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THE PREDICTION OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN UPTAKE FOR TRAINED AND UNTRAINED MALES FROM MEASUREMENTS MADE DURING SUBMAXIMUM BICYCLE ERGOMETRY Barbara J. Legge Bachelor of Science, Zoology, U.B.C., 1977 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department 0 f Kinesiology C Barbara J. Legge 1983 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY December, 1983 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author.

THE PREDICTION OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN UPTAKEsummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6309/b16549508.pdf · 2020-02-14 · the prediction of maximum oxygen uptake for trained and untrained males

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Page 1: THE PREDICTION OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN UPTAKEsummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6309/b16549508.pdf · 2020-02-14 · the prediction of maximum oxygen uptake for trained and untrained males

THE PREDICTION OF M A X I M U M OXYGEN UPTAKE

FOR TRAINED AND UNTRAINED MALES

FROM MEASUREMENTS MADE D U R I N G SUBMAXIMUM BICYCLE ERGOMETRY

B a r b a r a J . L e g g e

B a c h e l o r of S c i e n c e , Z o o l o g y , U . B . C . , 1977

T H E S I S SUBMITTED I N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT O F

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE

i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t

0 f

K i n e s i o l o g y

C B a r b a r a J . L e g g e 1 9 8 3

SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY

D e c e m b e r , 1 9 8 3

A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . T h i s w o r k may n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d i n w h o l e o r i n p a r t , by p h o t o c o p y

o r o t h e r m e a n s , w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n of t h e a u t h o r .

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APPROVAL

N a m e : Barbara J. Legge

Degree : M. sc . Kinesiology

T i t l e of t h e s i s : The P r e d i c t i o n of Maximal ~ e r o b i c Capaci ty

f o r Trained and un t ra ined Males from

Measurements made dur ing submaximal Bicycle

Ergometry

Examining Committee:

Chairman: D r . John Dickinson

D r . E.W. B a n i s t e r Senior Supervisor -

D~JJ. Wilkinson

D r . H.A. Wenger Ex te rna l Examiner School of P.E. and Recreat ion Unive r s i ty of V i c t o r i a

Date Approved:

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PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE

I hereby g r a n t t o Simon Fraser U n i v e r s i t y the r i g h t t o lend

my t h e s i s , p r o j e c t o r extended essay ( t h e t i t l e o f which i s shown below)

t o users o f t h e Simon Fraser U n i v e r s i t y L i b ra r y , and t o make p a r t i a l o r

s i n g l e cop ies o n l y f o r such users o r i n response t o a reques t f rom t h e

l i b r a r y o f any o t h e r u n i v e r s i t y , o r o t h e r educa t iona l i n s t i t u t i o n , on

i t s own behal f o r f o r one o f i t s users. I f u r t h e r agree t h a t permiss ion

f o r m u l t i p l e copy ing o f t h i s work f o r s c h o l a r l y purposes may be g ran ted

r s tood t h a t copy ing

I I no t be a l lowed

by me o r t h e Dean o f Graduate Stud ies. I t i s unde

o r pub

w i thou

l i c a t i o n o f t h i s work f o r f i n a n c i a l ga in sha

t my w r i t t e n permission.

T it l e o f Thes i s/Project /Extended Essay

Author: - - v

( s i g n a t u r e )

(name

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ABSTRACT

The o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s s t u d y w e r e t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p s among o x y g e n u p t a k e ( V 0 2 ) , h e a r t . r a t e ( H R ) a n d

w o r k r a t e (WR) d u r i n g s u b m a x i m a l a n d m a x i m a l e x e r c i s e p e r f o r m e d

o n a b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r i n a n a t t e m p t t o c o n s t r u c t a nomogram f o r

p r e d i c t i n g m a x i m a l o x y g e n u p t a k e (V02max) f r o m s u b m a x i m a l w o r k

r a t e s . The i n h e r e n t l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e A s t r a n d - R h y m i n g nomogram,

d e v e l o p e d i n 1 9 5 4 , p r o v i d e d t h e b a s i s f o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

A new nomogram h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d o n g r o u p s of t r a i n e d

( n = 2 0 ) a n d u n t r a i n e d ( n = 1 5 ) m a l e s i n t h e a g e r a n g e 20-29 y e a r s .

I t i s b a s e d o n a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p f o u n d t o e x i s t b e t w e e n V02

a n d HR. G r o u p mean d a t a e x h i b i t e d a l i n e a r t r e n d , t h o u g h d a t a

f r o m a f e w i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n e a c h g r o u p showed t h e h y p o t h e s i z e d

n o n - l i n e a r , e x p o n e n t i a l t r e n d a t h i g h r a t e s of work . The n e w l y

d e v e l o p e d $02max p r e d i c t i v e t e s t b e g a n w i t h a s t a n d a r d 5 m i n u t e

warm-up p e r i o d o n a b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r a t a p e d a l r a t e of 90 rpm

a n d z e r o l o a d . The mean h e a r t r a t e a t t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e f i f t h

m i n u t e p r o v i d e d a b a s e l i n e h e a r t r a t e v a l u e w h i c h was s u b t r a c t e d

f r o m e v e r y o t h e r h e a r t r a t e t o p r o v i d e a d e l t a h e a r t r a t e (AHR).'

I m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e warm-up, h i g h e r p o w e r o u t p u t s w e r e

c o m p l e t e d , e a c h o f 3 m i n u t e s d u r a t i o n , u n t i l a h e a r t r a t e

b e t w e e n 145-160 bsmin ' l w a s a t t a i n e d a n d e a c h w a s e x p r e s s e d a s a

PHR. P r e d i c t e d V02max c o u l d t h e n b e r e a d d i r e c t l y by a l i g n i n g

d e l t a HR on t h e l e f t o f a nomogram w i t h t h e o x y g e n e q u i v a l e n t o f

t h e w o r k r a t e d e p i c t e d o n t h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e of t h e nomogram. A

u n i q u e f e a t u r e of t h e new B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram i s i t s

iii

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p r o v i s i o n of d i s t i n c t p r e d i c t i v e c u r v e s f o r t r a i n e d a n d

u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s . F o r e x a m p l e , a t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s h o w i n g

a d e l t a HR of 6 8 a t a work r a t e of 1 2 0 0 k p m . m i n u t e ' l w o u l d h a v e

a p r e d i c t e d +o2max of 4 . 0 0 l i t r e s - m i n u t e - l . A s i m i l a r r e s p o n s e

f r o m a n u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l w o u l d c o r r e s p o n d t o a p r e d i c t e d V02

max of o n l y 3 . 5 0 l i t r e s - m i n u t e ' l .

The B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram h a s b e e n c r o s s - v a l i d a t e d o n t w o

g r o u p s of m a l e s , s i m i l a r i n a g e a n d s t a t e o f t r a i n i n g t o t h e

o r i g i n a l c o r e g r o u p o n whom i t w a s o r i g i n a l l y d e v e l o p e d . A

c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0 . 9 7 9 1 w a s d e t e r m i n e d b e t w e e n

o b s e r v e d a n d p r e d i c t e d V02max v a l u e s i n t h e f o r m e r g r o u p s . T h i s

v a l u e c o n t r a s t s s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) w i t h t h e c o r r e l a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0 . 8 0 4 3 o b t a i n e d b e t w e e n o b s e r v e d a n d p r e d i c t e d

s c o r e s o b t a i n e d b y u s e o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l A s t r a n d - R y h m i n g

s u b m a x i m a l , s i x m i n u t e w o r k t e s t . T h e new nomogram, t h e r e f o r e , .

p r o v i d e s a m o r e a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n of V02max a n d i t i s

a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t i t may r e p l a c e t h e A s t r a n d - R h y m i n g nomogram

when t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d m a l e s , 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s , a r e t e s t e d .

F u t u r e r e s e a r c h w i l l b e u n d e r t a k e n t o e s t a b l i s h p r e d i c t i v e t o 2

max nomograms f o r b o t h f e m a l e s a n d m a l e s v a r i n g i n a g e a n d s t a t e

of t r a i n i n g .

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DEDICATION

T h i s t h e s i s i s d e d i c a t e d t o my Mom a n d D a d , K e n , C a r o l e ,

E l l e n a n d M a r t y w h o s e l o v e w a s " t h e l i g h t a t t h e e n d of t h e

t u n n e l " .

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k D r . E r i c B a n i s t e r f o r h i s

e n c o u r a g e m e n t , g u i d a n c e a n d f r i e n d s h i p w h i c h h e p r o v i d e d me w i t h

t h r o u g h o u t my y e a r s a s a g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t .

A p p r e c i a t i o n i s e x t e n d e d t o D r . J o h n W i l k i n s o n f o r h i s

j u d g e m e n t a n d a d v i c e , Nory I s o n f o r h i s s t a t i s t i c a l e x p e r t i s e

a n d D r . M u r r a y A l l e n f o r h i s m e d i c a l a i d . I am g r a t e f u l t o Rob

M a s k e l l a n d I g o r Mek j a v i c f o r t h e t e c h n i c a l w i z a r d r y t h e y

p e r f o r m e d i n t h e l a b . I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k a l l t h e c y c l i s t s a n d

u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s who g a v e t h e i r t i m e s o f r e e l y t o p a r t i c i p a t e

i n t h e s t u d y .

I w o u l d e s p e c i a l l y l i k e t o a c k n o w l e d g e my f i n e f r i e n d s

Bahram G u s t a s p i a n d L e s l e y a n d Tony K e t t l e who p r o v i d e d me w i t h '

i n s p i r a t i o n d u r i n g t h e f i n a l a n d m o s t d i f f i c u l t s t a g e s of t h e

t h e s i s .

F i n a l l y , I w o u l d l i k e t o e x p r e s s my g r a t i t u d e t o a l l t h e

members of t h e K i n e s i o l o g y d e p a r t m e n t f o r t h e i r w o n d e r f u l s p i r i t

a n d t h e c o n f i d e n c e t h a t t h e y i n s t i l l e d i n me.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A p p r o v a l ..................................................... ii A b s t r a c t ..................................................... iii D e d i c a t i o n ................................................ v

Acknowledgments .......................................... v i

L i s t o f T a b l e s ......................................... x i

L i s t o f F i g u r e s ............................................. x i i

1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n .......................................... 1

2 . L i t e r a t u r e Rev iew ...................................... 8

2.1 Maximal Oxygen U p t a k e ............................. 8

2 .2 Submaximal E x e r c i s e T e s t i n g ....................... 9

The A s t r a n d - R h y m i n g E x e r c i s e T e s t ............ 1 0

A c c u r a c y of P r e d i c t i o n of As t rand-Rhyming Nomogram ................................. 12

2 .3 Major L i m i t a t i o n s P l a c e d Upon A s s u m p t i o n s of t h e . A-R nomogram ..................................*.. 1 9

2.4 L i n e a r i t y of H e a r t R a t e / O x y g e n U p t a k e R e l a t i o n s h i p ..................................... 20

2 .5 C o n s t a n c y of Maximum HR B e t w e e n a n d W i t h i n Age Groups ........................................... 2 5

2.6 I n t e r c h a n g a b i l i t y of T e s t i n g I n s t r u m e n t .......... 2 6

C a r d i a c O u t p u t ............................... 3 1

................. Blood Flow t o t h e Lower Limb 32

Leg S t r e n g t h ................................. 3 3

2.7 S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of Submaximal E x e r c i s e P r o t o c o l s . 34

P e d a l R a t e ................................... 34

P e r c e i v e d E x e r t i o n ........................... 39

E f f i c i e n c y of Work ........................... 44

v i i

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3 . M e t h o d s ............................................... 4 8

3.1 E x p e r i m e n t a l G r o u p s .............................. 4 8

.............................. 3.2 E x p e r i m e n t a l D e s i g n 5 1

3 . 3 T e s t P r o t o c o l s ................................... 52

...... P r o t o c o l I A a n d I B : S u b m a x i m a l E x e r c i s e 52

P r o t o c o l I I a a n d I I b : M a x i m a l e x e r c i s e ....... 5 6

....... P r o t o c o l 111: T r a i n e d M a x i m a l E x e r c i s e 5 7

R e c o v e r y P e r i o d b e t w e e n Submaximum a n d Maximum T e s t s ............................ 5 8

C r i t e r i a f o r A t t a i n m e n t o f Maximum Oxygen U p t a k e ................................. 6 0

..... A s t r a n d - R y h m i n g Submaximum E x e r c i s e T e s t 6 1

3 . 4 T e c h n i q u e s a n d E q u i p m e n t ......................... 62

................... C a l i b r a t i o n of I n s t r u m e n t s 6 5 4

3 . 5 D e f i n i t i o n of V a r i a b l e s .......................... 6 9

U n l o a d e d - P e d a l l i n g ........................... 70

D e l t a H e a r t R a t e ............................ 70

D e l t a Work R a t e .............................. 7 2

...................... 3 . 6 D a t a R e d u c t i o n a n d A n a l y s i s 7 3

I n d i v i d u a l Data T r e a t m e n t .................... 7 3

T e s t - R e t e s t R e l i a b i l i t y ...................... 7 6

G r o u p D a t a .................................. 7 6

3 .7 T r e a t m e n t o f D a t a ................................ 7 7

E x a m i n a t i o n of R e s i d u a l s ..................... 7 9

.................. 3 . 8 Method of C o n s t r u c t i n g Nomogram 8 1

C o n s t r u c t i o n of A s t r a n d - R y h m i n g Nomogram ..... 8 1

C o n s t r u c t i o n of P r e s e n t Nomogram a n d O2 C o s t C a l c u l a t i o n .............................. 8 6 .

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3.9 C o n s t r u c t i o n of L i n e Nomogram .................... 89

3 .1 F e r f o r m a n c e of Submaximal P r o t o c o l t o P r e d i c t V02max ........................................... 90

3 .11 Submaximal T e s t R e s p o n s e ........................ 9 1

3 .12 P r e d i c t i o n of Maximal Oxygen U p t a k e ............. 9 2

C r o s s - V a l i d a t i o n ............................. 9 2

3 . 1 3 K i n e t i c s ........................................ 9 3

................ C a l c u l a t i o n of Time C o n s t a n t s 9 7

4 . R e s u l t s ............................................. 9 8

4.1 Group D a t a ....................................... 9 8

Peak V a l u e s .................................. 9 8

Submaximal o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e .................................... 1 0 1

4.2 R e s t i n g a n d U n l o a d e d P e d a l l i n g H e a r t R a t e V a l u e s . 1 0 4

4 .3 Oxygen U p t a k e a n d D e l t a H e a r t R a t e R e l a t i o n s h i p .. 1 0 5

Group Oxygen u p t a k e a n d d e l t a - h e a r t r a t e d a t a .................................... 1'05

E x a m i n a t i o n of R e s i d u a l s .................... 1 1 0

T e s t - R e t e s t R e l i a b i l i t y ...................... 1 1 8

I n d i v i d u a l { o 2 / d e l t a HR r e l a t i o n s h i p s ....... 119

4.4 R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n P e r c e n t Maximum Oxygen U p t a k e a n d H e a r t R a t e ........................... 1 2 2

R e c o n s t r u c t i o n of As t rand-Ryhming Nomogram .. 1 2 2 . ....... D a t a e x p r e s s e d a s % V02max/Hear t R a t e 1 2 4

4 .5 R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n % V02max a n d D e l t a HR ...... 1 3 0

E x p r e s s i o n of d a t a a s % V02max v s . D e l t a . H e a r t R a t e .............................. 1 3 0

4.6 P r e d i c t i o n of Maximum Oxygen U p t a k e ............. 1 3 5

......................... 4.7 B a n i s t e r - L e g g e Nomogram 1 4 2

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S u b m a x i m a l P r o t o c o l Used t o P r e d i c t vo2max ...................... u s i n g t h e B-L T e s t 1 5 4

........... 4.8 Oxygen U p t a k e a n d H e a r t R a t e K i n e t i c s 1 5 5

Q u a l i t a t i v e Oxygen U p t a k e K i n e t i c s .......... 1 5 5

....... Q u a l i t a t i v e D e l t a H e a r t R a t e K i n e t i c s 1 5 7

......... Q u a n t i t a t i v e Oxygen U p t a k e K i n e t i c s 1 6 2

5 . D i s c u s s i o n ........................................... 1 6 4

5 . 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n .................................... 1 6 4

5.2 R e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e A-R Nomogram .............. 1 7 6

..... 5 . 3 B a s i c F e a t u r e s of a New P r e d i c t i v e Nomogram 1 7 9

Age p r e d i c t e d Maximum ....................... 1 7 9

T r a i n i n g a n d Age ............................ 1 8 0

5 .4 P e r f o r m a n c e of T e s t P r o t o c o l .................... 1 8 3

5 . 5 L i m i t a t i o n s of t h e P r e s e n t S t u d y ................ 1 8 7

5 .6 C o n s t r a i n t s of T e s t i n g A p p a r a t u s ................ 1 8 8

5 .7 F u t u r e C o n s i d e r a t i o n s ............................. 1 8 9

5 .8 C o n c l u s i o n ...................................... 1 8 9

B i b l i o g r a p h y ................................................ 1 9 2

A p p e n d i x A .................................................. 2 1 3

A p p e n d i x B ............................................... 2 1 5

A p p e n d i x C .................................................. 216

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

I C o r r e l a t i o n B e t w e e n O b s e r v e d a n d A-R P r e d i c t e d +o2 max ............................................. 1 4

I1 D i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n T r e a d m i l l a n d B i c y c l e V02max ...... 27

I11 S u b j e c t D a t a ......................................... 49

I V P e a k V a l u e s f o r T r a i n e d a n d U n t r a i n e d M a l e S u b j e c t s ........................................ 1 0 0

V Mean Submaximum Go2 a n d D e l t a H e a r t R a t e D a t a ....... 1 0 2

V I Mean R e s t i n g a n d U n l o a d e d P e d a l l i n g HR V a l u e s ....... 1 0 4

V I I Mean S q u a r e R e s i d u a l s ............................... 1 0 9

V I I I L i n e a r R e g r e s s i o n E q u a t i o n s f o r V02/HR .............. 1 1 5

I X T e s t - R e t e s t R e l i a b i l i t y ............................. 1 1 8

................ X Oxygen C o s t o f Submaximum Work R a t e s 1 2 3

X I R e s u l t s of L i n e a r R e g r e s s i o n f o r % ~ 0 2 m a x v s . H e a r t R a t e ...................................... 1 2 8

..................... X I 1 H e a r t R a t e s a t V a r y i n g % t o 2 m a x 1 2 9

X I 1 1 Mean D e l t a H e a r t R a t e s a t % ~ 0 2 m a x .................. 1 3 4

X I V M o d e r a t e S u b j e c t D a t a ............................... 135 '

....... XV D i r e c t l y M e a s u r e d a n d P r e d i c t e d V02max V a l u e s 138

XV I C o m p a r i s o n of P r e d i c t i v e E q u a t i o n s .................. 1 3 9

X V I I B a n i s t e r - L e g g e ~ 0 ~ m a x P r e d i c t i v e Nomogram f o r ................................... T r a i n e d M a l e s 1 4 6

X V I I I B a n i s t e r - L e g g e Vo2max P r e d i c t i v e Nomogram f o r U n t r a i n e d M a l e s ................................. 1 4 8

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LIST OF FIG'URES

FIGURE PAGE

1 Submaximum Work P r o t o c o l s ............................ 5 3

2 Maximum Work P r o t o c o l s ............................... 5 4

3 Maximum P r o t o c o l 111 ................................. 5 9

............................... 4 E x p e r i m e n t a l E q u i p m e n t 64

5 C a l i b r a t i o n of G a s V o l u m e s ........................... 67

6 C a l i b r a t i o n of Oxygen U p t a k e M e a s u r e m e n t s ............ 6 8

........ 7 C o m b i n a t i o n of Submaximum a n d Maximum V02/ HR 7 5

8 E x a m i n a t i o n of R e s i d u a l s ............................. 80

......... R e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t i m e 9 5

R e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n t o 2 a n d h e a r t r a t e ............. 9 6

T r a i n e d G r o u p Oxygen U p t a k e v s . D e l t a - H e a r t R a t e .... 1 0 6 .

U n t r a i n e d G r o u p Oxygen U p t a k e v s . D e l t a H e a r t R a t e . . 1 0 7

.......... R e s i d u a l s of L i n e a r R e g r e s s i o n f o r T r a i n e d 111

........ R e s i d u a l s of L i n e a r R e g r e s s i o n f o r U n t r a i n e d 1 1 2

............ R e s i d u a l s of E x p o n e n t i a l F i t f o r ' T r a i n e d 1 1 3

R e s i d u a l s of E x p o n e n t i a l F i t f o r U n t r a i n e d .......... 1 1 4

L i n e a r R e g r e s s i o n f o r T r a i n e d a n d U n t r a i n e d C o r e D a t a ............................................ 1 1 7

1 8 I n d i v i d u a l T r a i n e d t o 2 v s . D e l t a HR ................. 1 2 0

. ............... 1 9 I n d i v i d u a l U n t r a i n e d V02 v s D e l t a HR 1 2 1

2 0 % V02max v s . H e a r t R a t e f o r T r a i n e d ................. 1 2 5

2 1 % V02max v s . H e a r t R a t e f o r U n t r a i n e d G r o u p ......... 1 2 6

2 2 % i o 2 m a x v s . H e a r t R a t e f o r T r a i n e d . U n t r a i n e d a n d A s t r a n d ' s d a t a .................................. 1 2 7

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. ....... % V02max v s D e l t a HR f o r T r a i n e d I n d i v i d u a l s 1 3 1

..... % Go2max v s . D e l t a HR f o r U n t r a i n e d I n d i v i d u a l s 1 3 2

.......... R e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s a n d r ' s f o r T a n d U n t 1 3 3

. .................... O b s e r v e d v s A-R p r e d i c t e d +o2max 1 4 0

O b s e r v e d v s . B-L P r e d i c t e d $02max ................... 1 4 1

...... . R e g r e s s i o n E q u a t i o n s f o r % $02max v s D e l t a HR 1 4 3

.................. B a n i s t e r - L e g g e P r e d i c t i v e Nomogram 1 4 5

...... Sample. p r e d i c t i o n of V O max u s i n g B-L Nomogram 1 5 0

R e g r e s s i o n f o r T r a i n e d % ~ 0 2 m a x w i t h P r e d i c t i v e I n t e r v a l s ....................................... 1 5 2

R e g r e s s i o n f o r U n t r a i n e d % t 0 2 m a x w i t h P r e d i c t i v e I n t e r v a l s ....................................... 1 5 3

D e l t a H e a r t R a t e v s . D e l t a H e a r t R a t e f o r T r a i n e d ............................ a n d U n t r a i n e d G r o u p s 1 5 6

Oxygen U p t a k e v s . Time f o r T r a i n e d Maximum ........................................ P r o t o c o l 1 5 8

Oxygen U p t a k e v s . T i m e f o r U n t r a i n e d Maximum ......................................... P r o t o c o l L 5 9

........ . H e a r t R a t e v s Time f o r Two T r a i n e d S u b j e c t s 1 6 0

. ......... H e a r t R a t e v s T ime f o r a n U n t r a i n e d S u b j e c t 1 6 1

............ A s y m p t o t i c N a t u r e of HR/V02 R e l a t i o n s h i p 1 7 3

x i i i

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1. I n t r o d u c t i o n

The As t rand-Rhyming (A-R) nomogram ( 1 9 5 4 ) i s w i d e l y u s e d t o

p r e d i c t maximal o x y g e n u p t a k e ( t02rnax) f r o m a s t e a d y - s t a t e

h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e t o a s p e c i f i c a l l y c h o s e n work r a t e d u r i n g

s u b m a x i m a l e x e r c i s e on a b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r , t r e a d m i l l o r

s t e p p i n g b e n c h . The p r i n c i p l e f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e A-R

nomogram i s b a s e d upon f o u r m a j o r a s s u m p t i o n s . T h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s

a r e , f i r s t , t h a t h e a r t r a t e i s l i n e a r l y r e l a t e d t o o x y g e n

c o n s u m p t i o n ( V 0 2 ) t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e r a n g e of e x e r t i o n a l

l e v e l s u p t o maximal o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d , s e c o n d l y , t h a t maximal

a t t a i n a b l e h e a r t r a t e v a r i e s l i t t l e b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u a l s of

s i m i l a r a g e . The t h i r d m a j o r a s s u m p t i o n i s t h a t o x y g e n u p t a k e

v a l u e s o b t a i n e d d u r i n g b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y a r e e q u i v a l e n t t o t h o s e

o b t a i n e d on t h e t r e a d m i l l f o r t h e same i n d i v i d u a l and f i n a l l y ,

t h a t a p r e c i s e a n d u n i f o r m p r o t o c o l i s s t r i c t l y pe r fo ' rmed i n

e v e r y a s s e s s m e n t . On a b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r , f o r e x a m p l e , a s i n g l e ,

s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e i s p e r f o r m e d a t a p e d a l r a t e of 50

r e v o l u t i o n s p e r m i n u t e ( r p m ) .

M a j o r f l a w s i n e a c h of t h e b a s i c t e n e t s of t h e nomogram

h a v e b e e n c l e a r l y shown by v a r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s t o l i m i t i t s

power of p r e d i c t i o n . More s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e s e d e f i c i e n c i e s

i n c l u d e ' t h e n o n - l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n V02 a n d h e a r t r a t e

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. o v e r t h e r a n g e of 5 0 t o 100 p e r c e n t VO2max (Wyndham e t a l e , -- 1 9 5 9 ; Rowel1 e t a l . , 1 9 6 4 ; Wyndham e t a 1 1 9 6 6 ; D a v i e s e t a l e , -- - -* 3 -- 1 9 6 8 ) .

V a r i a t i o n s i n m a x i m a l a t t a i n a b l e h e a r t r a t e f o r i n d i v i d u a l s

of t h e same a g e c o n s t i t u t e s a m a j o r s o u r c e of e r r o r a s d o e s t h e

v a r i a t i o n i n maximum h e a r t r a t e b e t w e e n a g e g r o u p s ( M a r i t z et

a 1 1 9 6 1 ; L e s t e r e t a l . , 1 9 6 8 ; S i d n e y a n d S h e p h a r d , 1 9 7 7 ) . * --

A t h i r d l i m i t a t i o n i n t h e p r e d i c t i v e power of t h e A-R

nomogram i s d u e t o t h e v a r i a t i o n i n o x y g e n u p t a k e r e s u l t i n g f r o m

c h a n g e s i n t h e e x e r c i s e t e s t i n g a p p a r a t u s . Max imal o x y g e n u p t a k e

m e a s u r e m e n t s on a t r e a d m i l l h a v e b e e n shown t o b e 4 t o 1 8 %

. g r e a t e r t h a n V02max v a l u e s o b t a i n e d on a b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r

( G l a s s f o r d -- e t a l . , 1 9 6 5 ; H e r m a n s e n a n d S a l t i n , 1 9 6 9 ; Kamon a n d

P a n d o l f , 1 9 7 2 ; McArdle a n d K a t c h , 1 9 7 4 ; McKay a n d B a n i s t e r ,

1 9 7 5 ; B e r g h -- e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ; M a t s u i , 1 9 7 8 ; P a n n i e r e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ; -- K e r e n e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ) . --

C h a n g e s i n t h e t e s t i n g p r o t o c o l d u r i n g e x e r c i s e o n a

s p e c i f i c t e s t i n g a p p a r a t u s a l s o r e s u l t s i n v a r i a t i o n s i n

m e a s u r e d o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s . S i n c e a ~ 0 ~ m a x

p r e d i c t i o n i s b a s e d u p o n a s t e a d y s t a t e h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e t o a

s i n g l e s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e , f a c t o r s , o t h e r t h a n work r a t e ,

c a u s i n g a n i n c r e a s e d h e a r t r a t e m u s t b e c a r e f u l l y c o n t r o l l e d .

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C h a n g e s i n b o d y c o r e t e m p e r a t u r e a s a r e s u l t o f a p r e - e x e r c i s e

warm-up p e r i o d may r e s u l t i n c h a n g e s i n h e a r t r a t e m e a s u r e m e n t s

a n d , i n t u r n , V02max p r e d i c t i o n s ( I n b a r a n d B a r - O r , 1 9 7 5 ; I n g j e r

a n d S t r o m m e , 1 9 7 9 ) . S u b m a x i m a l h e a r t r a t e h a s a l s o b e e n o b s e r v e d

t o v a r y i n d e p e n d e n t l y of o x y g e n u p t a k e d u r i n g p e r i o d s of

e m o t i o n a l s t r e s s ( T a y l o r e t a l . , 1 9 5 5 ; R o w e l l et 20, 1 9 6 4 ; -- T a y l o r e t a l . , 1 9 6 3 ) . --

Oxygen u p t a k e h a s b e e n shown t o v a r y n o t o n l y w i t h p o w e r

o u t p u t b u t a l s o w i t h v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e c o m b i n a t i o n of p e d a l r a t e

a n d r e s i s t a n c e ( B a n i s t e r a n d J a c k s o n , 1 9 6 7 ; P a n d o l f a n d N o b l e ,

1 9 7 3 ; H a g b e r g e t a l . , 1 9 7 5 ; G u e l i a n d S h e p h a r d , 1 9 7 6 ; C a f a r e l l i , .- - 1 9 7 7 ; L o l l g e n e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ) . --

P e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n a n d "work e f f i c i e n c y " h a v e b e e n shown , t o

b e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s when c o n s i d e r i n g e x e r c i s e p r o t o c o l s ( B o r g

e t a l . , 1 9 6 2 ; Whipp a n d W a s s e r m a n , 1 9 6 9 ; S t e v e n s a n d C a i n , 1 9 7 0 ; -- Ekb lom a n d G o l d b a r g , 1 9 7 1 ; K n u t t g e n e t a l . , 1 9 7 1 ; E d w a r d s e t -- - a l . , 1 9 7 2 ; S a r g e a n t a n d D a v i e s , 1 9 7 3 ; G a e s s e r , 1 9 7 5 ; B a n i s t e r , - 1 9 7 6 ; C a f a r e l l i -- e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ; L o l l g e n e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ; S e a b u r y e t -- - a l . , 1 9 7 7 ; L o l l g e n e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ; S t a i n s b y e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ; B o r g e t - -- -- -

D i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e f i t n e s s l e v e l o f i n d i v i d u a l s i s y e t

a n o t h e r f a c t o r w h i c h l i m i t s t h e p r e d i c t i v e c a p a c i t y of t h e

nomogram. ( I . A s t r a n d , 1 9 6 0 ; R o w e l 1 e t a l . , 1 9 6 4 ; R o b e r t s a n d --

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A l s p a u g h , 1 9 7 2 ; Holmer a n d A s t r a n d , 1 9 7 2 ; P e c h a r et GO, 1 9 7 4 ;

Magel -- e t a l . , 1 9 7 5 ; Stromme e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ) . I . A s t r a n d ( 1 9 6 0 ) -- f o u n d t h a t when a p p l y i n g t h e nomogram on d a t a f o r s u b m a x i m a l

o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e , t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r of p r e d i c t i o n . f r o m m e a s u r e d VO2max was l e s s t h a n 1 1 0 p e r c e n t f o r w e l l - t r a i n e d ,

y o u n g e r p e r s o n s , a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 1 5 p e r c e n t f o r a mixed

a b i l i t y - a g e r a n g e g r o u p of s u b j e c t s . The d i f f e r e n c e was d u e t o

a n i n c r e a s e d m a x i m a l a e r o b i c c a p a c i t y of t h e t e s t g r o u p on whom

t h e nomogram was d e v e l o p e d . I n a s i m i l a r s t u d y , A s t r a n d ( 1 9 6 0 )

f o u n d t h a t p h y s i c a l t r a i n i n g n o t o n l y i n c r e a s e d m a x i m a l a e r o b i c

c a p a c i t y , b u t a l s o c h a n g e d t h e s l o p e of t h e h e a r t r a t e l o x y g e n

u p t a k e c u r v e .

D e t a i l e d e x a m i n a t i o n of e a c h m a j o r l i m i t a t i o n i m p o s e d by

t h e a s s u m p t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e A-R p r e d i c t i v e nomogram 1e.d

t o t h e p r o p o s e d d e v e l o p m e n t of a more a c c u r a t e method f o r . p r e d i c t i n g V02max. The p r o p o s e d m e t h o d r e t a i n e d t h e s i m p l e h e a r t

r a t e / w o r k r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p a s t h e b a s e f r o m w h i c h t o make

p r e d i c t i o n s b u t i t r e c o g n i z e d t h e p o s s i b l e e x i s t e n c e of a

n o n - l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n h e a r t r a t e a n d o x y g e n u p t a k e .

E x p e r i m e n t a t i . o n d e t e r m i n e d w h i c h m a t h e m a t i c a l f u n c t i o n f i t

o b t a i n e d o x y g e n u p t a k e l h e a r t r a t e d a t a b e s t .

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P i l o t d a t a s u g g e s t e d t h a t a n e x p o n e n t i a l f u n c t i o n of t h e f o r m :

( E q u a t i o n 1 )

w h e r e f ( x ) = o x y g e n u p t a k e ,

a = a c o n s t a n t ,

k = a r a t e c o n s t a n t , a n d

x = h e a r t r a t e o c c a s i o n e d by a d e f i n e d work r a t e ,

would d e s c r i b e t h e c u r v e m o s t a c c u r a t e l y , b u t t h i s r e m a i n e d t o

b e c o n f i r m e d i n l a r g e r g r o u p s of s u b j e c t s . -

I n t h e work d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s s t u d y , maximal h e a r t r a t e was

m e a s u r e d d i r e c t l y r a t h e r t h a n b e i n g d e r i v e d f r o m p r e d i c t i v e

e q u a t i o n s a s i n t h e p i l o t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . P i l o t work s u g g e s t e d a

s u i t a b l e s u b m a x i m a l e x e r c i s e t e s t i n g p r o t o c o l t o m o d i f y

u n c o n t r o l l e d c h a n g e s i n h e a r t r a t e d u e t o i n d i v i d u a l b a s a l h e a r t

r a t e v a r i a b i l i t y by p r o v i d i n g a s t a n d a r d i z e d p r e - e x e r c i s e

warm-up p e r i o d . The p e d a l r a t e c h o s e n f o r t h e s u b m a x i m a l t e s t

was 90 rpm, s i n c e i t h a d b e e n shown t o b e p e r c e i v e d a s . l e s s

d e m a n d i n g a t h i g h work r a t e s t h a n p e d a l r a t e s w i t h i n t h e r a n g e

50 t o 80 rpm a t e q u i v a l e n t power o u t p u t s . A l s o , p e d a l l i n g a t 90

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rpm h a d b e e n d e t e r m i n e d t o b e a l e s s e f f i c i e n t me thod of

p r o d u c i n g e x t e r n a l work t h u s a s s u r i n g maximum e n g a g e m e n t o f t h e

c a r d i o - r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m w h i l e r e d u c i n g p e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n a n d

e n c o u r a g i n g g r e a t e r e f f o r t f r o m t e s t p a r t i c i p a n t s .

D e v e l o p m e n t o f a me thod t h a t s e e k s t o p r o v i d e a more . a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n of V02max t h a n e x i s t i n g m e t h o d s f o r a n y

i n d i v i d u a l , r e g a r d l e s s of a g e , s e x o r f i t n e s s l e v e l , m u s t

i d e a l l y a s s e s s a random s a m p l e of i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m e a c h g r o u p

composed of e v e r y c o m b i n a t i o n of t h e a b o v e f a c t o r s . S i n c e s u c h a

t a s k was b e y o n d t h e s c o p e of t h i s t h e s i s , a more c i r c u m s c r i b e d

o b j e c t i v e was t o s t u d y o n e a g e g r o u p of mixed t r a i n e d a n d

u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s . T h i s was e n t i r e l y r e a s o n a b l e s i n c e t h e

t h e s i s p r o p o s e d o n l y t o m e a s u r e t h e a c c u r a c y of V02max

p r e d i c t i o n by a method b a s e d u p o n s o u n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l

p r i n c i p l e s . E v e n i f t h e a c c u r a c y of V02max p r e d i c t i o n was n o t

i m p r o v e d , t h e s t u d y w o u l d s t i l l h a v e h a d v a l u e f o r i t s

s y s t e m a t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e a c k n o w l e d g e d i m p e r f e c t i o n s o f

t h e A-R nomogram.

T h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t h e r e f o r e , s p e c i f i c a l l y :

1 ) e x a m i n e d a s e l e c t e d C a n a d i a n p o p u l a t i o n of m a l e s w i t h i n a

d e l i m i t e d a g e - r a n g e (20-29 y e a r s ) v a r y i n g i n f i t n e s s l e v e l s

( t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d ) ,

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2 ) i n v e s t i g a t e d a p o s s i b l e n o n - l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e o v e r a r a n g e of work r a t e s

d e m a n d i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 t o 100% V02max t o d e t e r m i n e i f

more a c c u r a t e f o r m u l a t i o n s of work r a t e , h e a r t r a t e a n d

o x y g e n u p t a k e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w o u l d a l l o w b e t t e r p r e d i c t i o n s

of r e a l maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e v a l u e s t o b e made f r o m

submaximum work r a t e a n d h e a r t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p s ,

3 ) d e t e r m i n e d m a x i m a l h e a r t r a t e s d i r e c t l y r a t h e r t h a n by

c a l c u l a t i o n f r o m p r e d i c t i v e e q u a t i o n s , a n d

4 ) d e v e l o p e d a method t o p r e d i c t maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e u s i n g

e a s i l y m e a s u r e d p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s t o submaximum work

l e v e l s d u r i n g b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y .

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2. L i t e r a t u r e Review

2.1 Maximal Oxygen Uptake -

. Maximal oxygen u p t a k e ( V02max) m e a s u r e s t h e maximal

f u n c t i o n a l c a p a c i t y of t h e c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m a n d / o r t h e

a b i l i t y of s k e l e t a l m u s c l e t o o x i d i z e m e t a b o l i c s u b s t r a t e . I t i s

g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t o be t h e b e s t p h y s i o l o g i c a l i n d i c a t o r of

o n e ' s a b i l i t y t o p e r f o r m p r o l o n g e d p h y s i c a l work. V02max i s mos t

a c c u r a t e l y a s s e s ~ s e d f r o m d i r e c t measurement i n wh ich t h e s u b j e c t

e x e r c i s e s t o e x h a u s t i o n w h i l e e x p i r e d g a s e s a r e c o l l e c t e d . I n

f a c t , t h e t e s t measurement h a s a c o e f f i c i e n t -of r e l i a b i t i t y of

0.95 ( T a y l o r g . , 1955 ; R o w e l l , 1 9 7 4 ) when { ~ ~ r n a x i s a s s e s s e d

u n d e r s t a n d a r d i z e d c o n d i t i o n s which a s s u r e i n v o l v e m e n t of 50% o r

more of t h e t o t a l m u s c l e mass a t a s u f f i c i e n t i n t e n s i t y and

d u r a t i o n d u r i n g a n e x e r c i s e fo rm t h a t i s i n d e p e n d e n t of s k i l l o r

m o t i v a t i o n .

S e v e r a l o b j e c t i v e c r i t e r i a e x i s t wh ich a i d i n c o n f i r m i n g

a t t a i n m e n t of V02max i n any work t e s t . T h e s e i n c l u d e :

1 ) o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t oxygen u p t a k e r e a c h e s a s t e a d y s t . a t e

d e s p i t e i n c r e a s e s i n work r a t e . A t t h i s s t e a d y s t a t e l e v e l ,

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v a l u e s of o x y g e n u p t a k e d i f f e r by l e s s t h a n 1 5 0 m l 0 m i n - I

( T a y l o r -- e t a l . , 1 9 5 5 ) . I n r e l a t i v e t e r m s , t h i s v a l u e i s s e t

a t 2 ml*kg- lmin ' l f o r a t y p i c a l a d u l t m a l e ,

2 ) b l o o d l a c t i c a c i d v a l u e s e x c e e d i n g 8 t o 9mM, o r 70 t o 80

mg - 1 0 0 m l ' l of b l o o d , a r e r e a c h e d i n s a m p l e s t a k e n 3 t o 5

m i n u t e s f o l l o w i n g t h e c e s s a t i o n of e x e r c i s e ( A s t r a n d , 1 9 5 2 ) ,

3 ) d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t t h e r e s p i r a t o r y e x c h a n g e r a t i o (R)

e x c e e d s 1 .15 a t t h e p o i n t o f e x h a u s t i o n , a n d

4 ) d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t t h e h e a r t r a t e a p p r o x i m a t e s a n a g e

p r e d i c t e d m a x i m a l l e v e l , p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e f o r m u l a ,

HRmax = 220-age .

2.2 Submaximal E x e r c i s e T e s t i n g -

The v a l u e of e x e r c i s e t e s t s i n d e t e r m i n i n g a n i n d i v i d u a l ' s

c a p a c i t y t o p e r f o r m e x h a u s t i v e work h a s b e e n w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d

T a y l o r et e., 1 9 5 5 ; A s t r a n d , 1 9 5 6 ; H e t t i n g e r e t a l . , 1 9 6 1 ; -- G l a s s f o r d -- e t a l , 1 9 6 5 ) . W h e r e v e r p e r f o r m a n c e of m a x i m a l l y

e x h a u s t i v e e x e r c i s e i s i m p r a c t i c a l o r u n d e s i r a b l e , a s i n t h e

t e s t i n g of u n t r a i n e d o r o l d e r i n d i v i d u a l s o r i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h

h e a r t d i s e a s e , l e s s s t r e n u o u s o r s u b m a x i m a l e x e r c i s e may b e

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p e r f o r m e d a n d V02max e s t i m a t e d f r o m a n i n d i v i d u a l ' s

p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e t o c a r e f u l l y c h o s e n work r a t e s ch strand,

1 9 5 6 ; M a r i t z -- e t a l . , 1 9 6 1 ; I s s e k u t z , 1 9 6 2 ; M a r g a r i a et e . , 1 9 6 5 ;

Wyndham, 1 9 6 6 ) . Such i n d i r e c t m e t h o d s of a s s e s s i n g V02max a r e

b a s e d u p o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d a n y o t h e r

m e a s u r e d m e t a b o l i c v a r i a b l e a r e l i n e a r l y r e l a t e d t h r o u g h o u t a n

e n t i r e r a n g e of work r a t e s ( B e r g g r e n a n d C h r i s t e n s e n , 1 9 5 0 ) . I n

a d d i t i o n , s u b m a x i m a l t e s t s a r e u s e f u l s i n c e t h e y may be

p e r f o r m e d i n a v a r i e t y of w a y s , i n c l u d i n g t r e a d m i l l w a l k i n g o r

r u n n i n g , b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y o r b e n c h s t e p p i n g .

