior’s
Standards for Historic Preservation Projects
David W. Look, FAIA, FAPTNational Park ServicePacific West RegionOakland, California
Approach
Better to Maintain than RepairBetter to Repair than to ReplaceBetter to Replace than to RestoreBetter to Restore than to Reconstruct
Approach of Historic Architects“If all historic buildings and
sites were well maintained, there would seldom be a need to restore, rehabilitate, or reconstruct except for the updating of systems.”
You are only a success as an Historical Architect if no one knows you were there after you finish working on a historic building.Lee H. Nelson, FAIA
Approach of Modern Architects“All great architecture is unique and the
only great architects are those that create unique buildings.”
“It is impossible to know and meet the clients needs 20 to 30 years from now so architects are wasting the clients money if they construct monumental buildings with materials that will last forever.” Prof. Claude Winkelhack
Deferred MaintenanceCosts 3-5 Times More
Than PreventativeMaintenance.
If Maintenance is DeferredToo Long, the Resource
May be Lost Forever.
Fundamental Principles
Research & DocumentationAuthenticity & IntegrityCompatibilityMinimal InterventionReversibility
Research & Documentation
Research is investigation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, the revision of accepted theories in light of new facts, or the development of practical applications of such new revised theories [National Park Service].
Documentation
Documentation is compilation of both graphic and written records that explain and illustrate the significant characteristics of a historic building, site, structure, or object. During research and treatment further documentation is made to record what was done and why.
Authenticity
Authentic is defined as having an undisputed origin; genuine [The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language].
Authenticity is the condition or quality of being authentic, trustworthy, or genuine [The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language].
Integrity
Integrity is the authenticity of a property's historic identity, evidenced by the survival of physical characteristics that existed during its historic or prehistoric period; the extent to which a property retains its historic appearance.
Integrity
“Do You Still Have Your
Grandfather’s Ax If It Has Had
3 New Handles and 3 New Blades?”
Lee H. Nelson
Location
Quality of integrity retained by a historic property existing in the same place as it did during the period of its significance
Historic Building and Cultural Landscape have Never Been
Moved
DesignQuality of integrity applying to the elements
that create the physical form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property
MaterialsQuality of integrity applying to the physical
elements that were combined to or deposited in a particular pattern of
configuration to form a historic property
Building with 95+% Integrity and Mature Specimen Trees that are 75-100 years old
Workmanship
Quality of integrity applying to the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular
culture, people, or artisan
FeelingQuality of integrity through which a historic
property evokes the aesthetic or historic sense of past time and place
Association
Link of a historic property with a historic event, activity or person. Also the quality of integrity through which a historic property is linked to a
particular past time and placeWill always be associated with theAgronomist Hoshino Shūtarô, theLuther Burbank of the Pacific, andthe research done here during theJapanese and American Periods;the Art Deco Engineer/Designer,Yamashita Yasaburô, who alsodesigned the Saipan Hospital & thePalau Courthouse in the Art DecoStyle; and the early history of the FSM
Compatibility
Compatibility is the principle that no treatment shall detract from or cause damage to a cultural resource. This includes both visual and physical compatibility. Treatments and new work shall be visually compatible in terms of design, color, texture, massing, size, scale, and other visual qualities to protect the historic integrity of the property and its environment. Likewise, the treatments and new work shall be physically compatible with the historic materials in terms of coefficients of expansion and contraction with changes in temperature, shrinking and swelling with changes in moisture, hardness, etc..
Visual Compatibility
Treatments and new work shall be visually compatible in terms of design, color, texture, massing, size, scale, and other visual qualities to protect the historic integrity of the property and its environment.
Physical Compatibility
Treatments and new work shall be physically compatible with the historic materials in terms of coefficients of expansion and contraction with changes in temperature, shrinking and swelling with changes in moisture, hardness, etc.
Minimal Intervention
Minimal intervention is the principle that usually the less change or alteration done to a cultural resource the more integrity the resource retains. If each generation makes major changes or alterations to a resource, sooner or later there is little or no resource left to preserve and pass on to future generations.
Reversibility
Reversibility is the principle that nothing should be done to a cultural resource that cannot be reversed or undone without permanent damage to the resource. In the future there may be better treatments. If irreversible treatments are undertaken, the cultural resource may have permanent damage and may be prevented from better treatments developed in the future.
Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation
David W. Look, FAIA
National Park Service
Pacific West Region
Oakland, California
Preservation
Work, including preliminary measures to protect and stabilize the property,
generally focuses upon the ongoing maintenance and repair of historic materials and features rather than extensive replacement and new
construction.
Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Historic Preservation Projects
Preservation Restoration Rehabilitation Reconstruction
Standards are based on:
Research & DocumentationAuthenticity & IntegrityCompatibilityMinimal InterventionReversibility
Preservation is defined as the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form,
integrity, and materials of an historic property. Work, including preliminary measures to protect and stabilize
the property, generally focuses upon the ongoing maintenance and repair of historic materials and
features rather than extensive replacement and new construction. New exterior additions are not within the
scope of this treatment; however, the limited and sensitive upgrading of mechanical, electrical, and
plumbing systems and other code-required work to make properties functional is appropriate within a
preservation project [NPS].
Preservation
is defined as the act or process of applying measures necessary to
sustain the existing form, integrity, and
materials of an historic property.
Preservation
New exterior additions are not within the scope of this treatment; however, the limited and
sensitive upgrading of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and other code-
required work to make properties functional is appropriate within a preservation project
[NPS].
Preservation
Focuses on the Maintenance and Repair
of Existing Historic Materials
and Retention of a Property’s form
as it has Evolved Over Time
Rehabilitation
is defined as the act or process of making possible a compatible use for a property through repair, alterations, and additions
while preserving those portions or features which convey its historical, cultural, or
architectural values [NPS].