The Preamble!!!

Congress!!!

Oops!!!

Articles of Articles of ConfederationConfederation to to U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution

I.I. The Movement for The Movement for More EffectiveMore Effective Government GovernmentA.A. After After Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion and other signs of a weak government the and other signs of a weak government the

Founders saw a need for a Founders saw a need for a strongerstronger centralcentral government. government.1.1. A successful (1785) meeting at A successful (1785) meeting at Mount VernonMount Vernon will lead to a 1786 will lead to a 1786

AnnapolisAnnapolis conventionconvention to discuss the need for a constitutional to discuss the need for a constitutional convention to amend the Articles of Confederation.convention to amend the Articles of Confederation.

George Washington to George Washington to James MadisonJames Madison““We are either a We are either a united peopleunited people or we are or we are notnot. If the . If the formerformer, let us act as a , let us act as a nation. If we are not, let us no longer act as a nation. If we are not, let us no longer act as a farcefarce by by pretendingpretending to it.” to it.”

II.II. The The Constitutional ConventionConstitutional ConventionA.A. Founding Founding FathersFathers

1. 1. 76 men76 men invited; invited; 55 55 show up; Average age—42; show up; Average age—42; JeffersonJefferson (Paris) and (Paris) and John John AdamsAdams (envoy to England/Holland) (envoy to England/Holland) notnot present. present.

2.2. Many Many newnew faces from Revolutionary time faces from Revolutionary time Sam AdamsSam Adams, Patrick , Patrick HenryHenry and John and John HancockHancock were were opposedopposed to strong Federal government. to strong Federal government.

3.3. WashingtonWashington (age-55) elected (age-55) elected ConstitutionalConstitutional Convention Convention PresidentPresident..4.4. James James MadisonMadison ( (Father of the ConstitutionFather of the Constitution) keeps a ) keeps a secretsecret diarydiary of of

proceedings.proceedings.

The Founding FathersThe Founding Fathers

Issues that divided the Nation’s leaders Issues that divided the Nation’s leaders at the Constitutional Conventionat the Constitutional Convention

The power of the federal government. Would the The power of the federal government. Would the states or the federal government have the most states or the federal government have the most power?power?

Representation in Congress (How many Representation in Congress (How many members on Congress would each state get? – members on Congress would each state get? – small states wanted equal representation, large small states wanted equal representation, large states wanted it to be determined by population states wanted it to be determined by population of the statesof the states

How much power to exectuive?How much power to exectuive? Slavery – How would slaves be counted? Would Slavery – How would slaves be counted? Would

the slave trade continue?the slave trade continue?

II.II. The Constitutional ConventionThe Constitutional ConventionB.B. Virginia PlanVirginia Plan (Edmund (Edmund RandolphRandolph))

1. 1. Created Created three branchesthree branches of National government. of National government.2.2. Created a Created a bicameralbicameral Congress. Congress.3.3. Representation based on Representation based on populationpopulation (favored (favored largelarge states) states)4.4. Desired a Desired a strongstrong nationalnational gov’t. gov’t.

C.C. New JerseyNew Jersey Plan (William Plan (William PattersonPatterson))1.1. Agreed w/ Agreed w/ threethree branches. branches.2.2. Wanted a Wanted a unicameralunicameral Congress. Congress.3.3. Wanted Wanted equalequal representationrepresentation from each state: from each state: one stateone state, , one voteone vote

(this (this favors favors smallsmall states). states).4.4. Wanted to maintain Wanted to maintain statesstates’ ’ sovereigntysovereignty..

D.D. The The Connecticut (Great) CompromiseConnecticut (Great) Compromise1.1. Created a Created a bicameralbicameral Congress Congress

a.a. UpperUpper house ( house (SenateSenate) would have ) would have equalequal representation ( representation (twotwo Senators from each state), elected by Lower House legislatorsSenators from each state), elected by Lower House legislators

b.b. LowerLower house ( house (House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives) ) representationrepresentation based on based on populationpopulation..

E.E. Other Other CompromisesCompromises::1.1. Three-Fifths CompromiseThree-Fifths Compromise

a.a. SouthernSouthern states wanted more states wanted more representationrepresentation ( (AA—1/3 populationAA—1/3 population), ), but the South did but the South did notnot want to pay want to pay taxestaxes for their slaves. for their slaves.

b.b. A slave would be counted as A slave would be counted as 3/5 of a person3/5 of a person? Why?? Why?