2 .2 .1 The s strand-~h~rnin~ E x e r c i s e T e s t

The A s t r a n d - R h y m i n g v (A-R) e x e r c i s e t e s t i n o n e of t h e m o s t

f r e q u e n t l y p e r f o r m e d s u b m a x i m a l t e s t s u s e d i n t h e p r e d i c t i o n of

602max ( A s t r a n d a n d Rhyming, 1 9 5 4 ) . P e r f o r m a n c e of t h e A-R

e x e r c i s e t e s t r e q u i r e s a s u b j e c t t o e x e r c i s e c o n t i n u o u s l y a t a

p r e d e t e r m i n e d , s i n g l e , s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e f o r 5 t o 6 m i n u t e s

on a t r e a d m i l l , b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r o r s t e p p i n g b e n c h . S u g g e s t e d '

work r a t e s a r e 75 t o 100 w a t t s (W) f o r t r a i n e d f e m a l e s , 1 0 0 t o

1 5 0 W f o r t r a i n e d m a l e s a n d 50 W f o r u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s .

H e a r t r a t e i s m e a s u r e d a t t h e e n d of e v e r y m i n u t e d u r i n g t h e

t e s t a n d i s r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h a s t e a d y v a l u e g r e a t e r t h a n 1 3 0

bornin-I d i f f e r i n g by n o t more t h a n 5 b e a t s p e r m i n u t e t h r o u g h o u t

t h e f i f t h a n d s i x t h m i n u t e . The t e s t , i n f a c t , i s p r o l o n g e d

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u n t i l a s t e a d y s t a t e h e a r t r a t e b e t w e e n 1 3 0 a n d 170 b 0 m i n - l i s

r e a c h e d . From t h i s w o r k i n g p u l s e r a t e , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g work r a t e i n d u c i n g i t , V02max i s e s t i m a t e d . The

b a s i s f o r t h e t e s t l i e s i n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a l i n e a r

r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e a n d

t h a t maximal h e a r t r a t e v a r i e s w i t h a g e .

The A-R nomogram was o r i g i n a l l y d e v e l o p e d f r o m t e s t s on 86

h e a l t h y , w e l l - t r a i n e d p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n s t u d e n t s , 1 8 t o 30

y e a r s o l d . Maximal o x y g e n u p t a k e , a s w e l l a s s u b m a x i m a l o x y g e n

u p t a k e , was d e t e r m i n e d d u r i n g t e s t s p e r f o r m e d b y t h i s g r o u p b o t h

on a b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r a n d a t r e a d m i l l . A r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

h e a r t r a t e a n d o x y g e n c o n s u m p t i o n was t h u s o b t a i n e d a n d f o u n d t o

b e e s s e n t i a l l y l i n e a r o v e r a w h o l e r a n g e b e t w e e n r e s t i n g a n d

maximum h e a r t r a t e . D e t a i l e d e x a m i n a t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l

r e g r e s s i o n l i n e s b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e f o r m a l e s

a n d f e m a l e s showed t h a t m a l e s , on t h e a v e r a g e , had a p u l s e r a t e

of 1 2 8 b * m i n w 1 a t a n o x y g e n u p t a k e 50% of t o 2 m a x a n d 154 b * m i n - l

-1 a t a n o x y g e n u p t a k e 70% of V02max. F e m a l e v a l u e s w e r e 1 3 8 b - m i n

a t 50% 602max a n d 168 bornin-l a t 70% of $02max r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Bo th m a l e a n d f e m a l e g r o u p means h a d a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of k9

b - m i n - l . On t h e b a s i s of t h e s e d a t a , a nomogram was c o n s t u c t e d

f o r p r e d i c t i n g V02rnax f r o m h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e s d u r i n g

s t a n d a r d i z e d , s u b m a x i m a l work.

Many a d d i t i o n a l g r o u p s v a r y i n g i n a g e , s e x a n d f i t n e s s h a v e

b e e n s t u d i e d i n t h i s way s i n c e 1 9 5 4 and t h e o r i g i n a l nomogram

b a s e d u p o n d a t a f r o m 86 p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n s t u d e n t s h a s r e m a i n e d

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a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y u n c h a n g e d . I t mus t b e e v i d e n t , h o w e v e r , t h a t

t h e a c c u r a c y of p r e d i c t i o n v a r i e s w i t h t h e d e g r e e of

c o r r e s p o n d e n c e t h e t e s t c o n d i t i o n s a n d r e s p o n s e s of a n

i n d i v i d u a l i n a c u r r e n t t e s t h a v e w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l t e s t o n

w h i c h t h e nomogram was d e v e l o p e d , The o r i g i n a l A-R nomogram

p r e d i c t e d i o 2 m a x f r o m p u l s e r a t e s r a n g i n g f r o m 1 2 0 t o 170 b-min".

T h e s e m e a s u r e s w e r e s u b m a x i m a l h e a r t r a t e s f o r t h e o r i g i n a l

1954 g r o u p s i n c e t h e i r mean maximal h e a r t r a t e w a s a s s u m e d t o b e

195 bornin'' f o r b o t h m a l e s a n d f e m a l e s . The a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e

nomogram f o r t h e p r e d i c t i o n of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e , t h e r e f o r e ,

i s by e x t r a p o l a t i o n t o a n a g e r e l a t e d maximum p u l s e r a t e . T h i s ,

i t s e l f , i s a n i n h e r e n t l i m i t a t i o n t o w i d e s p r e a d a p p l i c a b i l i t y .

I. A s t r a n d l a t e r ( 1 9 6 0 ) m o d i f i e d t h e o r i g i n a l nomogram by

i n t r o d u c i n g a n a g e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r t o c o r r e c t a c o n s i s t e n t

o v e r e s t i m a t i o n i n p r e d i c t i n g bo2max f o r i n d i v i d u a l s o v e r t h e a g e

of 2 5 y e a r s b e c a u s e of a d e c l i n e i n t h e i r maximum a c h i e v a b l e

h e a r t r a t e w i t h a g e .

2.2.2 A c c u r a c y of P r e d i c t i o n of As t rand-Rhyming Nomogram

Many s t u d i e s h a v e e s t i m a t e d t h e a c c u r a c y of maximal o x y g e n

u p t a k e p r e d i c t i o n s f r o m t h e A-R nomogram a g a i n s t d i r e c t l y

m e a s u r e d V02max ( A s t r a n d a n d Rhyming, 1 9 5 4 ; A s t r a n d , 1 9 6 0 ;

H e t t i n g e r , 1 9 6 1 ; R o d a h l a n d I s s e k u t z , 1 9 6 2 ; Rowel1 et s., 1 9 6 4 ;

G l a s s f o r d -- e t a l . , 1 9 6 5 ; D e v r i e s a n d K l a f f s , 1 9 6 5 ; T e r a s l i n n a et

a l . , 1 9 6 6 ; C h a s e , 1 9 6 6 ; D a v i e s , 1 9 6 8 ; Kavanagh a n d S h e p h a r d , -

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1976 ; Coleman, 1976 ; J e s s u p e t a l . , Cink and Thomas, 1981; -- L o u h e v a a r a -- e t a l . , 1980 ; Myles a n d T o f t , 1 9 8 0 ; P a t t o n e t a l . , -- 1982; S i c o n o l f i e t a 1 1 9 8 2 ) . T a b l e I i l l u s t r a t e s t h e r a n g e of - -* , c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s ( r ) b e t w e e n p r e d i c t e d and o b s e r v e d

~ 0 ~ m a x m e a s u r e m e n t s made b y v a r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s .

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T a b l e I : Showing c o r r e l a t i o ? c o e f f i c i e n t ( r ) be, twe$n d i r e c t l y m e a s u r e d V02 max a n d p r e d i c t e d VOzmax, u s i n g t h e A-R nomogram, by d i f f e r e n t i n v e s t i g a t o r s . V a r i a t i o n s i n e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o t o c o l s a n d a g e , s e x a n d f i t n e s s of s u b j e c t s a r e a l s o shown.

I n v e s t i g a t o r P r e d i c t i v e P r o t o c o l •’0: S u b j e c t V a l i d i t y A s s e s s i n g V02max D a t a C o e f f i c i e n t

A s t r a n d a n d Ryhming , 1954

A s t r a n d , 1960

e t a l . , 1 9 6 4

0 . 7 1 Maximal b i c y c l e n=86 w e l l a n d t r e a d m i l l t r a i n e d s e r i e s of m a l e s a n d e x p e r i m e n t s f e m a l e s , o v e r 3 w e e k s , a g e r a n g e work i n t e n s i t y 18 - 30 v a r y i n g f r o m l o w t o h i g h e s t s u b j e c t c o u l d m a i n t a i n f o r 5-6 m i n u t e s . Submax t r e a d m i l l - 1 0 k m * h r g 1 , 1 i n c l i n e , Submax b i c y c l e f emale -900 kgm/m male -1200 kgm/m

Max a n d submax n=205 b i c y c l e , ( m a l e s 1 1 2 9 ) on a t l e a s t 2 ( f e m a l e s z 7 6 ) d a y s , 5-10 min a g e r a n g e p e r l o a d , 2-3 20-68 m i n / l ' o a d a t max l o a d s

Max t r e a d m i l l n=22 T a y l o r a t h l e t e s , i n c r e a s e s e d e n t a r y 2.5% n = 1 0 Submax t r e a d e n d u r a n c e 3.5mph, 1 0 % a t h l e t e s 3 .5mph,15%

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d e V r i e s and K l a f s , 1965

G l a s s f o r d 0.7 2 e t a l . , 1 9 6 5

T e r a s l i n n a 0.69 e t a 1 - * 9

1966

D a v i e s , 1968

Coleman, 1976

Max B i c y c l e n=16 m a l e 60rpm, 12min P.E. s t u d e n t s WU ( 6 a t 4 5 0 , age r a n g e 6 a t 900 kpm) 20-26 C E 250kpm min'l i n c r e a s e 250 t i l l e x h a u s t i o n Submax B i c y c l e 900 kpm, 60rpm 6 m i n , p r e c e d e w i t h 6 min,450kpm

Max T r e a d n=24 m a l e s T a y l o r , B u s k i r k a g e r a n g e Hens che 1 17-33 M i t c h e l l , S p r o u l e , Chapman Max B i c y c l e A s t r a n d d i r e c t Submax B i c y c l e 50rpm, 900kpm t i l l HR 125-170

Max B i c y c l e n=31 f a c u l t y m o d i f i e d B a l k e and s t a f f , T a y l o r ,50rpm a g e r a n g e 2min 150kpm 23-49 i n c r e a s e 150 till e x h a u s t i o n Submax B i c y c l e 5min WU a t 150kpm 2min r e s t , 5min 900 kpm

Maximal n=80 ma le s e d e n t a r y a g e r a n g e 20-30

M a x i ~ a l t r e a d n=15 ma le McDonough, P.E. s t u d e n t s

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Bruce a g e 22.67 Submax t r e a d - +1.8 m o d i f i e d M a r i t z walk

s s u p 0.64 (50 rpm) Max B i c y c l e n=30 ma le a l . , 0 .63 (80 rpm) 6 min e a c h v o l u n t e e r

' 7 7 3 0 0 , 6 0 0 , 9 0 0 s t u d e n t s 1200 t i l l age r a n g e 1 8 0 b e a t s / m i n 18-24 t h e n i n c r e a s e r a t e a n d r e s i s t a n c e Submax b i c y c l e 50 rpm(6 m i n ) 80 rpm(6 m i n )

C i n k and Thomas, 1981

L o u h e v a a r a 0 .73 e t a l . , 1 9 8 0

Max B i c y c l e n=40 ma le 60 rpm, 2 min s t u d e n t s 25W, i n c r e a s e age r a n g e 25Wlmin t i l l 18-33 e x h a u s t i o n Submax b i c y c l e w e l l - t r a i n e d i n i t i a l 150W m o d e r a t e , 100W u n t r a i n e d , 75W - 5-6min, 50 rpm HR 130-170

Max B i c y c l e n=22 ma le f o l l o w i n g mai lmen submax, 50rpm a g e r a n g e i n c . r e s i s t . 29-41 2 m i n , 1 rnin 70rpm, 0.5min 100rpm. Submax b i c y c l e D i s c o n t i n u o u s , 4-6 rnin a t 3 submax, 3 rnin r e s t b e t w e e n e a c h . WR c h o s e n t o g e t HR 130b/m, 130-150, 150-170.

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Myles and T o f t , 19 80

P a t t on

S i c o n o l f i e t a l . , 1 9 8 2

0 .78 T read Male

0 .53 T read Female

0 .83 B i c y c l e Male

0 .58 B i c y c l e Female

0 .76 ma le 0.79 f e m a l e

Max t r e a d , T a y l o r , 3 , 3 min p e r i o d s i n c r e a s i n g s p e e d a n d g r a d e t i l l maximum. Submax b i c y c l e A s t r a n d 6 m i n , 50 rpm, i n i t i a l 600 kpm.min'l . Max T r e a d , T a y l o r Max B i c y c l e , d i s c o n t i n u o u s , 60 rpm,900kpm 180kpm min i n c r e a s e . Submax b i c y c l e A s t r a n d 6 min 50 rpm, HR 120 t o 170 b-min"

Max b i c y c l e 50 rpm, 150 kpm-rnin'l Submax b i c y c l e M o d i f i e d A-R 50 rpm, a l l f e m a l e and m a l e - o v e r 3 5 , 150kpm i n c . 15012 min ma le u n d e r 3 5 , 300kpm, i n c . 30012 min .

n=31 m a l e s a g e r a n g e 19-40 , army v o l u n t e e r s

n=15 m a l e a g e 20-41 n=12 f e m a l e a g e 18-33 Army s t a f f

n-35 ma le n-28 f e m a l e a g e 20-70 H o s p i t a l p e r s o n n e l

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T a b l e I r e v e a l s t h e e x t r e m e s of v a r i a b i l i t y i n m e t h o d o l o g y

among i n v e s t i g a t o r s u s e d t o a s s e s s r e l e v e n t s u b m a x i m a l h e a r t

r a t e s f r o m w h i c h t o p r e d i c t V02max. T h e s e p r o c e d u r a l v a r i a t i o n s

c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t e d v a l u e s

n o t e d a b o v e i n T a b l e I . S e v e r a l s t u d i e s h a v e e v a l u a t e d t h e

a c c u r a c y of p r e d i c t i n g f r o m t h e A-R nomogram by c o m p a r i s o n of

t h e V02max m e a s u r e m e n t s o b t a i n e d d i r e c t l y w i t h e i t h e r s u b m a x i m a l

t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g o r s u b m a x i m a l b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y ( R o w e l l 5

a 1 1 9 6 4 ; G l a s s f o r d e t a l . , 1 9 6 5 ; Coleman, 1 9 7 6 ) . T h e s e a r e -* 9 -- i n a p p r o p r i a t e c o m p a r i s o n s h o w e v e r , s i n c e i t i s w e l l known t h a t

t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g c o n s i s t e n t l y p r o d u c e s h i g h e r VO2max v a l u e s , on

t h e o r d e r of 4 t o 1 8 % , t h a n b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y ( A s t r a n d a n d

S a l t i n , 1 9 6 1 ; G l a s s f o r d , -- e t a 1 . , 1 9 6 5 ; Hermansen et g . , 1 9 7 0 ;

McArdle a n d M a g e l , 1 9 7 0 ; Miyamura a n d Honda, 1 9 7 2 ; McKay a n d

B a n i s t e r , 1 9 7 6 ; Bergh -- e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ; K e r e n - e t G . , 1 9 8 0 ; P a n n i e r

e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ; Miles e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ) . E v e n when t h e e v a l u a t i v e -- -- p r o c e d u r e i s t h e same f o r b o t h maximal a n d s u b m a x i m a l

p r o c e d u r e s , v a r i a t i o n s i n i n t e n s i t y a n d d u r a t i o n of e a c h work

l e v e l a f f e c t t h e d e t e r m i n e d +o2max ( M c C o n n e l l a n d S i n n i n g ,

1 9 8 0 ) .

V a r i a t i o n i n t h e f i t n e s s l e v e l of p a r t i c i p a t i n g s u b j e c t s i s

a m a j o r s o u r c e of e r r o r i n t h e a c c u r a c y of nomogram p r e d i c t i o n s .

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I. A s t r a n d ( 1 9 6 0 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t V02max p r e d i c t i o n s f o r u n t r a i n e d

and t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , were of t e n u n d e r e s t i m a t e d

o r o v e r e s t i m a t e d . V a r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e o b s e r v e d a n

improved a c c u r a c y i n p r e d i c t i n g $02max f r o m t h e A-R nomogram

when s u b j e c t s w e r e m o d e r a t e l y t r a i n e d ( A s t r a n d , 1 9 6 0 ; Rowel1 - e t

a l ) . - A t h l e t e s t r a i n e d i n a s p e c i f i c manner have a l s o b e e n shown

t o e x h i b i t v a r i a t i o n s i n p r e d i c t e d $02max f r o m d i r e c t l y measu red

C ~ ~ r n a x when t h e t e s t i n g a p p a r a t u s on wh ich ?02max was m e a s u r e d

s i m u l a t e d t h e i r s p e c i f i c s p o r t s a c t i v i t y ( A s t r a n d , 1 9 6 0 ; Rowel1

e t a l . , 1964; R o b e r t s a n d A l s p a u g h , 1972 ; Holmer a n d A s t r a n d , -- 1972; P e c h a r e t a l . , 1974; Magel e t a 1 1975 ; Stromme et e., -- - -- 9

1977 ; V e r s t a p p e n e t a l . , 1 9 8 2 ) . I t s e e m s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e -- work t e s t must e n g a g e a l l t h o s e m u s c l e s which have b e e n

s p e c i f i c a l l y t r a i n e d i n o r d e r t o a s s e s s t h e maximal a e r o b i c '

c a p a c i t y of a p a r t i c u l a r a t h l e t e a c c u r a t e l y .

2 .3 Major L i m i t a t i o n s P l a c e d Upon Assumpt ions of t h e A-R - - --- nomogram

While t h e a b o v e s t u d i e s h a v e a t t e m p t e d t o e s t i m a t e t h e

a c c u r a c y of p r e d i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t e s t s , among g r o u p s e t c . , t h e

b a s i c a s s u m p t i o n s upon which t h e nomogram was c o n s t r u c t e d h a v e

r a r e l y b e e n q u e s t i o n e d . The m a j o r a s s u m p t i o n s a r e t h a t :

1. H e a r t r a t e i s l i n e a r l y r e l a t e d t o oxygen u p t a k e t h r o u g h o u t . t h e e n t i r e r a n g e of e x e r t i o n a l l e v e l s up t o V02max,

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2 . Maximal a t t a i n a b l e h e a r t r a t e v a r i e s l i t t l e b e t w e e n

i n d i v i d u a l s of s i m i l a r a g e ,

3 . Oxygen u p t a k e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d d u r i n g b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y a r e

t h e same a s t h o s e o b t a i n e d on t h e t r e a d m i l l ' f o r t h e same

i n d i v i d u a l , a n d

4. A p r e c i s e u n i f o r m t e s t i n g p r o t o c o l i s s t r i c t l y a d h e r e d t o i n

e v e r y a s s e s s m e n t ( i . e . a s i n g l e , s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e on a

b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r i s p e r f o r m e d a t 50 r p m ) .

2.4 L i n e a r i t y of H e a r t R a t e / O x y g e n U p t a k e R e l a t i o n s h i p - -

The u n d e r l y i n g b a s i s of t h e s u b m a x i m a l A-R e x e r c i s e t e s t i s

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s e x i s t i n g b e t w e e n h e a r t r a t e a n d o x y g e n u p t a k e

d u e t o v a r i a t i o n s i n work r a t e . Oxygen u p t a k e may be d e f i n e d by

t h e e q u a t i o n :

~ 0 ~ = (HR x SV ) x ( a - T ) 0 2 d i f f ( E q u a t i o n 2 )

w h e r e V02 = o x y g e n u p t a k e ,

HR = h e a r t r a t e ,

SV = s t r o k e v o l u m e , a n d

(a -V)02 d i f f = a r t e r i o v e n o u s o x y g e n d i f f e r e n c e .

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A s t r a n d e t a l . ( 1 9 6 4 ) showed t h a t no f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e i n s t r o k e -- volume o c c u r s a f t e r t h e h e a r t r a t e a t t a i n s a l e v e l of

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 120 bornin-l . A t h i g h e r r a t e s of work an i n c r e a s e

i n oxygen u p t a k e d e p e n d s on a n i n c r e a s e d h e a r t r a t e and

a r t e r i o v e n o u s oxygen d i f f e r e n c e . The h e a r t r a t e a p p e a r s t o r e a c h

l i m i t i n g l e v e l s bef o r e t h e a r t e r i o v e n o u s oxygen d i f f e r e n c e a f t e r

which m u s c l e seems a b l e t o e x t r a c t more oxygen f r o m c i r c u l a t i n g

b l o o d t o a l l o w oxygen u p t a k e t o c o n t i n u e i n c r e a s i n g w i t h

i n c r e a s i n g work r a t e ( D a v i e s , 1 9 6 8 ) . However , s i n c e a v e r y e a r l y

d a t e , Wyndham -- e t a l . ( 1 9 5 9 ) , Rowel1 e t a l . ( 1964 ) a n d D a v i e s -- ( 1 9 6 8 ) c o n c l u d e d t h a t a t n e a r maximum e f f o r t h e a r t r a t e a n d

oxygen u p t a k e a r e no l o n g e r l i n e a r l y r e l a t e d . The r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e e n h e a r t r a t e and oxygen u p t a k e f i t t e d a n e x p o n e n t i a l c u r v e

a s ~ 0 ~ c o n t i n u e d t o i n c r e a s e w h i l e h e a r t r a t e - r e a c h e d a maximum

l e v e l . D a v i e s ( 1 9 6 8 ) showed t h a t t h i s n o n l i n e a r i t y i n t h e h e a r t

r a t e / V 0 2 c u r v e o c c u r e d i r r e s p e c t i v e of a g e . The a s y m p t o t i c

n a t u r e of t h e c u r v e r e s u l t s i n a n u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n of V02max

u s i n g t h e A-R nomogram a n d p r e s e n t s a s e v e r e l i m i t a t i o n t o i t s

p r e d i c t i v e power.

A t h e a r t r a t e s be low 120 b -min ' l , s t r o k e volume may

c o n t i n u e t o i n c r e a s e and e f f e c t a n i n c r e a s e i n oxygen u p t a k e

( A s t r a n d -- e t a l . , 1 9 6 4 ) . Above 1 2 0 bwmin'l h e a r t r a t e i n c r e a s e s

a l o n e g e n e r a t e i n c r e a s e d c a r d i a c o u t p u t and h e n c e oxygen . u p t a k e .

The p r e d i c t i v e power of t h e A-R nomogram may be i n c r e a s e d a s

h i g h e r h e a r t r a t e s i n t h e r a n g e 130 t o 170 bornin-l f r o m g r e a t e r

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w o r k r a t e s a r e u s e d i n t h e p r e d i c t i v e p r o c e s s ( D a v i e s , 1 9 6 8 ) .

M a r g a r i a e t a l . ( 1 9 6 5 ) s u g g e s t e d t h e u s e of two h e a r t r a t e -- v a l u e s t o i m p r o v e p r e d i c t i o n of V02max, h o w e v e r t h i s m e t h o d d i d

n o t a l l e v i a t e t h e p r o b l e m s t e m m i n g f r o m n o n - l i n e a r i t y i n t h e

u p p e r p o r t i o n s of t h e h e a r t r a t e / o x y g e n u p t a k e c u r v e .

Max ima l e f f o r t o n t h e p a r t of a s u b j e c t i s e s s e n t i a l f o r

t h e d i r e c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n of bo2max . S u b m a x i m a l t e s t s , h o w e v e r ,

d e p e n d u p o n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e x a c t h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e t o a

s p e c i f i c s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e . I t i s o f t h e u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e ,

t h e r e f o r e , t h a t c h a n g e s i n h e a r t r a t e r e f l e c t o n l y a n a l t e r a t i o n

i n w o r k r a t e . I n t h i s c a s e b o t h h e a r t r a t e a n d w o r k r a t e m u s t b e

a c c u r a t e l y m e a s u r e d .

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1. F a c t o r s A f f e c t i n g H e a r t R a t e

H e a r t r a t e may b e a f f e c t e d by a v a r i e t y of f a c t o r s

i n c l u d i n g t e m p e r a t u r e a n d a s s o r t e d n o n - s p e c i f i c s t r e s s e s .

a . T e m p e r a t u r e

Body t e m p e r a t u r e , ( T c ) , may b e e s t i m a t e d f r o m

r e c t a l t e m p e r a t u r e ( T r ) , a n d mean s k i n t e m p e r a t u r e ( T s )

a s f o l l o w s ;

Tc = 0 . 8 T r + 0.2Ts ( E q u a t i o n 3 )

D u r i n g e x e r c i s e , b o t h t h e c i r c u l a t o r y s y s t e m a n d

h e a t r e g u l a t o r y m e c h a n i s m s r i s e a b o v e r e s t i n g l e v e l s .

The c i r c u l a t o r y s y s t e m i s s t r e s s e d f u r t h e r by t h e n e e d

t o t r a n s f e r e x c e s s h e a t f r o m t h e c o r e t o t h e p e r i p h e r y .

E l e v a t e d b o d y c o r e a n d m u s c l e t e m p e r a t u r e s i n d u c e d by .

e x e r c i s e h a v e b e e n shown t o i n c r e a s e o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d

h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s a b o v e n o r m a l ( B e r g h a n d Ekblom, 1 9 7 9 ) .

T a n a k a e t a l . ( 1 9 7 9 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e t i m e c o u r s e of r i s i n g -- body t e m p e r a t u r e a n d h e a r t r a t e f o r s u b m a x i m a l b i c y c l e

e r g o m e t r y a t 80% of V02max. Body c o r e t e m p e r a t u r e l a g g e d

t h e i n c r e a s e i n h e a r t r a t e a n d d i d n o t b e g i n t o i n c r e a s e

u n t i l s i x m i n u t e s a f t e r e x e r c i s e o n s e t d u e t o b l o o d

r e d i s t r i b u t i o n f r o m s p l a n c h n i c a r e a s t o w o r k i n g m u s c l e s .

S h v a r t z e t a l . ( 1 9 7 8 ) d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t e x e r c i s e ' r e c t a l -- t e m p e r a t u r e a t e l e v a t e d a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d s u p o n

p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s ( a s d e s c r i b e d by V02max) a n d a

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d e v e l o p e d t h e r m o r e g u l a t o r y a b i l i t y , b o t h of w h i c h

i n c r e a s e h e a t t o l e r a n c e .

The a b o v e s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e a n e e d t o m o n i t o r a n d

a c c o u n t f o r c h a n g e s i n body a n d m u s c l e t e m p e r a t u r e among

p o p u l a t i o n s u n d e r t e s t . A p r e - e x e r c i s e warm-up p e r i o d

mus t b e c o n t r o l l e d b o t h i n t e r m s of i n t e n s i t y a n d

d u r a t i o n . The r i s e i n r e c t a l t e m p e r a t u r e a b o v e r e s t i n g

v a l u e s may be m e a s u r e d t o e f f e c t s u c h a c o n t r o l (DeBruyn

P r e v o s t a n d L e f e b v r e , 1 9 8 0 ) .

V a r i a t i o n s i n body t e m p e r a t u r e w i t h i n a n i n d i v i d u a l

may a l s o b e e f f e c t e d by c i r c a d i a n r h y t h m m a k i n g i t

i m p e r a t i v e t o t e s t e a c h i n d i v i d u a l a t t h e same t i m e of

d a y ( M i l l s , 1 9 6 6 ) .

b. N o n - s p e c i f i c S t r e s s e s

Rowel1 e t a l . ( 1 9 6 4 ) c o n c l u d e d t h a t s u b m a x i m a l , - - p u l s e r a t e d u r i n g work r e q u i r i n g u p t o a n d e x c e e d i n g 50% . of V02max may v a r y i n d e p e n d e n t l y of o t h e r a t t e n d a n t

p h y s i o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s . The e m o t i o n a l s t a t e of t 'he

s u b j e c t may i n c r e a s e t h e h e a r t r a t e m e a s u r e m e n t by a s

much a s 1 0 bemin'l w i t h o u t p e r c e p t i b l y c h a n g i n g t h e

s u b j e c t ' s p r e p a r e d n e s s f o r t h e t a s k i n hand . A t a n

o x y g e n u p t a k e of 2.0 l g m i n - I s u c h a n i n c r e a s e i n h e a r t

r a t e w o u l d r e s u l t i n a d e c r e a s e of 550 m l 0 2 - m i n - ' i n

t h e s u b j e c t ' s p r e d i c t e d V02max. Rowel1 -- e t a l . ( . I9641

s t a t e d t h a t t h e s e c h a n g e s c a n o c c u r w i t h o u t

c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n c r e a s e s i n maximal p u l s e r a t e o r t r u e

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V02max. The o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e i n c o n t r a s t t o t h o s e of

A s t r a n d e t a l . ( 1 9 6 0 ) who c o n s i d e r e d t h a t h i g h e r -- s u b m a x i m a l h e a r t r a t e s c o r r e s p o n d e d t o r e l a t i v e l y l o w e r

a e r o b i c c a p a c i t y . T a y l o r e t a l . ( 1 9 5 5 ) n o t e d d i f f e r e n c e s -- i n h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e s of a s u b j e c t t o s u b m a x i m a l work

on d i f f e r e n t o c c a s i o n s a n d a t t r i b u t e d i t t o l e s s a n x i e t y

on t h e p a r t of t h e s u b j e c t a f t e r a n i n i t i a l t e s t . The

e f f e c t s of n o n - s p e c i f i c s t r e s s e s a r e a n i m p o r t a n t . c o n s i d e r a t i o n when p r e d i c t i n g V02max f r o m p h y s i o l o g i c a l

r e s p o n s e s t o s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e s .

2.5 C o n s t a n c y of Maximum HR Between a n d W i t h i n Age Groups - - - -

M a r i t z e t a l . ( 1 9 6 1 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e r e i s l i t t l e -- s i g n i f i c a n t i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n f r o m t h e p o p u l a t i o n mean

maximal h e a r t r a t e . Thus t h e u s e of a common maximal h e a r t r a t e

was c o n s i d e r e d n o t t o i n t r o d u c e s i g n i f i c a n t e r r o r s i n t h e .

e s t i m a t e of V02max. Rowel1 ( 1 9 6 4 ) , h o w e v e r , d e t e r m i n e d a

d e c r e a s e i n maximal h e a r t c a u s e d by h e a v y t r a i n i n g w i t h i n a

s p e c i f i c a g e g r o u p a n d c o n c l u d e d t h a t s u c h a d e c r e a s e i n m a x i m a l

h e a r t r a t e w o u l d p r e v e n t t h e p r e d i c t i o n of +o2max f r o m t h e A-R

nomogram i n a s u b - g r o u p d i f f e r i n g m a r k e d l y f r o m t h e norm of t h e

a g e g r o u p e x e r c i s e h e a r t r a t e . Thus maximal h e a r t r a t e m i g h t

v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y w i t h i n a n a g e g r o u p a n d a l a r g e variation

d e f i n i t e l y o c c u r s b e t w e e n a g e g r o u p s . The a g e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s

d e t e r m i n e d by A s t r a n d ( 1 9 6 0 ) t o c o r r e c t f o r i n t e r - a g e g r o u p

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h e a r t r a t e v a r i a b i l i t y d i f f e r f r o m t h o s e d e t e r m i n e d by L e s t e r et

a l . ( 1 9 6 8 ) a n d S i d n e y a n d S h e p h a r d ( 1 9 7 7 ) . B o t h L e s t e r e t a l . - -- ( 1 9 6 8 ) a n d S i d n e y a n d S h e p h a r d ( 1 9 7 7 ) f o u n d t h a t 65 y e a r o l d

N o r t h A m e r i c a n m a l e s c o u l d r e a c h a maximum h e a r t r a t e 1 0 t o 15

b /min h i g h e r t h a n r e p o r t e d by A s t r a n d -- e t a l . ( 1 9 5 9 ) a n d I.

A s t a n d ( 1 9 6 0 ) o n S w e d i s h p o p u l a t i o n s i n 1 9 6 0 . The e m p h a s i s on

p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s a n d t h e h e a l t h y l i f e s t y l e p r e c e d e n t s e t t o d a y

i n N o r t h A m e r i c a a n d a r o u n d t h e w o r l d p r o b a b l y make d a t a f r o m

1 9 6 0 , on a g e r e l a t e d h e a r t r a t e maxima, q u i t e o u t d a t e d .

2.6 I n t e r c h a n g a b i l i t y of T e s t i n g I n s t r u m e n t - -

I t w a s o r i g i n a l l y a s s u m e d t h a t t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g a n d

b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y p r o d u c e d s i m i l a r vo2max v a l u e s when t h e A-R

nomogram was d e v e l o p e d . Many s t u d i e s h a v e s i a c e shown t h a t . t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g p r o d u c e s a V02max v a l u e b e t w e e n 4 a n d 18%

g r e a t e r t h a n b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y ( T a b l e 11; G l a s s f o r d et ,

1 9 6 5 ; Hermansen a n d S a l t i n , 1 9 6 9 ; Hermansen e t a l . , 1 9 7 0 ; -- McArdle a n d M a g e l , 1 9 7 0 ; Karnon a n d P a n d o l f , 1 9 7 2 ; Miyamura a n d

Honda, 1 9 7 2 ; McArdle a n d K a t c h , 1 9 7 4 ; McKay a n d B a n i s t e r , 1 9 7 5 ;

Bergh e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ; B o i l e a u et G., 1 9 7 7 ; M a t s u i , 1 9 7 8 ; M i l e s e t -- - a 1 1 9 8 0 ; P a n n i e r e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ; K e r e n e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ; V e r s t a p p e n ,* 9 -- -- e t a l . , 1 9 8 2 ) . --

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T a b l e 11: Summary of Mean D i f f e r e n c e Be tween i o 2 m a x R e c o r d e d D u r i n g T r e a d m i l l Runn ing a n d B i c y c l e ' ~ r ~ o m e t r y A s D e t e r m i n e d By V a r i o u s I n v e s t i g a t o r s . T r e a d m i l l Oxygen U p t a k e i s Termed 100%.

I n v e s t i g a t o r

G l a s s f o r d e t a l . , 1 9 6 5

C h a s e , 1966

T r e a d m i l l ( T ) - B i c y c l e ( B ) ( p e r c e n t )

Hermansen , 7.0 S a l t i n , 196 9

Hermansen , 6.0 Ekblom, S a l t i n , 1970

McArdle , 9.9 Mage 1, 1970

Maximal T e s t i n g P r o c e d u r e

T -Tay lo r P r o t o c o l M i t c h e l l , Sp rou l e ,Chapman

B-As t rand d i r e c t A-R i n d i r e c t

T -Tay lo r B-Luft m o d i f i c a t i o n

WU-3min a t 3 0 0 k ~ m * m i n - ~ 50-60rpm, i n c r e a s e 85 t o 100kgm*min'l t i l l e x h a u s t i o n

T - m o d i f i e d T a y l o r B - p r e d i c t f r o m A s t r a n d

S a l t i n , t h e n i n c r e a s e 200kpm*min" , 50rpm

WU f o r b o t h t e s t s 1 0 min a t work r a t e 50-70%V02MAX

same a s a b o v e , 1 9 6 9 , e x h a u s t i o n 5-7 m i n u t e s

T-Balke B - c o n t i n u o u s , 60rpm

i n c r e a s e 180kgm omin-l e v e r y 2 min t i l l e x h a u s t i o n

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Kamon , P a n d s l f , 1972 '

11 .0 m a l e s T - T a y l o r 7.0 f e m a l e s B-5 min WU a t 50% ~ O ~ M A X

r e s t 1 0 rnin C E a t l e a s t 3 rnin a < l o a d p r e d i c t e d t o y i e l d V02MAX

Miyamura , 1 5 . 0 D i s c o n . Hsnda , 8.0 Cont . 1 9 7 2

McArd le , K a t c h , P e c h a r , 1973

McKay B a n i s t e r , 1975

T-cons t a n t , s p e e d c h o s e n t o e x h a u s t i n 4-8 m i n , 180-200 m - m i C 1 i n c r e m e n t a l , 2 rnin 150-170 m-min'l t h e n i n c r e a s e 1 om-min'l

B - c o n s t a n t , 4-8 rnin t i ll e n d 1260-1620 kpm*min" i n c r e m e n t a l , 2 rnin 900-1260 t h e n i n c r e a s e 180 kgm.min'l

T - d i s c o n t i n u o u s , 5min ,6mph, 2 , 5 % 1 0 rnin r e s t , i n c r e a s e 2.5% e a c h 5 min r u n , 1 0 min r e s t

- c o n t i n u o u s , 2 m i n , 6mph , 0 % i n c r e a s e 2.5% t i l l e x h a u s t i o n

- B a l k e - M i t c h e l l , S p r o u l e , Chapman

B - d i s c o n t i n o u s , 60rpm, 5min , 2 k g 1 0 rnin r e s t , 3 k g , 60 rpm, t h e n i n c r e a s e 180 kgm*min" e a c h 5 rnin

- c o n t i n u o u s , i n i t i a l 60 rpm n o l o a d , t h a n i n c r e a s e 180 kgmomin-I e v e r y 2 min .

T r e a d m i l l WU 6 rnin a t 60 rpm l o a d e l i c i t i n g HR 1 5 0 b / m i n C E - O X , 2 . 5 % / m i n t i l l e x h a u s t i o n ; s e p a r a t e d a y s a t 6 . 0 , 6 . 5 , 7 . 0 , 7 . 5 m p h

B i c y c l e WU same a s t r e a d m i l l CE l m i n 900

2min 1 2 0 0 3 a n d 4 1 5 0 0 5 a n d 6 1 8 0 0 7 a n d 8 2100 9 a n d 10 2400 S e p a r a t e d a y s f o r 6 0 , 8 0 , 100 a n d 120 rpm

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Bergh

M a t s u i , 18 .0 1978

H a g b e r g e t a l . , - 19 7 8

M i l e s e t a l . , - 19 8 0

K e r e n e t a l . , 1988-

WU 6-10 min a t 50% V02 max T r e a d m i l l - 5 - 8 % f o r 5 min B i c y c l e - c o n t i n u o u s , one

w o r k l o a d p e r work t e s t

~ - ~ ~ - 1 2 0 - 1 4 0 m * m i n ' ~ a t 8.6% f o r a few m i n u t e s , r e s t 2 min C E 8 . 6 % , 2min 1 0 0 - 1 4 0 m * m i n - ~ , i n c r e a s e 10m-min" t i l l e x h a u s t i o n

B-WU 29-59 W , 2 m i n , r e s t 2min CE 60rpm, 2min a t 29-59W i n c r e a s e 29W/min t i l l e x h a u s t i o n

T - p r o g r e s s i v e c o n t i n u o u s , 7 , 8 or9mph i n c r e a s e 2 % / m i n t i l l e x h a u s t i o n

B-90rpm, 270kprn*min'l a f t e r i n i t i a l l o a d of 810-1350kpm*min'1 20mph of t r e a d m i l l i n c r e a s e 0 . 5 % / m i n f r o m i n i t i a l 2 o r 3%

T-Balke w a l k B - i n c r e m e n t a l ,

60rpm, i n c r e a s e 180kpm*rnin'l e v e r y 2min t i l l e x h a u s t i o n

T-Bruce m o d i f i e d B - i n c r e a s e 50W e v e r y 3min f r o m i n i t i a l 600 kprn*min" , s u p r a m a x l o a d of 20W a d d e d

WU a l l e x p t s . , 5 m i n , HR 150-160 , 1 0 min r e s t

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P a n n i e r e t a l . , - 5 8 0

T - c o n s t a n t s p e e d f o r c o n t r o l s , 12.5 km-h r " f o r r u n n e r s , i n i t i a l 0 % , i n c r e a s e 2.5% e v e r y 3min

B-Hollman, V e n r a t h i n i t i a l WU 140W, i n c r e a s e 40W/3min 60-70rpm

Vers t a p p e n , 14 .0 ( r u n n e r s ) T-speed 11 km-min - l , 5 min 1982 i n c r e a s e t o 12-13 km-min

-2% ( c y c l i s t s ) e v e r y 2.5 m i n , t h e n s p e e d c o n s t a n t , i n c r e a s e i n c l i n e 2.5% e v e r y 2.5 min t i l l e x h a u s t i o n .

B-900 kpmemin-l f o r 5 min t h e n 1200 f o r 2. 5 min i n c r e a s e 150 kpm.min'l e v e r y 2 .5 min t ill e x h a u s t i o n .

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Thus a new method f o r t h e p r e d i c t i o n of V02max f r o m

p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s t o submaximal work r a t e n e e d s

d e v e l o p m e n t , s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r u s e i n b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y .

P r e d i c t e d $02max v a l u e s f r o m t h i s p r o c e d u r e would t h e n b e more . a c c u r a t e l y r e f e r r e d t o a s V02peak o r V02max b i c y c l e .

S e v e r a l f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e c o n s i s t e n t l y h i g h e r

~ 0 ~ m a x v a l u e s d e t e r m i n e d d u r i n g t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g compared t o

b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y . T h e s e i n c l u d e v a r i a t i o n s i n c a r d i a c o u t p u t ,

m u s c l e b l o o d f l o w and l e g s t r e n g t h .

2 . 6 . 1 C a r d i a c O u t p u t

The r e l a t i o n s h i p amo-ng c a r d i a c o u t p u t ( Q ) , a r t e r i o v e n o u s

oxygen d i f f e r e n c e ( ( a - T ) 0 2 d i f f e r e n c e ) a n d maximal oxygen u p t a k e

may b e d e s c r i b e d by t h e F i c k e q u a t i o n :

VO2max = max Q x max(a-T)02 d i f f e r e n c e

where Q = s t r o k e volume x h e a r t r a t e .

( E q u a t i o n 4 ) '

C a r d i a c o u t p u t h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d t o b e l e s s d u r i n g b i c y c l e

e r g o m e t r y compared t o t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g (Hermansen -- e t a l . , 1 9 7 0 ;

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F a u l k n e r e t a l . , 1 9 7 1 ; Miyamura a n d Honda , 1 9 7 2 ) . H e r m a n s e n et -- a l . ( 1 9 7 0 ) a n d F a u l k n e r e t a l . ( 1 9 7 1 ) b o t h d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e - -- s t r o k e volume d u r i n g b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y was s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s

t h a n t h a t d u r i n g t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g . Miyamura a n d Honda ( l 9 7 2 ) ,

i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e a b o v e i n v e s t i g a t o r s , f o u n d t h a t s t r o k e vo lume

was t h e same i n b o t h f o r m s of e x e r c i s e . T h e s e a u t h o r s , h o w e v e r ,

n o t e d a l o w e r mean maximal h e a r t r a t e d u r i n g b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y

compared t o t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g a n d e x p l a i n e d t h i s a s d u e t o e a r l y

f a t i g u e of t h e q u a d r i c e p s m u s c l e s .

2 .6 .2 Blood Flow t o t h e Lower Limb

Miyamura a n d Honda ( 1 9 7 2 ) f o u n d t h a t t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g

p r o d u c e d a g r e a t e r ( a -v )* d i f f e r e n c e , a s w e l l a s c a r d i a c

o u t p u t , compared t o b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y . T h i s l e d t h e a u t h o r s t o

c o n c l u d e t h a t b l o o d f l o w t o t h e l e g was d i f f e r e n t d u r i n g

t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g compared t o b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y . M a t s u i -- e t a l .

( 1 9 7 8 ) i n v e s t i g a t e d b l o o d f l o w t o t h e l o w e r l i m b d u r i n g

t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g a n d b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y a n d f o u n d t h a t b l o o d

f l o w t o t h e c a l f was s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r d u r i n g t r e a d m i l l

r u n n i n g compared t o c y c l i n g . I n g e n e r a l , M a t s u i -- e t a l . c o n c l u d e d

t h a t t o t a l l e g b l o o d f l o w was h i g h e r f o l l o w i n g t r e a d m i l l

r u n n i n g .

F a u l k n e r e t a l . ( 1 9 7 1 ) h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h e b a l l i s t i c -- n a t u r e of r u n n i n g a n d t h e s h o r t c o n t r a c t i o n p h a s e w e r e b o t h

b i o m e c h a n i c a l f a c t o r s t h a t i n c r e a s e d b l o o d f l o w t o t h e l e g

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d u r i n g t r e a d m i l l e x e r c i s e . I n c y c l i n g , t h e c o n t r a c t i o n p o r t i o n

of t h e c o n t r a c t i o n - r e l a x a t i o n c y c l e i s r e l a t i v e l y p r o l o n g e d a n d

t h e p e a k l o a d s a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w i c e t h e l o a d s e t t i n g (Hoes

a l . , 1 9 6 8 ) . -

2 .6 .3 Leg S t r e n g t h

K a t c h -- e t a l . ( 1 9 7 4 ) a s s e s s e d i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n

a b i l i t y t o e x e r t f o r c e w i t h t h e l e g s d u r i n g c y c l i n g a n d t h e

r e l a t i v e s i z e of t h e l e g s i n a n a t t e m p t t o e x p l a i n t h e l o w e r

V02max v a l u e s c o n s i s t e n t l y o b t a i n e d d u r i n g c y c l i n g r e l a t i v e t o

t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g . Measurement of d y n a m i c l e g f o r c e s d u r i n g

maximal c y c l i n g was d e t e r m i n e d u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h e x a c t l y

d u p l i c a t e d t h e p e d a l l i n g r a t e a n d s p e c i f i c l e g movements d u r i n g

t h e Go2max b i c y c l e t e s t . L e g f o r c e w a s m e a s u r e d by c o u p l i n g a n

i s o k i n e t i c dynamomete r (Cybex 11) d i r e c t l y t o t h e p e d a l s p r o c k e t

of a Monark f r i c t i o n t y p e b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r . F a c t o r s s u c h a s

maximum l e g f o r c e , maximum l e g f o r c e r e l a t i v e t o body w e i g h t , . l e g w e i g h t , l e g v o l u m e , body c o m p o s i t i o n , a n d a b s o l u t e V02max, . t o g e t h e r a c c o u n t e d f o r o n l y 2 % of t h e 1 2 . 4 % h i g h e r V02max v a l u e s

o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g compared t o b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y .

The a u t h o r s c o n c l u d e d t h a t f a c t o r s o t h e r t h a n maximum l e g f o r c e

a n d l e g c o m p o s i t i o n w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e h i g h e r t r e a d m i l l

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2.7 S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of Submaximal E x e r c i s e P r o t o c o l s - -

2.7 .1 P e d a l R a t e

A s e r i o u s l i m i t a t i o n of t h e A-R nomogram i s t h e v a r i a t i o n

i n s u b m a x i m a l o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t h e r e f o r e h e a r t r a t e a t c o n s t a n t

power o u t p u t p r o d u c e d by v a r i a t i o n i n p e d a l l i n g r a t e ( B a n i s t e r

a n d J a c k s o n , 1 9 6 7 ) . T h e s e a u t h o r s c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t

o x y g e n u p t a k e a t h i g h power d e v e l o p e d a t s l o w p e d a l l i n g

f r e q u e n c i e s a n d h i g h r e s i s t a n c e s was e q u i v a l e n t t o t h a t a t l o w e r

power o v t p u t d e v e l o p e d by h i g h p e d a l l i f i g r a t e s a g a i n s t s m a l l e r

r e s i s t a n c e s . Thus t o 2 m a x was much l a r g e r a t h i g h e r p e d a l l i n g

f r e q u e n c i e s r e f l e c t i n g a d e c l i n i n g "work e f f i c i e n c y " a s

i n d i v i d u a l s p e d a l l e d a t r a t e s g r e a t e r t h a n 80 rpm. A power

o u t p u t of 360 kpm-min'l a t a p e d a l l i n g r a t e of 1 2 0 rpm w a s

e q u i v a l e n t p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y t o 1000 kpm-min'l when p e d a l l i n g a t

r a t e s of 5 0 , 6 0 , 70 o r 80 rpm.

Hermansen a n d S a l t i n ( 1 9 6 9 ) a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e e f f e c t o f . v a r y i n g p e d a l r a t e s a t e q u i v a l e n t power o u t p u t s on V02max d u r i n g

b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y . I n a s u p p l e m e n t a r y e x p e r i m e n t u s i n g o n l y s i x

s u b j e c t s , t h e p e d a l r a t e s 5 0 , 6 0 70 a n d 80 rpm w e r e s t u d i e d . The

a u t h o r s c o n c l u d e d t h a t p e d a l f r e q u e n c i e s of 60 a n d 70 rpm

p r o d u c e d t h e h i g h e s t o x y g e n u p t a k e d u r i n g maximal b i c y c l e

e x e r c i s e c o m p a r e d t o 50 o r 80 rpm. T h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t

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i n c r e a s e i n +o2max when t h e p e d a l l i n g r a t e was i n c r e a s e d f r o m 60

t o 70 rpm. H e r m a n s e n a n d S a l t i n , h o w e v e r , f a i l e d t o r e p o r t

V02max v a l u e s a t 80 rpm w h i l e c o n c l u d i n g t h a t "80 rpm i s t o o

h i g h a f r e q u e n c y t o o b t a i n t h e h i g h e s t p o s s i b l e o x y g e n u p t a k e on

t h e b i c y c l e . "

K n u t t g e n e t a l . ( 1 9 7 1 ) e x a m i n e d t h e e f f e c t o n o x y g e n u p t a k e -- of v a r i a t i o n s i n p e d a l r a t e s of 2 0 , 6 0 a n d 100 rpm a t work r a t e s

r a n g i n g f r o m z e r o t o 150 w a t t s d u r i n g a s e v e n m i n u t e b i c y c l e

r i d e . I n g e n e r a l , K n u t t g e n -- e t a l . ( 1 9 7 1 ) , Edwards e t a l . ( 1 9 7 2 ) -- a n d H e i n r i c h e t a l . ( 1 9 6 8 ) c o n c l u d e d t h a t p e d a l l i n g a t r a t e s -- b e t w e e n 30 a n d 90 rpm a t e q u i v a l e n t power o u t p u t s p r o d u c e d

s i m i l a r o x y g e n . u p t a k e v a l u e s . H i g h e r o x y g e n u p t a k e s a n d h e a r t

r a t e v a l u e s w e r e e l i c i t e d when p e d a l l i n g was a b o v e o r b e l o w t h e

i n t e r m e d i a t e r a n g e of p e d a l r a t e s a t a g i v e n power o u t p u t .

P a n d o l f a n d Noble ( 1 9 7 3 ) e x a m i n e d t h e ef-f e c t of i n c r e a s i n g

p e d a l r a t e s f o r e q u i v a l e n t power o u t p u t s on o x y g e n u p t a k e a s

w e l l a s t h e r a t i n g of p e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n . P e d a l r a t e s e x a m i n e d

were 4 0 , 6 0 a n d 80 rpm, r a t e s i n t h e p r e v i o u s l y d e f i n e d

i n t e r m e d i a t e r a n g e . Power o u t p u t s w e r e s u b m a x i m a l f o r t h e

s u b j e c t s e x a m i n e d a n d w e r e 5 5 0 , 770 a n d 1075 kgrn*min'l. No

s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s f o u n d i n o x y g e n u p t a k e

f o r t h e v a r i o u s c y c l i n g s e s s i o n s a t e q u i v a l e n t , s u b m a x i m a l power

o u t p u t s . T h e s e f i n d i n g s w e r e i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h B a n i s t e r a n d

J a c k s o n ( 1 9 6 7 ) , Edwards -- e t a l . ( 1 9 7 2 ) a n d Kamon, Metz a n d

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P a n d o l f ( 1 9 7 2 ) . S t a m f o r d a n d N o b l e ( l 9 7 4 ) , u s i n g p e d a l r a t e s of

4 0 , 6 0 a n d 80 rprn a n d a s i n g l e power o u t p u t of 960 kgm=min'l

r e p r e s e n t i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60% VOzmax, a l s o f a i l e d t o f i n d

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n m e a s u r e d p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s

which i n c l u d e d h e a r t r a t e , oxygen u p t a k e a n d m i n u t e v e n t i l a t i o n .

A w i d e r r a n g e of p e d a l l i n g f r e q u e n c i e s was e x a m i n e d by

McKay a n d B a n i s t e r ( 1 9 7 6 ) a n d G u e l i a n d S h e p h a r d ( 1 9 7 6 ) . I n t h e

f o r m e r s t u d y , f i v e male s u b j e c t s p e r f o r m e d m a x i m a l l y a t p e d a l

r a t e s of 6 0 , 8 0 , 1 0 0 a n d 120 rpm, w h i l e t h e power o u t p u t was

h e l d c o n s t a n t a t e a c h r a t e i n v e s t i g a t e d . P e d a l r a t e s of 80 a n d

100 rprn w e r e f o u n d t o p r o d u c e t h e h i g h e s t o x y g e n u p t a k e v a l u e s

w i t h n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n them. Both 80 a n d 100 rprn

p r o d u c e d s i g n i f a n t l y g r e a t e r V02max v a l u e s t h a n f r e q u e n c i e s of

e i t h e r 60 o r 120 rpm. Gue- l i a n d S h e p h a r d i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e e f f e c t

of v a r y i n g p e d a l l i n g f r e q u e n c y on t h e o x y g e n u p t a k e of t e n y o u k g

men e x e r c i s i n g a t 60% of VOzmax. Aga in t h e power o u t p u t w a s h e l d

c o n s t a n t w h i l e p e d a l f r e q u e n c i e s of 5 0 , 6 0 , 7 0 , 8 5 and, 100 rprn

w e r e e x a m i n e d . Oxygen u p t a k e v a l u e s were f o u n d t o b e c l o s e l y

r e l a t e d t o p e d a l l i n g f r e q u e n c y . The l o w e s t o x y g e n u p t a k e v a l u e s , ,

i n d i c a t i n g t h e h i g h e s t e f f i c i e n c y , w e r e a t r a t e s of 60 t o 85

rpm. B o t h 5 0 a n d 100 rprn w e r e f o u n d t o e l i c i t t h e h i g h e s t o x y g e n

u p t a k e v a l u e s a t 60% of t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s vo2max.

L o l l g e n -- e t a l . ( 1 9 8 0 ) a t t e m p t e d t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e r a t i n g

of p e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n b e t w e e n c e n t r a l a n d p e r i p h e r a l f a c t o r s by

t h e d i f f e r e n t p h y s i o l o g i c a l t a s k s a p p a r e n t l y p r o d u c e d by

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d i f f e r e n t s p e e d s of w o r k i n g f o r e q u i v a l e n t power o u t p u t s . V02max

was f i r s t d e t e r m i n e d on t h e b i c y l c e w h i l e p e d a l l i n g a t 60 rpm, . t h e n power o u t p u t s d e m a n d i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 70 a n d 100% V02max

were c a l c u l a t e d . The s u b j e c t s w e r e t h e n t e s t e d on f o u r s e p a r a t e

o c c a s i o n s u s i n g p e d a l l i n g f r e q u e n c i e s of 4 0 , 6 0 , 80 a n d 100 rpm

w h i l e h o l d i n g t h e power o u t p u t c o n s t a n t a t z e r o work r a t e

( u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g ) , 70% of i o 2 m a x o r 100% of +o2max. A l t h o u g h

r a t i n g of p e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n was t h e m e a s u r e of p r i m e i n t e r e s t

t o t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r s , oxygen u p t a k e v a l u e s w e r e shown t o

i n c r e a s e f r o m 40 t o 100 rprn d u r i n g u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g w i t h . s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a t a l l p e d a l r a t e s . A t 70% VOzmax,

o x y g e n u p t a k e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r w h i l e p e d a l l i n g a t 1 0 0

rprn t h a n a t 80 rpm. P e d a l r a t e s of 40 a n d 60 rprn p r o d u c e d o x y g e n

u p t a k e v a l u e s w h i c h w e r e a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n e i t h e r 80

o r 100 rpm. When e x e r c i s i n g a t 1 0 0 % of V02max, no s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e f o u n d i n ;o2max b u t t h e r e was a s l i g h t t e n d e n c y

f o r V02max t o b e g r e a t e r a t 1 0 0 rprn t h o u g h n o d e f i n i t e ' v a l u e s

w e r e r e p o r t e d .

H e a r t r a t e was f o u n d t o v a r y w i t h p e d a l r a t e d u r i n g

s u b m a x i m a l work. S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n h e a r t r a t e w e r e

f o u n d d u r i n g u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g b e t w e e n 4 0 , 6 0 a n d 80 v e r s u s 100

rpm. A t 70% of t o 2 m a x , h e a r t r a t e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t a t . 40 a n d 60 rprn v e r s u s 1 0 0 rpm. H e a r t r a t e s a t 100% V02max w e r e

n o t f o u n d t o v a r y w i t h p e d a l r a t e .

From t h e r e s u l t s of t h e s e s t u d i e s , i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e r e

e x i s t s a n i n t e r m e d i a t e r a n g e of p e d a l l i n g f r e q u e n c i e s , b e t w e e n

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a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 a n d 85 rpm, w i t h i n w h i c h n o s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e s

i n o x y g e n u p t a k e o r h e a r t r a t e o c c u r when power o u t p u t i s h e l d

c o n s t a n t . T h i s r a n g e e x h i b i t s a minimum o x y g e n c o n s u m p t i o n a n d

t h e r e f o r e a maximum e f f i c i e n c y of e x t e r n a l work d e l i v e r y w h i l e

p e d a l l i n g a b i c y c l e . P e d a l f r e q u e n c i e s a b o v e o r b e l o w t h i s r a n g e

p r o d u c e o x y g e n u p t a k e v a l u e s w h i c h a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r

t h a n t h o s e i n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e r a n g e . P e d a l f r e q u e n c i e s of 5 0

a n d 100 o r 120 rpm e n s u r e maximal i n e f f i c i e n c y of e x t e r n a l work

d e l i v e r y a n d t h e r f o r e a c t m a x i m a l l y t o e n g a g e t h e

c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m . Low p e d a l l i n g f r e q u e n c i e s , h o w e v e r ,

n e c e s s i t a t e r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e b r a k i n g f o r c e s a n d a n a e r o b i c work

may d e v e l o p . A n a e r o b i c m e t a b o l i s m a n d t h e r e f o r e l a c t i c a c i d

p r o d u c t i o n i s g r e a t e r a t s l o w p e d a l l i n g r a t e s d u e t o more

s u s t a i n e d c o n t r a c t i o n a n d i n c r e a s e d m u s c u l a r i s c h e m i a ( P a n d o l f

a n d N o b l e , 1 9 7 3 ; G u e l i a n d S h e p h a r d , 1 9 7 6 ) . 2 o c a l m u s c u l a r .

f a t i g u e may b e t h e l i m i t i n g f a c t o r t o p e r f o r m a n c e r a t h e r t h a n

c e n t r a l , c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y i n s u f f i c i e n c y ( B a n i s t e r a n d J a c k s o n ,

1 9 6 7 ; G u e l i a n d S h e p h a r d , 1 9 7 6 ) . H i g h e r p e d a l l i n g f r e q u e n c i e s

g r e a t e r t h a n 85-90 rpm p r o d u c e g r e a t e r o x y g e n u p t a k e v a l u e s t h a n

t h o s e i n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e r a n g e when e x e r c i s i n g a t c o n s t a n t

power o u t p u t . I t h a s b e e n p o s t u l a t e d t h a t l e s s c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e

i s e x e r t e d p e r m u s c l e c o n t r a c t i o n d u r i n g c y c l i n g w i t h h i g h p e d a l

r a t e s a n d t h a t t h i s may p l a y a r o l e i n p e r m i t t i n g more m u s c l e

b l o o d f l o w d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of c o n t r a c t i o n ( T o n n e s o n , ' 1 9 6 4 ) .

Fewer f a s t - g l y c o l y t i c (FG) m u s c l e f i b e r s may a l s o b e r e c r u i t e d

s o t h a t w o r k may be a c c o m p l i s h e d p r i m a r i l y by t h e

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fast-oxidative-glycolytic ( F O G ) a n d s l o w o x i d a t i v e (SO) f i b e r s

( H a g b e r g -- e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ) .

2.7.2 P e r c e i v e d E x e r t i o n

The a b i l i t y t o p e r f o r m a d e f i n e d work t a s k i s somewhat

d e p e n d e n t upon p s y c h o l o g i c a l a s w e l l a s upon p h y s i o l o g i c a l

f a c t o r s . The s u b j e c t i v e e f f o r t o r p e r c e p t i o n of t h e s t r a i n of

work w i l l u l t i m a t e l y d e t e r m i n e t h e maximal w o r k i n g l e v e l

a c c o m p l i s h e d by a n i n d i v i d u a l . P s y c h o p h y s i c s i s a t e r m

d e s c r i b i n g t h e s c i e n c e i n v e s t i g a t i n g q u a n t i t a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s

b e t w e e n p h y s i c a l s t i m u l i a n d t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o r r e l a t e s ,

i . e . t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n s t i m u l u s a n d

r e s p o n s e . P s y c h o p h y s i c a l - p r i n c i p l e s h a v e b e e n r e c e n t l y u t i l i z e d

by S t e v e n s a n d Mack ( 1 9 5 9 ) a n d S t e v e n s a n d C a i n ( 1 9 7 0 ) t o r e l a t e

p e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n t o p h y s i c a l e x e r t i o n . To a f i r s t

a p p r o x i m a t i o n , p e r c e i v e d e f f o r t was d e s c r i b e d by t h e a b o v e

a u t h o r s t o g r o w a s a power f u n c t i o n of t h e p h y s i c a l l e v e l of

e x e r t i o n ; t h e e x p o n e n t f u n c t i o n of t h e e q u a t i o n ( e q u a l l i n g 1 . 7 ) '

v a r i e d l i t t l e f r o m o n e e x e r c i s e t a s k t o a n o t h e r ( C a f a r e l l i et

a 1 1 9 7 7 ) t h o u g h t h i s h a s b e e n d i s p u t e d by B a n i s t e r ( 1 9 7 9 ) . -*

Borg e t a l . ( 1 9 6 2 ) d e v e l o p e d a 1 5 p o i n t r a t i n g of p e r c e i v e d -- e x e r t i o n s c a l e (RPE) f o r t h e p e r c e p t i v e e s t i m a t i o n of v a r y i n g

i n t e n s i t i e s of p h y s i c a l work p e r f o r m e d on t h e b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r

f o l l o w i n g t h e p r i n c i p l e s f i r s t d e v e l o p e d by S t e v e n s ( 1 9 5 7 ) . The

s c a l e w a s c o n s t r u c t e d s o t h a t e a c h of t h e 6 t o 20 p o i n t s c a l e

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v a l u e s when m u l t i p l i e d by 1 0 e q u a l l e d t h e h e a r t r a t e d e v e l o p e d

by mos t y o u n g s u b j e c t s d u r i n g b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y of p r o g r e s s i v e

i n t e n s i t y u p t o maximum e x e r t i o n . Many s t u d i e s s i n c e 1 9 6 2 h a v e

b e e n c o n d u c t e d t o s t u d y v a r i o u s f a c t o r s , i n c l u d i n g v a r i a t i o n s i n

t h e t y p e of work p e r f o r m e d ( i . e . e c c e n t r i c v e r s u s c o n c e n t r i c

m u s c u l a r c o n t r a c t i o n ) a n d v a r i a t i o n s i n s p e e d , l o a d , d u r a t i o n

a n d t h e e f f e c t s of t r a i n i n g (Ekblom a n d G o l d b a r g , 1 9 7 1 ; Edwards

e t a l . , 1 9 7 2 ; H e n r i k s s o n et e., 1 9 7 2 ; G a m b e r a l e , 1 9 7 2 ; P a n d o l f -- e t a l . , 1972 ; S a r g e a n t a n d D a v i e s , 1 9 7 3 ; C a f a r e l l i e t a 1 -- - * 9

1 9 7 7 ) , w h i c h may i n f l u e n c e t h e RPE v a l u e s d u r i n g b i c y c l e

e r g o m e t r y . S t u d y of t h e s e f a c t o r s l e d t h e p r o p o s a l of a

t w o - f a c t o r mode l by Ekblom a n d G o l d b a r g ( 1 9 7 1 ) w h i c h a t t e m p t e d

t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n s o c a l l e d c e n t r a l a n d p e r i p h e r a l f e e l i n g s

of s t r a i n .

V a r i a t i o n i n p e d a l r a t e d u r i n g b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y w a s f o u n d

t o p r o d u c e v a r i a t i o n i n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e a t c o n s t a n t

power o u t p u t ( B a n i s t e r a n d J a c k s o n , 1 9 6 7 ; Hermansen e., 1 9 6 9 ) . The i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n v a r i a t i o n s i n p e d a l l i n g f r e q u e n c y

a n d r a t i n g of p e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n w a s s o o n s t u d i e d t h e r e a f t e r .

H e n r i k s s o n e t a l . ( 1 9 7 2 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t p e d a l l i n g a t a -- f r e q u e n c y of 30 rpm a t a s p e c i f i c s u b m a x i m a l work i n t e n s i t y was

p e r c e i v e d t o b e more d i f f i c u l t d u r i n g b o t h c o n c e n t r i c a n d

e c c e n t r i c e x e r c i s e , t h a n p e d a l l i n g a t a f r e q u e n c y of 60 rpm f o r

t h e same power o u t p u t . P a n d o l f a n d N o b l e ( 1 9 7 3 ) i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e

r a t i n g s of p e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p e d a l l i n g a t r a t e s

of 4 0 , 60 a n d 80 rpm w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g a c o n s t a n t , s u b m a x i m a l

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power o u t p u t . P e d a l l i n g a t 40 rprn was f o u n d t o be more s t r e s s f u l

t h a n e i t h e r 60 o r 80 rpm, w h i l e RPE v a l u e s a t 60 a n d 80 rprn d i d

n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y . S t a m f o r d a n d N o b l e ( 1 9 7 4 ) s t u d i e d t h e

same p r o b l e m w i t h 1 0 h i g h l y f i t t r a i n e d m a l e s d u r i n g 15 m i n u t e s

of c o n t i n u o u s work a t s u b m a x i m a l work l e v e l s of 960 kgm=minL1

u s i n g p e d a l l i n g r a t e s of 4 0 , 60 a n d 80 rpm. P e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n

was d e t e r m i n e d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s a t 60 rprn t h a n a t

e q u i v a l e n t power o u t p u t s p e r f o r m e d w i t h 40 o r 80 rpm. L o l l g e n

( 1 9 7 5 ) s t u d i e d t h e e f f e c t s of o n e m i n u t e e x e r c i s e p e r i o d s a t

p e d a l r a t e s of 4 0 , 6 0 , 8 0 a n d 100 rprn a n d w o r k r a t e s of 3 0 0 t o

1200 kpm-min'l of RPE. He f o u n d t h a t i n h e a l t h y s u b j e c t s t h e RPE

d e c r e a s e d w i t h . i n c r e a s i n g p e d a l r a t e a t c o n s t a n t power o u t p u t .

L o l l g e n c o n c l u d e d t h a t when u s i n g t h e RPE s c a l e , p e d a l l i n g r a t e

mus t be c o n s i d e r e d a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r . C a f a r e l l i ( 1 9 7 7 ) s t u d i e d

two p e d a l f r e q u e n c i e s , 3 0 a n d 60 rpm, d u r i n g - 4 m i n u t e e x e r c i s e ' . b o u t s a t l e v e l s r e q u i r i n g 3 5 , 5 0 , 6 5 a n d 80% of V02max.

P e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n a t e q u i v a l e n t power o u t p u t s p e d a l l i n g a t 30

rprn was a l w a y s j u d g e d t o b e more d i f f i c u l t t h a n 60 rpm. Growth

i n f e e l i n g s of f a t i g u e d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of e f f o r t was f o u n d t o ,

d e p e n d o n b o t h p e d a l r e s i s t a n c e a n d power o u t p u t . N e a r t h e p o i n t

of e x h a u s t i o n , p e d a l l i n g r a t e p o s i t i v e l y i n f l u e n c e d t h e r e l a t i v e

f e e l i n g s of e f f o r t f o r a g i v e n b r a k i n g r e s i s t a n c e of t h e p e d a l .

A t t h e b e g i n n i n g of e x e r c i s e , p e d a l r a t e h a d no e f f e c t o n t h e

e f f o r t - r e s i s t a n c e r e l a t i o n s h i p .

L o l l g e n -- e t a l . ( 1 9 8 0 ) r e q u i r e d s i x h e a l t h y male s u b j e c t s t o

e x e r c i s e a t z e r o power o b t p u t ( u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g ) , s u b m a x i m a l

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( 7 0 % V02max) a n d m a x i m a l e x e r c i s e i n t e n s i t i e s a t v a r i o u s p e d a l

r a t e s of 4 0 , 6 0 , 80 a n d 100 rpm. I n g e n e r a l , a s power o u t p u t

i n c r e a s e d , t h e RPE d e c r e a s e d a s p e d a l r a t e i n c r e a s e d . A t power .

o u t p u t s r e q u i r i n g 70% of VOzmax, t h e l e a s t s t r e s s f u l p e d a l r a t e

was 6 5 rpm, w h i l e a t power o u t p u t s r e q u i r i n g 100% of VOzmax, a

p e d a l r a t e of 7 3 rpm was p e r c e i v e d l e s s s t r e s s f u l .

E x a m i n a t i o n of t h e e q u a t i o n p r o p o s e d by S t e v e n s a n d C a i n

( 1 9 7 0 ) r e l a t i n g e f f o r t ( Y ) , s t a t i c f o r c e (P) a n d d u r a t i o n (T)

( E q u a t i o n 5)

w h e r e k i s a c o n s t a n t , p r o v i d e s a p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e

d e c r e a s e i n RPE s c o r e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g p e d a l - r a t e a t h i g h powet

o u t p u t s . S i n c e e f f o r t g r o w s much more r a p i d l y a s a f u n c t i o n of

l o a d t h a n of t i m e , a s l i g h t r e d u c t i o n i n l o a d would a l l o w work

t o p r o c e e d f o r a l o n g e r p e r i o d of t i m e a t a c o n s t a n t : l e v e l of

e f f o r t ( C a f a r e l l i -- e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ) . B i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y h a s a

s i g n i f i c a n t i n e r t i a l componen t w h e r e t h e c o n t r a c t i n g m u s c l e mus t

d e v e l o p e n o u g h t e n s i o n t o overcome t h e b r a k e r e s i s t a n c e . T h i s

i n e r t i a l c o m p o n e n t i s g r e a t e r i n s l o w , h i g h f o r c e c o n t r a c t i o n s

t h a n d u r i n g f a s t , low i n t e n s i t y c o n t r a c t i o n s ( P e t r o f s k y et e., 1 9 7 4 ) . H i g h r a t e s of p e d a l l i n g a t c o n s t a n t power o u t p u t s w o u l d

t h e r e f o r e r e d u c e t h e i n e r t i a l c o m p o n e n t a n d r e s u l t i n a l o w e r

RPE s c o r e .

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The b a s i s of t h e Borg 15 p o i n t RPE s c a l e was t h e

q u a n t i t a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p d r a w n b e t w e e n h e a r t r a t e a n d p e r c e i v e d

m e t a b o l i c s t r a i n . Many s t u d i e s , h o w e v e r , h a v e s u b s e q u e n t l y

i n v e s t i g a t e d t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p a n d c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e d e g r e e of

h e a r t r a t e e l e v a t i o n i s n o t a good m e a s u r e of o n e ' s s u b j e c t i v e

e s t i m a t i o n of t h e e x t e n t of o n e ' s p h y s i c a l e x e r t i o n . Ekblom a n d

G o l d b a r g ( 1 9 7 1 ) e x a m i n e d t h e e f f e c t s of a u t o n o m i c n e r v o u s s y s t e m

b l o c k i n g a g e n t s on t h e RPE-hear t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p . Compared t o

c o n t r o l c o n d i t i o n s , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of p r o p a n o l o l i n c r e a s e d RPE

s c o r e s a t t h e same h e a r t r a t e , w h i l e a t r o p i n e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

l o w e r e d t h e RPE s c o r e d a t t h e same h e a r t r a t e l e v e l . P a n d o l f e t - a l . ( 1 9 7 2 ) e x a m i n e d t h e e f f e c t s of i n c r e a s e d e n v i r o n m e n t a l h e a t - on t h e R P E - h e a r t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p a n d f o u n d no s i g n i f i c a n t

i n c r e a s e i n RPE t h o u g h h e a r t r a t e was i n c r e a s e d . Morgan e t a l . -- ( 1 9 7 3 ) s t u d i e d t h e e f f e c t s of h y p n o t i c s u g g e s - t i o n a n d i t s

i n f l u e n c e on t h e RPE-hear t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p d u r i n g b i c y c l e

e r g o m e t r y . The i n v e s t i g a t o r s f o u n d RPE s c o r e s t o i n c r e a s e w i t h

t h e h y p n o t i c s u g g e s t i o n s of l i g h t , m o d e r a t e a n d h e a v y work r a t e s

d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s u b j e c t s c o n t i n u e d t o work a t a

c o n s t a n t s u b m a x i m a l power o u t p u t of 600 kpm-min' l .

Due t o t h e s e c r i t i c i s m s , Borg d e v i s e d a new p e r c e i v e d

e x e r t i o n r a t i n g s c a l e more c l o s e l y a p p r o x i m a t i n g p s y c h o p h y s i c a l

p r i n c i p l e s ( S t e v e n s a n d C a i n , 1 9 7 0 ) . The new s c a l e i s a t r u e

r a t i o s c a l e e x t e n d i n g f r o m z e r o t o t e n . A z e r o r a t i n g .

c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e s u b j e c t i v e f e e l i n g of s t r a i n r a t e d a s

" n o t h i n g a t a l l " w h i l e a r a t i n g of " f o u r " i n d i c a t e s a p e r c e i v e d

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i n t e n s i t y t w i c e t h a t of a r a t i n g of " two" , a n d a s " e i g h t " a s

t w i c e t h a t o f a r a t i n g of " f o u r 1 ' e t c . ( B o r g e t a l . , 1 9 8 1 ) . S e e -- A p p e n d i x B .

2 .7.3 E f f i c i e n c y of Work

Any s t u d y of t h e e f f e c t of v a r i a t i o n s i n p e d a l r a t e on t h e

r a t i n g of p e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n a t c o n s t a n t power o u t p u t s l e a d s o n e

t o q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r t h e p e d a l r a t e p e r c e i v e d t o b e t h e l e a s t

s t r e s s f u l i s a l s o t h e mos t e f f i c i e n t i n terms of i t s o x y g e n

c o s t . S t u d i e s on t h e e f f i c i e n c y of power o u t p u t d u r i n g b i c y c l e

e r g o m e t r y h a v e b e e n c o n f u s i n g d u e t o t h e many m e t h o d s of

c a l c u l a t i n g t h e oxygen c o s t of p e r f o r m i n g work. E f f i c i e n c y h a s

b e e n d e f i n e d a s p r e f i x e s : g r o s s , n e t , w o r k , d e l t a a n d

i n s t a n t a n e o u s e f f i c i e n c y ( G a e s s e r , 1 9 7 5 ; S t a i n s b y e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ) . -- V a r i o u s f o r m u l a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g t h e s e d e f i n i t i o n s a r e o u t l i n e d

i n A p p e n d i x A.

Q u e s t i o n s a r i s e a s t o w h i c h d e f i n i t i o n of e f f i c i e n c y i s

mos t m e a n i n g f u l i n e x a m i n i n g t h e e f f e c t s of v a r i a t i o n s i n p e d a l '

r a t e a t c o n s t a n t power o u t p u t s . Work e f f i c i e n c y , a s d e f i n e d by

Whipp a n d Wasserman ( 1 9 6 9 ) , p r o v i d e s t h e b e s t method f o r b i c y c l e

e rgome t r y s i n c e t h e c a l c u l a t i o n i n c l u d e s o n l y t h e o x y g e n u p t a k e

n e c e s s a r y t o p e r f o r m m e a s u r e d e r g o m e t e r work. The o x y g e n u p t a k e

i n c r e m e n t f o r u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g a c t s a s t h e b a s e l i n e v a l u e a n d

i s s u b t r a c t e d f r o m t h e m e a s u r e d o x y g e n u p t a k e . T h i s b a s e l i n e

v a l u e f o r u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g , h o w e v e r , h a s b e e n f o u n d t o v a r y

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w i t h c h a n g e s i n p e d a l r a t e . B a n i s t e r a n d J a c k s o n ( 1 9 6 7 ) r e p o r t e d

h i g h e r e n e r g y c o s t s of f r e e w h e e l i n g w i t h h i g h e r r a t e s of

p e d a l l i n g a s d i d K n u t t g e n -- e t a l . , 1977 . T h i s v a r i a t i o n i n

b a s e l i n e oxygen u p t a k e v a l u e s w i t h c h a n g e s i n work r a t e h a s b e e n

e x t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d by S t a i n s b y -- e t a l . ( 1 9 8 0 ) . I n o r d e r f o r s u c h

b a s e l i n e s u b t r a c t i o n s t o be t r u l y v a l i d , t h e e n e r g y u s e

r e p r e s e n t i n g a n y b a s e l i n e p e d a l l i n g f r e q u e n c y c h o s e n must

c o n t r i b u t e i t s p a r t i a l c o s t e q u a l l y t h r o u g h o u t a l l work r a t e s

c o m p l e t e d a t t h a t p a r t i c u l a r p e d a l f r e q u e n c y ( W i l k i e , 1 9 7 4 ) . The

o n l y a l t e r n a t i v e would b e t o m e a s u r e oxygen u p t a k e v a l u e s f o r

u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g f o r t h e same d u r a t i o n a s t h e a c t u a l t e s t i n g

p r o c e d u r e t o a l l o w f o r c h a n g e s i n g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l p r o c e s s e s ,

s p l a n c h n i c m e t a b o l i s m , mean body t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e oxygen c o s t of

v e n t i l a t i o n , c a t e c h o l a m i n - e l e v e l s a n d l a c t a t e l e v e l s a s o u t l i n e d

by S t a i n s b y -- e t a l . ( 1980 ) and t h i s i s n o t p r a c t i c a b l e r o u t i n e l y .

S u b t r a c t i o n of oxygen u p t a k e v a l u e s f o r u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g .

d u r i n g e a c h t i m e i n t e r v a l i n wh ich V02 i s measu red f r o m t h e

t o t a l oxygen u p t a k e of t h e i n t e r v a l s h o u l d r e s u l t i n a c c u r a t e

e f f i c i e n c y c a l c u l a t i o n .

Many of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s a t t e m p t i n g t o examine t h e e f f e c t s

of v a r i a t i o n s i n p e d a l r a t e a t c o n s t a n t power o u t p u t s on

e f f i c i e n c y h a v e u s e d g r o s s , d e l t a o r n e t e f f i c i e n c y

c a l c u l a t i o n s . K n u t t g e n e t a l . ( 1 9 7 1 ) c a l c u l a t e d e f f i c i e n c y a s -- g r o s s oxygen u p t a k e l e s s f r e e w h e e l i n g oxygen c o n s u m p t i o n a n d

found h i g h e r e f f i c i e n c y a t h i g h e r p e d a l l i n g f r e q u e n c i e s . G u e l i

and S h e p h a r d ( 1 9 7 6 ) f o u n d p e d a l r a t e s of 60 t o 85 rpm a t

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s u b m a x i m a l w o r k r a t e s p r o d u c e d a minimum o x y g e n c o n s u m p t i o n a n d

h e n c e maximum e f f i c i e n c y . S e a b u r y e t a l . ( 1 9 7 7 ) c a l c u l a t e d -- g r e a t e s t g r o s s e f f i c i e n c y a t h i g h e s t work r a t e s w i t h f a s t e r

p e d a l f r e q u e n c y . O p t i m a l p e d a l r a t e s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 39.7 rpm a t

z e r o power o u t p u t , t o 54.2 rpm a t 1 6 3 . 4 w a t t s a n d 62.0 rpm a t

326.8 w a t t s . The a u t h o r s n o t e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t g r o s s e f f i c i e n c y

i n c r e a s e d a t h i g h e r w o r k r a t e s d u e t o t h e r e l a t i v e l y l e s s

c o n t r i b u t i o n o v e r a l l of r e s t i n g m e t a b o l i s m a s t o t a l m e t a b o l i s m

i n c r e a s e d .

L o l l g e n ( 1 9 7 7 ) c o n c l u d e d t h a t i n many s t u d i e s ( S t e g e m a n n et

a l . , 1 9 6 8 ; G a e s s e r e t a l . , 1 9 7 5 ) m u s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y c h a n g e d i n - -- a p a r a b o l i c manner a s s p e e d i n c r e a s e d ; t h e minimum o x y g e n u p t a k e

o c c u r r e d a t a b o u t 50 rpm. I n t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s p e d a l f r e q u e n c y

p r o d u c i n g maximum e f f i c i e n c y d i f f e r e d f r o m t h e f r e q u e n c y

p r o d u c i n g minimum p e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n .

S e v e r a l a u t h o r s h a v e r a i s e d t h e q u e s t i o n of p e d a l l i n g r a t e

a n d s t a n d a r d m e t h o d o l o g y i n e r g o m e t r y ( B a n i s t e r a n d J a c k s o n ,

1 9 6 7 ; P a n d o l f a n d N o b l e , 1 9 7 3 ; G u e l i a n d S h e p h a r d , 1 9 7 6 ; McKay

a n d B a n i s t e r , 1 9 7 6 ; L o l l g e n e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ) . D u r i n g maximal -- p e r f o r m a n c e t e s t s , h i g h p e d a l l i n g r a t e s a p p e a r t o i n c r e a s e

m o t i v a t i o n a n d c o o p e r a t i o n of s u b j e c t s . The l i m i t a t i o n s i m p o s e d

by l o c a l m u s c u l a r f a t i g u e a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l a t t i t u d e d u r i n g t h e

a s s e s s m e n t o f p h y s i c a l w o r k i n g c a p a c i t y on t h e b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r

may b e removed by c o n d u c t i n g t e s t s f o r g i v e n power o u t p u t s a t

i n c r e a s e d p e d a l r a t e s g r e a t e r t h a n 85 rpm. A h i g h e r p e d a l l i n g

r a t e w i l l e n s u r e maximal i n e f f i c i e n c y of e x t e r n a l work d e l i v e r y

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a n d t h u s maximum e n g a g e m e n t of t h e c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m

1 u n i m p a i r e d by c o n d i t i o n s of p r e m a t u r e l o c a l f a t i g u e e n g e n d e r e d

by h i g h p e r i p h e r a l m u s c l e l o a d i n g . A more a c c u r a t e a s s e s s m e n t o f

c a r d i o v a s c u l a r f i t n e s s w i l l r e s u l t .

O v e r a l l , t h e l i t e r a t u r e s e e m s t o d e f i n e a r a n g e of p e d a l

f r e q u e n c i e s f o r e q u i v a l e n t power o u t p u t o v e r w h i c h o x y g e n u p t a k e

m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e s i m i l a r ( H e i n r i c h e t a l . , 1 9 6 8 ; K n u t t g e n e t -- - a l . , 1 9 7 1 ; Edwards e t a l . , 1 9 7 2 ) . A t t h e e x t r e m e s of t h i s r a n g e - -- b u t w e l l w i t h i n a p e r s o n ' s c a p a c i t y , i . e . low p e d a l r a t e s l h i g h

b r a k i n g f o r c e - h i g h p e d a l r a t e s l l o w b r a k i n g f o r c e , oxygen

u p t a k e m e a s u r e s d i f f e r b e c a u s e of t h e i n c r e a s i n g i n e f f i c i e n c y

w i t h w h i c h e x t e r n a l work i s d e l i v e r e d . C l a s s i c a l l y , low p e d a l

f r e q u e n c i e s h a v e b e e n c h o s e n f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l u s e . However ,

e a r l y h i g h i n t r a m u s c u l a r - f o r c e d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h i s mode may

u n n e c e s s a r i l y l i m i t a c h i e v e m e n t of t r u e a e r o b i c c a p a c i t y b e c a u s e

of l o c a l l y p r o d u c e d m u s c l e f a t i g u e ( T o n n e s o n , 1 9 6 4 ; B a n i s t e r a n d

J a c k s o n , 1 9 6 7 ; P a n d o l f a n d N o b l e , 1 9 7 3 ; G u e l i a n d S h e p h a r d ,

1 9 7 6 ; H a g b e r g e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ) . The p e r c e p t i o n of e x e r t i o n a n d -- h e n c e f a t i g u e i s a l s o d i f f e r e n t a n d n e g a t i v e l y a f f e c t i n g i n l o w

p e d a l f r e q u e n c y l h i g h b r a k i n g f o r c e t a s k s . The c o n c l u s i o n t o b e

r e a c h e d , t h e r e f o r e , i s t h a t t h e h i g h p e d a l f r e q u e n c y / l o w b r a k e

f o r c e mode s h o u l d b e u s e d t o d e f i n e a new a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y

more a p p r o p r i a t e i n t e r n a t i o n a l t e s t i n g m e t h o d o l o g y a n d

s t a n d a r d s .

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3 . M e t h o d s

3.1 E x p e r i m e n t a l Groups -

Two g r o u p s of h e a l t h y m a l e s 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s w e r e s u b j e c t s i n

t h e s t u d y . The f i r s t g r o u p (T) ( n = 2 0 ) w e r e w e l l t r a i n e d

i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h a mean maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e e q u a l t o 70 .3

ml*kg' l .min' l a s m e a s u r e d on a b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r . The s e c o n d

g r o u p ( n = 1 9 ) w e r e r e l a t i v e l y u n t r a i n e d h a v i n g a mean maximum

a e r o b i c c a p a c i t y l e s s t h a n 56 m l * k g - l * m i n - l . R e l a t i v e l y

u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s w e r e d i f f i c u l t t o r e c r u i t . T h i s g r o u p ,

t h e r e f o r e , c o n t a i n e d a s u b - g r o u p ( n = 4 ) of m o d e r a t e l y t r a i n e d

i n d i v i d u a l s (MOD) p o s s e s s i n g a mean maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e of

55.4 m l - kg'l .min'l . The r e m a i n i n g s u b j e c t s w i t h i n t h i s g r o u p

( U N T ) ( n = 1 5 ) p o s s e s s e d a mean o x y g e n u p t a k e of 46.8

ml*kg' l*min' l . S u b j e c t d a t a i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 111.

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T a b l e 111: S u b j e c t D a t a

I Group Age W e i g h t t o 2 max i o 2 max ( y e a r s ) ( k g ) ( l . m i r i 1 ) ( m l * k g ' . m i d )

T 22.9 70.9 4.97 70 .3 ( n = 2 0 ) 22 .9 f 5 . 0 f 0 . 3 3 f 4 . 4

UN T 23.2 70.7 3 .26 46.8 ( n = 1 5 ) f 2 . 1 k 1 0 . 1 2 0 . 4 1 k7 .4

MOD 23.3 69.0 3.80 55.4 ( n = 4 ) k 2 . 1 k 5 . 3 - +0.12 - +5.5

V a l u e s a r e means f s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s (SD).

C o m p l e t e d e t a i l s of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r - o c e d u r e s a n d a n a

e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e p o t e n t i a l h a z a r d s i n v o l v e d t o t h e p a r t i c i p a n t

w e r e p r o v i d e d f o r e a c h v o l u n t e e r b e f o r e o b t a i n i n g h i s w r i t t e n

c o n s e n t t o p a r t i c i p a t e . A l l s u b j e c t s t h e n u n d e r w e n t a t h o r o u g h

m e d i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n b e f o r e b e g i n n i n g t h e s t u d y .

T r a i n e d s u b j e c t s w e r e c o m p e t i t i v e c y c l i s t s a n d w e r e t e s t e d

d u r i n g t h e i r c o m p e t i t i v e o f f - s e a s o n ( w i n t e r ) . They w e r e

c o n s i d e r e d t o b e i n a s t e a d y s t a t e of t r a i n i n g a n d w e r e

i n s t r u c t e d t o a v o i d d r a m a t i c c h a n g e s i n t h e i r r e g u l a r t r a i n i n g

p r o g r a m s f o r t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e t e s t i n g p e r i o d . They w e r e

d i r e c t e d t o r e f r a i n f r o m h e a v y t r a i n i n g o r c o m p e t i t i o n two d a y s

p r i o r t o a t e s t i n g s e s s i o n a n d t o a b s t a i n f r o m a n y a c t i v i t y on

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t h e d a y of t e s t i n g . Each c y c l i s t was r e q u i r e d t o r e c o r d t h e

t y p e , i n t e n s i t y a n d d u r a t i o n of h i s t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t y i n o r d e r

t o c h e c k f o r a n y p o s s i b l e r e d u c e d o r i m p r o v e d m a x i m a l

p e r f o r m a n c e s w i t h e x c e s s i v e t r a i n i n g . Sueh t e s t s w e r e t h e n

r e j e c t e d . U n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s w e r e n o t a c t i v e l y i n v o l v e d i n a n y

t y p e of r e g u l a r e x e r c i s e p r o g r a m a n d h a d n o t b e e n f o r a t l e a s t

18 m o n t h s p r i o r t o t h e t i m e of t e s t i n g . U n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s w e r e

i n s t r u c t e d t o r e f r a i n f r o m i n i t i a t i n g a t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m of a n y

t y p e u n t i l a l l t e s t i n g was c o m p l e t e d .

A l l s u b j e c t s w e r e a l l o w e d t o f a m i l i a r i z e t h e m s e l v e s w i t h

t h e l a b o r a t o r y e n v i r o n m e n t , t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e a n d e q u i p m e n t

d u r i n g a t l e a a t t w o p r e l i m i n a r y s e s s i o n s . T h i s p r a c t i c e was

e x p e c t e d t o r e d u c e t h e e f f e c t s of l e a r n i n g a n d a l l o w f o r

h a b i t u a t i o n t o t a k e p l a c e . A l l t e s t i n g was c o n d u c t e d by t h e same

i n v e s t i g a t o r a n d s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s w e r e m a i n t a i n e d t h r o u g h o u e

t h e t e s t i n g p e r i o d . Only t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s i n t e g r a l t o t h e

c o n d u c t o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t w e r e p e r m i t t e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y . The

l a b o r a t o r y w a s e q u i p p e d w i t h r e s u s c i t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t a n d m e d i c a l

p e r s o n n e l w e r e on c a l l a t a l l t i m e s . The i n v e s t i g a t o r was a l s o

q u a l i f i e d t o p e r f o r m CPR.

A l l s u b j e c t s r e p o r t e d t o t h e l a b a t l e a s t two t o t h r e e

h o u r s a f t e r t h e i r l a s t m e a l . Smoking a n d c o n s u m p t i o n of a l c o h o l

a n d c a f f e i n e w e r e p r o h i b i t e d o n t h e d a y s of t e s t i n g .

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3 . 2 E x p e r i m e n t a l D e s i g n

S u b j e c t s w i t h i n t h e t r a i n e d g r o u p w e r e r a n d o m l y a s s i g n e d t o

o n e o f t w o s u b - g r o u p s : a c o r e t e s t g r o u p of 15 c core) a n d a

v a l i d a t i o n g r o u p of f i v e i n d i v i d u a l s ( T v a l i d ) . A s i m i l a r

p r o c e d u r e w a s f o l l o w e d f o r t h e u n t r a i n e d g r o u p . T e n s u b j e c t s

c o m p r i s e d t h e c o r e g r o u p ( U N T c o r e ) , a n d f i v e t h e v a l i d a t i o n

g r o u p ( U N T v a l i d ) . The f o u r m o d e r a t e l y t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s w e r e

t r e a t e d a s u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h a t t h e y c o m p l e t e d t h e s a m e

work p r o t o c o l s a s t h e u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s . D a t a c o l l e c t e d f r o m

t h i s g r o u p , h o w e v e r , was u s e d o n l y t o c r o s s - v a l i d a t e t h e

p r e d i c t i v e a c c u r a c y of t h e nomogram.

A l l s u b j e c t s a r r i v e d a t t h e l a b o r a t o r y 30 m i n u t e s p r i o r t o

t e s t i n g a n d r e m a i n e d s e a t e d on t h e b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r f o r t e n

m i n u t e s t o m i n i m i z e t h e e f f e c t s of p r e - t e s t a c t i v i t y . E a c h

t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t p e r f o r m e d a s u b m a x i m a l a n d a

m a x i m a l t e s t a c c o r d i n g t o P r o t o c o l I a , I b a n d I I a , I I b ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y , a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e s 1 a n d 2 . T h e s e p r o t o c o l s

w e r e r e p e a t e d o n t w o o c c a s i o n s f o r t h e u n t r a i n e d a n d t h r e e t i m e s

f o r t h e t r a i n e d g r o u p s r e s p e c t i v e l y , e a c h s e p a r a t e d b y o n e

w e e k ' s r e s t . T h i s s e q u e n c e of t e s t i n g a n d r e - t e s t i n g w a s c h o s e n

t o a l l o w a d e q u a t e t i m e f o r r e c o v e r y a n d t o e n s u r e i n s u f f i c i e n t

f r e q u e n c y of t e s t i n g f o r a n y t r a i n i n g e f f e c t t o t a k e p l a c e . I n

o r d e r t o a l l e v i a t e t h e e f f e c t s of w e e k l y a n d d i u r n a l r h y t h m s ,

e a c h s u b j e c t w a s t e s t e d o n t h e same d a y of t h e week a s w e l l a s

a t t h e same t i m e of d a y . I n no c a s e d i d m o r e t h a n two w e e k s

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e l a p s e b e t w e e n e x p e r i m e n t a l s e s s i o n s .

3 .3 T e s t P r o t o c o l s --

3.3 .1 P r o t o c o l I A and I B : Submaximal E x e r c i s e

I n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n , work was e x p r e s s e d i n u n i t s

of kpm-min'l r a t h e r t h a n i n s t a n d a r d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i t s of

w a t t s (W) f o u n d i n t h e c u r r e n t l i t e r a t u r e r e l a t e d t o b i c y c l e

e r g o m e t r y . The r a t i o n a l e f o r t h e u s e of kpm*min" was t o a l l o w

f o r a c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n d a t a m e a s u r e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w i t h

d a t a c o l l e c t e d by A s t r a n d a n d Ryhming i n 1 9 5 4 . Work r a t e

e x p r e s s e d i n kprn*min'l may e a s i l y be c o n v e r t e d t o w a t t s by t h e

f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s :

1 w a t t = 1 j o u l e sec ' l

= 6.12 kpm *min ' l

= 0.74 f t l b sec ' l

w h e r e 1 kpm = 1 k i l o p o n d m e t e r .

A work r a t e of 600 kpm*min'l may, t h e r e f o r e , be e x p r e s s e d

e q u i v a l e n t l y a s 1 0 0 w a t t s .

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Work Rate (kprn.rnin")

2100 Untrained ~ u b m a x i m a l Protocol I A

Work rate (kpm mmin.')

1 Submaximal Protocol IB

Ti,me ( m inu tes )

F i g u r e 1: Submaximal P r o t o c o l s I A a n d I B shown a s w o r k - t i m e

p r o f i l e s .

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Work Rate ( kpm-miK')

F Untrained Max imal Protocol I I A

3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Work rate ( k p m min" )

Trained M a x i m a l Protocol I I B

T ime ( minutes)

Figure 2 : Maximum P r o t o c o l s I I A and IIB sh.own a s work-time

p r o f i l e s .

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P r o t o c o l I , b e g a n w i t h a n i n i t i a l f i v e m i n u t e p e r i o d of

p e d a l l i n g w i t h n o e x t e r n a ' l l o a d i m p o s e d ( z e r o l o a d p e d a l l i n g ,

u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g , 90rpm) o n t h e Q u i n t o n e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c a l l y

b r a k e d b i c y c l e . T h i s p e r i o d a c t e d a s a w e l l - d e f i n e d warm-up

p e r i o d . I t w a s a n i n t e g r a l f e a t u r e of t h e p r o t o c o l i n t h a t i t

p r o v i d e d a s t a b l e b a s e - l i n e v a l u e , r e d u c i n g t h e e f f e c t s of

a n x i e t y a n d v a r i a b i l i t y i n h e a r t r a t e d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l p h a s e

of t h e s u b m a x i m a l t e s t . T h i s v a l u e r e p l a c e d t h e t r a d i t i o n a l a n d

v a r i a b l e r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e u s u a l l y m e a s u r e d . The p r o t o c o l

a l l o w e d f o r s m o o t h t r a n s i t i o n f r o m r e s t t o t h e f i r s t work r a t e .

U n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g was d e t e r m i n e d t o be a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o

2 0 0 kprn*min'l ., P r o t o c o l I a , f o r u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s , c o n s i s t e d of

s u b m a x i m a l e x e r c i s e a t work r a t e s of 3 0 0 , 600 a n d 900 kpm*rnin'l

d u r i n g c o n s e c u t i v e t h r e e m i n u t e p e r i o d s . Work r a t e s w e r e c h o s e n

t o a c h i e v e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 80% of a n i n d i v i d u a l s a g e - p r e d i c t e d

h e a r t r a t e maximum by t h e e n d of t h e t h i r d 3 m i n u t e p e r i o d .

T h r e e m i n u t e s a t e a c h work r a t e h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d t o b e

s u f f i c i e n t t i m e t o a l l o w h e a r t r a t e t o r e a c h a s t e a d y s t a t e

l e v e l . A t h r e e m i n u t e s t e p work r a t e i n t e r v a l a g r e e s w e l l w i t h

wha t i s commonly u s e d i n e x e r c i s e t e s t i n g ( M c C o n n e l l a n d

S i n n i n g , 1 9 8 0 ) a n d was c h o s e n a s a c o m p r o m i s e b e t w e e n v a r i o u s

t i m e i n t e r v a l o p t i o n s . T h r e e m i n u t e s of a c t i v e u n l o a d e d

p e d a l l i n g e n d e d t h e s e s s i o n .

P r o t o c o l I b , f o r t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s , was i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t of

u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s b u t d u e t o t h e g r o u p ' s h i g h e r l e v e l of

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f i t n e s s o r s t a t e of t r a i n i n g , two a d d i t i o n a l work r a t e s of 1 2 0 0

a n d 1500 kpm-min'l. w e r e r e q u i r e d t o a c h i e v e t h e d e s i r e d

e l e v a t i o n of h e a r t r a t e ( i . e . 70 t o 80% of maxiplum h e a r t r a t e ) .

3.3.2 P r o t o c o l I I a a n d I I b : Maximal e x e r c i s e

P r o t o c o l I1 b e g a n w i t h a n i n i t i a l t h r e e m i n u t e warm-up

p e r i o d of u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g . S u b s e q u e n t l y , two , one m i n u t e work

r a t e s w e r e t h e n c o m p l e t e d f o l l o w e d by a s e r i e s of 30 s e c o n d work

r a t e ramp i n c r e m e n t s e a c h of 1 0 0 kpm-min'l . Two s t e p c h a n g e s of

300 a n d 400 kpm=rnin'l w e r e c o m p l e t e d by t h e u n t r a i n e d g r o u p

a f t e r warm-up. The ramp c h a n g e s i n work r a t e t h e n b e g a n a n d

c o n t i n u e d t r e x h a u s t i o n . H i g h e r work r a t e s w e r e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e

t r a i n e d g r o u p . A f t e r warm-up, t r a i n e d s u b j ec t - s c o m p l e t e d t w o ,

s t e p i n c r e m e n t s of 500 a n d 900 kpm-min-I r e s p e c t i v e l y , a f t e r

w h i c h t h e 1 0 0 kpm=min'l 30 s e c o n d ramp i n c r e a s e t o e x h a u s t i o n

b e g a n a t 1 3 0 0 kprn*min'l. The i n i t i a l work r a t e s w e r e c h o s e n t o

a c t a s a s t e p o r a i d i n a l l e v i a t i n g t h e e f f e c t s of s u d d e n

i n e r t i a l l o a d i n g . The ramp i n c r e m e n t s of P r o t o c o l s I I A a n d I I B

p r o v i d e d f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y s i x t o e i g h t m i n u t e s of work b e f o r e

e x h a u s t i o n i n b o t h u n t r a i n e d a n d t r a i n e d g r o u p s .

The d e t a i l e d p r o t o c o l a n d c h o i c e of ramp s l o p e i n a n y work

t e s t c o n s t r u c t i o n , was a t t h e d i s c r e t i o n of t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r

s i n c e c o n s i s t e n t maximal o x y g e n u p t a k e v a l u e s a r e o b t a i n e d

r e g a r d l e s s of t h e p r e c i s e d e t a i l s of t h e t e s t (Whipp et go,

1 9 8 1 ) . H o w e v e r , i m p o r t a n t c o n s t r a i n t s a r e t h a t r o o s t e e p a s l o p e

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would c a u s e t h e work r a t e t o b e l i m i t e d by a s u b j e c t ' s a b i l i t y

t o g e n e r a t e m u s c u l a r f o r c e . d e s p i t e t h e o x y g e n r e s p o n s e n o t y e t

a t t a i n i n g i t s maximal v a l u e . Too s m a l l a ramp p r o d u c e s t o o l o n g

a t e s t a n d s i m p l y " w a s t e s " t i m e (Whipp -- e t a l . , 1 9 8 1 ) .

3 . 3 . 3 P r o t o c o l 111: T r a i n e d Maximal E x e r c i s e

The h i g h e s t p o s s i b l e work r a t e a b l e t o b e p r o v i d e d by t h e

e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c a l l y b r a k e d b i c y c l e e rgome t e r u s e d i n t h e

e x p e r i m e n t s was 2400 kpm*min'l a n d s e v e r a l t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s w e r e

a b l e t o a t t a i n t h i s work r a t e w i t h o u t r e a c h i n g t h e i r maximum

c a p a c i t y , a s e c o n d m a x i m a l t e s t w a s d e s i g n e d f o r a m e c h a n i c a l l y

b r a k e d Monark b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r a n d named P r o t o c o l 111. I f i t

was e s t a b l i s h e d f r o m t h e f i n a l maximum e x e r c i s e t e s t o n t h e

e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c a l l y b r a k e d Q u i n t o n e r g o m e t e r , t h a t a s u b j e c t ' s

h i g h e s t c a p a c i t y was n o t demanded by t h e 2 4 0 0 kpm.min'l r a t e of

w o r k , P r o t o c o l 111 was s c h e d u l e d . I n t h i s t e s t ( F i g u r e I I I ) ,

s u b j e c t s t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e Monark b i c y c l e i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g

c o m p l e t i o n of a o n e - h a l f m i n u t e work r a t e of 2400 kpm*min-I of

P r o t o c o l I I B t o c o n t i n u e w i t h h i g h e r work r a t e s . A t i m e i n t e r v a l

of a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i v e m i n u t e s was a l l o w e d b e f o r e P r o t o c o l 111

was i n i t i a t e d . S u b j e c t s , h o w e v e r , r e m a r k e d t h a t c y c l i n g on t h e

Monark b i c y c l e a c c o r d i n g t o P r o t o c o l 111 seemed q u i t e d i s s i m i l a r

t o work on t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c a l l y b r a k e d b i c y c l e . D a t a o b t a i n e d

f r o m t h e c o m p l e t i o n of t h i s p r o t o c o l w e r e u s e d o n l y t o c h e c k t h e

p e a k o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d by P r o t o c o l

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I I B . I n t h e c a s e t h a t h i g h e r p h y s i o l o g i c a l v a l u e s w e r e o b t a i n e d

i n P r o t o c o l 111, h o w e v e r , t h e y w e r e c o n s i d e r e d maximum v a l u e s .

Fo . l lowing t h e c e s s a t i o n of maximal e x e r c i s e , a l l s u b j e c t s

w e r e i n s , t r u c t e d t o r e m a i n s e a t e d o n t h e b i c y c l e a n d c o n t i n u e

p e d a l l i n g a t z e r o l o a d f o r a n a d d i t i o n a l t h r e e m i n u t e s t o a i d i n

t h e r e c o v e r y p r o c e s s .

3 . 3 . 4 R e c o v e r y P e r i o d b e t w e e n Submaximum a n d Maximum T e s t s

Due t o t h e s u b m a x i m a l n a t u r e of P r o t o c o l I , a r e c o v e r y

p e r i o d of o n l y 2 0 t o 45 m i n u t e s was a l l o w e d b e f o r e b e g i n n i n g t h e

maximal P r o t o c o l 11. R e c t a l t e m p e r a t u r e , w h i c h was r e c o r d e d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e work t e s t a n d r e c o v e r y i n t e r v a l , p r o v i d e d

a d i r e c t m e a s u r e o n w h i c h t o b a s e t h e r e c o v e r y t i m e i n t e r v a l .

0

The r e t u r n of r e c t a l t e m p e r a t u r e t o w i t h i n 0.1 C of t h e

p r e - e x e r c i s e r e s t i n g l e v e l was u s e d a s a c r i t e r i o n f o r b e g i n n i n g

a maximal t e s t . On a v e r a g e , u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s r e q u i r e d 30 t o

4 5 m i n u t e s , w h i l e t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s r e q u i r e d 20 t o 30 m i n u t e s

t o r e a c h t h i s s t a n d a r d . A l l s u b j e c t s r e m a i n e d s e a t e d d u r i n g t h e

r e s t p e r i o d a n d w e r e n o t a l l o w e d t o e a t o r d r i n k d u r i n g t h i s

t i m e .

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Work R a t e (kpm-mi{')

Trained Maximal Protocol I'

2000

1000

rest 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

T i m e ( m i n u t e s )

F i g u r e 3 : Maximum P r o t o c o l 111 f o r t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s shown a s

a w o r k - t i m e p r o f i l e .

4

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3.3.5 C r i t - e r i a f o r A t t a i n m e n t of Maximum Oxygen U p t a k e

The e n d p o i n t of a maximal t e s t w a s d e f i n e d a s t h e p o i n t

when t h e s u b j e c t c o u l d no l o n g e r m a i n t a i n a p e d a l r a t e of 7 5

rpm. O t h e r c r i t e r i a w e r e w h e t h e r t h e s u b j e c t a t t a i n e d h i s

maximal a g e - p r e d i c t e d h e a r t r a t e , a n d w h e t h e r a p l a t e a u of

o x y g e n u p t a k e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g work r a t e was a c h i e v e d . The t r u e

c o u r s e of o x y g e n u p t a k e c o n t i n u o u s l y p l o t t e d o n a H e w l e t t

P a c k a r d 85 c o m p u t e r made t h i s l a t t e r c r i t e r i o n e a s y t o i d e n t i f y ,

a l t h o u g h t h e p l a t e a u was s l i g h t d u e t o t h e n a t u r e of t h e ramp

work t e s t . I f s u b j e c t s w e r e a b l e t o r i d e f o r more t h a n two

m i n u t e s a t t h e h i g h e s t work r a t e , a p l a t e a u i n g i n o x y g e n u p t a k e

was o b s e r v e d .

To c o n f i r m w h e t h e r maximal p e r f o r m a n c e w a s b e i n g a c h i e v e d

by t h i s p r o t o c o l , b l o o d l a c t a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n was d e t e r m i n e d i n

10 of t h e 2 0 t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s a n d 10 of t h e u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s ,

f r o m a b l o o d s a m p l e d r a w n f r o m a n a n t e c u b i t a l v e i n f i v e m i n u t e s

a f t e r t h e c e s s a t i o n of maximal e x e r c i s e . A l t h o u g h t h e t i m e f o r '

t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of p e a k b l o o d l a c t a t e h a s b e e n shown by v a r i o u s

i n v e s t i g a t o r s t o v a r y f r o m t h r e e t o n i n e m i n u t e s f o l l o w i n g t h e

c e s s a t i o n of maximal e x e r c i s e , a t i m e i n t e r v a l of f i v e m i n u t e s

was c h o s e n a s a s u i t a b l e s t a n d a r d t i m e f o r m e a s u r e m e n t . S a m p l e s

w e r e i m m e d i a t e l y d e p r o t e i n i z e d w i t h i c e - c o l d p e r c h l o r i c a c i d f o r

s u b s e q u e n t a n a l y s i s of l a c t a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s u s i n g e n z y m a t i c

t e c h n i q u e s ( m o d i f i e d f r o m Gutman a n d W a h l e f e l d , 1 9 7 4 ) .

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3.3 .6 As t rand-Ryhming Submaximum E x e r c i s e T e s t

A t r a d i t i o n a l As t rand-Ryhming s u b m a x i m a l s i x m i n u t e t e a t

was p e r f o r m e d by a l l u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s a n d h a l f of t h e t r a i n e d

g r o u p . U n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s b e g a n by p e r f o r m i n g f o r 6 m i n u t e s a t

300 kprn*min'l , a s s u g g e s t e d by A s t r a n d f o r u n t r a i n e d

i n d i v i d i u a l s . I f t h e h e a r t r a t e d i d n o t a t t a i n a v a l u e of 1 3 0

b-min ' l a f t e r t h e f i r s t w o r k r a t e , t h e w o r k r a t e was i n c r e a s e d by

300 kpm*min'l f o r a n a d d i t i o n a l 6 m i n u t e s .

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T h i s p r o t o c o l was c o n t i n u e d u n t i l a h e a r t r a t e of a p p r o x i m a t e l y

1 5 0 b-min ' l was a t t a i n e d . The w o r k i n g t i m e of 5 t o 6 m i n u t e s was

deemed t o b e of s u f f i c i e n t a p e r i o d t o a l l o w t h e p u l s e r a t e t o

e q u i l i b r a t e w i t h t h e t a s k b e i n g p e r f o r m e d . The mean v a l u e of t h e

p u l s e r a t e a t t h e f i f t h a n d s i x t h m i n u t e was d e s i g n a t e d t h e

w o r k i n g p u l s e f o r t h e work i n q u e s t i o n . I f t h e d i f f e r e n c e

e x c e e d e d 5 b - m i n ' l , t h e work t i m e w a s p r o l o n g e d .

T r a i n e d s u b j e c t s b e g a n , a s s u g g e s t e d by A s t r a n d , a t 900

k p m * m i n - l , a n d i n c r e a s e d t h e w o r k r a t e t o 1200 a n d 1500 kpm*min- l

i f t h e h e a r t r a t e was s t i l l l e s s t h a n 1 3 0 b-min ' l . A l l s u b j e c t s

p e r f o r m e d t h e As t rand-Ryhming t e s t a t a p e d a l r a t e of 5 0 rpm.

The A s t r a n d - R y h m i n g t e s t w a s p e r f o r m e d o n l y o n c e . T h i s was on

t h e same d a y a s o n e of t h e maximal t e s t i n g s e s s i o n s i n o r d e r t o

c o m p a r e d i r e c t l y m e a s u r e d a n d m a x i m a l o x y g e n u p t a k e p r e d i c t e d

f r o m t h e e x i s t i n g As t rand-Ryhming nomogram. -

3.4 T e c h n i q u e s a n d Equipment - -

Oxygen u p t a k e was m e a s u r e d c o n t i n u o u s l y d u r i n g a l l p h a s e s

of t h e e x p e r i m e n t , i n c l u d i n g r e s t , warm-up, s u b m a x i m a l and

maximal e x e r c i s e a n d r e c o v e r y . A l l s u b j e c t s b r e a t h e d t h r o u g h a

l o w - r e s i s t a n c e two-way b r e a t h i n g v a l v e t h a t d i r e c t e d t h e

e x p i r a t e t o a m i x i n g box. A s a m p l e of mixed e x p i r e d g a s was t h e n

d r a w n f r o m t h e m i x i n g box a n d a n a l y z e d f o r c a r b o n d i o x i d e a n d

o x y g e n c o n t e n t . The a s s e m b l y c o n n e c t i o n s a r e shown

d i a g r a m a t i c a l l y i n F i g u r e 4.

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V e n t i l a t o r y volume was o b t a i n e d by i n t e g r a t i n g t h e f l o w

r a t e of i n s p i r e d g a s o b t a i n e d f r o m a r e s p i r a t o r y f l o w t r a n s d u c e r

(RP 4 7 3 0 4 8 ) o v e r a t e n s e c o n d p e r i o d a n d c o n d i t i o n i n g t h e s i g n a l

w i t h a HP 17401A D C P r e a m p l i f i e r c o n n e c t e d t o a n HP 740411

o s c i l l o g r a p h i c r e c o r d e r . Mixed e x p i r e d g a s was a n a l y s e d f o r

o x y g e n a n d c a r b o n d i o x i d e c o n t e n t w i t h a n S-3A A p p l i e d

E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l o x y g e n a n a l y s e r a n d a CD-3A A p p l i e d

E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l c a r b o n d i o x i d e a n a l y s e r , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

O u t p u t s f r o m t h e g a s a n a l y s e r s , e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h a n d

c a r r i e r p r e a m p l i f i e r w e r e s a m p l e d a t t e n s e c o n d i n t e r v a l s by a n

HP 3 4 9 7 8 D a t a A c q u i s i t i o n U n i t , c o n t r o l l e d by a d e s k t o p

c o m p u t e r ( H P 85.). R e c t a l t e m . p e r a t u r e was r e c o r d e d by a

t e l e - t h e r m o m e t e r w i t h a g e n e r a l p u r p o s e p r o b e ( Y e l l o w S p r i n g s

I n s t r u m e n t Co. I n c . ).

A BASIC p r o g r a m , w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t h e m e t a b o l i c '

a n a l y s e r , c o n t r o l l e d t h e s a m p l i n g r a t e of t h e HP 3 4 9 7 8 a n d

computed t e n s e c o n d v a l u e s f o r o x y g e n u p t a k e ( V 0 2 ) , c a r b o n

d i o x i d e p r o d u c t i o n ( ~ E c o ~ ) , v e n t i l a t i o n (GE) , a n d r e s p i r a t o r y

e x c h a n g e r a t i o (R), M i n u t e v a l u e s w e r e computed by a v e r a g i n g s i x ,

t e n s e c o n d s a m p l e s f o r t h a t p a r t i c u l a r m i n u t e .

The E C G was d i s p l a y e d c o n t i n u o u s l y on a P h y s i o - C o n t r o l

h e a r t r a t e m o n i t o r a n d t h i s e n a b l e d r e c o g n i t i o n of a n y h e a r t

c o n d u c t i o n a b n o r m a l i t i e s . The E C G was a l s o r e c o r d e d d u r i n g t h e

f i n a l 1 0 s e c o n d s of e a c h m i n u t e of warm-up, e x e r c i s e a n d

r e c o v e r y on a n e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h (HP lSOOA).

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-4 l ntegrator

Expired . f

Data Acquisition Unit

Desktop Computer

Inspired I Air

F i g u r e 4 : D i a g r a m m a t i c R e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e E x p e r i m e n t a l

Equ ipmen t .

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3 .4 .1 C a l i b r a t i o n of I n s t r u m e n t s

Gas A n a l y s e r a n d P n e u m o t a c h o g r a p h C a l i b r a t i o n

C a l i b r a t i o n of t h e o x y g e n a n d c a r b o n d i o x i d e g a s a n a l y s e r s ,

p n e u m o t a c h o g r a p h a n d e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h was p e r f o r m e d d u r i n g t h e

s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d c a l i b r a t i o n s e c t i o n of t h e BASIC c o m p u t e r

p r o g r a m . T h i s p r o c e d u r e was c o m p l e t e d p r i o r t o t e s t i n g e a c h

s u b j e c t . Gas a n a l y s e r s w e r e c a l i b r a t e d w i t h s t a n d a r d g a s e s a n d

known f l o w r a t e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . S t a n d a r d g a s e s f o r c a l i b r a t i o n

p u r p o s e s w e r e c h o s e n t o f a l l w i t h i n t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l r a n g e t o

be m e a s u r e d . S t a n d a r d g a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e t h e m s e l v e s

p r e v i o u s l y a n a l y s e d by t h e m i c r o - S c h o l a n d e r t e c h n i q u e ( 1 9 4 5 ) .

C o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s f o r w a t e r v a p o u r p r e s s u r e a n d b r e a t h i n g v a l v e

d e a d s p a c e w e r e a p p l i e d t o t h e r e s p i r a t o r y v a r i a b l e s by t h e

p r o g r a m s o f t w a r e .

V a l i ' d a t i o n of R e s p i r o r y Gas Exchange Movement

V a l i d a t i o n of t h e computed v a l u e s of v e n t i l a t i o n a n d o x y g e n

u p t a k e was p e r f o r m e d by c o m p a r i n g c o m p u t e r c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s

w i t h t h o s e m e a s u r e d u s i n g t h e t r a d i t i o n a l me thod of one m i n u t e

e x p i r e d g a s s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d i n m e t e o r o l o g i c a l b a l l o o n s a t

v a r i o u s i n t e n s i t i e s of b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r work. The c o l l e c t e d

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mixed e x p i r e d g a s w a s a n a l y z e d f o r oxygen a n d c a r b o n d i o x i d e

c d n c e n t r a t i o n s . V e n t i l a t o r y vo lumes we re c o n v e r t e d t o s t a n d a r d

t e m p e r a t u r e a n d p r e s s u r e d r y (STPD) and oxygen u p t a k e was

c a l c u l a t e d , S i m u l t a n e o u s d e t e r m i n a t i o n s of v e n t i l a t i o n a n d

oxygen u p t a k e f o r 20 s u b j e c t s d u r i n g submax ima l and maximal

e x e r c i s e a r e shown i n F i g u r e s 5 a n d 6 . R e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s ,

c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s and t h e l i n e of i d e n t i t y a r e shown. No

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t e d b e t w e e n t h e compu te r c a l c u l a t e d

v e n t i l a t i o n s o r oxygen u p t a k e s and t h e d i r e c t l y measu red v a l u e s .

The r e s p o n s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and a c c u r a c y of t h e r e s p i r a t o r y g a s

e q u i p m e n t u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y compared v e r y f a v o u r a b l y w i t h

p u b l i s h e d d a t a on o t h e r s i m i l a r s y s t e m s i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e

( B e a v e r -- e t a l . , 1973; Wilmore -- e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ) . The compu te r

c a l c u l a t e d oxygen u p t a k e . w a s , t h e r e f o r e , a s s e s s e d a s a c c u r a t e .

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Pneumotachograph Ventilation VS.

Bag Ventilation

I I I 1 1 I I I 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Bag Vent. ( Iitres . minute-' BTPS )

F i g u r e 5 : C o m p a r i s o n of r e s p i r a t o r y g a s v o l u m e s

d e t e r m i n e d f r o m b a g c o l l e c t i o n s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y

w i t h p n e u m o t a c h o g r a p h d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . S o l i d

l i n e i n d i c a t e s t h e l i n e of i d e n t i t y .

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Computer Calculated \j0 2

VS. Bag Calculated i/02

0 1 2 3 4 5 Bag +o2 ( litres minute-')

F i g u r e 6 : Showing a c o m p a r i s o n of o x y g e n u p t a k e m e a s u r e m e n t s

d e t e r m i n e d f r o m o n - l i n e c o m p u t e r c a l c u l a t i o n s a n d

s e p a r a t e a n a l y s i s of c o l l e c t e d r e s p i r e d g a s e s i n

m i n u t e b a g s . S o l i d l i n e i n d i c a t e s t h e l i n e of

i d e n t i t y .

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B i c y c l e E r g o m e t e r C a l i b r a t i o n

P r e c i s e measurement of t h e work r a t e s and power o u t p u t s

demand p r e c i s e c a l i b r a t i o n of t h e e r g o m e t e r . E l e c t r o n i c

e r g o m e t e r s a r e d e s i g n e d s o t h a t work v a r i e s d i r e c t l y a s

r e s i s t a n c e m u l t i p l i e d by r a t e of work ( rpm) . The g e n e r a t o r ' s

r e s i s t a n c e i s d e s i g n e d t o d e c r e a s e a s t h e r a t e i n c r e a s e s , t h u s

m a i n t a i n i n g t h e work l o a d a t a c o n s t a n t v a l u e .

The QI-845 b i c y c l e , e r g o m e t e r u s e d i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t s was

c a l i b r a t e d a t , t he Q u i n t o n M a n u f a c t u r i n g Company i n S e a t t l e ,

Wash ing ton p r i o r t o t h e s t a r t of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s .

3.5 D e f i n i t i o n of V a r i a b l e s - -

The v a r i a b l e s s t u d i e d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n we re oxygen

u p t a k e , h e a r t r a t e and work r a t e . T h e s e v a r i a b l e s , i n p a r t i c u l a r

h e a r t r a t e a n d work r a t e , we re m a n i p u l a t e d t o p r o v i d e g r e a t e r

i n s i g h t i n t o t h e e x i s t i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s be tween work r a t e , h e a r t

r a t e a n d oxygen u p t a k e . A d e f i n i t i o n of d e r i v e d v a r i a b l e s a n d a n

e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e t r e a t m e n t of t h e v a r i a b l e s i s d e s c r i b e d

be low.

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3.5.1 U n l o a d e d P e d a l l i n g

U n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g i s a c t u a l l y a m i s n o m e r , a l t h o u g h t h e

term was u s e d h e r e , s i n c e i t d i d n o t a c t u a l l y r e p r e s e n t z e r o

work r a t e , b u t i n v o l v e d t h e w o r k of moving t h e l e g s . D u r i n g t h e

f i r s t f i v e m i n u t e s of e a c h s u b m a x i m a l p r o t o c o l ( P r o t o c o l I ) ,

u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g was p e r f o r m e d by a l l s u b j e c t s . A t any d e f i n e d

p e d a l l i n g r a t e i t was t h e minimum work r a t e p o s s i b l e o n t h e

b i c y c l e e rgome t e r a n d p r o v i d e d a r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e b a s e l i n e

v a l u e of o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e f o r e a c h s u b j e c t . I t w a s

v a l u a b l e i n r e d u c i n g f l u c t u a t i o n s i n h e a r t r a t e d u r i n g t h e

i n i t i a l p h a s e of t e s t i n g . I n t h i s s t u d y u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g was

a s s i g n e d a work r a t e of 200 kpm-min'l b a s e d o n t h e mean o x y g e n

u p t a k e m e a s u r e d on 39 s u b j e c t s d u r i n g t h i s a c t i v i t y . I n t h i s

e v a l q a t i o n , o x y g e n u p t a k e d u r i n g t h e f i f t h m f n u t e of u n l o a d e d

p e d a l l i n g was t a k e n a s t h e c o s t of t h e e x e r c i s e a n d t h e mean

c o r r e s p o n d i n g h e a r t r a t e d e t e r m i n e d c o n c o m i t a n t l y was r e g a r d e d

a s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e mean g r o u p h e a r t r a t e f o r u n l o a d e d

p e d a l l i n g .

3.5.2 D e l t a H e a r t R a t e

F o r a n i n d i v i d u a l , d e l t a h e a r t r a t e (AHR) was d e f i n e d a s t h e

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a l l d e t e r m i n e d e x e r c i s e h e a r t r a t e s a n d t h e

h e a r t r a t e m e a s u r e d d u r i n g t h e f i f t h m i n u t e of u n l o a d e d

p e d a l l i n g . U n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g h e a r t r a t e was c h o s e n t o p r o v i d e a

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more a c c u r a t e s t a r t i n g p o i n t i n t h e e x t r a p o l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e f o r

p r e d i c t i n g m a x i m a l o x y g e n u p t a k e . I t r e p l a c e d t h e r e s t i n g h e a r t

r a t e v a l u e p r e v i o u s l y u s e d b u t f o r w h i c h i t was v e r y d i f f i c u l t

t o d e f i n e a s t a n d a r d c o n d i t i o n u n d e r w h i c h i t c o u l d b e m e a s u r e d

a c c u r a t e l y a n d c o n s i s t e n t l y . The u s e of t h e d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

v a l u e d i s c r i m i n a t e d b e t t e r t h e h e a r t r a t e s p a n ( e x e r c i s e h e a r t

r a t e minus u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g h e a r t r a t e ) i n c r e a s e w i t h e x e r c i s e

b e t w e e n g r o u p s of d i f f e r e n t a g e , s e x a n d d e g r e e of t r a i n i n g . A

s a l i e n t o b s e r v a t i o n of t r a i n i n g i n a n i n d i v i d u a l i s t h e t r a i n i n g

b r a d y c a r d i a d e v e l o p e d f o r a n y g i v e n work r a t e . Thus a s s u m i n g a

s i m i l a r maximum h e a r t r a t e f o r two i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n t h e same

a g e g r o u p , t h e t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l w o u l d h a v e a g r e a t e r d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e t h a n t h e u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l d u e t o t h e l o w e r h e a r t

r a t e a t t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e s t a n d a r d p e r f o r m a n c e of u n l o a d e d

p e d 2 l l i n g . U s i n g maximum h e a r t r a t e a l o n e i n a n y h e a r t r a t e

b a s e d p r e d i c t i v e p r o c e d u r e w o u l d e n s u r e no s u c h d i s c r i m i n a t i o n

b e t w e e n t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s .

The u s e of d e l t a h e a r t r a t e may a l s o h e l p t o r e s o l v e t h e

o b s c u r i n g e f f e c t of t h e a g e r e l a t e d d e c l i n e i n maximum h e a r t

r a t e p r e d i c t i o n s made f r o m h e a r t r a t e m e a s u r e m e n t s . Thus i n a 55

y e a r o l d m a l e , d e s p i t e a n a g e r e l a t e d d e c l i n e i n maximum h e a r t

r a t e , a d e c r e a s e i n u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g h e a r t r a t e a c c o m p a n y i n g

t r a i n i n g b r a d y c a r d i a w o u l d m a i n t a i n a h i g h s p a n h e a r t r a t e

( d e l t a h e a r t r a t e ) i n p r e d i c t i v e work . An u n f i t 35 y e a r o l d , on

t h a o t h e r h a n d , d e s p i t e h a v i n g a h i g h e r maximum h e a r t r a t e ,

m i g h t i n d e e d h a v e a m a r k e d l y l e s s ' s p a n h e a r t r a t e b e c a u s e of a n

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a c c o m p a n y i n g h i g h u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g h e a r t r a t e .

D e l t a h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s f r o m t h e maximal e x e r c i s e p r o t o c o l

w e r e c a l c u l a t e d by s u b t r a c t i n g u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g h e a r t r a t e

m e a s u r e d d u r i n g t h e f i f t h m i n u t e of t h e u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g

p o r t i o n of t h e s u b m a x i m a l p r o t o c o l f r o m a l l m a x i m a l p r o t o c o l

h e a r t r a t e m e a s u r e s . T h i s p r o c e d u r e w a s p e r f o r m e d i n a n a t t e m p t

t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e p r e v i o u s p e r f o r m a n c e of a

s u b m a x i m a l t e s t o n t h e f o l l o w i n g maximal t e s t . I n e f f e c t i t

a t t e m p t e d t o remove a n y r e m a i n i n g i n f l u e n c e of i n c r e a s e d body

c o r e t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n d i c a t e d by r e c t a l t e m p e r a t u r e ) o n h e a r t

r a t e . A l t h o u g h i n t h e m a j o r i t y of c a s e s t h e u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g

h e a r t r a t e r e c o r d e d d u r i n g t h e maximal p r o t o c o l was a l m o s t

i n d e n t i c a l t o t h a t m e a s u r e d d u r i n g t h e s u b m a x i m a l t e s t , t h e

p r o c e d u r e was f o l l o w e d a s a n a i d i n s t a n d a r d i z i n g t h e o v e r a l l

m e t h 6 d o l o g y .

3 .5 .3 D e l t a Work R a t e

The work of u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g was c a l c u l a t e d f r o m o x y g e n

u p t a k e m e a s u r e m e n t s t o b e e q u i v a l e n t t o a 200 kpm*min- l . T h i s

v a l u e h a s b e e n u s e d t o e x p r e s s e v e r y o t h e r work r a t e a s a d e l t a

work r a t e (OWR) v a l u e b y s u b t r a c t i n g 200 kpm-min'l f r o m t h e

r e c o r d e d t e s t work r a t e p e r f o r m e d ( i . e . a work r a t e of 300

kpm-min'l becomes a d e l t a work r a t e of 1 0 0 kpm-min ' l ) . T h i s

p r o c e d u r e p r o v e d u s e f u l i n d e s c r i b i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e a n d d e l t a work r a t e . By d e f i n i t i o n , b o t h

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v a r i a b l e s become z e r o d u r i n g u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g a n d d e f i n e t h e

o r i g i n of t h e e x p o n e n t i a l c u r v e ,

w h e r e a = a c o n s t a n t ,

k = a r a t e c o n s t a n t ,

y = d e l t a h e a r t r a t e , a n d

x = d e l t a work r a t e .

3.6 D a t a R e d u c t i o n a n d A n a l y s i s -- -

3 .6 .1 I n d i v i d u a l D a t a T r e a t m e n t

( E q u a t i o n 6 )

S u b j e c t s p e r f o r m e d s u b m a x i m a l a n d m a x i m a l b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r

r i d e s a t s e p a r a t e t i m e s . Oxygen u p t a k e , h e a r t r a t e a n d work r a t e

v a r i a b l e s w e r e r e c o r d e d d u r i n g t h e f i n a l m i n u t e of u n l o a d e d

p e d a l l i n g a n d d u r i n g t h e t h i r d m i n u t e of 3 0 0 , 6 0 0 , 900 kpm*min'l

work r a t e s f o r u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s d u r i n g s u b m a x i m a l t e s t s .

D a t a f o r t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s was c o l l e c t e d s i m i l a r l y a n d a l s o a t

two h i g h e r work r a t e s of 1 2 0 0 a n d 1500 kpm.min'l.

D u r i n g maximal ramp t e s t s t o e x h a u s t i o n , t h e mean m i n u t e

v a l u e f r o m t h e c o n t i n u o u s r e c o r d was c h o s e n a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of

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t h e work . B o t h t h e c o m p l e t e s u b m a x i m a l a n d m a x i m a l s e t o f o x y g e n

u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s a s d e r i v e d a b o v e , w e r e p l o t t e d

a g a i n s t t i m e . Due t o t h e n a t u r e of t h e max imal p r o t o c o l work

r a t e i n c r e a s e s , h e a r t r a t e a n d o x y g e n u p t a k e w e r e n o t s t e a d y

s t a t e v a l u e s f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r w o r k r a t e s p e r f o r m e d . T h i s i s i n

c o n t r a s t t o t h e s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e s p e r f o r m e d . However , t h e

s u b m a x i m a l o x y g e n u p t a k e l d e l t a h e a r t r a t e c u r v e i n t e r s e c t e d t h e

m a x i m a l o x y g e n u p t a k e l d e l t a h e a r t r a t e c u r v e a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y

900 a n d 1500 kpm*min'l f o r t h e u n t r a i n e d a n d t r a i n e d g r o u p ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y . A l l i n d i v i d u a l s u b m a x i m a l o x y g e n u p t a k e l d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e d a t a a n d m a x i m a l d a t a a b o v e t h i s i n t e r s e c t i o n p o i n t

f o r e a c h g r o u p , was c o m b i n e d a n d t r e a t e d a s o n e c o m p l e t e s e t of

V 0 2 / d e l t a HR d a t a f o r t h e r e m a i n d e r of t h e a n a l y s i s . F i g u r e 7

i l l u s t r a t e s t h e p r o c e s s of c o m b i n i n g i n d i v i d u a l submaximum a n d

maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e d a t a .

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Oxygen Uptake

V S

Delta Heart Rate

0 Submaximum

Maximum

0 10 2 0 3 0 40 5 0 60 7 0 80 90 100 110 120

Delta Heart Rate (beats-mi;')

F i g v r e 7 : Showing Submaximum a n d Maximum V02

a n d A H R R e l a t i o n s h i p f o r a T r a i n e d Male .

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3.6 .2 T e s t - R e t e s t R e l i a b i l i t y

I n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n t h e t r a i n e d g r o u p p e r f o r m e d t h r e e

c o m p l e t e s u b m a x i m a l a n d m a x i m a l p r o t o c o l s , w h i l e t h o s e i n t h e

u n t r a i n e d g r o u p c o m p l e t e d t w o s e t s . T r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s w e r e

t e s t e d d u r i n g t h e i r o f f - s e a s o n , t h e r e f o r e t h r e e s e t s of t e s t s

w e r e c o n d u c t e d t o c h e c k f o r v a r i a t i o n s i n maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e

a s a r e s u l t o f t r a i n i n g o r d e t r a i n i n g . A one-way a n a l y s i s of

v a r i a n c e t e s t e d f o r s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t r i a l s . The

l e v e l of s i g n i f i c a n c e was s e t a t p<0.05.

3.6 .3 Group D a t a

Groups w e r e t e r m e d c o r e o r v a l i d a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r

l a t e r r o l e i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d v a l i d a t i o n of a nomogram f o r

p r e d i c t i n g maximal o x y g e n u p t a k e . The s l o p e s of t h e r e g r e s s i o n

l i n e s b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r t h e t r a i n e d

a n d u n t r a i n e d c o r e g r o u p s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , w e r e t e s t e d f o r

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e by a one-way A N O V A (p<O.O5). A s m a l l

s a m p l e t - t e s t f o r p a r a l l e l i s m , a s o u t l i n e d by K l e i n b a u m a n d

Kupper (1978), was p e r f o r m e d . T h i s p r o v i d e d t h e b a s i s f o r

' c o n t i n u i n g t h e c a t e g o r i z a t i o n of g r o u p s i n t o T a n d UNT.

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Mean maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e , maximum h e a r t r a t e , maximum

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e a n d o t h e r m e a s u r e d v a r i a b l e s f o r t r a i n e d a n d

u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s w e r e c h e b k e d f o r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . Core a n d v a l i d i t y g r o u p d a t a w i t h i n t h e T

a n d UWT g r o u p s w e r e n o t c o m p a r e d s i n c e a n y s t a t i s t i c a l l y

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s would o n l y r e f l e c t d i f f e r e n c e s d u e t o

t h e random a s s i g n m e n t o f i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n t h e main t r a i n e d o r

u n t r a i n e d g r o u p t o c o r e o r v a l i d i t y g r o u p s . Any s u c h d e t e r m i n e d

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n c o r e a n d v a l i d i t y g r o u p s may

a l s o b e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e s m a l l e r number of s u b j e c t s i n t h e

v a l i d i t y g r o u p s compared t o t h e c o r e g r o u p s .

3 . 7 T r e a t m e n t of D a t a I

- --

The h y p o t h e s i z e d r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d .

d e l t a h e a r t , f o l l o w i n g s t e p c h a n g e s i n e x t e r n a l work r a t e , was a

s i m p l e e x p o n e n t i a l f u n c t i o n (Wyndham -- e t a l . , 1 9 5 9 ; Rowel1 - e t

a 1 1 9 6 4 ; D a v i e s , 1 9 6 8 ) . The f o l l o w i n g f i r s t o r d e r f u n c t i o n was -* 9

t h e r e f o r e f i t t e d t o t h e r e c o r d e d r e s p o n s e s ;

( E q u a t i o n 8)

w h e r e y ( x ) i s o x y g e n u p t a k e , x i s d e l t a h e a r t r a t e g e n e r a t e d

• ’ r o d a s t e p c h a n g e i n work r a t e , k i s a r a t e c o n s t a n t a n d a i s a

c o n s t a n t . T h i s e q u a t i o n d e s c r i b e d a s i m i l a r e x p o n e n t i a l f u n c t i o n

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a s t h a t i n i t i a l l y p r o p o s e d by Wyndham - e t - a l . ( 1 9 5 9 ) , b u t w i t h a

p o s i t i v e e x p o n e n t d u e t o t h e r e v e r s a l of t h e x a n d y a x e s .

L i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n d n o n - l i n e a r e x p o n e n t i a l a n d q u a d r a t i c

r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s e s w e r e c o n d u c t e d i n a n a t t e m p t t o i n t e r p r e t

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

v a r i a b l e s i n a s t a t i s t i c a l s e n s e a n d t o h e l p q u a n t i f y t h e

s t r e n g t h of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p . BMDP l i n e a r a n d n o n - l i n e a r c u r v e

f i t t i n g c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m s w e r e u s e d f o r s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s .

The c o m p u t a t i o n of t h e b e s t f i t t i n g f u n c t i o n was made u s i n g

a l e a s t s q u a r e s method i . e . t h e l i n e of b e s t f i t i s t h a t w h i c h

m i n i m i z e s t h e sum of t h e s q u a r e d d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e

p r e d i c t e d d e p e n d e n t v a l u e s a n d t h e r e s p o n s e v a l u e s a c t u a l l y

r e c o r d e d .

I n o r d e r t o c o m p a r e t h e f i t by r e s p e c t i v e l i n e a r a n d

n o n - l i n e a r e x p o n e n t i a l a n d q u a d r a t i c f u n c t i o n s , t h e mean s q u a r e

r e s i d u a l (MSR) was u s e d . T h i s t e r m was u s e d r a t h e r t h a n r e s i d u a l

sum of s q u a r e s . The mean s q u a r e r e s i d u a l i s e q u a l t o t h e

v a r i a n c e a b o u t t h e f i t t e d l i n e d e d u c e d f r o m :

MS r e s i d u a l = SS r e s i d u a l = SS r e s i d u a l

( E q u a t i o n 8 )

df r e s i d u a l (n-P 1

w h e r e p i s t h e number of p a r a m e t e r s . F o r a l i n e a r f u n c t i o n , p

r e p r e s e n t s t h e s l o p e a n d t h e i n t e r c e p t . F o r a n e x p o n e n t i a l

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f u n c t i o n , p r e p r e s e n t s t h e p a r a m e t e r , a , a n d r a t e c o n s t a n t , k .

W h i l e t h e r e s i d u a l sum of s q u a r e s h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d i n o t h e r

s t u d i e s ( H u g h s o n , 1 9 8 2 ) , t h e MSR w a s d e t e r m i n e d t o b e a m o r e

s u i t a b l e s t a t i s t i c s i n c e i t t a k e s i n t o a c c o u n t t h e number of

c a s e s ( d f ) a n d e n a b l e s c o m p a r i s o n s t o b e made b e t w e e n t h e f i t s

o f v a r i o u s f u n c t i o n s t o r e a l i t y . Oxygen u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e d a t a w e r e a l s o a n a l y s e d

f o r t r e n d s of n o n - l i n e a r i t y i n s e p a r a t e submaximum a n d maximum

s e c t i o n s of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p .

3 . 7 . 1 E x a m i n a t i o n of R e s i d u a l s

A l l e q u a t i o n s f i t t e d t o t h o s e d a t a d e s c r i b e d a b o v e w e r e

f u r t h e r a n a l y z e d b y a s s e s s i n g t h e r e s i d u a l s . A g r a p h i c a l

a n a l y s i s of r e s i d u a l s v s . p r e d i c t e d o x y g e n u p t a k e w a s p e r f o r m e d

t o c h e c k f o r a n y v i o l a t i o n of s p e c i f i c a s s u m p t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h A N O V A . T h e s e i n c l u d e i n d e p e n d e n c e , n o r m a l i t y a n d

h o m o g e n e i t y of v a r i a n c e . F i g u r e 8 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e n o r m a l

s i t u a t i o n a s w e l l a s t h r e e common t r e n d s . A h o r i z o n t a l b a n d of '

p o i n t s s h o u l d b e o b t a i n e d n o r m a l l y , a s shown i n F i g u r e 8 a , w i t h

no h i n t of t h e p r e s e n c e of a n y s y s t e m a t i c t r e n d s , a s i n 8 b , c

a n d d . T r a n s f o r m a t i o n of d a t a w a s c o n d u c t e d i f a n a l y s i s of

r e s i d u a l s r e v e a l e d s y s t e m a t i c t r e n d s .

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F i g u r e 8 : E x a m i n a t i o n of R e s i d u a l s d e r i v e d f r o m p r e d i c t e d

oxygen u p t a k e a n d a c t u a l oxygen u p t a k e .

Normal s i t u a t i o n i s shown i n 8 a .

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3 08 Method of C o n s t r u c t i n g Nomogram - -

3 . 8 . 1 C o n s t r u c t i o n of As t rand-Ryhming Nomogram

The As t rand-Ryhming nomogram was o r i g i n a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d

f r o m t h e o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e s t o s i n g l e

s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e s p e r f o r m e d f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 t o 1 0

m i n u t e s by 8 6 m a l e a n d f e m a l e p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n s t u d e n t s .

S u b j e c t s c o m p l e t e d a v a r i e t y of l i g h t a n d h e a v y submaximum work

t a s k s on s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s o n t h e l a s t of w h i c h a maximum e f f o r t

was a l s o a t t e m p t e d . Oxygen u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e w e r e m e a s u r e d

on e a c h s u b j e c t u n d e r e v e r y c o n d i t i o n . A t ' t h e h i g h e s t work

r a t e s , t h e work p e r i o d was o n l y 2 t o 3 m i n u t e s . The v a l u e s u s e d

f o r o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e r e f e r r e d t o t h e l a s t m i n u t e s of

work a t e a c h l e v e l a n d w e r e mean v a l u e s o b t a i n e d e i t h e r f r o m

d e t e r m i n a t i o n s on two o r more o c c a s i o n s , o r f r o m t w o o r more

s u c c e s s i v e d e t e r m i n a t i o r i s on t h e same d a y . Oxygen u p t a k e a n d

h e a r t r a t e w e r e m e a s u r e d f o r b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r y , t r e a d m i l l

r u n n i n g a n d b e n c h s t e p p i n g .

The d e t a i l e d c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e As t rand-Ryhming nomogram

p r e d i c t i n g maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e i s o u t l i n e d b e l o w . Oxygen

u p t a k e v a l u e s f o r e a c h s u b j e c t w e r e e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e of

a n i n d i v i d u a l ' s maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e ( % V02max). Oxygen u p t a k e

was p l o t t e d a g a i n s t h e a r t r a t e a n d a r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n

c a l c u l a t e d . From t h e d e t e r m i n e d r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n , A s t r a n d

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f o u n d t h a t a work r a t e w h i c h p r o d u c e d a n a v e r a g e h e a r t r a t e of

128 b0min ' l r e q u i r e d 50% of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e , a n d a work

r a t e p r o d u c i n g 154 b - m i n - l r e q u i r e d 70% of maximal o x y g e n

u p t a k e . The r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n d e s c r i b i n g t h e '% V 0 2 m a x / H ~

r e l a t i o n s h i p a p p l i e d f o r a l l i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n a n a g e g r o u p . I t

f o l l o w e d , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n s u c h a g r o u p would

h a v e a s m a l l e r r a n g e of maximal v a l u e s t h a n i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n

a n o t h e r g r o u p v a r y i n g i n a g e , s e x o r s t a t e of t r a i n i n g .

E x p r e s s i o n of oxygen u p t a k e a s a p e r c e n t a g e of maximum a l l o w e d

t h i s v a r i a t i o n i n maximal o x y g e n u p t a k e b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u a l s

w i t h i n a g r o u p a n d b e t w e e n g r o u p s t o b e d e f i n e d b e t t e r t h a n

m e r e l y c o m p a r i s o n of a b s o l u t e v a l u e s of o x y g e n u p t a k e .

U s i n g t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n of % V02max a g a i n s t H R , a

h e a r t r a t e a p p r o p r i a t e t o a d e f i n e d work r a t e was s u b s t i t u t e d . i n t o t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n a n d t h e p e r c e n t a g e of V02max a t

w h i c h t h i s h e a r t r a t e o c c u r r e d was c a l c u l a t e d . F o r e x a m p l e , i f

t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n d e s c r i b i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p was of t h e

f o r m y = mx + b , w h e r e y r e p r e s e n t s t h e p e r c e n t a g e of maximum

o x y g e n u p t a k e , x t h e h e a r t r a t e , b t h e y - i n t e r c e p t , a n d m t h e

s l o p e of t h e l i n e , and t h e a c t u a l e q u a t i o n was :

( E q u a t i o n 9 )

a h e a r t r a t e of 1 0 0 would r e q u i r e 50% of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e .

I n o z d e r t o c a l c u l a t e p r e d i c t e d V02max, one m e r e l y n e e d s t o

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m u l t i p l y t h e r e c i p r o c a l of t h e d e r i v e d % V02max by t h e

t h e o r e t i c a l l y c a l c u l a t e d o x y g e n c o s t of t h e w-ork r a t e . F o r

e x a m p l e , t h e t h e o r e t i c a l o x y g e n c o s t o f p e r f o r m i n g a w o r k r a t e

of 6 0 0 kpm*min'l i s 1.5 l i t e r s 0 2 * m i n - l . I f t h e h e a r t r a t e

r e q u i r e d t o p e r f o r m t h i s work r a t e w a s 1 0 0 b o m i n - l a n d , a s

d e t e r m i n e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e % V02max a t w h i c h t h i s h e a r t r a t e . o c c u r r e d was 5 0 , t h e p r e d i c t e d V02max w o u l d b e d o u b l e ( t h e

r e c i p r o c a l o f 5 0 / 1 0 0 ) t h e c a l c u l a t e d o x y g e n c o s t v a l u e , o r 3.0

1 x 0 2 c o s t x 100 ( E q u a t i o n 1 0 )

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I f t h e h e a r t r a t e a t t a i n e d by t h e same i n d i v i d u a l a t a work

r a t e of 1 2 0 0 kpm-min- l w a s 1 5 0 b - m i n - l , t h e p e r c e n t a g e t o 2 m a x ,

u s i n g E q u a t i o n 9 which d e s c r i b e s t h e a p p r o p r i a t e % V02max/HR

r e l a t i o n s h i p , w o u l d b e 90. I f t h e t h e o r e t i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d 0 2

c o s t o f p e r f o r m i n g 1200 kpm-min'l was 2.8 1 - m i n ' l , t h e p r e d i c t e d

i o 2 m a x w o u l d b e e q u a l t o 3.1 1 - m i n - l a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m E q u a t i o n

1 0 .

V02max = 1 x 2.8 1 02.rnin-l x 100 ( E q u a t i o n 1 0 )

90% iro2max

I n t h i s f a s h i o n , t h e p r e d i c t e d V02max f o r e v e r y h e a r t r a t e a n d

e v e r y work r a t e c o u l d b e c a l c u l a t e d .

To r e i t e r a t e ; t h e n e c e s s a r y p r e r e q u i s i t e s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n

of a nomogram f o r p r e d i c t i n g V02max f o r a g r o u p of homogeneous

i n d i v i d u a l s a r e :

1. e x p r e s s i o n of e a c h i n d i v i d u a l V02 a s a p e r c e n t a g e of maximum

o x y g e n u p t a k e ,

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2 . d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n d e s c r i b i n g t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n X Go2max a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g h e a r t r a t e s ,

3 . d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e h e a r t r a t e a t a d e f i n e d work r a t e a n d

c a l c u l a t e f r o m t h e V02 v s . HR r e g r e s s i o n t h e % V02max t h a t t h i s

h e a r t r a t e e l i c i t s ,

4 . t h e o r e t i c a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n , f r o m b a s i c e n e r g e t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s

( A p p e n d i x C ) , of t h e o x y g e n c o s t o f t h e s u b m a x i m a l w o r k r a t e

e l i c i t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c h e a r t r a t e a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g % VO2max a t

w h i c h t h e h e a r t r a t e o c c u r s , a n d

5. u s e of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p d s c r i b e d b y E q u a t i o n 1 0 t o p r e d i c t

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3.8 - 2 C o n s t r u c t i o n of P r e s e n t Nomogram a n d 02 C o s t C a l c u l a t i o n

I n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y p e r f o r m e d b i c y c l e

e r g o m e t e r e x e r c i s e o n l y . The work r a t e p r o t o c o l was of a

c o n t i n u o u s n a t u r e w i t h i n c r e m e n t s e v e r y 3 m i n u t e s d u r i n g t h e

s u b m a x i m a l p o r t i o n . Mean o x y g e n u p t a k e v a l u e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d t o

a s s e s s w h e t h e r t h i s was a d e q u a t e t i m e f o r a d j u s t m e n t of t h e

c i r c u l a t i o n a n d v e n t i l a t i o n t o t h e l e v e l of e x e r i c s e . T h e s e

v a l u e s w e r e c o m p a r e d t o t h e o x y g e n c o s t d e t e r m i n e d f r o m r e l e v a n t

work r a t e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s shown i n

A p p e n d i x C . Thermodynamic c a l c u l a t i o n s u s u a l l y assume a c o n s t a n t

e f f i c i e n c y of 25% f o r b i c y c l i n g humans (Whipp a n d Wasse rman ,

1 9 6 9 ; A s t r a n d a n d R o d a h l , 1 9 7 7 ) . A l t h o u g h i t may b e a r g u e d t h a t

t h e g r o u p of t r a i n e d c y c l i s t s h a d a h i g h e r e f f i c i e n c y t h a n t h e

u n t r a i n e d g r o u p , b a l a n c i n g t h i s was t h e f a c t t h a t t h e b i c y c l e

e r g o m e t e r u s e d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s v e r y d i f f e r e n t i n t e r m s

of t h e r e q u i r e d body p o s i t i o n of t h e r i d e r f r o m t h a t r e q u i r e d o n

t h e c y c l i s t ' s n o r m a l t r a i n i n g b i c y c l e . A s t r a n d a n d R o d a h l (1977,)

a l s o d e t e r m i n e d t h a t a n o n - s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t e d

b e t w e e n O l y m p i c c y c l i s t s a n d u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h r e g a r d

t o t h e e f f i c i e n c y of c y c l i n g . I t w a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t a n

e f f i c i e n c y of 25% would b e u s e d i n t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n

oE1 0 2 c o s t f r o m t h e r e l e v e n t work r a t e v a l u e .

The f i r s t s t e p i n t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e s e d a t a a t t e m p t e d t o

r e c o n s t r u c t t h e o r i g i n a l A s t r a n d - R y h m i n g nomogram. T h i s was a

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p l a u s i b l e a i m d u e t o t h e s i m i l a r i t y i n a g e a n d g e n e r a l a c t i v i t y

l e v e l of t h e c o r e g r o u p of m a l e s w i t h t h e s u b j e c t s a s s e s s e d i n

A s t r a n d ' s o r i g i n a l s t u d y ( 1 9 5 2 ) .

The same p r o c e d u r e f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g a nomogram a s o u t l i n e d

a b o v e f o r A s t r a n d ' s o r i g i n a l work was f o l l o w e d . T h i s p r o c e d u r e

was p e r f o r m e d s e p a r a t e l y on d a t a f r o m b o t h t h e t r a i n e d a n d

u n t r a i n e d c o r e g r o u p s . F o r t h e s a k e of s i m p l i c i t y , d e s c r i p t i o n

of t h e p r o c e s s w i l l b e c o n f i n e d h e r e t o t h e t r a i n e d g r o u p .

I n d i v i d u a l i o 2 v a l u e s o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e s u b m a x i m a l a n d

maximal t e s t s w e r e e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e of t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s

d i r e c t l y d e t e r m i n e d m a x i m a l o x y g e n u p t a k e . The r e g r e s s i o n

e q u a t i o n d e s c r i b i n g t h e g r o u p r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e

p e r c e n t a g e f o 2 m a x v a l u e s a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g h e a r t r a t e s f o r

a l l i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n t h e g r o u p was t h e n d e t e r m i n e d . I n o r d e r . t o c o n s t r u c t a t a b l e t o p r e d i c t V02max a t any h e a r t r a t e a n d a n y

g i v e n s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e , e v e r y h e a r t r a t e was s u b s t i t u t e d

i n t o t h e d e t e r m i n e d l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n ,

y = m x + b ( E q u a t i o n 1 1 )

w h e r e y i s t h e p e r c e n t of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d x i s t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g h e a r t r a t e , g i v e n t h e d e t e r m i n e d v a l u e s of s l o p e ,

m , a n d y - i n t e r c e p t , b.

T h i s p r o c e d u r e d e t e r m i n e d t h e % V02max a t w h i c h e a c h h e a r t r a t e

o c c u r r e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e m p i r i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d r e g r e s s i o n

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e q u a t i o n f o r t h e g r o u p d a t a . I t was e v i d e n t t h a t t h e r e g r e s s i o n

e q u a t i o n w a s d e p e n d e n t upon t h e V02 a n d h e a r t r a t e d e t e r m i n e d

d u r i n g t h e s t a n d a r d s u b m a x i m a l work p r o t o c o l . T h e r e f o r e i t w a s

of u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e t h a t t h e + o 2 a n d HR v a l u e s u s e d w e r e s t e a d y

s t a t e v a l u e s . The a c c u r a c y of t h i s was d e t e r m i n e d by c o m p a r i s o n

of t h e mean V02 v a l u e s d e t e r m i n e d e m p i r i c a l l y w i t h t h e o x y g e n

c o s t of t h e work r a t e s c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e o r e t i c a l

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .

The h e a r t r a t e of i n t e r e s t , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g % V02max

v a l u e ( d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n ) a n d t h e w o r k

r a t e e l i c i t i n g t h e r e s p o n s e w e r e t h e n u s e d t o p r e d i c t V02max

u s i n g E q u a t i o n 1 0 , a s p r e v i o u s l y o u t l i n e d . Each p r e d i c t e d t o 2 m a x

was t h e n e n t e r e d i n t o a n a p p r o p r i a t e c e l l i n t h e t a b l e of

c o r r e s p o n d i n g h e a r t r a t e s , % V02max v a l u e s ( f r o m r e g r e s s i o n ) a n d

a c t u a l o x y g e n c o s t of t h e w o r k r a t e ( f r o m c a l c u l a t i o n ) .

Maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e p r e d i c t i v e t a b l e s w e r e t h e n

c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m t r a i n e d c o r e g r o u p d a t a ( n t 1 5 ) , u n t r a i n e d c o r e

g r o u p d a t a ( n = 1 0 ) , a s w e l l a s a t h i r d t a b l e w h i c h c o m b i n e d d a t a

f r o m b o t h c o r e g r o u p s ( n = 2 5 ) .

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3 . 9 C o n s t r u c t i o n of L i n e Nomonram

A nomogram t o p r e d i c t V02max f r o m s u b m a x i m a l h e a r t r a t e a n d

o x y g e n u p t a k e s d u r i n g s u b m a x i m a l b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r work may be

c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h a h e a r t r a t e ( o r d e l t a h e a r t r a t e ) s c a l e on t h e

l e f t s i d e a n d a 0 2 c o s t o r i o 2 / w o r k r a t e s c a l e on t h e r i g h t . A

m i d d l e s c a l e shows p r e d i c t e d io2rnax v a l u e s . The h e a r t r a t e

r e s p o n s e t o a g i v e n s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e i s l o c a t e d o n t h e h e a r t

r a t e s c a l e ( l e f t ) a n d a l i g n e d w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g work r a t e

s c a l e ( r i g h t ) a n d t h e p r e d i c t e d to2rnax r e a d f r o m t h e m i d d l e

s c a l e .

T h e s e s c a l e s a r e a l i g n e d by l o c a t i n g i d e n t i c a l p r e d i c t e d

~ 0 2 m a x v a l u e s i n t h e r e l a t e d p r e d i c t i v e t a b l e s d r a w n u p

p r e v i o u s l y a n d i d e n t i f y i n g t h e c o o r d i n a t e s of i t s p o s i t i o n i n .

t e r m s of HR a n d WR. A t l e a s t t h r e e i d e n t i c a l p r e d i c t e d ~ 0 2 m a x

v a l u e s s h o u l d b e l o c a t e d w i t h i n t h e t a b l e a n d p a i r s of HR a n d WR

c o o r d i n a t e s (HR,WR) l o c a t e d . Each p a i r of c o o r d i n a t e s a r e

c o n n e c t e d on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s c a l e s . The i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e

t h r e e l i n e s i s t h e n marked a n d g i v e n t h e v a l u e of t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r e d i c t e d co2max. I n t h i s way, t h e o r i e n t a t i o n of

t h e p r e d i c t i v e V02max l i n e may b e d e t e r m i n e d .

T h i s method was u s e d t o c o n s t r u c t nomograms u s i n g e i t h e r . h e a r t r a t e o r d e l t a h e a r t r a t e / V 0 2 r e l a t i o n s h i p s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

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. 3 .10 P e r f o r m a n c e of Submaximal P r o t o c o l t o P r e d i c t V02max - - ----- -

D u r i n g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of a s u b m a x i m a l b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r

t e s t , t h e o n l y m e a s u r e s r e c o r d e d a r e h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e s t o

p a r t i c u l a r s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e s . Oxygen u p t a k e i s n o t m e a s u r e d .

I t i s of u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e work r a t e

p r o t o c o l p e r f o r m e d d u r i n g t h e s u b m a x i m a l t e s t i s i d e n t i c a l t o

t h a t f r o m w h i c h t h e d a t a u s e d t o c o n s t r u c t t h e p r e d i c t i v e

nomogram a n d a s s o c i a t e d t a b l e w e r e o b t a i n e d . I n t h e p r e s e n t

t e s t , work was p e r f o r m e d a t a p e d a l r a t e of 90 rpm. The work

p r o t o c o l b e g a n w i t h 5 m i n u t e s of u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g a n d was

c o n t i n u o u s l y i n c r e m e n t e d e v e r y 3 m i n u t e s by 300 kpm-min'l u n t i l

a h e a r t r a t e of 1 5 0 t o 160 b * m i n - l w a s a t t a i n e d . The f i n a l w o r k

r a t e w h i c h e l i c i t e d t h i s h e a r t r a t e w a s r e c o r d e d a n d t h e t e s t

c o m p l e t e d w i t h 3 m i n u t e s of u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g t o a l l o w f o r

r e c o v e r y .

The h e a r t r a t e i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g h e a r t

r a t e was t h e v a l u e r e c o r d e d d u r i n g t h e f i f t h m i n u t e of t h e

u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g p e r i o d . T h i s h e a r t r a t e was s u b t r a c t e d f r o m

t h e h e a r t r a t e d u r i n g t h e t h i r d m i n u t e of t h e f i n a l work p e r i o d

t o g i v e a d e l t a h e a r t r a t e v a l u e . The d e l t a h e a r t r a t e a n d

r e l a t e d work r a t e w e r e t h e n l o c a t e d i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a g e , s e x

a n d f i t n e s s g r o u p e d p r e d i c t i v e t a b l e s a n d a n e s t i m a t e of vo2max

made. I f t h e l i n e nomogram was u s e d , t h e d e l t a h e a r t r a t e a n d Go2

o r 0 2 cost /WR w e r e l o c a t e d a n d a l i n e d r a w n t o c o n n e c t t h e t w o

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p o i n t s . The p o i n t a t w h i c h t h i s l i n e i n t e r s e c t e d t h e c e n t r a l

l i n e w a s t h e p r e d i c t e d V02max.

3.1 1 Submaximal T e s t R e s p o n s e -

H e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e s t o s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e s p r o v i d e d t h e

b a s i s f o r d i s t i n g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n u n t r a i n e d a n d t r a i n e d

i n d i v i d u a l s . F o r a g i v e n s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e , a t r a i n e d

i n d i v i d u a l w i l l h a v e a c o n s i s t e n t l y l o w e r h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e

t h a n a n u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l . The d e l t a h e a r t r a t e w i l l a l s o b e

l o w e r f o r t h e same s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e .

The d i f f e r e n c e i n HR/WR r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t r a i n e d a n d

u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s e n a b l e d new i n d i v i d u a l s t o b e s e p a r a t e d

i n t o t r a i n e d o r u n t r a i n e d c a t e g o r i e s f o l l o w i n g c o m p l e t i o n of t h e

s p e c i f i c s u b m a x i m a l p r o t o c o l . The d e l t a h e a ~ t r a t e / d e l t a work .

r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p was d e t e r m i n e d f r o m c o r e d a t a a n d a m a s t e r

g r a p h c o n s t r u c t e d . D u r i n g p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e w e l l - d e f i n e d

s u b m a x i m a l p r e d i c t i v e work p r o t o c o l , h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e s t o

s u b m a x i m a l b i c y c l e work r a t e w e r e p l o t t e d on t h e g r a p h a n d t h e

r e s u l t i n g r e g r e s s i o n l i n e f o u n d t o b e c l o s e r t o e i t h e r t h e

t r a i n e d o r u n t r a i n e d r e g r e s s i o n l i n e s . From t h i s p r o c e s s , t h e

a p p r o p r i a t e t a b l e a n d r e l a t e d nomogram was s e l e c t e d a n d t h e . V02max p r e d i c t e d .

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3.12 P r e d i c t i o n of Maximal Oxygen U p t a k e - -

3.12.1 C r o s s - V a l i d a t i o n

Maximal o x y g e n u p t a k e w a s p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e a p p r o p r i a t e

t a b l e s f o r u n t r a i n e d (1115) a n d t r a i n e d ( n = 5 ) i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n

t h e v a l i d i t y g r o u p s a n d c o m p a r e d t o d i r e c t l y m e a s u r e d m a x i m a l

o x y g e n u p t a k e v a l u e s . P r e d i c t i o n s of V02max w e r e a l s o made f o r

e a c h v a l i d i t y g r o u p member u s i n g t h e nomogram c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m

a l l c o r e d a t a ( n = 2 5 ) . H e a r t r a t e v a l u e s w e r e t h o s e m e a s u r e d a t

900 a n d 1500 kpm*min'l f o r u n t r a i n e d a n d t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y . Maximal o x y g e n u p t a k e w a s a l s o p r e d i c t e d f o r t h e

m o d e r a t e g r o u p ( n = 4 ) u s i n g t h e t r a i n e d p r e d i c t i v e nomogram.

R e g r e s s i o n c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r o b s e r v e d

602max v s . p r e d i c t e d Go2rnax. P r e d i c t e d Go2max f r o m t h e

As t rand-Ryhming nomogram was a l s o c o m p a r e d t o o b s e r v e , d m a x i m a l

o x y g e n u p t a k e . The t w o c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e t h e n

compared f o r a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e u s i n g F i s h e r ' s Z s t a t i s t i c ,

a s d e s c r i b e d by K l e i n b a u m a n d Kupper ( 1 9 7 8 ) .

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3 . 1 3 K i n e t i c s P

I n o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n

u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e , t h r e e u n d e r l y i n g r e l a t i b n s h i p s mus t b e

c l e a r l y u n d e r s t o o d . T h e s e i n c l u d e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n work

r a t e a n d t i m e , o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t i m e , a n d h e a r t r a t e a n d t i m e .

A s y s t e m s a n a l y s i s a p p r o a c h , a s o u t l i n e d by Wolf ( 1 9 7 9 ) , h e l p e d

t o c l a r i f y t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s . The s y s t e m u n d e r s t u d y was t h e

c a r d i o v a s c u l a r s y s t e m , t h e i n p u t w a s t h e work r a t e a n d t h e

o u t p u t was a n y c a r d i o v a s c u l a r m e a s u r e , i n t h i s c a s e e i t h e r

o x y g e n u p t a k e o r h e a r t r a t e . I f work r a t e , w h i c h a c t e d a s a

f o r c i n g f u n c t i o n , w a s made t o v a r y a s a s t e p f u n c t i o n , o x y g e n

u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n d e d i n a manner a s shown i n F i g u r e

9 a . I f , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , work r a t e i n c r e a s e d c o n t i n u o u s l y a s a

ramp f u n c t i o n , o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e - r e s p o n d e d

d i f f e r e n t l y a s shown i n F i g u r e 9b. I n e a c h c a s e , t h e t i m e

c o n s t a n t , T , r e p r e s e n t e d t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e

c a r d i o v a s c u l a r v a r i a b l e t o a c h i e v e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w o - t h i r d s of

i t s maximum v a l u e .

H y p o t h e s i z e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t

r a t e r e s u l t i n g f r o m ramp a n d s t e p work r a t e f o r c i n g f u n c t i o n s

a r e shown i n F i g u r e 1 0 . Work r a t e h a s b e e n r e p l a c e d by t i m e i n

t h i s f i g u r e . When b o t h o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n d i n a

n o n - l i n e a r f a s h i o n w i t h s i m i l a r t i m e c o n s t a n t s , t h e r e s u l t i n g

o x y g e n u p t a k e / h e a r t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p would b e l i n e a r , a s shown

i n F i g u r e 1 0 a . I f e i t h e r o x y g e n u p t a k e o r h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n d e d

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i n a l i n e a r m a n n e r , t h e r e s u l t i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p would b e

n o n - l i n e a r , a s shown i n F i g u r e l o b . I f t h e t i m e c o n s t a n t s f o r

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t i m e a n d h e a r t r a t e

and t i m e w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t , t h e r e s u l t i n g o x y g e n

u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p was h y p o t h e s i z e d t o b e

n o n - l i n e a r a s shown i n F i g u r e 1Oc. A n o n - l i n e a r , e x p o n e n t i a l

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e may,

t h e r e f o r e , a r i s e f r o m t w o d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of o x y g e n u p t a k e l h e a r t

r a t e r e s p o n s e s .

The k i n e t i c s of t h e o x y g e n u p t a k e l w o r k r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p

d u r i n g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e maximum ramp p r o t o c o l s w e r e

e x a m i n e d q u a l i t a t i v e l y a n d t h e g e n e r a l s h a p e of t h e c u r v e s w e r e

d e s c r i b e d f o r two t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s a n d o n e u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t .

The r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n d e l t a h e a r t r a t e a n d work r a t e f o r t h e

same s u b j e c t s were e x a m i n e d i n a s i m i l a r f a s h i o n .

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INPUT u Work Rate

FORCl NG FUNCTION

A.

STEP

B.

RAMP

PATTERN

, OUTPUT

1 >Oxygen Uptake

I Heart

PATTERN

Rate

EQUATION

F i g u r e 9 : R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t i m e

w i t h s t e p o r ramp i n c r e a s e s i n work r a t e .

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F i g u r e 10 : V a r i a t i o n s i n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s be tween oxygen u p t a k e

and h e a r t r a t e w i t h v a r i a t i o n s i n work r a t e .

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3 . 1 3 . 1 C a l c u l a t i o n of Time C o n s t a n t s

Time c o n s t a n t s f o r t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e

a n d t i m e , a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e a n d t i m e , w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r

b o t h t h e u n t r a i n e d a n d t r a i n e d g r o u p s a t t h e same a b s o l u t e w o r k

r a t e of 6 0 0 kpm*rnin'l. The t i m e c o n s t a n t s of t h e same

r e l a t i o n s h i p s w e r e a l s o c a l c u l a t e d f r o m work r a t e s r e q u i r i n g t h e

same p e r c e n t a g e of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e , i n t h i s c a s e

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 45% of bo2max f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p

d a t a . The a n a l y s i s of t i m e c o n s t a n t s was c o n d u c t e d t o a s s e s s

w h e t h e r a n o n - l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e w a s t h e r e s u l t of d i f f e r e n t t i m e c o n s t a n t s f o r

o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t i m e a n d h e a r t r a t e a n d t i m e , o r d u e t o t h e

e f f e c t s of d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e f o r m of t h e a p p l i e d work r a t e .

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4. R e s u l t s

4.1 Group Data -

4.1.1 Peak V a l u e s

Maximal v a l u e s d e t e r m i n e d i n t h i s s t u d y w e r e maximal o n l y

i n t e r m s of t h e a p p a r a t u s upon wh ich t h e work was p e r f o r m e d , i n

t h i s c a s e t h e b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r . I t h a s been d e t e r m i n e d , a s

d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h a t oxygen u p t a k e v a l u e s measu red on a

t r e a d m i l l we re 4 t o 18% h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e d e t e r m i n e d on a

b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r . T h e r e f o r e , t h e h i g h e s t v a l u e s measu red i n

t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w e r e more c o r r e c t l y r e f e r r e d t o a s "peak"

v a l u e s . The t e r m s "peak" a n d "maximal" w e r e , t h e r e f o r e , u s e d

i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y .

Mean v a l u e s of a g e a n d w e i g h t , and peak mean v a l u e s of

oxygen u p t a k e ( t o2max , STPD), h e a r t r a t e (HR) , d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

(AHR), m i n u t e v e n t i l a t i o n (VE, BTPS), work r a t e (WR) a n d b l o o d

l a c t a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n (mM) a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I V . Peak work

r a t e v a l u e s f o r t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s a r e e x p r e s s e d i n m i n u t e s

c o m p l e t e d a t a work r a t e of 2400 kpm*min'l. For e x a m p l e , 2 4 0 0 ( 4 )

means t h a t t h e s u b j e c t c o m p l e t e d f o u r m i n u t e s a t 2400

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kpm*min'l . S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s a r e r e c o r d e d i n m i n u t e s a t 2400

kpm-min' l . P e a k work r a t e s f o r u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s a r e

e x p r e s s e d a s t h e h i g h e s t work r a t e i n kpm*min" l c o m p l e t e d f o r

0.5 m i n u t e s .

P e a k v a l u e s of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e , v e n t i l a t i o n a n d

l a c t a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e c o r d e d f o r t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s a g r e e d

w e l l w i t h t h o s e p u b l i s h e d f o r c o m p e t i t i v e c y c l i s t s ( B u r k e - e t

a l . , 1 9 7 7 ; H a g b e r g e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ; B u r k e e t a l . , 1 9 8 1 ; V e r s t a p p e n - -- --

e t a l . , 1 9 8 2 ) . -- S t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s ( ~ ( 0 . 0 5 ) w e r e f o u n d

b e t w e e n t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d c o r e g r o u p s f o r mean maximal

o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d mean maximum d e l t a h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s . A s

e x p e c t e d , t h e <02max ( 1 - m i n - l ) was h i g h e r i n t h e t r a i n e d c o r e

g r o u p 5 . 0 1 2 0 . 3 8 (SD) c o m p a r e d t o t h e u n t r a i n e d c o r e g r o u p v a l u e

of 3 .42f 0.29 (SD). Mean d e l t a h e a r t r a t e s w e r e lO9.O& 10 .0 (SD)

a n d 9 1 . 0 f . 8 . 0 (SD) f o r t h e t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y . S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e a l s o r e c o r d e d f o r

maximum v e n t i l a t i o n a n d maximum work r a t e c o m p l e t e d .

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T a b l e I V : P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d P e a k C a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y V a r i a b l e s f o r T r a i n e d ( T ) a n d U n t ' r a i n e d (UNT) ,

C o r e a n d V a l i d a t i o n ( v a l i d ) Groups .

( L a c t a t e 1 13.60 1 13 .50 1 1 3 . 3 2 j 13 .50 1 1 (mM) ( 2 1 . 6 7 1 k 1 . 6 0 1 k 2 . 7 6 1 3 2 . 1 1 1 ....................................................

V a l u e s a r e means + s t a n d a r d ' d e v i a t i o n s of t h e mean (SD).

* S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n T c o r e a n d UNTcore, ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) .

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4 .1 .2 Submaximal o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

Mean v a l u e s of oxygen u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e o b t a i n e d

d u r i n g c o m p l e t i o n of s u b m a x i m a l work P r o t o c o l s I A a n d IB f o r

u n t r a i n e d a n d t r a i n e d c o r e a n d v a l i d i t y g r o u p s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n

T a b l e V . A s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) was d e t e r m i n e d

b e t w e e n u n t r a i n e d a n d t r a i n e d g r o u p mean d e l t a h e a r t r a t e d a t a

a t t h e s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e s of 3 0 0 , 600 a n d 900 kpm*min'l .

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. T a b l e V : Mean v a l u e s of o x y g e n u p t a k e (V02 ) a n d

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e ( AHR) f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s f o r a t 1 s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e s c o m p l e t e d . V02 v a l u e s a r e i n u n i t s of l -min ' l , DHR v a l u e s a r e i n b*miS1 a n d WR i n kpm*rnin'l.

................................................... T r a i n e d I U n t r a i n e d I

Core V a l i d ( C o r e V a l i d 1 I

Work R a t e

I I

( k p m - m i d ) 1 l n = 3 6

0 v o I 1 - 0 1 (l*miri ') I 2 0 . 0 9

I

. . . c o n t 'd

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T a b l e V ( c o n t ' d )

V a l u e s a r e means 2 s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s (SD).

* S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n T c o r e a n d UNTcore ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) .

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4 . 2 R e s t i n g a n d Unloaded P e d a l l i n g H e a r t R a t e v a l u e s - -

Mean r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e a n d mean u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g h e a r t

r a t e v a l u e s f o r t h e t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s a r e p r e s e n t e d

i n T a b l e V I .

T a b l e V I : Mean R e s t i n g a n d U n l o a d e d P e d a l l i n g H e a r t R a t e V a l u e s f o r T r a i n e d a n d U n t r a i n e d Group D a t a .

........................................... I Mean R e s t i n g Mean U n l o a d e d I H e a r t R a t e

I P e d a l l i n g H e a r t 1

I ( b - m i n " ) R a t e (bornin- ' ) 1 I------------------------------------------- I 1 T r a i n e d I ( n = 2 0 ) 7 1 . 0 84 .0

I I

V a l u e s a r e means +_ s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s ( SD)

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4.3 Oxygen U p t a k e a n d D e l t a H e a r t R a t e R e l a t i o n s h i p - - -

4 .3 .1 Group Oxygen u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e d a t a

The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

f o r t h e t r a i n e d c o r e g r o u p ( n = 1 5 ) i s shown i n F i g u r e 11. F i g u r e

12 shows t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e

f o r t h e u n t r a i n e d c o r e g r o u p ( n = 1 0 ) . V i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n of b o t h

s e t s of c o r e g r o u p d a t a r e v e a l e d a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e .

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Oxygen Uptake VS.

Delta Heart Rate

Tralned Core Group '

n = 15

0 I 1 I I I I 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Delta Heart Rate (beats - minub-')

F i g u r e 11 : Showing t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n mean o x y g e n u p t a k e

( o r d i n a t e ) a n d mean d e l t a h e a r t r a t e ( a b s c i s s a )

f o r t r a i n e d m a l e s 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s ( n = 1 5 ) .

106

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Oxygen Uptake VS.

Delta Heart Rate

A A A

A A A A A A

A A A A A M A A A A ALL

A A A M A & bh bh A M bh

A A A A A A A A W A A A A A

A A A AAA A A A M A A A

A M A A A i m m A A A A M M & L o b o m f a

A A A bh -A A A A A A A A A A o d l l A A Anmomnr\ A A

A A a&lAAAA A A A M A A A

A A A A A M

& A A A r\/\MnA A

Untrahed Care Group a

I 1 I I 1 20 40 60 80 100

Delta Heart Rate (beak minute-')

F i g u r e 12 : Showing t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p be tween mean oxygen u p t a k e

( o r d i n a t e ) a n d mean d e l t a h e a r t r a t e ( a b s c i s s a )

f o r u n t r a i n e d m a l e s 20 t o 29 y e a r s ( n = l O ) .

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Oxygen u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e d a t a f o r t h e t r a i n e d a n d

u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s w e r e a n a l y s e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h

of t h e t h r e e c h o s e n f u n c t i o n s d e s c r i b e d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e s t .

The t h r e e f u n c t i o n s f i t t e d t o t h e d a t a w e r e a l i n e a r , a n

e x p o n e n t i a l a n d a q u a d r a t i c f u n c t i o n . The s p e c i f i c e x p o n e n t i a l

f u n c t i o n f i t t e d was t h a t d e s c r i b e d by E q u a t i o n 1 a s f o l l o w s ;

f ( x ) = a - e k x ( E q u a t i o n 1 )

w h e r e f ( x ) = o x y g e n u p t a k e ,

x = d e l t a h e a r t r a t e ,

a = a c o n s t a n t , a n d

k = a r a t e c o n s t a n t .

T a b l e VII l i s t s t h e mean s q u a r e r e s i d u a l (MSR) v a l u e s d e t e r m i n e d

f r o m l i n e a r , e x p o n e n t i a l a n d q u a d r a t i c f u n c t i o n f i t t i n g .

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T a b l e VII: Mean S q u a r e R e s i d u a l s d e t e r m i n e d by c u r v e f i t t i n g w i t h l i n e a r , e x p o n e n t i a l a n d q u a d r a t i c f u n c t i o n s .

I ( L i n e a r (Exponen ( Q u a d r a t i c 1 I I M S R I M S R ( M S R I

I T v a l i d i ( ( n = 5 ) 1 0.1756 I I I---------[-------- ( UNTcore ( I ( n = l O ) 1 0 .1028 1 I ) UNTval idl

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4 . 3 . 2 E x a m i n a t i o n of R e s i d u a l s

R e s i d u a l v a l u e s , o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e o b s e r v e d

a n d p r e d i c t e d o x y g e n u p t a k e m e a s u r e s , w e r e e x a m i n e d t o c h e c k f o r

a n y v i o l a t i o n of t h e a s s u m p t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n a l y s i s of

v a r i a n c e a s o u t l i n e d p r e v i o u s l y . F i g u r e s 13 a n d 1 4 show t h e

r e s i d u a l v a l u e s p l o t t e d a g a i n s t t h e p r e d i c t e d o x y g e n u p t a k e

v a l u e s a s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n

d e s c r i b i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p mean d a t a ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y . ' F i g u r e s 1 5 a n d 16 i l l u s t r a t e t h e r e s i d u a l s

d e t e r m i n e d when t h e e x p o n e n t i a l e q u a t i o n was f i t t e d t o t h e same

t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d d a t a . V i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n of t h e r e s i d u a l s

f a i l e d t o r e v e a l any s y s t e m a t i c t r e n d s i n t h e d a t a .

E x a m i n a t i o n of t h e MSR showed t h a t b o t h t h e l i n e a r a n d

q u a d r a t i c f u n c t i o n s r e s u l t e d i n c o n s i s t e n t l y s m a l l e r mean s q u a r e

r e s i d u a l v a l u e s , a n d t h e r e f o r e p r o v i d e d a b e t t e r f i t , t h a n t h e

e x p o n e n t i a l f u n c t i o n . A l i n e a r f u n c t i o n was c h o s e n t o d e s c r i b e /

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e . The

o r i g i n a l e x p o n e n t i a l h y p o t h e s i s was a b a n d o n e d . T a b l e V I I I l i s t s

t h e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n s d e t e r m i n e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e o x y g e n

u p t a k e l d e l t a h e a r t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e s t .

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FRECJCTD

F i g u r e 1 3 : E x a m i n a t i o n of r e s i d u a l s b e t w e e n a c t u a l v a l u e s of o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t h o s e p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e l i n e a r p l o t o f o x y g e n u p t a k e a g a i n s t d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s (11115).

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F i g u r e 1 4 : E x a m i n a t i o n of r e s i d u a l s b e t w e e n a c t u a l v a l u e s of o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t h o s e p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e l i n e a r p l o t o f o x y g e n u p t a k e a g a i n s t d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s ( n = l O ) .

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F i g u r e 1 5 : E x a m i n a t i o n of r e s i d u a l s b e t w e e n a c t u a l v a l u e s of o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t h o s e p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e e x p o n e n t i a l p l o t o f o x y g e n u p t a k e a g a i n s t d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s (11-15).

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F i g u r e 16 : E x a m i n a t i o n of r e s i d u a l s b e t w e e n a c t u a l v a l u e s of o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t h o s e p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e e x p o n e n t i a l p l o t o f o x y g e n u p t a k e a g a i n s t d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s 20 t o 29 y e a r s ( n = 1 0 ) .

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T a b l e VIII: Showing l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r g r o u p s of t r a i n e d ( T ) , u n t r a i n e d (UNT) a n d m o d e r a t e l y (MOD) t r a i n e d m a l e s 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s f o r t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e ( o r d i n a t e ) a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e ( a b s c i s s a ) .

.................................. I Group I L i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n

( E q u a t i o n I

I I ---------I ....................... I

I T c o r e 1 I I

) . ( n = 1 5 ) 1 Yz(0 .03577)X + 1 . 0 1 0 ) I I 1 T v a l i d I

I I

( ( n - 5 ) I Y=(0 .03178)X + 1 .024 1

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F i g u r e 1 7 s h o w s b o t h t h e t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d l i n e a r

r e l a t i o n s h i p s d e t e r m i n e d t o e x i s t b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e . T h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s a r e a l s o

i n c l u d e d . S l o p e s of o x y g e n u p t a k e v s . d e l t a h e a r t r a t e b e t w e e n

u n t r a i n e d a n d t r a i n e d c o r e g r o u p s d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y

( p < 0 . 0 5 ) a s d e t e r m i n e d b y a s m a l l s a m p l e t - t e s t .

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Oxygen Uptake vs.

Delta Heart Rate

Trained (n=15) I /

20 40 60 80 100 d0 Delta Heart Rate ( beats - minute-')

,

F i g u r e 1 7 : L i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r t r a i n e d

a n d u n t r a i n e d c o r e g r o u p s .

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4 .3 .3 T e s t - R e t e s t R e l i a b i l i t y

E x a m i n a t i o n of t h e s l o p e s of t h e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n

e q u a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g t h e oxygen u p t a k e / d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r e a c h t r i a l r e v e a l e d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . T a b l e I X shows t h e r e l a t e d F r a t i o s and p r o b a b i l i t y

( p ) v a l u e s .

T a b l e I X : T e s t - R e t e s t R e l i a b i l i t y

, Group 1 F r a t i o ( p v a l u e 1 I I I I---------\------------\--------- I

1 I I I I 1 Tcore . I 1 1 1 ( n = l 5 ) 1 2 .8674 1 0.057-5 ( I I I I I I I I ( T v a l i d 1 2 .4336 1 0.0897 1 I ( n - 5 ) I I I 1 I I I----------------------I---------

I I

I I I I 1 UNTcore ( 1 1 1 (n -10) 1 0 . 5158 1 0.4734 1 I I I I I I I I 1 va valid( 0.4934 1 0.4842 1 I ( n = 5 ) I I I I I I ................................ I

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4 .3 .4 I n d i v i d u a l i o 2 / d e l t a HR r e l a t i o n s h i p s

W h i l e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e f o r b o t h t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p mean d a t a was

d e t e r m i n e d t o b e l i n e a r , a few i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n e a c h g r o u p

e x h i b i t e d t h e h y p o t h e s i z e d e x p o n e n t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p . F i g u r e s 18

a n d 19 show t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e f o r a t r a i n e d a n d a n u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l a n d t h e

n o n - l i n e a r t r e n d a t n e a r maximum r a t e s of work.

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Oxygen Uptake VS.

Delta Heart Rate.

A I 1 I 1 1 1 0

I 20 40 60 80 100 120

DeUn He& Rate ( beats minute-')

Figure 18 : Showing the h y p o t h e s i z e d e x p o n e n t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p

between oxygen uptake and d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r

an i n d i v i d u a l t r a i n e d male s u b j e c t .

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Oxygen Uptake VS.

Delta Heart Rate

Untrained Subject

b I 1 1 1 I 20 40 60 80 100

Deltu Heart Rate ( beak minute-')

F i g u r e 19 : Showing t h e h y p o t h e s i z e d e x p o n e n t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r

a n i n d i v i d u a l u n t r a i n e d m a l e s u b j e c t .

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4.4 R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n P e r c e n t Maximum Oxygen U p t a k e and H e a r t - R a t e

4 .4 .1 R e c o n s t r u c t i o n of As t rand-Ryhming Nomogram

I n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n mean o x y g e n

u p t a k e a n d mean d e l t a h e a r t r a t e w a s f o u n d t o b e e x p r e s s e d m o s t

a c c u r a t e l y by a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p . The s u b j e c t s e x a m i n e d i n

t h e s t u d y w e r e s i m i l a r i n a g e a n d g e n e r a l a c t i v i t y l e v e l a s

t h o s e e x a m i n e d by A s t r a n d ( 1 9 5 2 ) . F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s , a nomo-gram

was c o n s t r u c t e d u s i n g t h e same method a s t h a t u s e d by A s t r a n d

a n d Ryhming i n t h e i r nomogram ( 1 9 5 4 ) . T h i s i n v o l v e d e x p r e s s i n g

e a c h i n d i v i d u a l o x y g e n u p t a k e v a l u e a s a p e r c e n t a g e of t h e

i n d i v i d u a l ' s maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e ( % V02max). D a t a w e r e t h e n

p l o t t e d a s p e r c e n t of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e v e r s u s h e a r t r a t e .

The o x y g e n c o s t of e a c h s u b m a x i m a l work r a t e was d e t e r m i n e d

a n d f o u n d t o a p p r o x i m a t e c l o s e l y t h e o x y g e n c o s t of work

d e t e r m i n e d t h e o r e t i c a l l y a s shown i n T a b l e X . The t h e o r e t i c a l /

c a l c u l a t i o n of o x y g e n c o s t i s shown i n A p p e n d i x C. Oxygen

u p t a k e s a c h i e v e d w e r e , t h e r e f o r e , c o n s i d e r e d t o b e s t e a d y s t a t e

v a l u e s . No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s f o u n d t o e x i s t b e t w e e n t h e

o x y g e n u p t a k e m e a s u r e d f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s a n d t h e

t h e o r e t i c a l c o s t of p e r f o r m i n g t h e submaximum work r a t e s of 6 0 0 ,

9 0 0 , 1 2 0 0 a n d 1500 kpm*min'l . A s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s f o u n d

t o e x i s t a t t h e submaximum work r a t e of 300 kpm*min'l. T h i s may

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h a v e b e e n r e l a t e d t o a d e c r e a s e d e f f i c i e n c y when p e d a l l i n g a t 90

rpm a t a l o w work r a t e f o r b o t h u n t r a i n e d a n d t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s .

No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t e d , h o w e v e r , b e t w e e n t h e t w o

g r o u p s of s u b j e c t s i n t e r m s of t h e o x y g e n c o s t . o f 300 kpm-min-1.

T a b l e X : Showing t h e d i r e c t l y m e a s u r e d o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t h e o r e t i c a l l y c a l c u l a t e d o x y g e n c o s t of p e r f o r m i n g submaximum s t e a d y s t a t e work ( l i t e r 0 2 m i n ) .

/ Work r a t e (kpm min-' ) I

( Group 1 300 600 900 1200 1500 I 1 I I-------- I--------------------------------------- I I ( T r a i n e d 1

1 . 6 5 I

( c o r e 1 1 .13 2.16 2.75 3.27 1 I ( n = l 5 ) I kO.11 L0 .13 L0 .13 50.17 k 0 . 1 9 ( I---------I--------------------------------------- 1 U n t r a i n e d 1

I

1 . 6 8 2.16 I

I c o r e 1 1 .23 1 ( ( n = l O ) ( 2 0 . 1 6 kO.16 2 0 . 1 6 I------------------------------------------------- I

( T h e o r e t - ) I I

1 i c a l I 2 .10 2.80

I [ v a l u e ( 0.90* 1 . 5 0 3.40 1 I I ................................................. I

V a l u e s a r e means + s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s of means (SD).

* S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e o r e t i c a l l y c a l c u l a t e d o x y g e n c o s t a n d d i r e c t l y m e a s u r e d o x y g e n u p t a k e ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) .

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4 .4 .2 D a t a e x p r e s s e d a s % ~ 0 ~ m a x / ~ e a r t R a t e

D a t a w a s e x p r e s s e d a s % V02max a n d h e a r t r a t e r a t h e r t h a n

V02max a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e , i n a n a t t e m p t t o d u p l i c a t e

A s t r a n d ' s nomogram. F i g u r e s 20 a n d 21 show raw d a t a p l o t s of %

V02max v s . h e a r t r a t e f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

F i g u r e 22 shows a g r a p h of t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d d a t a

p l o t t e d a s % t o 2 m a x v s . h e a r t r a t e . I n a d d i t i o n , t h i s f i g u r e

shows s i m i l a r d a t a f r o m A s t r a n d ' s 1952 s t u d y d e r i v e d f r o m h i s

d e t e r m i n a t i o n + t h a t h e a r t r a t e s of 1 2 8 b * m i n - l , 1 5 4 b - m i n - l a n d

195 bgmin- l r e q u i r e d o x y g e n u p t a k e s r e p r e s e n t i n g 5 0 , 70 a n d 100%

VOzmax, r e s p e c t i v e l y . T r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p mean d a t a w a s

a l s o combined i n t o o n e l a r g e r g r o u p a n d r e f e r r e d t o a s A l l c o r e

d a t a . A s e p a r a t e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n was a l s o d e r i v e d f o r

A l l c o r e d a t a a n d shown i n F i g u r e 22.

L i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s of t h e d a t a e x p r e s s e d a s %

V02max v s . h e a r t r a t e r e v e a l e d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e a t t h e

0 .05 l e v e l of s i g n i f i c a n c e b e t w e e n r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s i n t e r m s

of s l o p e s o r i n t e r c e p t s . T h i s i s a p p a r e n t by t h e a l m o s t c o m p l e t e

o v e r l a p of r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s d e r i v e d f o r t r a i n e d a n d

u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s w i t h A s t r a n d ' s d a t a ( 1 9 5 2 ) . T a b l e X I shows t h e

r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s , c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s ( r ) , mean s q u a r e

r e s i d u a l s (MSR) a n d s t a n d a r d e r r o r s of e s t i m a t e (SEEST) f o r

t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d d a t a e x p r e s s e d a s % V02max v s . h e a r t r a t e

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compared t o A s t r a n d ' s o r i g i n a l d a t a .

Percent of Maximum Oxygen Uptake VS.

Heart Rate

A A

A~ M Trclined Core Group

n=15

I 1 I I 1 I 1 1 I 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

Heart Rote (beats minute-')

F i g u r e 2 0 : Showing t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n % V02max a n d h e a r t

r a t e f o r t r a i n e d m a l e s 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s (11x15).

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Percent of Maximum Oxygen. Uptake VS.

Heart Rate "O 1

. Figure 2 1 : Showing the r e l a t i o n s h i p between % V02max and h e a r t

r a t e f o r untra ined males 20 t o 29 years ( n = l O ) .

100 -

90- a + Q. 3 s 80-

2 m-

E z 3 60 - I Y-

O 59- .+ c

fY4muYlWA M

A M A A A A

A A A b A A

A

A

A A A & A A

I A~ A % AilAA

A a I I Untrained Core Group

A f i ~ e n = 10

20

4 A A A

1 1 1 I I I I 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

Heart Rate (beats mhute-')

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Percent of Maximum Oxygen Uptake VS.

Heart Rate

Heart Rate ( beats minute-')

F i g u r e 2 2 : D a t a e x p r e s s e d a s % V02max v s . h e a r t r a t e f o r

t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p d a t a . A s t r a n d ' s

o r i g i n a l t e s t g r o u p d a t a i s a l s o i n c l u d e d .

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T a b l e X I : R e s u l t s of L i n e a r R e g r e s s i o n A n a l y s i s f o r T r a i n e d a n d U n t r a i n e d C o r e - a n d V a l i d i t y G r o u p D a t a E x p r e s s e d a s % VO2max v s . H e a r t R a t e .

1 G r o u p 1 R e g r e s s i o n E q u a t i o n 1 r I MSR 1 SEEST 1 I I I I I I

I I I I I I 1 UNTcore 1 ~ ~ ( 0 . 6 4 4 7 1 - ) x - 2 8 . 4 5 3 1 0 . 8 9 3 1 1 88 .177 1 9 . 3 9 0 3 1

1 A l l c o r e 1 y = ( 0 . 6 7 3 5 5 ) x - 3 1 . 3 3 2 1 0 . 9 1 8 7 1 8 5 . 5 1 9 1 9 . 2 4 7 6 1 I ( n = 2 5 ) I I I I I I I 1 I I I

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T a b l e X I 1 l i s t s t h e h e a r t r a t e s d e t e r m i n e d a t 50% V02max

70%

VO~max a n d 100% V02max f r o m A s t r a n d ( 1 9 5 2 ) a n d t h e p r e s e n t

i n v e s t i g a t i o n . H e a r t r a t e v a l u e s f r o m t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y h a v e

b e e n c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n and a r e

shown w i t h o u t c o r r e s p o n d i n g s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s . No s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) were d e t e r m i n e d t o e x i s t be tween h e a r t

r a t e s a t 5 0 , 70 o r 100% V02max.

T a b l e XII: Mean h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s (bwmin-l ) a t 50 ,

70 and 100 p e r c e n t o f maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e a s d e t e r m i n e d by l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s .

I A s t r a n d T c o r e UNTcore T+UNT 1 I (11x86) ( n = 1 5 ) ( n = l D ) ( n = 2 5 ) I I ................................................ I 1 50% 128 12 2 120 121 1 I 1 1 70% 154 153 15 0 150 I I I ( 100% 195 199 19 3 195 ( 1 ................................................ I

Data w e r e t h e n u s e d t o c o n s t r u c t maximum oxygen u p t a k e

p r e d i c t i v e t a b l e s a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g nomograms u s i n g % +o2max a n d

h e a r t r a t e f r o m t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i n a method s i m i l a r t o t h a t

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,

u s e d by A s t r a n d a n d Ryhming ( 1 9 5 4 ) .

4.5 R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n % V02max a n d D e l t a HR - ---- -

4.5 .1 E x p r e s s i o n of d a t a a s % V02max v s . D e l t a H e a r t R a t e

D a t a were e x p r e s s e d a s % vo2max a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e i n a n

a t t e m p t t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s .

F i g u r e s 2 3 and 24 show raw d a t a e x p r e s s e d a s % +o2max v s . d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t i n g f o r t r a i n e d a n d

u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s .

Group mean d a t a a n d t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s p r o v i d i n g t h e

b e s t f i t a r e shown i n F i g u r e 2 5 f o r b o t h t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d

g r o u p s . A n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e r e v e a l e d a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

( p < 0 . 0 5 ) b e t w e e n i n t e r c e p t s of t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r

t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

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Percent of Maximum Oxygen Uptake VS.

Delta Heart Rate

Trained Core Group

n = 15

10 ,' I I I 1 I 1 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Delta Heart Rate (beats minute-')

. F i g u r e 2 3 : Showing t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n % V02max a n d

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r t r a i n e d m a l e s 2 0 t o 29

y e a r s ( n = l 5 ) .

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Percent of Maximum Oxygen Uptake VS.

Delta Heart Rate

100 r \ r \ r \ / \ M A A b W U A A A &la

90 u + a 3 C 80 a? m li. O 70 E z .- x 60 0 r y.

O 50 + C a? 0

Untrained Core Group L

40 n = 10

30

20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Delta Heart Rate (beats minute-')

F i g u r e 2 4 : Showing t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n % V02max a n d

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r u n t r a i n e d m a l e s 2 0 t o 29

y e a r s ( n = 1 0 ) .

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Percent of Maximum Oxygen Uptake VS.

Delta Heart Rate

I Legend I Trained c o n 1145 I 1. Untrained c o n n=lO I 0 All core n=25

Delta Heart Rate ( beats minute-')

F i g u r e 2 5 : Showing r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s a n d c o r r e l a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d m a l e s .

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T a b l e X I 1 1 shows t h e d e l t a h e a r t r a t e s a t 5 0 , 70 a n d 100% . V02max. A s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e (pC0 .05) was d e t e r m i n e d t o

e x i s t b e t w e e n t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e s a t 5 0 , 70

a n d 100% V02max. Maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e p r e d i c t i v e t a b l e s a n d

c o r r e s p o n d i n g nomograms w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d .

T a b l e X I I I : Mean d e l t a h e a r t r a t e s a t 5 0 , 70 a n d 100% +o2max d e t e r m i n e d by l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s .

I % + ~ ~ m a ~ I T r a i n e d 1 UNTrained I I [ D e l t a HR ) D e l t a HR ) I ( ( b *minm1 ) 1 ( b - m i n - ' ) 1

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4.6 P r e d i c t i o n of Maximum Oxygen U p t a k e - -

Two s e p a r a t e maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e p r e d i c t i v e t a b l e s w e r e

c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n p e r c e n t maximum o x y g e n

u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s a s

o u t l i n e d p r e v i o u s l y . V a l i d i t y g r o u p s of t r a i n e d ( n = 5 ) a n d

u n t r a i n e d ( n - 5 ) s u b j e c t s p e r f o r m e d t h e a p p r o p r i a t e submaximum

work t e s t s a n d maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e was p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g nomogram.

The m o d e r a t e g r o u p ( n - 4 ) of i n d i v i d u a l s was i n c l u d e d w i t h

t h e t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d v a l i d i t y g r o u p s i n t h e a s s e s s m e n t of

t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e n e w l y l . d e v i s e d p r e d i c t i v e nomograms.

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c m o d e r a t e g r o u p mean d a t a i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e

X I V . S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b e t w e e n m o d e r a t e .

a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s f o r V02max, maximum d e l t a h e a r t r a t e a n d

maximum work r a t e . M o d e r a t e a n d t r a i n e d g r o u p s a l s o showed

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s f o r ~ 0 ~ m a x a n d maximum work r a t e .

Maximum d e l t a h e a r t r a t e w a s d e t e r m i n e d t o b e t h e d e c i d i n g

v a r i a b l e i n t e r m s of t h e s p e c i f i c c h o i c e of t r a i n e d o r u n t r a i n e d

nomogram f r o m w h i c h t o p r e d i c t maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e . Due t o t h e

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n m o d e r a t e a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p mean

maximum d e l t a h e a r t r a t e s a n d t h e n o n - s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n m o d e r a t e a n d t r a i n e d maximum d e l t a h e a r t r a t e s ,

p r e d i c t i o n s of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e f o r t h e m o d e r a t e g r o u p w e r e

made f r o m t h e n e w l y c o n s t r u c t e d t r a i n e d p r e d i c t i v e nomogram*

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T a b l e X I V : P h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d p e a k c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y v a r i a b l e s f o r m o d e r a t e l y (MOD) m a l e s 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s ( n = 4 ) .

I

I V02 max 55 .4* I ( m l * kg" emin" )

I k 5 . 5 I

V a l u e s a r e m e a n s f s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s of t h e mean (SD) .

* S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) b e t w e e n M O D a n d T c o r e .

f S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e (p<0 .05 ) b e t w e e n M O D a n d UNTcore .

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D i r e c t l y m e a s u r e d a n d p r e d i c t e d V02max v a l u e s f o r t r a i n e d ,

u n t r a i n e d a n d m o d e r a t e v a l i d i t y g r o u p members ( n = 1 4 ) a r e shown

i n T a b l e X V . P r e d i c t e d maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e s w e r e made f r o m t h e

t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d t a b l e s c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m t h e % ~ 0 ~ m a x l h e a r t

r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p , d e s i g n a t e d PER, on t h e w h o l e v a l i d i t y g r o u p

( n = 1 4 ) . % V02max a n d h e a r t r a t e d a t a f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d

c o r e g r o u p s w e r e combined a n d a n All-PER t a b l e c o n s t r u c t e d a n d

maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e p r e d i c t e d .

Maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e w a s a l s o p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e t r a i n e d

a n d u n t r a i n e d p r e d i c t i v e t a b l e s d e v i s e d f r o m t h e % V 0 2 m a x / d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p , d e s i g n a t e d B a n i s t e r - L e g g e (B-L)

p r e d i c t i o n s on t h e f o u r t e e n v a l i d i t y g r o u p members. P r e d i c t i o n s

of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e w e r e a l s o made f r o m a p r e d i c t i v e t a b l e

c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m combined t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d % V02max a n d

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e d a t a , d e s i g n a t e d A l l - B a n i s t e r - L e g g e (Al l -B-L)

p r e d i c t i o n s .

T a b l e X V , t h e r e f o r e , i n c l u d e s t h e o b s e r v e d maximum o x y g e n

u p t a k e v a l u e s a s w e l l a s t h e p r e d i c t e d maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e s

u s i n g t h e As t rand-Ryhming nomogram a n d t h e f o u r o t h e r p r e d i c t i v e

t a b l e s . The f o u r p r e d i c t i v e t a b l e s i n c l u d e p r e d i c t i o n s f r o m t h e

s e p a r a t e t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d % V 0 2 m a x / h e a r t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p s

a n d f o r t h e combined g r o u p r e l a t i o n s h i p ( n = 2 5 ) . P r e d i c t i o n s made

f r o m s e p a r a t e t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d % V02max/ d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

r e l a t i o n s h i p s , t e r m e d t h e B a n i s t e r - L e g g e p r e d i c t i o n s , w e r e

r e c o r d e d a s w e l l a s t h e combined g r o u p d a t a ( n = 2 5 ) .

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T a b l e X V : D i r e c t l y m e a s u r e d a n d P r e d i c t e d i 0 max ( l o m i n - l ) v a l u e s f o r T r a i n e d ( T ) , U n t r a i n e d (UNT) a n d M o d e r a t e (MOD) v a l i d i t y g r o u p members .

( s u b j e c t OBS A s t r a n d B-L Al l -B-L PER ~11-PER 1 I------------------------------------------------------

4 .7 4 .1 4 .68 4 . 5 4 4 .74 I

I T1 4 .79 1 1 T2 4 . 8 4 .3 4.77 4 .63 4 . 4 1 4.45 1 I T3 4.8 3 - 7 4 .77 4 .63 4 .15 4.19 1 1 T4 4.8 6.0 4 . 8 2 4 . 6 7 5 . 2 5 5.29 I I T5 4.3 4 .O 3 .86 3 .80 4.02 4 .06 1 ( UNTl 3 .5 3.5 3 . 4 7 3 . 9 0 3 .47 3 .41 1 I UNT2 2.7 2.4 2 .76 3 . 0 0 2 . 6 1 2 .55 1 ( UNT3 3 .3 3 .8 3 .36 3 . 7 5 4 .24 4.19 1 ( UNT4 2.8 2.7 3 .12 3 . 4 5 2 .91 2.85 1 I UNT5 2 .4 2.0 2 . 2 8 2 .52 1 .92 1 . 8 8 ( I M O D 1 3 .6 2.8 3 .62 3 .45 2 .79 2 . 7 2 1 ( MOD2 3 .9 4.3 4.02 3.80 4.29 4 .24 1 I MOD3 3 .5 3.7 3 .32 3 .19 3 . 4 3 3.37 1 I MOD4 3 .5 2.9 3 . 4 9 3 . 3 3 3 .02 2.96 1

E a c h s e t o f p r e d i c t e d maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e v a l u e s w a s

r e g r e s s e d w i t h d i r e c t l y m e a s u r e d maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e m e a s u r e s

a n d t h e c a l c u l a t e d c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s c o m p a r e d . S t a n d a r d

e r r o r s of e s t i m a t e w e r e a l s o c a l c u l a t e d a n d r e c o r d e d i n T a b l e

XVI. A n a l y s i s f o r a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c o r r e l a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e A s t r a n d - R y h m i n g nomogram,

( r = O . 8 0 4 3 ) , a n d t h e B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram, ( r = 0 . 9 7 9 1 ) , u s i n g

F i s h e r ' s Z s t a t i s t i c , a s o u t l i n e d b y K l e i n b a u m a n d Kupper

( l 9 7 8 ) , r e v e a l e d a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e a t t h e

0 .05 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e . T h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r of e s t i m a t e w a s

s m a l l e r u s i n g t h e B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram, (SEEST=O. l 7 3 8 ) , a s

c o m p a r e d t o t h a t d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e A s t r a n d - R y h m i n g nomogram,

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( S E E S T = 0 . 5 0 8 2 ) . P r e d i c t i o n s of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e f r o m t h e

B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram, t h e r e f o r e , p r o v i d e d f o r a n i m p r o v e d

a c c u r a c y of p r e d i c t i o n c o m p a r e d t o t h e A s t r a n d - R y h m i n g nomogram.

T a b l e XVI: C o m p a r i s o n ?f d i r e c t l y m e a s u r e d a n d e s t i m a t e d V02max v a l u e s w i t h t h e h e l p of l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s .

................................................... I I I E s t i m a t i o n Number of C o r r e l a t i o n SEEST S SEE^^ ( 1 Method S u b j e c t s C o e f f i c i e n t I 1 Used I--------------------------------------------------- I

I I 1 A s t r a n d 1 4 0 . 8 0 4 3

I 0 . 5 0 8 2 1 4 . 2 1

1 I I I PER 1 4 0 .8622 0 . 4 3 3 2

I

1 A11-PER 1 4 0 . 8 7 3 3 0 . 4 1 6 6 I I

I I I I B-L 1 4 0 . 9 7 9 1

I 0 . 1 7 3 8 4 . 6 5 )

1 All-B-L 1 4 - 0 . 9 2 3 7 0 . 3 2 7 6 8 . 7 2 1 I I . ...................................................

F i g u r e s 2 6 a n d 27 show t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o b s e r v e d

a n d p r e d i c t e d maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e s f r o m t h e A s t r a n d - R y h m i n g

nomogram, a n d t h e B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram u s i n g s e p a r a t e t r a i n e d

a n d u n t r a i n e d p r e d i c t i v e t a b l e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

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Observed \jO 2 max VS.

Astrand-R y hmng Predicted Q m u x

1 I 1 I 1 1 I 1 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

A-R Predicted VO~max (liters minute")

F i g u r e 2 6 : Showing t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o b s e r v e d a n d

p r e d i c t e d maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e u s i n g t h e

Astrand-Ryhming nomogram.

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Observed V0,max VS.

Banister-Legge Predicted vo 2 max

1 I 1 1 1 1 i 1 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

8-L Predicted V0,max (I.rnin'' )

F i g u r e 2 7 : Showing t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o b s e r v e d a n d

p r e d i c t e d maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e u s i n g t h e

B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram.

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4 . 7 B a n i s t e r - L e g g e Nomogram -

S i n c e t h e v a l i d a t i o n g r o u p s w e r e f o u n d t o , h a v e t h e i r

maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e s p r e d i c t e d a c c u r a t e l y by t h e newly

c o n s t r u c t e d B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram p r o v i d i n g s e p a r a t e

p r e d i c t i v e t a b l e s f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s , t h e

v a l i d a t i o n a n d c o r e g r o u p d a t a w e r e c o m b i n e d t o f o r m two l a r g e r

g r o u p s of t r a i n e d ( n = 2 0 ) a n d u n t r a i n e d ( n = 1 5 ) i n d i v i d u a l s . The

c o m b i n i n g of c o r e a n d v a l i d i t y g r o u p d a t a w a s a l s o u n d e r t a k e n t o

i n c r e a s e t h e s t a t i s t i c a l power of t h e p r e d i c t i v e t e s t by

i n c r e a s i n g t h e s u b j e c t number . U s i n g a s m a l l A s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) was d e t e r m i n e d b e t w e e n i n t e r c e p t s of t h e

r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n % . V02max a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p d a t a

u s i n g a s m a l l s a m p l e t - t e s t f o r s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n

common i n t e r c e p t s , a s o u t l i n e d by K l e i n b a u m a n d Kupper ( 1 9 7 8 ) .

A s e x p e c t e d , t h e s l o p e s of t h e s e l i n e s d i d n o t d i f f e r

s i g n i f i c a n t l y . F i g u r e 28 shows t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s a n d

a s s o c i a t e d s t a n d a r d e r r o r s of e s t i m a t e f o r t h e two r e g r e s s i o n

e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e t r a i n e d ( n - 2 0 ) a n d u n t r a i n e d ( n = 1 5 ) g r o u p s .

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Percent of Maximum Oxygen Uptake VS.

Delta Heart Rate

I 1

20 1

40 60 80 100 120 Delta Heart Rate (beats minute")

F i g u r e 2 8 : S h o w i n g t h e r e g r e s s i o n $ q u a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n % V02max a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r t r a i n e d ( n = 2 0 ) a n d u n t r a i n e d ( n = 1 5 ) m a l e s 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s .

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The B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram, c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m d a t a

c o l l e c t e d f r o m 20 t r a i n e d a n d 15 u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s , i s

p r e s e n t e d i n i t s f i n a l f o r m i n F i g u r e 29 . The r e l a t e d t a b l e s f o r

t h e p r e d i c t i o n of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e f r o m d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

r e s p o n s e s t o submaximum b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y f o r t r a i n e d m a l e s a g e d

20 t o 29 a n d f o r u n t r a i n e d m a l e s of t h e same a g e , a r e p r e s e n t e d

a s T a b l e s X V I I and X V I I I , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Sample p r e d i c t i o n s of

maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e f o r b o t h a h y p o t h e t i c a l u n t r a i n e d a n d a

t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l h a v i n g t h e same d e l t a h e a r t r a t e of

6 8 barnin-I a t d i f f e r e n t submaximum work r a t e s , 9 0 0 kpm*rnin'l a n d

1200 kpm*min' l , a r e shown i n F i g u r e 30. The p r e d i c t e d maximum

o x y g e n u p t a k e v a l u e s f o r t h e s e h y p o t h e t i c a l u n t r a i n e d a n d

t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s a r e 2 .66 a n d 4.00 l * m i n ' l , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

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A Heart Rate

(beats rn i n")'

Work

Rate

(kprn-miti')

0, cost

(iitres-miril)

(watts)

F i g u r e 29 : B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram f o r p r e d i c t i n g t o 2 m a x

- 1 i n l i t r e s - m i n f o r T r a i n e d ( T ) a n d U n t r a i n e d

( U ) m a l e s 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s .

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T a b l e X V I I : B a n i s t e r - L e g g e P r e d i c t i v e T a b l e f o r T r a i n e d M a l e s (20 -29 y e a r s ) ................................................

I TRAINED I MAXIMAL O X Y G E N UPTAKE ( l i t r e s m i n " )

I I------------------------------------------------

I I

( D e l t a ) Work R a t e I I 1 ( H e a r t I (kpm*min" )

I I I I I

[ R a t e 1 3 0 0 ) 600 1 9 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 1 I ( b * m " > l I I I 1 I I I ( w a t t s > ( I I I I I 1 5 0 I 1 0 0 I 1 5 0 ( 200 1 250 1

1

4 . 2 6 1 5 .96 1 1 I 4 .17 1 5.84 ( I I 4 .09 ( 5 . 7 3 ( 1 1 4 . 0 1 1 5.62 1 I 1 3 . 9 4 1 5.52 I 1 I 3 .87 \ 5.41 ) I 1 3 .80 ( 5 . 32 1 1 1 3 . 7 3 ( 5 . 2 2 1 1 1 3 . 6 6 ( 5 .13 1 1 1 3 . 6 0 1 5 .04 ( I I 3 . 5 4 1 4 .96 ( I I 3 . 4 8 1 4 .87 1 6 . 5 0 I I 3 . 4 3 1 4.80 1 6 .39 ( 3 .37 ( 4 . 7 2 ( 6 .29 1

I

3.32- ( 4.64 1 6 .19 1 I I

3 . 27 1 4.57 1 6 . 1 0 ) - I 3 . 2 2 ) 4 .50 1 6 . 0 0 ) I 3 . 17 1 4 . 4 3 1 5 . 9 1 1 I 3 . 12 1 4.37 1 5 . 8 2 1 1 3 . 0 7 ( 4.30 1 5.74 ( I 3 . 0 3 ( 4.24 1 5.66 1 I 2 .99 1 4.18 1 5 . 5 7 1 1 2 . 9 4 ) 4.12 1 5 . 5 0 1 1 2 .90 1 4 .07 1 5 . 4 2 1 I 2 .86 1 4 .01 1 5 . 3 5 1 6 . 4 9 1 2 . 8 3 1 3 . 9 6 1 5 . 2 7 1 6 . 4 0 1 2 . 7 9 ( 3 .90 1 5 . 2 0 1 6 .32 ( 2 . 7 5 1 3 .85 ) 5 . 1 4 1 6 . 2 4 ) 2 . 7 2 ( 3 .80 ( 5 . 07 1 6.16 1 2 . 6 8 1 3 . 7 5 1 5 . 0 0 ( 6 . 0 8 1 2 .65 ( 3 . 7 1 ( 4.94 ( 6 . 0 0 ( 2 . 6 1 ( 3 .66 1 4 . 8 8 1 5 . 9 3 ) 2 . 5 8 1 3 . 6 1 ( 4 . 82 ( 5.85 1 2 . 5 5 1 3 .57 1 4 . 7 6 1 5 .78 I 2.52 ) 3.53 ) 4 .70 1 5 . 7 1 1 2 .49 ( 3.49 1 4 . 6 5 ( 5 .64 1 ................................ . . . c o n t 'd

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1 D e l t a I (kpm-minm' ) I I 1 I I Hear t [ 3 0 0 ( 6 0 0 ( 9 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 ( 1 5 0 0 1 I Rate I (watts) I 1 I I 1 1 5 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 5 0 1 2 0 0 ( 2 5 0 1 I------------------------------------------------- 1 1 5 6 1 1 . 2 6 ( 2 . 1 0 1 2.95 1 3 . 9 3 1 4 - 7 7 1 I 57 ( 1 .25 ( 2 . 0 8 ( 2 .92 ( 3 - 8 9 1 4 - 5 2 I 1 5 8 1 1 .24 1 2 .06 ( 2 .89 I 3 .85 1 4 .68 1 1 5 9 1 1 .23 ( 2 . 0 4 1 2 . 8 6 ( 3 .82 ( 4 .63 1 1 6 0 1 1 . 2 1 ( 2 .02 ( 2 .83 1 3 .78 I 4 .59 1 I 6 1 1 1 . 2 0 ) 2 . 0 1 ( 2 . 8 1 I 3 .74 1 4 - 5 5 I I 62 1 1.19 1 1 . 9 9 1 2.78 1 3 - 7 1 1 4 - 5 0 1 1 63 1 1.18 ( 1 . 9 7 1 2 .76 1 3 .67 ( 4 - 4 6 I 1 64 1 1 .17 1 1 .95 1 2.73 1 3 .64 ( 4 .42 1 1 6 5 1 1 .16 1 1.93 1 2 . 7 1 ( 3 . 6 1 1 4 .38 1 1 66 1 1 . 1 5 1 1 . 9 2 1 2 .68 1 3 . 5 8 1 4 - 3 4 1 1 67 ) 1 .14 ) 1 .90 1 2 .66 1 3 .54 ) 4 .30 1 1 6 8 1 1 .13 ( 1 . 8 8 ( 2.63 ( 3 .51 1 4 .27 I 1 6 9 1 1 .12 1 1 . 8 7 ( 2 . 6 1 ( 3 . 4 8 ) 4.23 I 1 70 1 1.11 1 1.85 1 2 .59 ( 3 .45 ) 4.19 1 I 7 1 I 1 . 1 0 1 1 . 8 3 ( 2 .57 ( 3 - 4 2 1 4.16 I 1 7 2 1 1 .09 1 1 . 8 2 ( 2 .54 1 3 .39 1 4.12 1 I 73 ) 1 .08 ( 1 .80 1 2.52 1 3 .36 I 4 .09 I I 74 ( 1 .07 1 1 .79 1 2 .50 1 3 - 3 4 I 4.05 1 1 7 5 / 1 .06 ( 1 . 7 7 1 2 .48 1 3 . 3 1 ( 4 .02 1 I 7 6 ( 1 - 0 5 1 1 . 7 6 \ 2 .46 ( 3 . 2 8 1 3 .98 1 1 7 7 I 1.05 1 1 .74 ( 2 .44 1 3 .25 I 3.95 1 1 78 ( 1 .04 1 1 .73 1 2 .42 ( 3 .23 1 3 .92 1 I 79 1 1 .03 1 1 . 7 2 1 2 .40 1 3 - 2 0 I 3 - 8 9 I I 80 1 1 . 0 2 ) 1 .70 ( 2 .38 1 3 .18 1 - 3 . 8 6 1 I 8 1 1 1 .01 1 1 .69 I 2.36 1 3.15 ) 3 .83 1 1 8 2 ( 1.00 1 1 .67 ( 2 .34 1 3.13 1 3 .80 I I 8 3 1 1 - 0 0 ( 1 .66 1 2.33 ( 3 - 1 0 1 3 .77 I 1 8 4 1 0 .99 1 1 . 6 5 1 2 . 3 1 1 3 .08 1 3 - 7 4 1 1 85 1 0.98 1 1 .64 1 2.29 ( 3 .05 ( 3 . 7 1 1 1 8 6 1 0 .97 ( 1 . 6 2 1 2.27 ) 3 . 0 3 1 3 .68 1 1 8 7 1 0 .97 1 1 . 6 1 ( 2.26 ( 3 . 0 1 1 3 . 6 5 1 I 8 8 1 0 .96 ) 1 . 6 0 ( 2.24 1 2 - 9 9 1 3 .63 1 I 89 ( 0 .95 ) 1 . 5 9 1 2 .22 ( 2 - 9 6 ( 3 .60 I 1 90 1 0 .95 1 1 . 5 8 1 2 . 2 1 1 2 .94 1 3.57 1

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A Heart Rate Work Rate

(kprn.rni6')

0, cost

(~itresmiri')

Watts

F i g u r e 30 : S a m p l e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r p r e d i c t i n g V02max

u s i n g t h e B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram,

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The r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s d e t e r m i n e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e %

i o 2 m a x / d e l t a h e a r t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d

g r o u p d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e s 3 1 a n d 3 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

P r e d i c t i o n i n t e r v a l s f o r 95% c o n f i d e n c e w e r e c o m p u t e d a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e me thod o u t l i n e d i n K l e i n b a u m a n d K u p p e r ( 1 9 7 8 ) t o p r o v i d e

a n e s t i m a t e of t h e v a r i a b i l i t y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a maximum o x y g e n

u p t a k e p r e d i c t i o n o v e r t h e e n t i r e r a n g e of d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

v a l u e s . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t t h e minimum w i d t h

p r e d i c t i v e i n t e r v a l i s a l w a y s o b t a i n e d when t h e d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

u s e d t o p r e d i c t maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e i s e q u a l t o t h e mean d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e a n d t h u s t h e e s t i m a t e of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e i s

b e t t e r . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e f a r t h e r t h i s v a l u e i s away f r o m t h e

m e a n , t h e w i d e r t h e p r e d i c t i v e i n t e r v a l . T h i s may e x p l a i n t h e

r e a s o n why more a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n s a r e o b t a i n e d when d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s b e t w e e n 50 a n d 70 b 0 m i n ' l a r e u s e d .

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Percent of Maximum Oxygen Uptake VS.

Delta Heart Rate

DeUa Heart Rate (beats minute-')

140 -

F i g u r e 3 1 : Showing t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n d e s c r i b i n g

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n X bo2max a n d

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r t r a i n e d m a l e s ( n = 2 0 ) .

D o t t e d l i n e s r e p r e s e n t p r e d i c t i v e i n t e r v a l s .

120 - # .. .' ... .....

Q) Y u + ,P 100-

s Q) ua

Y-

- Trained (nZ0) ,

20 -

0

.- ...- .' .. .... ,...

I 1 1 1 I 1

0 t

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

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Percent of Maximum Oxygen Uptake VS.

Delta Heart Rate

- Untrained (~15) ,

Delta Heart Rate (beats minute-')

F i g u r e 3 2 : S h o w i n g t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n d e s c r i b i n g

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n % V02max a n d

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r u n t r a i n e d m a l e s ( n = 1 5 ) .

D o t t e d l i n e s r e p r e s e n t p r e d i c t i v e i n t e r v a l s .

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4 . 7 . 1 Submaximal P r o t o c o l Used t o P r e d i c t V02max u s i n g t h e B-L

T e s t

P r e d i c t i o n of V02max u s i n g t h e B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram

r e q u i r e s o n l y t h e d e l t a h e a r t r e s p o n s e t o t h e f i n a l c o m p l e t e d

submaximum work r a t e of t h e a p p r o p r i a t e submaximum work r a t e

p r o t o c o l . Oxygen u p t a k e i s n o t m e a s u r e d i n t h e submaximum

p r e d i c t i v e t e s t . I n o r d e r t o s e l e c t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e nomogram f o r

t h e m o s t a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e , o n e m u s t

b e a b l e t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s

on t h e b a s i s of d e l t a h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e s t o submaximum work .

The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n d e l t a h e a r t r a t e a n d d e l t a work r a t e ,

t h e r e f o r e , was a n a l y z e d f - o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y , a n d a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e a t t h e 0.05 l e v e l

f o u n d t o e x i s t b e t w e e n t h e s l o p e s of t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s .

D i s c r i m i n a t i o n of t h e s t a t e of t r a i n i n g of a n i n d i v i d u a l a s

t r a i n e d o r u n t r a i n e d i s b a s e d o n t h e s e t o f d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

r e s p o n s e s e l i c i t e d f r o m t h e w e l l - d e f i n e d submaximum e x e r c i s e

t e s t . A g r a p h o f s u b m a x i m a l d e l t a h e a r t r a t e s a n d r e l a t e d

submaximum work r a t e s i s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 3 3 t o a i d i n t h e

s e l e c t i o n of t h e a p p r o p r i a t e maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e p r e d i c t i v e

t a b l e . A p l o t of d e l t a h e a r t r a t e v s . d e l t a work r a t e w o u l d b e

made f r o m t h e i n d i v i d u a l b e i n g t e s t e d a n d t h e s i m i l a r i t y t o

e i t h e r t h e t r a i n e d o r u n t r a i n e d r e s p o n s e n o t e d . I n d i v i d u a l

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r e s p o n s e s f a l l i n g midway be tween t h e two r e g r e s s i o n l i n e s f o r

t r a i n e d and u n t r a i n e d mean d e l t a h e a r t r a t e and d e l t a work r a t e

d a t a , would r e l y on t h e e x p e r i e n c e of t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r f o r a

d e c i s i o n on t h e s e l e c t i o n of a n a p p r o p r i a t e p r e d i c t i v e t a b l e on

which t o p o s i t i o n t h e s u b j e c t f o r a n a l y s i s .

Oxygen Uptake and - H e a r t Ra t e K i n e t i c s

4.8.1 Q u a l i t a t i v e Oxygen Up take K i n e t i c s

The r e l a t i o n s h i p s be tween oxygen u p t a k e v e r s u s t i m e f o r t h e

maximum work r a t e p r o t o c o l s we re examined i n a q u a l i t a t i v e

manner f o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s . Oxygen

u p t a k e d a t a f o r two t r a i m e d s u b j e c t s we re a n a l y z e d . One t r a i n e d

s u b j e c t ( A ) was a b l e t o c o m p l e t e o n l y one m i n u t e a t 2 4 0 0

kpm*min'l w h i l e t h e o t h e r ( B ) was a b l e t o c o m p l e t e 5 m i n u t e s a t

t h i s h i g h r a t e of work. No a t t e m p t was made t o d e t e r m i n e t i m e

c o n s t a n t s of t h e e x e r c i s e r e s p o n s e o r o t h e r q u a n t i t a t i v e

measu remen t s f r o m t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r r e l a t i o n s h i p s . The f e a t u r e of '

i n t e r e s t i n t h i s e x a m i n a t i o n was t h e g e n e r a l p r o g r e s s i o n of

oxygen u p t a k e w i t h i n c r e a s e s i n work r a t e o v e r t i m e . D u r i n g t h e

maximum ramp p r o t o c o l , t h e p r o g r e s s i o n of oxygen u p t a k e f rom

submaximum t o maximum l e v e l s was f o c u s s e d upon . I t was of

i n t e r e s t t o n o t e w h e t h e r a t n e a r maximum l e v e l s of work t h e

oxygen u p t a k e r e a c h e d a n a s y m p t o t e o r c o n t i n u e d t o i n c r e a s e i n a

l i n e a r f a s h i o n t o maximum l e v e l s .

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Delta Heart Rate VS.

Delta Work Rate

I I I 1 1 I I 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

DeUa Work Rate (kprn -.lo-: minute-')

F i g u r e 3 3 : S h o w i n g D e l t a H e a r t R a t e a n d D e l t a Work R a t e R e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r T r a i n e d a n d U n t r a i n e d g r o u p s i n a p a r t i c u l a r a g e r a n g e ( 2 0 - 2 9 ) . T h i s p r e l i m i n a r y p l o t a i d s i n d e l e g a t i n g i n d i v i d u a l s t o . t h e i r a p p r o p r i a t e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t a b l e f o r V02max p r e d i c t i o n .

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F i g u r e s 3 4 , A a n d B , a n d 35 show r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o x y g e n

u p t a k e v e r s u s work r a t e c u r v e s f o r two t r a i n e d a n d o n e u n t r a i n e d

i n d i v i d u a l , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T r a i n e d s u b j e c t s d e m o n s t r a t e a

p l a t e a u i n g e f f e c t f o r o x y g e n u p t a k e a t n e a r maximum l e v e l s of

work , w h i l e t h e u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t e x h i b i t e d a n e a r l y l i n e a r

p r o g r e s s i o n u p t o maximum e f f o r t .

4 . 8 . 2 Q u a l i t a t i v e D e l t a H e a r t R a t e K i n e t i c s

D e l t a h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s f o r t h e same two t r a i n e d a n d o n e

u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y w e r e p l o t t e d a g a i n s t

t i m e c o m p l e t e d , d u r i n g t h e maximum ramp p r o t o c o l s . P l o t s of d e l t a . .

h e a r t r a t e v e r s u s work r a t e f o r b o t h t h e t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d

i n d i v i d u a l s e x h i b i t e d a p l a t e a u a t n e a r maximum r a t e s of work a s

shown i n F i g u r e 3 6 A a n d B a n d F i g u r e 3 7 .

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0 3 6 9 12 15 18

time (minutes)

time (minutes)

F i g u r e 3 4 : S h o w i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e

a n d t i m e d u r i n g a maximum r a m p p r o t o c o l IIB f o r

t w o t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s .

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I

0 17 time (minutes)

F i g u r e 35 : Showing t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e

a n d t i m e d u r i n g a maximum ramp p r o t o c o l I I A f o r

a n u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t .

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0 3 6 9 12 15 18

time (minutes)

B.' HR

time (minutes)

F i g u r e 3 6 : Showing t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n heart rate

a n d t i m e d u r i n g a maximum ramp p r o t o c o l I I B f o r

two t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s .

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c f; '-8 - Le L - A - - L .-.- 4--I J

0 17 time (minutes)

F i g u r e 3 7 : S h o w i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n heart rate

a n d t i m e d u r i n g a maximum ramp p r o t o c o l I I A f o r

a n u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t .

161

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4 . 8 . 3 Q u a n t i t a t i v e Oxygen U p t a k e K i n e t i c s

The t i m e c o n s t a n t s , T, of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n o x y g e n

u p t a k e a n d t i m e a n d h e a r t r a t e a n d t i m e d u r i n g t h e c o m p l e t i o n of

t h r e e m i n u t e s a t a submaximum work r a t e of 6 0 0 kpm-min'l f o r

b o t h t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d c o r e g r o u p s a r e shown i n T a b l e X I X .

A l s o shown i n T a b l e X I X a r e t h e t i m e c o n s t a n t s of t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t i m e a n d h e a r t r a t e a n d

t i m e d u r i n g t h e c o m p l e t i o n of t h r e e m i n u t e s a t a submaximum work

r a t e d e m a n d i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 45% of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e . T h i s

c o r r e s p o n d e d t b a submaximum work r a t e of 6 0 0 kpm=min'l f o r

u n t r a i n e d a n d 900 kpm-rnin'l f o r t r a i n e d g r o u p s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . No

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d f o r a n y of t h e t i m e

c o n s t a n t s f o r t h e o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d t i m e o r h e a r t r a t e a n d t i m e

r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s .

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T a b l e X I X : S h o w i n g t h e time c o n s t a n t s o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s be tyeen oxygen u p t a k e a n d t i m e ( V G 2 / t ) a n d b e t w e e n h e a r t rate and time ( B R / t ) for u n t r a i n e d c o r e s u b j e c t s a t 600 kpm m i n (UNT600) a n d t r a i n e d c o r e s u b j e c t s a t 600 k p m m i n ( T 6 0 0 ) a n d at 9 0 0 k p m min (T90C). T i m e c o n s t a n t s a r e in s e c o n d s ( s e c ) .

I I 1 I h p / t 70 s e c I 6 6 5 7 I I I 1

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5 . D i s c u s s i o n

5.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n -

T h i s s t u d y h a s examined t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p be tween oxygen

u p t a k e and d e l t a h e a r t r a t e measu red d u r i n g submaximum and

maximum b i c y c l e e r g o m e t r y f o r two g r o u p s of m a l e s , 2 0 t o 29

y e a r s of a g e , v a r y i n g i n f i t n e s s l e v e l . I t had o r i g i n a l l y b e e n

h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t a n o n - l i n e a r , e x p o n e n t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p would

d e s c r i b e t h e d a t a b e s t , howeve r , a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p p r o v e d t o

r e p r e s e n t t h e d a t a most e f f e c t i v e l y .

E x a m i n a t i o n of t h e oxygen u p t a k e l d e l t a f i e a r t r a t e

r e l a t i o n s h i p was deemed e s s e n t i a l t o a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e

i n a c c u r a c y of e x t r a p o l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s u s e d t o p r e d i c t maximum

oxygen u p t a k e f rom h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e s t o submaximal work. The

i n a c c u r a c y was e s s e n t i a l l y a n u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n i n maximum o x y g e n

u p t a k e when p r e d i c t i n g V02max f r o m a s i m p l e oxygen u p t a k e / h e a r t

r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p . The s p e c i f i c p r e d i c t i v e t e s t examined which

u s e d t h e l a t t e r r e l a t i o n was t h e Astrand-Ryhming p r e d i c t i v e t e s t

( 1 9 5 4 ) c o n s t r u c t e d on t h e p r e m i s e t h a t t h e r e was a l i n e a r

r e l a t i o n s h i p be tween h e a r t r a t e and oxygen u p t a k e .

The p r i m a r y a i m of t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t h e r e f o r e ,

was t o a s s e s s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n oxygen u p t a k e a n d d e l t a

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h e a r t r a t e t o d e t e r m i n e i t s l i n e a r i t y o r n o n - l i n e a r i t y . The

e f f e c t o f t h e s t a t e of t r a i n i n g of a n i n d i v i d u a l o n t h i s

r e l a t i o n s h i p was a l s o a s s e s s e d i n o r d e r t o g a i n i n s i g h t i n t o t h e

b a s i s f o r t h e c o n s i s t e n t u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n of maximum o x y g e n

u p t a k e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e As t rand-Ryhming p r e d i c t i v e t e s t . A

s u b s i d i a r y a i m was t o p r o v i d e a s i m p l e method f o r p r e d i c t i n g

maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e f r o m h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e s t o submaximum

work r a t e s w h i c h w o u l d i m p r o v e upon t h e a c c u r a c y of p r e d i c t i o n

of t h e A s t r a n d - R y h m i n g submaximum t e s t .

A s i g n i f i c a n t d e p a r t u r e of t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y f r o m p r e v i o u s

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s was t h e u s e of d e l t a h e a r t r a t e m e a s u r e s r a t h e r

t h a n a b s o l u t e h e a r t r a t e s . D e l t a h e a r t r a t e was d e f i n e d a s t h e

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a l l d e t e r m i n e d e x e r c i s e h e a r t r a t e s a n d t h e

h e a r t r a t e m e a s u r e d d u r i n g t h e f i f t h m i n u t e of u n l o a d e d

p e d a l l i n g . U n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g was t h e minimum work r a t e p o s s i b l e

on t h e b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r a n d p r o v i d e d r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e b a s e l i n e

h e a r t r a t e a n d o x y g e n u p t a k e m e a s u r e s . The u s e of d e l t a h e a r t

r a t e p r o v i d e d a p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m of t h e e x t r e m e

v a r i a b i l i t y of h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e s m e a s u r e d a t v a r i a b l e s t a t e s

of " s o c a l l e d " r e s t , which h a v e b e e n a m a j o r s o u r c e of e r r o r i n

a l l e x t r a p o l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s h e r e t o f o r e ( M a r g a r i a , 1 9 6 1 ; Rowel1

e t a l . , 1 9 6 4 ; Hughson a n d M o r r i s s e y , 1 9 8 2 ) . A d e l t a h e a r t r a t e -- of z e r o p r o v i d e d a w e l l - d e f i n e d l o w e r e n d p o i n t f o r t h e o x y g e n

u p t a k e / h e a r t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p . The s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e mean u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s

f o r b o t h t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s d i d n o t d i f f e r

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s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m t h e v a r i a b i l i t y r e l a t e d t o t h e mean r e s t i n g

h e a r t r a t e s . T h i s f i n d i n g , h o w e v e r , w a s m o s t l i k e l y t h e r e s u l t

of r e p e a t e d e x p o s u r e of t h e s u b j e c t s t o t h e t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e s

a n d l a b o r a t o r y e n v i r o n m e n t . U s e of u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g a n d d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s a r e s t i l l e x p e c t e d t o r e d u c e t h e v a r i a b i l i t y

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e s of n e w , i n e x p e r i e n c e d

i n d i v i d u a l s d u r i n g a s i n g l e submaximum e x e r c i s e t e s t .

E x p r e s s i o n of h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s a s d e l t a h e a r t r a t e s h e l p e d

t o i d e n t i f y t h e t r a i n i n g s t a t u s of a n i n d i v i d u a l . T h i s w a s d u e

t o t h e b r a d y c a r d i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t r a i n i n g w h e r e a t r a i n e d

i n d i v i d u a l w o r k e d a t a r e d u c e d h e a r t r a t e f o r a g i v e n submaximum

w o r k r a t e c o m p a r e d t o a n u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l .

I

A n o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t d . e p a r t u r e of t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n

f r o m o t h e r s w a s t h e e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e o x y g e n u p t a k e l d e l t a h e a r t

r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e m o r e u s u a l l y d e f i n e d h e a r t

r a t e l o x y g e n u p t a k e r e l a t i o n s h i p ( i . e . o r d i n a t e a n d a b s c i s s a

i n t e r c h a n g e d ) w h i c h w a s o r i g i n a l l y e x a m i n e d b y A s t r a n d a n d

Ryhming ( 1 9 5 4 ) . P r e d i c t e d maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e w a s a s s u m e d

d e p e n d e n t u p o n d e l t a h e a r t r a t e , m e a s u r e d d i r e c t l y , a n d t h u s

c o n v e n t i o n a l a s s i g n m e n t of t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e t o t h e

o r d i n a t e w a s r e t a i n e d .

J u s t i f i c a t i o n of t h e b a s i s f o r a s s i g n m e n t o f s u b j e c t s i n t o

e i t h e r t r a i n e d o r u n t r a i n e d c o r e g r o u p s w a s p r o v i d e d b y t h e

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n maxi-mum o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d maximum

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e b e t w e e n t h e s e g r o u p s . D e l t a h e a r t r a t e a l s o

d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y a t e a c h submaximum w o r k r a t e b e t w e e n

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t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s . No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s

d e t e r m i n e d b e t w e e n c o r e a n d s p e c i f i c v a l i d i t y g r o u p s f o r e i t h e r

t h e t r a i n e d o r u n t r a i n e d g r o u p d a t a . Nomogram c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s

f i n a l l y c o m p l e t e d o n t w o s e t s of p o o l e d t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d

g r o u p d a t a .

P r i o r a t t e m p t s t o a s s e s s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n h e a r t

r a t e a n d o x y g e n u p t a k e b y A s t r a n d ( 1 9 5 2 ) , Wyndham -- e t a l . ( 1 9 5 9 ) ,

R o w e l l -- e t a l . ( 1 9 6 4 ) a n d D a v i e s e t a l . ( 1 9 6 8 ) r e q u i r e d s u b j e c t s -- t o p e r f o r m s i n g l e s u b m a x i m a l w o r k r a t e s w i t h r e s t p e r i o d s

s e p a r a t i n g e a c h t e s t p r o t o c o l . I n t h e s e t e s t s , s u b m a x i m a l w o r k

r a t e s w e r e p e r f o r m e d f o r 5 t o 1 0 m i n u t e s i n o r d e r t o a t t a i n t r u e

s t e a d y s t a t e o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s . Maximum l e v e l s

of w o r k w e r e p e r f o r m e d f o r ' 1 t o 2 m i n u t e s o n l y .

The p r e s e n t s t u d y e m p l o y e d t w o s e p a r a t e w o r k p r o t o c o l s , a

submaximum a n d a maximum p r o t o c o l , b o t h o f w h i c h r e q u i r e d t h e .

c o m p l e t i o n of t h r e e o r more c o n t i n u o u s l y i n c r e a s i n g w o r k r a t e s .

The d e c i s i o n t o p e r f o r m s e v e r a l submaximum w o r k r a t e s r a t h e r

t h a n a s i n g l e submaximum w o r k r a t e w a s b a s e d o n a s y s t e m s

a n a l y s i s a p p r o a c h w h e r e b y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s y s t e m u n d e r

s t u d y , t h e c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m , w e r e m o r e e f f e c t i v e l y

i d e n t i f i e d . I n p u t o r s t i m u l i t o t h e s y s t e m w a s w o r k r a t e , a n d

t h e o u t p u t w a s e i t h e r t h e h e a r t r a t e o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g o x y g e n

u p t a k e . W h i l e b i o l o g i c a l s y s t e m s a r e b a s i c a l l y c o n t i n u o u s i n

n a t u r e , m o s t e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a m e a s u r e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e m a r e

s a m p l e d a n d t h e c o n t i n u o u s n a t u r e of t h e p r o c e s s e s r e c o n s t r u c t e d

f r o m t h e s e s a m p l e d d a t a ( W o l f , 1 9 7 9 ) . P e r f o r m a n c e of a s i n g l e

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s u b m a x i m a l w o r k r a t e may b e v i e w e d a s p r o v i d i n g l i t t l e a i d i n

u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e f u n c t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e

c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m . A s t r a n d h i m s e l f ( 1 9 5 4 ) s t a t e d t h a t t h e

p u l s e r a t e a t a s i n g l e submaximum t e s t r e v e a l e d n o t h i n g a b o u t a

s u b j e c t ' s s t a t e of t r a i n i n g d u e t o t h e m a j o r r o l e p l a y e d by

c o n s t i t u t i o n a l f a c t o r s . More i n f o r m a t i o n may b e g a i n e d by

s t u d y i n g t h e d y n a m i c o r t r a n s i e n t p r o p e r t i e s of t h e

c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m ( M a r g a r i a -- e t a l . , 1 9 6 5 ; Whipp a n d

W a s s e r m a n , 1 9 7 2 ; Whipp - e t * a 1 1 9 8 1 ) .

A t r a n s i e n t r e s p o n s e i s c o m p o s e d of a n a t u r a l r e s p o n s e ,

e x c i t e d b y a n i n p u t o f e n e r g y t o t h e s y s t e m by a n y k i n d of

s t i m u l u s w h i c h d i e s o u t w i t h t i m e a s t h e e n e r g y of t h e s y s t e m i s

d i s s i p a t e d , a n d a f o r c e d r e s p o n s e w h i c h d e p e n d s o n t h e f o r m o f

t h e i n p u t t o t h e s y s t e m ( A b l e , 1 9 7 9 ) . A n a t u r a l r e s p o n s e i s

d i f f i c u l t t o m e a s u r e b u t a l t e r n a t i v e l y a f o r e e d r e s p o n s e may bee

m e a s u r e d b y f o r c i n g t h e s y s t e m w i t h a f u n c t i o n t h a t e l i c i t s t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r e s p o n s e s of t h e s y s t e m . I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y ,

t h e submaximum t e s t e m p l o y e d a t h r e e m i n u t e s t e p f u n c t i o n t o

a l l o w a t t a i n m e n t o f s t e a d y s t a t e v a l u e s of o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d

h e a r t r a t e a t submaximum r a t e s . I n t h i s c a s e s t e a d y s t a t e v a l u e s

of o x y g e n u p t a k e a t e a c h w o r k r a t e w e r e n e c e s s a r y s o t h a t t h e y

m i g h t b e r e l a t e d t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c o s t o f t h e w o r k r a t e a n d

t h u s p r o v i d e a b a s i s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of a p r e d i c t i v e nomogram

by t h e p r o c e s s u s e d b y A s t r a n d a n d Ryhming d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y .

The a t t a i n m e n t o f t h e s e s t e a d y s t a t e s w a s v e r i f i e d b y a l a c k of

s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d v a l u e s a n d

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t h e o r e t i c a l l y c a l c u l a t e d oxygen u p t a k e m e a s u r e s f r o m work r a t e .

The s p e c i f i c f o r c i n g f u n c t i o n c h o s e n i n t h e t e s t o f maximum

oxygen u p t a k e was one u s e d commonly i n c u r r e n t t e s t i n g

m e t h o d o l o g y , i . e . a ramp f u n c t i o n i n which work r a t e i s

i n c r e a s e d c o n t i n u o u s l y by s m a l l i n c r e m e n t s . The ramp u s e d a

one -ha l f m i n u t e s l o p e of 100 kpmb30 sec ' l i n a n a t t e m p t t o

e l i c i t a r a p i d r i s e t o maximum oxygen u p t a k e . Maximum oxygen

u p t a k e h a s b e e n shown t o be r e a d i l y d i s c e r n e d f r o m a ramp

e x e r c i s e t e s t p r o t o c o l and a l s o t o be i n v a r i a n t o v e r a w ide

r a n g e of ramp s l o p e s p r o v i d e d t h e c r i t e r i o n i s met t h a t a

p e r c e p t i b l y l i n e a r v o r e s p o n s e t o t h e ramp s l o p e i s o b t a i n e d 2

(Whipp e t a l . , 1981 ; Dav i s et &., 1 9 8 2 ) . -- Submaximal and maxima-l p o r t i o n s of t h e p r o t o c o l we re

s e p a r a t e d by a r e c o v e r y p e r i o d t o p r e v e n t any i n c r e a s e i n h e a r t

r a t e d u e t o a n i n c r e a s e d body t e m p e r a t u r e a s -a r e s u l t of

p r o l o n g e d e x e r c i s e p e r f o r m a n c e ( R o w e l l , 1 9 7 4 ) , b u t u n r e l a t e d t o

t h e a c t u a l c o s t of p e r f o r m i n g t h e work. Thus t h e c u r r e n t

p r o t o c o l i n c l u d e d a l l t h e e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e

most r e c e n t l i t e r a t u r e on e x e r c i s e t e s t i n g p r o t o c o l and f r o m

p e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n c e , t o be most c o m p a t i b l e w i t h m i n i m i z i n g t e s t

d u r a t i o n w h i l e a c h i e v i n g s t e a d y s t a t e d u r i n g t h e submaximal

phase . T r a n s i t i o n f r o m t h e h i g h e s t submax ima l work r a t e c o m p l e t e d

t o a maximum l e v e l was n o t composed of a s e r i e s of s t e a d y

s t a t e s . A t t a i n m e n t of i n t e r m e d i a t e s t e a d y s t a t e s was n o t

r e q u i r e d i n maximum t e s t i n g s i n c e t h e f e a t u r e of i n t e r e s t i n

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t h i s p h a s e w a s t h e a t t a i n m e n t of a maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d

maximum d e l t a h e a r t r a t e . Oxygen u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e b o t h

d e p e n d e d upon t h e f o r c i n g f u n c t i o n , work r a t e . They v a r i e d

t o g e t h e r o v e r t h e r a n g e of work r a t e s u p t o max5mum a n d

d e v i a t i o n s f r o m s t e a d y s t a t e w e r e r e f l e c t e d i n b o t h o x y g e n

u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e a n d t h e i r l i n e a r d e p e n d e n c e m a i n t a i n e d .

S t e a d y s t a t e v a l u e s w e r e n o t r e q u i r e d i n t h i s r e g i o n of t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n c e t h e p r e d i c t i v e nomogram was b a s e d o n l y on

work r a t e s d e m a n d i n g a n o x y g e n u p t a k e of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 0 % t o

80% of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e .

F o r c i n g t h e s y s t e m w i t h a ramp f u n c t i o n h e l p e d i d e n t i f y t h e

dynamic b e h a v i o u r of a n i n d i v i d u a l ' s c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m

which i n t u r n i d e n t i f i e d t h e t r a i n i n g s t a t u s of t h e i n d i v i d u a l

u n d e r t a k i n g t h e t e s t . T r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s p r o d u c e d a l o w e r h e a r t

r a t e t h a n u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s a n d t h e r e f o r e a l o w e r d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e i n r e s p o n s e t o a g i v e n submaximum work r a t e .

The t h e o r e t i c a l e x p o n e n t i a l m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l o r i g i n a l l y

h y p o t h e s i z e d i n t h i s s t u d y t o p r o v i d e t h e b e s t f i t f o r t h e h e a r t

r a t e l o x y g e n u p t a k e d a t a , was f i r s t p r o p o s e d by Wyndham -- e t a l .

( 1 9 5 9 ) . I t w a s p r o p o s e d i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e c o n s i s t e n t

u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n i n p r e d i c t e d maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e u s i n g t h e A-R

p r e d i c t i v e nomogram. Wyndham e t a l . (19 '59) showed t h a t h e a r t -- r a t e / o x y g e n u p t a k e p l o t s a p p e a r e d a s y m p t o t i c a n d s u g g e s t e d t h a t

o x y g e n u p t a k e p r e d i c t i o n s c o u l d b e i m p r o v e d i f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p

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was f i t t e d t o a n e x p o n e n t i a l f u n t i o n of t h e f o r m

~ = a ( l - e - ~ ~ ) ( E q u a t i o n 12)

w h e r e y = h e a r t r a t e ,

x = o x y g e n u p t a k e ,

a = a c o n s t a n t , a n d

k = a r a t e c o n s t a n t .

A m a j o r c r i t i c i s m by Wyndham -- e t a l . ( 1 9 5 9 ) c o n c e r n e d t h e i m p l i e d

c r i t e r i o n of t h e A s t r a n d - R y h m i n g p r e d i c t i v e t e s t , t h a t t h e

maximum l e v e l s of h e a r t r a t e . . a n d o x y g e n u p t a k e w e r e a t t a i n e d

c o i n c i d e n t a l l y i n t i m e a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same r a t e of work.

I n s u c h c a s e s , i f h e a r t r a t e w e r e p l o t t e d a g a i n s t o x y g e n u p t a k e ,

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s h o u l d b e b e s t r e p r e s e n t e d by a s t r a i g h t l i n e

w h i c h w o u l d h o l d u p t o maximum h e a r t r a t e . I n f a c t , t h e o x y g e n

u p t a k e / h e a r t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p was d e t e r m i n e d t o b e l i n e a r o n l y

up t o a p o i n t , a f t e r w h i c h t h e c u r v e d e v i a t e d s h a r p l y f r o m

c o i n c i d e n c e a t h i g h e r r a t e s of work. A . f t e r t h i s p o i n t , h i g h e r

o x y g e n u p t a k e v a l u e s w e r e o b t a i n e d t h a n w o u l d b e p r e d i c t e d by

l i n e a r e x t r a p o l a t i o n t o maximum h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s . F i g u r e 40

i l l u s t r a t e s t h e u n d e r p r e d i c t i o n of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e a s a

r e s u l t o f t h e s l o w e r a p p r o a c h o f t h e o x y g e n u p t a k e / work r a t e t o

a s y m p o t i c v a l u e s c o m p a r e d t o t h e h e a r t r a t e / w o r k r a t e

r e l a t i o n s h i p l e a d i n g t d t h e n o n - l i n e a r i t y of t h e h e a r t r a t e /

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o x y g e n u p t a k e r e l a t i o n s h i p a t h i g h l e v e l s of work. L i n e a r

e x t r a p o l a t i o n t o , a maximum a g e - p r e d i c t e d h e a r t r a t e w o u l d r e s u l t

i n a p r e d i c t e d ;02max of 3 . 7 5 l a m i n - I a s i n d i c a t e d by p o i n t A i n

F i g u r e 40 . P o i n t B r e v e a l s a h i g h e r p r e d i c t e d i b 2 m a x of 4 .5

l * m i n - I a s a r e s u l t of a n a s y m p t o t i c h e a r t r a t e / o x y g e n u p t a k e

r e l a t i o n s h i p .

Rowel1 -- e t a l . ( 1 9 6 4 ) a l s o i d e n t i f i e d t h e a s y m p t o t i c n a t u r e

of t h e h e a r t r a t e / o x y g e n u p t a k e r e l a t i o n s h i p a s t h e m a j o r

l i m i t a t i o n t o t h e d i r e c t p r e d i c t i o n of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e

f r o m submaximum h e a r t r a t e a n d work r a t e m e a s u r e s . B o t h R o w e l 1

e t a l . ( 1 9 6 4 ) a n d Wyndham e t a l . ( 1 9 5 9 ) f o u n d g r o s s -- -- u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n s i n p r e d i c t e d maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e c o m p a r e d t o

d i r e c t l y o b t a i n e d m e a s u r e s - * L a t e r , D a v i e s -- e t a l . ( 1 9 6 8 )

c o n f i r m e d t h e u n d e r p r e d i c t i o n .

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W o r k R a t e (kpm.min-')

Oxygen Uptake ( l i t res -min" )

F i g u r e 40 : S h o w i n g t h e u n d e r p r e d i c t i o n i n V02max d u e t o

A s y m p t o t i c n a t u r e of R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

Hea.rt R a t e a n d Oxygen U p t a k e .

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I n t h i s s t u d y , i n a n a t t e m p t t o p r o v i d e a n i n c r e a s e d

u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m , a n e x p o n e n t i a l

e q u a t i o n of t h e f o r m

y = a g e kx ( E q u a t i o n 1 )

w h e r e y = o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d

x = d e l t a h e a r t r a t e ,

b a s e d o n t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , was c h o s e n t o f i t t h e

o x y g e n u p t a k e / d e l t a h e a r t - r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p . T h i s e q u a t i o n i s i n

c o n t r a s t t o t h a t p r o p o s e d by Wyndham e t a l . ( 1 9 5 9 ) d u e t o t h e -- r e v e r s a l of t h e x a n d y a x e s . T h i s e q u a t i o n , - h o w e v e r , a l s o

d e s c r i b e s a s i m i l a r e x p o n e n t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b u t w i t h a p o s i t i v e

e x p o n e n t .

A c l e a r d i s t i n c t i o n mus t b e made b e t w e e n t h e o r e t i c a l a n d

e m p i r i c a l m o d e l e q u a t i o n s a t t h i s p o i n t . T h e o r e t i c a l e q u a t i o n s

a r e t h o s e w h i c h h a v e b e e n d e r i v e d f r o m a n a l y t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s

of t h e phenomenon o r s y s t e m s t u d i e d . The i tems i n t h e e q u a t i o n

s h o u l d h a v e a n a l o g y t o known s y s t e m e l e m e n t s o r p r o c e s s e s .

E m p i r i c a l e q u a t i o n s , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , a r e t h o s e w h i c h h a v e

n e i t h e r a d i r e c t n o r a n i m p l i e d t h e o r e t i c a l o r i g i n . From a

m a t h e m a t i c a l s t a n d p o i n t , t h e o r e t i c a l e q u a t i o n s a n d e m p i r i c a l

e q u a t i o n s a r e e q u a l l y u s e f u l i n d e s c r i b i n g t h e f u n c t i o n of a

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s y s t e m c o m p o n e n t ( S p a i n , 1 9 8 2 ) .

I t i s g e n e r a l l y t r u e , h o w e v e r , t h a t a m o d e l e r w o u l d p r e f e r

t o employ e q u a t i o n s h a v i n g a t h e o r e t i c a l o r i g i n , b e c a u s e t h e y

c o n t r i b u t e more t o t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e s y s t e m u n d e r s t u d y .

F i t t i n g e m p i r i c a l e q u a t i o n s t o e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a i s g e n e r a l l y

e a s i e r t o a c c o m p l i s h t h a n f i t t i n g s u c h d a t a t o t h e o r e t i c a l

e q u a t i o n s b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e none o r f e w s y s t e m c o n s t r u c t s t o

c o n s i d e r . However , f r o m a t h e o r e t i c a l s t a n d p o i n t , p o l y n o m i a l s

a n d o t h e r e m p i r i c a l e q u a t i o n s h a v e l i t t l e s i g n i f i c a n c e , a n d f o r

t h i s r e a s o n a r e u s e d s p a r i n g l y by k n o w l e d g a b l e i n v e s t i g a t o r s . I f

a jump i s made i m m e d i a t e l y t o a n e m p i r i c a l s o l u t i o n w i t h o u t a t

l e a s t c u r s o r y a t t e m p t s t o employ t h e o r e t i c a l r e a s o n i n g t o

j u s t i f y t h e f o r m o f t h e e q . u a t i o n , one may be m i s s i n g a n

o p p o r t u n i t y t o u n d e r s t a n d s y s t e m e l e m e n t s b e t t e r . An a n a l y t i c a l

e q u a t i o n o f t e n p r o v i d e s g r e a t e r i n s i g h t i n t o - t h e p r o c e s s of

i n t e r a c t i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n a s y s t e m , t h e r e f o r e a n

a n a l y t i c a l a p p r o a c h t o t h e s t u d y of o x y g e n u p t a k e l h e a r t r a t e

r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n submaximum a n d maximum work was t a k e n i n t h i s

i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

The o r i g i n a l h y p o t h e s i s of t h i s s t u d y was t h a t t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e w o u l d b e

b e s t e x p r e s s e d by a n o n - l i n e a r e x p o n e n t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p , e v e n

w i t h h e a r t r a t e e x p r e s s e d a s d e l t a h e a r t r a t e . However , w h i l e

a p p a r e n t i n i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s , i n t e r i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n o b s c u r e d

t h i s h y p o t h e s i z e d n o n - l i n e a r i t y when g r o u p d a t a w e r e e x a m i n e d .

T h u s , u l t i m a t e l y , a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p was f o u n d t o e x i s t

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b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e a n d t h e r e g r e s s i o n

e q u a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g t h e d a t a b e s t a r e shown b e l o w , w h e r e o x y g e n

u p t a k e p l o t s a s t h e o r d i n a t e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e a s t h e

a b s c i s s a ,

T r a i n e d y = ( 0 . 0 3 5 7 7 ) x 4- 1 .0100

U n t r a i n e d y = ( 0 . 0 2 2 9 2 ) x -t 1 .0930

( E q u a t i o n 1 3 )

( E q u a t i o n 1 4 )

5 .2 R e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e A-R Nomogram - - - -,

I t i s l i k e l y t h a t A s t r a n d ' s ( 1 9 5 2 ) o r i g i n a l g r o u p of

p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n s t u d e n t s c o n t a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h t h e same

v a r i e t y of f i t n e s s a b i l i t i e s a s t h e combined g r o u p of t r a i n e d

a n d u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s of t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . To a d e g r e e t h i s

v a r i a b i l i t y i n f i t n e s s l e v e l w o u l d a c c o u n t f o r some of t h e

i n a c c u r a c y of t h e o r i g i n a l nomogram e v e n w i t h i n a homogeneous

g r o u p of s i m i l a r a g e a n d s e x . B e c a u s e of t h i s s i m i l a r i t y , t h e

o x y g e n u p t a k e d a t a m e a s u r e d a t e a c h submaximum work r a t e on

i n d i v i d u a l s of t h e w h o l e mixed g r o u p of t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d

i n d i v i d u a l s w e r e e x p r e s s e d a s p e r c e n t a g e s of t h e i r individual

i02rnax ( % t 0 2 m a x ) . The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n % bo2max a n d h e a r t

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r a t e w a s t h e n m a n i p u l a t e d i n t h e m a n n e r d e s c r i b e d by A s t r a n d a n d

Ryhming t o p r o d u c e a l m o s t a n e x a c t c o p y of t h e i r p u b l i s h e d

r e s u l t s .

The d e g r e e of c o i n c i d e n c e b e t w e e n A s t r a n d ' s o r i g i n a l

nomogram a n d t h a t p r e s e n t l y d e r i v e d may b e j u d g e d by t h e r e s u l t s

of r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s w h i c h s h o w e d a n o n - s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s a n d s t a n d a r d e r r o r of

e s t i m a t e s ( a s s e s s e d b y S t u d e n t ' s t - t e s t ) o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e

nomogram r e g r e s s i o n l i n e s ( % ?02max v s . h e a r t r a t e ).

H o w e v e r , when t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d % i o2 rnax a n d d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e d a t a w e r e u s e d i n t h e same m a n n e r f o r s u b j e c t s of t h e

p r e s e n t s t u d y , t w o d i s t i n c t r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s of % VO*

m a x / d e l t a h e a r t r a t e e m e r g e d , o n e e a c h f o r t h e t r a i n e d a n d

u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s . A s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e was

f o u n d b e t w e e n t h e i n t e r c e p t s of t h e s e e q u a t i o n s a n d w a s r e l a t e d

t o a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d maximum

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r t h e g r o u p s . A s e c o n d nomogram w a s

c o n s t r u c t e d i n a m a n n e r s i m i l a r t o t h e A-R nomogram a n d maximum

o x y g e n u p t a k e p r e d i c t e d f o r t h e v a l i d i t y g r o u p . P r e d i c t e d V02max (1

was d e t e r m i n e d t o b e h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h o b s e r v e d V02max

v a l u e s a n d t h e s u b g r o u p s of t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s

w i t h i n t h e w h o l e c o r e g r o u p c o u l d b e s e p a r a t e l y d e f i n e d a n d

a s s i g n e d d i s t i n c t l y d i f f e r e n t nomogram VO2max p r e d i c t i o n l i n e s ,

a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 2 8 . A c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0 . 9 7 9 1

w a s d e t e r m i n e d f o r t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o b s e r v e d a n d

p r e d i c t e d V02max f o r t h e w h o l e v a l i d i t y g r o u p , i n c l u d i n g t r a i n e d

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a n d u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s .

P r e d i c t i o n s of V02max made o n s u b j e c t s of t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y

f o l l o w i n g t h e p r o c e d u r e s of t h e o r i g i n a l A-R submaximum t e s t

c o m p a r e d t o V02max m e a s u r e d d i r e c t l y , y i e l d e d a' c o r r e l a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t o f o n l y 0 . 8 0 4 3 . T h i s v a l u e w a s i n g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t

w i t h t h e r a n g e of v a l u e s , 0 . 6 0 t o 0 . 8 3 , d e t e r m i n e d i n o t h e r

s t u d i e s o u t l i n e d p r e v i o u s l y ( A s t r a n d a n d R y h m i n g , 1 9 5 4 ; A s t r a n d ,

1 9 6 0 ; R o w e l 1 e t a l . , 1 9 6 4 ; d e V r i e s a n d K l a f s , 1 9 6 5 ; G l a s s f o r d e t -- - a l . , 1 9 6 5 ; T e r a s l i n n a e t a l , 1 9 6 6 ; D a v i e s , 1 9 6 8 ; C o l e m a n , 1 9 7 6 ; - -- J e s s u p e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ; L o u h a v a a r a e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ; M y l e s a n d T o f t , -- -- 1 9 8 0 ; C i n k a n d Thomas , 1 9 8 1 ; P a t t o n e t a l . , 1 9 8 2 ; S i c o n o l f i e t -- - a l . , 1 9 8 2 ) . -

U s i n g F i s h e r ' s Z s t a t . i s t i c , a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s

f o u n d b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s (p<O.O5) , ( i . e .

A s t r a n d ' s r = 0 . 8 0 4 3 a n d c u r r e n t t e s t r s 0 . 9 7 9 1 ) r e v e a l i n g a

s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t i n p r e d i c t i v e a b i l i t y u s i n g t h e new

nomogram w i t h s e p a r a t e l y d e f i n e d p r e d i c t i v e l i n e s f o r t r a i n e d

a n d u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n a g r o u p . T h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r of

e s t i m a t e w a s a l s o d e t e r m i n e d t o b e l o w e r u s i n g t h e new

p r e d i c t i v e m e t h o d t h a n t h a t d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e A-R nomogram.

5 . 3 B a s i c F e a t u r e s of a New P r e d i c t i v e Nomogram - -- -

5 . 3 . 1 Age p r e d i c t e d Maximum

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A m a j o r l i m i t a t i o n i n t h e p r e d i c t i v e a b i l i t y of a n y

nomogram u s i n g a n y f o r m of e x t r a p o l a t i o n f r o m s u b m a x i m a l work a t

a f i x e d h e a r t r a t e t o maximum v a l u e s of t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s w i t h

r e g a r d t o a g e d u r i n g c y c l i n g , w a l k i n g , a n d r u n n i n g o r s t e p p i n g ,

i s t h e a s s u m p t i o n of a f i x e d common maximal h e a r t r a t e w i t h i n

a n y a g e g r o u p . I n t h i s s t u d y , o n l y o n e a g e g r o u p was a s s e s s e d .

The maximum h e a r t r a t e d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t w e e n

t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s . The r e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y

s u g g e s t t h a t i f maximum p e r f o r m a n c e i s a l w a y s e n s u r e d , maximum

h e a r t r a t e w i l l n o t b e f o u n d t o v a r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h i n a n a g e

g r o u p a n d may c o n t i n u e t o b e u s e d i n a n e x t r a p o l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e .

A r e d u c e d o r e v e n e l e v a t e d a t t a i n a b l e maximum h e a r t r a t e i n

t r a i n e d 1 i n d i v i d u a l s , a l t h o u g h a n i n t r i n s i c a l l y a p p e a l i n g

a t t r i b u t e of f i t n e s s , was n o t e v i d e n t i n t h i s s t u d y .

The e x p r e s s i o n of h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s a s d e l t a h e a r t r a t e s

p r o v i d e d t h e k e y t o t h e i m p r o v e m e n t i n p r e d i c t i v e a b i l i t y of t h e

n e w l y d e v i s e d B a n i s t e r - L e g g e nomogram. The e x t r a p o l a t i o n o r

c u r v e f i t t i n g p r o c e d u r e was d e p e n d e n t s o l e l y on two s e t s of

p o i n t s . They w e r e t h e h e a r t r a t e m e a s u r e d d u r i n g t h e f i f t h

m i n u t e of u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g a n d t h e maximum h e a r t r a t e . T a k e n

t o g e t h e r , t h e s e v a l u e s p r o v i d e d t h e minimum a n d maximum d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e s a n d t h e r e f o r e d e f i n e d t h e s p a n of d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

v a l u e s . E x p r e s s i o n of c a r d i a c f r e q u e n c y m e a s u r e s a s d e l t a h e a r t

r a t e s p r o v i d e d f o r a c o i n c i d e n t s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r a l l

i n d i v i d u a l s , r e g a r d l e s s of f i t n e s s l e v e l , s i n c e p e r f o r m a n c e of

u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g was d e f i n e d a s r e q u i r i n g a d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

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e q u a l t o z e r o . A d i f f e r e n c e w i t h r e g a r d t o f i t n e s s l e v e l w a s

s h o w n t o b e r e f l e c t e d r e a d i l y i n t h e d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r a

g i v e n submaximum work r a t e . Maximum d e l t a h e a r t r a t e , w h i c h

v a r i e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t w e e n t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s ,

d e f i n e d t h e u p p e r e n d of t h e d e l t a h e a r t r a t e s c a l e .

5 .3 .2 T r a i n i n g a n d Age

B o t h a g e a n d t r a i n i n g s t a t e h a v e a m a j o r i n f l u e n c e o n t h e

o x y g e n u p t a k e / d e l t a h e a r t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p . T r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s

h a v e b e e n shown t o h a v e a m o r e r a p i d o x y g e n u p t a k e a d a p t a t i o n a t

t h e o n s e t o f e x e r c i s e f o r t h e same a b s o l u t e w o r k r a t e a n d , . .

t h e r e f o r e , o x y g e n u p t a k e r e q u i r e m e n t , t h a n u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s

(Whipp a n d W a s s e r m a n , 1 9 7 2 ; H a g b e r g e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ) . The r a t e a t -- w h i c h o x y g e n u p t a k e i n c r e a s e s t o a s t e a d y s t a - t e i n r e s p o n s e t o

t h e c h a l l e n g e of w o r k b e l o w t h e o n s e t o f b l o o d l a c t a t e

a c c u m u l a t i o n i s d e s c r i p t i v e of t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e c i r c u l a t i o n

f o r d e l i v e r y of o x y g e n a n d of t h e c e l l s o f a c t i v e t i s s u e s t o

u t i l i z e o x y g e n ( d e V r i e s et e., 1 9 8 2 ) . T h i s f a c t may h a v e

c o n t r i b u t e d s o m e w h a t t o t h e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t o x y g e n

u p t a k e / d e l t a h e a r t r a t e s l o p e b e t w e e n t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d

g r o u p mean d a t a .

The b r a d y c a r d i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t r a i n i n g w i l l a l w a y s c o n f e r

a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r d e l t a h e a r t r a t e maximum u p o n t r a i n e d

c o m p a r e d t o u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s . T h i s h a s b e e n v e r i f i e d f o r

m a l e s w i t h i n t h e a g e r a n g e 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s i n t h i s s t u d y . T h e

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m a j o r f a c t o r d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g ramps of t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d

i n d i v i d u a l s , t h e r e f o r e , was d u e t o a s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e f o r t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h r e s p e c t t o u n t r a i n e d f o r

a g i v e n submaximum work r a t e s i n c e u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s worked

a t a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of b o t h t h e i r maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d

maximum h e a r t r a t e l e v e l s when e a c h p e r f o r m e d e q u i v a l e n t work

r a t e s . T h i s w a s r e f l e c t e d i n a r e d u c e d s l o p e of t h e oxygen

u p t a k e / d e l t a h e a r t r a t e c u r v e f o r t h e u n t r a i n e d g r o u p s i n c e

e a c h work r a t e r e q u i r e d t h e same a b s o l u t e o x y g e n u p t a k e b u t

d i f f e r e n t d e l t a h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s .

The mean maximum h e a r t r a t e s f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d

g r o u p s a s s e s s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t . T h i s f i n d i n g i s i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h a t of Ekblom a n d . .

Hermansen ( 1 9 6 8 ) . T r a i n e d a t h l e t e s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a l a r g e

s t r o k e volume (Ekblom a n d H e r m a n s e n , 1 9 6 8 ; A s t r a n d a n d R o d a h l ,

1 9 7 7 ) . T h i s e n a b l e s a n a t h l e t e t o c o m p l e t e a - w o r k r a t e w i t h a .

l o w e r h . e a r t r a t e s i n c e t h e c a r d i a c o u t p u t i s n o t d i f f e r e n t when

t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s a r e c o m p a r e d a t e q u a l l e v e l s

of work ( R o s t a n d H o l l m a n , 1983) . Oxygen u p t a k e o r oxygen

u t i l i z a t i o n f o r t h e same work r a t e i s a l s o t h e same f o r t r a i n e d

a n d u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s , a s d e t e r m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y .

The i n c r e a s e i n s t r o k e volume i s a d i m e n s i o n a l a d a p t a t i o n a n d i s

r e a c h e d a f t e r more t h a n a y e a r of t r a i n i n g (Ekblom a n d

Hermansen , 1 9 6 8 ) .

D e V r i e s e t a l . ( 1 9 8 2 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h e e f f e c t of a g e upon t h e -- k i n e t i c s of oxygen u p t a k e i n o l d a n d y o u n g men of e q u a l f i t n e s s

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a n d f o u n d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o g r o u p s w i t h

r e s p e c t t o t h e r a t e of r e s p o n s e t o submaximum w o r k r a t e s . T h e

i n v e s t i g a t o r s , t h e r e f o r e , c a u t i o n e d t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of

' a g e w i s e d e c r e m e n t s o b s e r v e d i n t h o s e p h y s i o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s

w h i c h may a l s o b e s e n s i t i v e t o p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s s t a t u s .

V a r i a t i o n s i n maximum h e a r t r a t e w i t h i n a n a g e g r o u p , by

d e c a d e , b e c a u s e of a d e c r e m e n t i n maximum a t t a i n a b l e h e a r t r a t e

w i t h a g e , w e r e t y p i c a l l y m o d i f i e d by A s t r a n d w i t h a n a g e

c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r . The i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a g e a n d

t r a i n i n g s t a t u s a n d t h e i r e f f e c t o n t h e p r e d i c t i o n of maximum

o x y g e n u p t a k e may b e a c c o u n t e d f o r by t h e u s e of d e l t a h e a r t

r a t e m e a s u r e s . I n t h i s way , a n o l d e r , t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l may

h a v e t h e same , d e l t a h e a r t - r a t e maximum a s a y o u n g e r u n f i t

i n d i v i d u a l a n d u s e of t h i s f a c t o r o b v i a t e s t h e n e e d f o r a n

a r b i t r a r y a g e c o r r e c t i o n - f a c t o r .

The l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e e n p e r c e n t maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r

t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p mean d a t a h a d s i m i l a r s l o p e s . T h i s

was t h e c a s e s i n c e , t h o u g h b o t h g r o u p s w e r e w o r k i n g a t d i f f e r e n t

p e r c e n t a g e s of t h e i r maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e f o r a g i v e n

submaximum work r a t e , t h e y were a l s o w o r k i n g a t d i f f e r e n t

p e r c e n t a g e s of t h e i r maximum h e a r t r a t e . T h e d e l t a h e a r t r a t e ,

h o w e v e r , w a s t h e same. T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e

a n d d e l t a h e a r t r a t e w a s t h e r e f o r e , m a i n t a i n e d . I n t e r c e p t s of

t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s , h o w e v e r , w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t .

T h i s r e f l e c t e d t h e a b i l i t y of t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s t o w o r k a t a

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l o w e r p e r c e n t a g e of t h e i r maximum fo2max f o r a g i v e n d e l t a h e a r t

r a t e .

5.4 P e r f o r m a n c e of T e s t P r o t o c o l - --

When t h e o r i g i n a l A-R nomogram was c o n s t r u c t e d i n 1 9 5 4 , i t

h a d b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t i d e n t i c a l V02max v a l u e s w e r e e l i c i t e d

d u r i n g c y c l e e r g o m e t r y a n d t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g . T h e s e two f o r m s of

e x e r c i s e w e r e c o n s e q u e n t l y u s e d i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y i n t h e

a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e A-R nomogram t o p r e d i c t V02max. Many s t u d i e s

h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d s i n c e 1 9 5 4 which r e f u t e t h i s g e n e r a l i z a t i o n

a n d show t h a t t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g e l i c i t s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r

V02max v a l u e s on t h e o r d e r : - o f 4 t o 18% g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e on t h e

b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r ( G l a s s f o r d e t a l . , 1 9 6 5 ; C h a s e , 1 9 6 6 ; -- Hermansen a n d S a l t i n , 1 9 6 9 ; Hermansen e t a l . , 1 9 7 0 ; McArdle a n d -- M a g e l , 1 9 7 0 ; Kamon a n d P a n C o l f , 1 9 7 2 ; Miyamura a n d Honda, 1972.;

McArdle e t a l . , 1 9 7 3 ; McKay a n d B a n i s t e r , 1 9 7 6 ; Bergh e t a l . , -- -- 1 9 7 6 ; M a t s u i , 1 9 7 8 ; H a g b e r g et g . , 1 9 7 8 ; M i l e s et a l e , 1 9 8 0 ;

K e r e n -- e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ; P a n n i e r - e t -* a 1 1 9 8 0 ; V e r s t a p p e n et c., 1 9 8 2 ) . D e s p i t e t h i s f i n d i n g , s i n c e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e

nomogram. i n 1 9 5 4 , i n u m e r a b l e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h a v e b e e n u n d e r t a k e n

t o d e t e r m i n e t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e nomogram by c o r r e l a t i o n of

p r e d i c t e d V02max v a l u e s f r o m t h e A-R nomogram w i t h d i r e c t l y

m e a s u r e d v a l u e s . An i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t of a l l s u c h p r e d i c t i o n s

a n d v a l i d a t i o n s , of c o u r s e , l i e s i n t h e e x a c t r e p l i c a t i o n of t h e

t e s t p r o t o c o l e a c h t i m e a t e s t i s p e r f o r m e d .

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D e s p i t e t h i ; l o g i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t , i n v e s t i g a t o r s of n u m e r o u s

s t u d i e s of t h e v a l i d i t y of p r e d i c t i o n h a v e c o n t i n u e d t o u t i l i z e

t e s t i n g modes o r m e t h o d s i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e b a s i c p r e m i s e

( d e V r i e s a n d K l a f s , 1 9 6 5 ; T e r a s l i n n a et s., 1 9 6 6 ; Coleman,

1 9 7 6 ; J e s s u p - e t * a 1 9 1 9 7 7 ; L o u h e v a a r a et g . , 1 9 8 0 ; Myles a n d

T o f t , 1 9 8 0 ; P a t t o n - e t -* a 1 1980 ; S i c o n o l f i -- e t a l . , 1 9 8 2 ) .

I n a p p r o p r i a t e c o m p a r i s o n s h a v e r e s u l t e d a n d i n c l u d e u s i n g

maximal t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g w i t h s u b m a x i m a l c y c l e e r g o m e t e r t e s t

( J e s s u p et e., 1 9 7 5 ; G l a s s f o r d - e t * a 1 1 9 6 5 ) . Maximal a n d

s u b m a x i m a l t r e a d m i l l t e s t s w o u l d b e a v a l i d c h e c k of t h e nomgram

( R o w e l l e t a l . , 1 9 6 4 ) b u t d u e t o t h e d i f f e r e n t h e a r t r a t e a n d -- o x y g e n u p t a k e r e s p o n s e s i n t r e a d m i l l r u n n i n g compared t o b i c y c l e

e r g o m e t r y , u s e of t h e t r e a d m i l l r e d u c e d t h e a c c u r a c y of a n y . -

t r e a d m i l l p r e d i c t e d io2max . Even t h o s e s t u d i e s u s i n g a b i c y c l e

f o r s u b m a x i m a l a n d m a x i m a l t e s t s u s e d a s p e c i f i e d t i m e of s i x

m i n u t e s a n d n o t t h e A-R q u o t e d c r i t e r i o n of h e a r t r a t e g r e a t e r

t h a n 1 3 0 bemin- I d i f f e r i n g by no more t h a n 5 b * m i n m l d u r i n g t h e

f i f t h a n d s i x t h m i n u t e . However , when t h e A-R p r o t o c o l w a s

f o l l o w e d e x a c t l y ( G l a s s f o r d e t a l . , 1 9 6 5 ; Cink a n d Thomas, 1 9 8 2 ) -- i n v e s t i g a t o r s s t i l l r e p o r t q u i t e l o w c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s

r a n g i n g f r o m 0.63 t o 0.80. P e d a l r a t e mus t n o t v a r y w i t h i n t h e

same t e s t a s o u t l i n e d i n t h e World H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n (WHO)

t e s t ( L o u h a r v a a r a e t a 1 ., 1 9 8 0 ) , b u t mus t r e m a i n c o n s t a n t d u e -- t o t h e v a r i a t i o n i n o x y g e n u p t a k e w i t h v a r i a t i o n s i n p e d a l r a t e

a t a c o n s t a n t power o u t p u t ( B a n i s t e r a n d . J a c k s o n , 1 9 6 7 ) .

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With a l l t h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s i n m i n d , i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t f o r

t h e c u r r e n t p r e d i c t i v e nomogram t o b e of a n y v a l u e , t h e p r o t o c o l

upon w h i c h t h e nomogram was c o n s t r u c t e d m u s t b e p e r f o r m e d

e x a c t l y a s o u t l i n e d f o r t h e p r e d i c t i o n s t o a p p r o x i m a t e m o s t

c l o s e l y w i t h d i r e c t l y m e a s u r e d maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e . I t i s

e n t i r e l y r e a s o n a b l e t h a t t h e t e s t b e p e r f o r m e d a s i t w a s

d e s i g n e d a n d v a l i d a t e d s o t h a t t h e r e s l u t s l i e w i t h i n t h e

r e l a t e d nomogram's s t a n d a r d e r r o r of e s t i m a t e .

The c u r r e n t p r o t o c o l was s p e c i f i c a l l y d e v i s e d t o i n c l u d e

f e a t u r e s w h i c h w o u l d h e l p t o e l i c i t a r e s p o n s e t h a t w o u l d

p r o v i d e g r e a t e r i n s i g h t i n t o t h e a c t u a l c a p a c i t y of t h e

i n d i v i d u a l b e i n g t e s t e d . P r e c i s e d e t a i l s of t h e p r o t o c o l w e r e

o u t l i n e d a f t e r a t h o r o u g h . r e v i e w of t h e l i m i t i n g f e a t u r e s of t h e

A-R p r e d i c t i v e t e s t w h i c h i n c l u d e d t h e s l o w p e d a l r a t e ( 5 0 rpm)

a n d t h e s i n g l e work r a t e r e q u i r e d . S p e c i f i c a l l y , new f e a t u r e s of

t h e best i n c l u d e a f i v e m i n u t e warm-up p e r i o d of u n l o a d e d

p e d a l l i n g f o l l o w e d i m m e d i a t e l y by p r o g r e s s i v e l y i n c r e a s i n g work

r a t e s e a c h p e r f o r m e d f o r t h r e e m i n u t e s d u r a t i o n . F o r i n d i v i d u a l s

w i t h i n t h e a g e g r o u p a s s e s s e d i n t h i s s t u d y ( 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s ) ,

t h e e n d p o i n t of t h e s u b m a x i m a l t e s t was r e a c h e d when t h e d e l t a

h e a r t r a t e h a d a t t a i n e d a v a l u e of b e t w e e n 50 t o 70 b -min ' l . I t

i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t a p e d a l f r e q u e n c y of 90 rpm b e m a i n t a i n e d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e t e s t , s i n c e o x y g e n u p t a k e h a s b e e n shown

t o c h a n g e w i t h v a r i o u s c o m b i n a t i o n s of p e d a l r a t e a n d r e s i s t a n c e

d e s p i t e a c o n s t a n t power o u t p u t ( B a n i s t e r a n d J a c k s o n , 1 9 6 7 ) .

The c u r r e n t p r o t o c o l a l s o i n c l u d e s a t h r e e m i n u t e r e c o v e r y

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p e r i o d t o b e c o m p l e t e d a f t e r t h e f i n a l t h r e e m i n u t e work r a t e .

Thus t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n h a s a t t e m p t e d t o go a s t e p f u r t h e r t h a n

p r e v i o u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s whose i n t e n t of p r o d u c i n g a more

a c c u r a t e means of p r e d i c t i n g V02max w a s s i m i l a r . The new

nomogram h a s r e s u l t e d f r o m a r a d i c a l a l t e r a t i o n i n t e s t p r o t o c o l

a n d n a t u r e of t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e r e s u l t s .

D e s p i t e numerous s t u d i e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l i n

i m p r o v i n g t h e a c c u r a c y of p r e d i c t i o n of maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e

(Myles a n d T o f t , 1 9 8 0 ; P a t t o n -- e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ; L o u h e v a a r a - e t - a 1 9

1982; S i c o n o l f i -- e t a l . , 1 9 8 2 ) , t h e A-R p r e d i c t i v e t e s t r e m a i n s

f i r m l y e n t r e n c h e d i n t h e a r m o u r y of e x e r c i s e t e s t i n g r e g a r d l e s s

of i t s r e l a t i v e l y low p r e d i c i t i v e power . T h u s , i t s e e m s , i n

o r d e r f o r a new p r e d i c t i v e - . t e s t t o r e p l a c e t h e A-R t e s t , i t mus t

b e c o m p e l l i n g l y s i m p l e a n d y e t p r o v i d e a n i m p r o v e d power of

p r e d i c t i n g maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e .

The t e s t p r o t o c o l d e v e l o p e d h e r e h a s b e e n shown t o d o j u s t

t h i s a n d a d d i t i o n a l l y s h o w s a n a b i l i t y t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n

t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n a n a g e g r o u p . T a b l e s of

p r e d i c t e d vo2max h a v e b e e n p r o v i d e d f o r e a s e of u s e a n d may be

u s e d s u c c e s s f u l l y when a l l r e l a t e d p r o t o c o l c r i t e r i a h a v e b e e n

c o m p l e t e d . T h e s e d a t a s u g g e s t t h a t +o2max p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e

r e s u l t s of a r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e c y c l e e r g o m e t e r t e s t c o r r e l a t e s

w e l l w i t h d i r e c t l y d e t e r m i n e d t o 2 m a x t h u s p r o v i d i n g a s u i t a b l e

e s t i m a t e of a e r o b i c f i t n e s s .

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5.5 L i m i t a t i o n s of t h e P r e s e n t S t u d y - --

P r e d i c t i o n s b a s e d upon e x t r a p o l a t i o n t o a n a s s u m e d maximum

v a l u e a r e s u b j e c t t o c o n s i d e r a b l e e r r o r . A method of p r e d i c t i n g

maximal o x y g e n u p t a k e w h i c h m e a s u r e s a s i n g l e s u b m a x i m a l work

r a t e a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g h e a r t r a t e o n l y , w i l l a l w a y s p r o v i d e o n l y

a r o u g h a p p r o x i m a t i o n of t r u e a e r o b i c c a p a c i t y . C o m p l e t i o n of

t h r e e o r more s u b m a x i a m l work r a t e s combined w i t h t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e s h a v e i m p r o v e d t h e a c c u r a c y of

p r e d i c t i o n b u t a n y p r o c e d u r e a s s u m i n g a maximum v a r i a b l e m e a s u r e

i s s t i l l s u b j e c t t o e r r o r . I f o n e w i s h e s t o o b t a i n more p r e c i s e

i n f o r m a t i o n , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o m e a s u r e t h e a e r o b i c work

c a p a c i t y d i r e c t l y . ...

S u b j e c t s i s t h i s s t u d y w e r e m a l e s , a g e d 20 t o 29 y e a r s , a n d

r e p r e s e n t e d e i t h e r h i g h l y t r a i n e d c y c l i s t s o r r e l a t i v e l y

u n t r a i n e d m a l e s . The r e s u l t s of t h e t e s t , t h e r e f o r e , a r e l i m i t e d

a n d r e s t r i c t e d t o s i m i l a r p o p u l a t i o n s . The i n v e s t i g a t i o n h a s ,

h o w e v e r , b e e n v a l u a b l e i n p r o v i d i n g e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e u s e of

d e l t a h e a r t r a t e a n d t h e c h o s e n e x e r c i s e t e s t i n g p r o t o c o l .

r e s u l t e d i n a more a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t i o n of V02max t h a n h a d

p r e v i o u s l y b e e n d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s u b m a x i m a l A-R

p r e d i c t i v e t e s t . T h i s s t u d y , t h e n , h a s o u t l i n e d a p r e d i c t i v e

method w h i c h may c o n c e i v a b l y be e x t e n d e d t o i n c l u d e p r e d i c t i v e

nomograms f o r b o t h f e m a l e s a n d m a l e s of a l l a g e s a n d f i t n e s s

l e v e l s . A s y e t , t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e p r o t o c o l i s unknown f o r s u c h

g r o u p s .

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5 - 6 C o n s t r a i n t s of T e s t i n g A p p a r a t u s - -

Due t o t h e c o n s t r a i n t s of t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c a l l y b r a k e d

b i c y c l e u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y , work r a t e c o u l d n o t b e i n c r e a s e d t o

l e v e l s a b o v e 2400 kpm-min'l . T h i s work r a t e d i d n o t p r o v i d e a

maximum s t i m u l u s f o r some i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n t h e t r a i n e d g r o u p .

Work r a t e , w h i c h s e r v e d a s t h e f o r c i n g f u n c t i o n , r e a c h e d a

maximum l e v e l a t 2400 kpm-min'l a f t e r w h i c h t i m e t h e f i r s t o r d e r

l i n e a r r e s p o n s e b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d work r a t e became

a s y m p t o t i c . T h i s was d u e t o t h e d i s c o n t i n u e n c e of t h e ramp s l o p e

f o r c i n g f u n c t i o n w h i c h t h e n became a s t e p a t 2400 kpm*min- l .

S i n c e work r a t e h a d r e a c h e d a maximum l e v e l , f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e s

i n h e a r t r a t e w i t h t i m e w e r e t h e r e s u l t of c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d r i f t

d u e t o i n c r e a s e d body c o r e t e m p e r a t u r e .

I f a n a d e q u a t e f o r c i n g f u n c t i o n c o u l d l i ave b e e n m a i n t a i n e d ,

i t may be p o s t u l a t e d t h a t a c o n t i n u e d l i n e a r r e s p o n s e i n o x y g e n

u p t a k e / work r a t e a t h i g h w o r k r a t e s w o u l d h a v e r e s u l t e d a s

shown i n t h e maximum p o r t i o n of t h e u n t r a i n e d g r o u p o x y g e n

u p t a k e a n d work r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p . The d e r i v e d r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e e n o x y g e n u p t a k e a n d h e a r t r a t e may t h e n h a v e r e v e a l e d a

n o n - l i n e a r t r e n d a s e x h i b i t e d by t h e u n t r a i n e d g r o u p d a t a i n t h e

maximum p o r t i o n of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p . One m i n u t e s t e p s of 1 0 0

k p m * m i n - l , i n c o n t r a s t t o h a l f - m i n u t e 1 0 0 kpm*rnin-l s t e p s , may

s e r v e a s a s u i t a b l e work r a t e f o r c i n g f u n c t i o n (Whipp -- e t a l . ,

1 9 8 1 ) .

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5.7 F u t u r e C o n s i d e r a t i o n s -

New g r o u p s of b o t h m a l e s a n d f e m a l e s v a r y i n g i n a g e a n d

f i t n e s s l e v e l m u s t b e t e s t e d i n a s i m i l a r f a s h i o n t o t h a t

o u t l i n e d i n t h i s s t u d y a n d t h e o x y g e n u p t a k e l d e l t a h e a r t r a t e

r e l a t i o n s h i p e x a m i n e d . R e l a t e d t a b l e s f o r t h e p r e d i c t i o n of

maximum o x y g e n u p t a k e f r o m d e l t a h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e s t o

submaximum work mus t b e c o n s t r u c t e d a n d v a l i d a t e d on s i m i l a r

g r o u p s of i n d i v i d u a l s a n d t h e f u l l s e t of a g e d e c a d e , s e x a n d

t r a i n i n g s t a t e nomograms c o m p l e t e d . The e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e u s e

of d e l t a h e a r t r a t e m e a s u r e s , a s r e l a t e d t o a d e c r e a s e i n

maximum h e a r t , r a t e w i t h i n . c r e a s i n g a g e , combined w i t h a h i g h

l e v e l of c a r d i o v a s c u l a r f i t n e s s , may a l s o b e a s s e s s e d .

5.8 C o n c l u s i o n -

I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h i s s t u d y h a s i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e b a s i c o x y g e n

u p t a k e 1 h e a r t r a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p d u r i n g s u b m a x i m a l a n d m a x i m a l

work p e r f o r m e d o n a b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r a c c o r d i n g t o a

w e l l - d e f i n e d p r o t o c o l a t a p e d a l r a t e of 90 rpm i n two g r o u p s of

m a l e s u b j e c t s a g e 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s v a r y i n g i n f i t n e s s l e v e l . I t

h a d o r i g i n a l l y b e e n h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t a n o n - l i n e a r , e x p o n e n t i a l

r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t e d b e t w e e n t h e s e v a r i a b l e s , h o w e v e r , w h i l e

t h i s was a p p a r e n t i n i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s , i n t e r i n d i v i d u a l

v a r i a t i o n s o b s c u r e d t h e n o n - l i n e a r i t y when g r o u p d a t a w e r e

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a n a l y z e d . The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n V 0 2 l d e l t a h e a r t r a t e f o r b o t h

t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d g r o u p mean d a t a was f o u n d t o b e e x p r e s s e d

b e s t s t a t i s t i c a l l y by l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s . S l o p e s of t h e two l i n e a r

e q u a t i o n s w e r e f o u n d t o d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y . The e x p o n e n t i a l

h y p o t h e s i s was a b a n d o n e d a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g a n a l y s i s d e a l t

s t r i c t l y w i t h t h e a t t a i n e d l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p .

A nomogram f o r p r e d i c t i n g V02max v a l u e s f r o m submaximum

h e a r t r a t e a n d work r a t e w a s c o n s t r u c t e d f o l l o w i n g a p r o c e d u r e

s i m i l a r t o t h a t u s e d t o c o n s t r u c t t h e A s t r a n d - R y h m i n g nomogram

( 1 9 5 4 ) . The l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s e x p r e s s i n g t h e % t o 2

m a x l d e l t a HR d a t a f o r u n t r a i n e d (11x15) a n d t r a i n e d (11-20) g r o u p

mean d a t a were a s f o l l o w s :

U n t r a i n e d

T r a i n e d

y = ( 0 . 7 0 3 0 4 ) x + 31.906 ( E q u a t i o n 1 5 )

y = ( 0 . 7 1 4 8 6 ) x + 20.919 ( E q u a t i o n 1 6 )

The new nomogram h a s b e e n v a l i d a t e d w i t h s i m i l a r b u t d i s t i n c t l y

s e p a r a t e g r o u p s of s u b j e c t s f r o m t h e t e s t g r o u p s f r o m w h i c h t h e

nomogram w a s c o n s t r u c t e d . The p r e d i c t i v e power was a s s e s s e d f r o m

t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s a n d s t a n d a r d e r r o r s of e s t i m a t e , . d e r i v e d f r o m a p l o t of o b s e r v e d v e r s u s p r e d i c t e d V02max. T h e s e

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showed a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t i n p r e d i c t i v e

power o v e r t h e A-R nomogram p r e d i c t i o n s .

The nomogram d e s c r i b e d i s u n i q u e i n t h a t i t p r o v i d e s f o r a

d i s t i n c t i o n t o b e made r e g a r d i n g t h e s t a t e of t r a i n i n g o r

f i t n e s s l e v e l of t h e i n d i v i d u a l . The nomogram, t h e r e f o r e , may

r e p l a c e t h e A-R nomogram when t h e p r e d i c t i o n of V02max i s s o u g h t

f o r t r a i n e d a n d u n t r a i n e d m a l e s 2 0 t o 29 y e a r s of a g e .

Use of t h e nomogram demands t h a t t h e work p r o t o c o l b e

s t r i c t l y a d h e r e d t o , w i t h t h e i n c l u s i o n of a f i v e m i n u t e warm-up

p e r i o d of u n l o a d e d p e d a l l i n g , a n d p e r f o r m a n c e of work on a

b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r a t 90 rpm. D e l t a h e a r t r a t e s b e t w e e n 40 a n d 70

b * m i n m l , o r h e a r t r a t e s b e t w e e n 140 a n d 160 b * m i n - I f o r 20 t o 29 . I

y e a r o l d m a l e s w i l l r e s u l t - . - i n t h e b e s t e s t i m a t e of V02max.

T h i s i s t h e f i r s t nomogram of i t s k i n d t o p r o v i d e a s i m p l e

method u s i n g d e l t a h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s t h a t a l l o w a d i s t i n c t i o n t o

b e made f o r v a r i a t i o n s i n f i t n e s s l e v e l . The - d e v e l o p e d nomogra-m

s h o u l d p r o v e v e r y u s e f u l i n p r e d i c t i n g maximum a e r o b i c power

f r o m submaximum t e s t s .

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APPENDIX A

E f f i c i e n c y Work

1 ) Gross E f f i c i e n c y =work accompl ished

energy expended

2)Net E f f i c i e n c y = work accompl ished

energy expended above t h a t a t r e s t

3)Work E f f i c i e n c y =work accompl ished

energy expended above t h a t i n c y c l i n g

without a l o a d

El-Eu

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4 ) D e l t a E f f i c i e n c y = d e l t a -- work a c c o m p l i s h e d

d e l t a e n e r g y e x p e n d e d

w h e r e W = c a l o r i c e q u i v a l e n t o f e x t e r n a l work p e r f o r m e d

E = g r o s s c a l o r i c o u t p u t i n c l u d i n g r e s t i n g m e t a b o l i s m

e = r e s t i n g c a l o r i c o u t p u t

E l = c a l o r i c o u t p u t , l o a d e d c y c l i n g

Eu = c a l o r i c o u t p u t , - - u n l o a d e d c y c l i n g

DW = c a l o r i c e q u i v a l e n t of i n c r e m e n t i n work p e r f o r m e d

a b o v e p r e v i o u s r a t e

A E = i n c r e m e n t i n c a l o r i c o u t p u t a b o v e ? h a t a t p r e v i o u s '

r a t e

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APPENDIX B

Borg S c a l e for Rat ing of P e r c e i v e d E x e r t i o n , 1 9 8 1 - -

Nothing a t a l l

Extremely weak

Very weak

Weak

Moderate

Somewhat s t r o n g

Strong

Very S trong

Extremely S trong

Maximal

( j u s t n o t i c e a b l e )

( l i g h t )

( h e a v y )

( a l m o s t max)

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APPENDIX C

Oxy e n Cos t of P e r f o r m i n g S t e a d y S t a t e Work &--

L e t X r e p r e s e n t work r a t e i n kgm*minute" '

X kgm-minut e'l

Conve r t t o gm cm.min-l

Conve r t t o dyne cm-min'l

1 dyne cm = 1 e r g

10 e r g s = 1 j o u l e

1 c a l o r i e = 4.18 j o u l e s

1000 c a l o r i e s = 1 k i l o c a l

X 1000 100 gm cm-min"

X 1000 100 981 dyne cm-min'l

Assuming 25% e f f i c i e n c y ( t o t a l e f f i c i e n c y i n t r a n s f o r m i n g food e n e r g y i n t o m u s c u l a r w o r k ) :

~ e t a ' b o l i c Work X 1000 100 9 8 1 4 kcalmmin-I -------------------------______________________________________________________

1 0 4.18 1000

Us ing 4.82 k c a l a s c a l o r i f i c v a l u e of e a c h l i t r e of oxygen consumed a t t h e R v a l u e of 0 .80:

x . 1 0 0 0 ~ 1 0 0 v 9 8 1 ~ 4 l i t r e 02.min-1 .................................. 10 7 4.18 1000 4 - 8 2

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T h e r e f o r e , Work t 0 2 = X - 0.00195 1 02-rnin'l

= X 0.00195 1000 m l 02-min ' l

T o t a l t o 2 = Work d02 + r e s t t o 2

= (X-0.00195 olOOO) + 300 m l 0 2 - m i n - l

= ( X o 1 .95 ) + 300 m l 02.min- l

- - - -

- -

A t a work r a t e of 600 kgm m

A t a work r a t e . of 300 kgm . min'l , oxygen c o s t i s

( 300.1.95) + 300

0.885 1 02-min ' l

0.9 1 0 2 e m i n - l

i n ' l , oxygen c o s t i s 1.5 1 02-min ' l

............................................. I I I I WORK R A T E ( O X Y G E N CONSUMPTION I