E.E. Other Compromises:Other Compromises:2.2. CommerceCommerce and and Slave-TradeSlave-Trade Compromise Compromise

a.a. Southern states agreed to give Southern states agreed to give CongressCongress control over control over foreignforeign and and interstateinterstate commerce. commerce.

b.b. Congress could Congress could not bannot ban the the slave tradeslave trade until until 18081808..c.c. Congress could permit Congress could permit tariffstariffs on on imports—notimports—not on on exportsexports..d.d. Congress could (enumerated powers Congress could (enumerated powers borrow moneyborrow money, , declare wardeclare war, ,

maintaining maintaining militarymilitary forces, establish forces, establish postalpostal services, and make services, and make laws necessary to carry out these laws necessary to carry out these delegateddelegated powers. powers.

F.F. The The Executive BranchExecutive Branch1.1. SingleSingle executive - executive - presidentpresident..2.2. Term of Term of four yearsfour years, but might be , but might be reelectedreelected..3.3. Founding Fathers Founding Fathers distrusteddistrusted CongressCongress and the and the peoplepeople to to electelect the the

president : created the president : created the electoral collegeelectoral college..a.a. Each state would have Each state would have equal number of electorsequal number of electors to their state’s to their state’s

senatorssenators and and representativesrepresentatives..b.b. Each elector was to vote for Each elector was to vote for two candidatestwo candidates for the presidency— for the presidency—

candidate winning the candidate winning the most votesmost votes becomes president and the next becomes president and the next candidate would be vice-president (candidate would be vice-president (12th Amendment12th Amendment would change would change this).this).

F.F. The Executive BranchThe Executive Branch4.4. President can:President can:

a.a. execute laws passed by Congress (executive branch).execute laws passed by Congress (executive branch).b.b. Can call Congress into session and might veto acts of Congress Can call Congress into session and might veto acts of Congress

(can be overridden by 2/3 of Congress).(can be overridden by 2/3 of Congress).c.c. Make Make treatiestreaties w/ “advice and consent” of w/ “advice and consent” of 2/3 of Senators2/3 of Senators..d.d. President is President is commander-in-chiefcommander-in-chief..e.e. Given extensive power of Given extensive power of appointing officialsappointing officials..

G.G. The The Judiciary BranchJudiciary Branch1.1. Congress was to establish a Congress was to establish a Supreme CourtSupreme Court (6 members then (6 members then

increased to 9).increased to 9).2.2. JurisdictionJurisdiction of federal courts was defined. of federal courts was defined.3.3. Doctrine of Doctrine of Judicial ReviewJudicial Review was not stated or denied (established in was not stated or denied (established in

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison))H.H. AmendingAmending process process

1.1. ProposedProposed: : 2/3 vote2/3 vote by both houses of by both houses of CongressCongress or by vote of or by vote of twotwo thirdsthirds of state of state legislatureslegislatures

2.2. RatifiedRatified by: by: ¾ of the state legislatures¾ of the state legislatures or by special or by special conventionsconventions in the in the states.states.

I.I. RatificationRatification::1.1. Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists were were opposedopposed to ratification of new constitution. to ratification of new constitution.

I.I. Ratification—9 of 13 statesRatification—9 of 13 states need to ratify: need to ratify:1.1. Anti-Federalists (back country Anti-Federalists (back country farmersfarmers, debtors, , debtors, sectionalists—Samsectionalists—Sam

AdamsAdams and Patrick Henry) were opposed to and Patrick Henry) were opposed to ratificationratification of new of new constitution.constitution.a.a. Felt it was a Felt it was a threatthreat to to states rightsstates rights..b.b. Stressed the Stressed the lack of Bill of Rightslack of Bill of Rights..c.c. Fear of a great Fear of a great centralized national power.centralized national power.d.d. Fear of Fear of national armynational army..e.e. Fear of Fear of taxing powertaxing power of national gov’t (good to have this fear). of national gov’t (good to have this fear).f.f. Fear of Fear of executive authorityexecutive authority..g.g. Fear of aristocracy built into Fear of aristocracy built into SenateSenate ( (6 year term6 year term).).

2.2. The The FederalistsFederalists favored favored ratificationratification..a.a. By July 1788, By July 1788, ninenine states had ratified the Constitution, but states had ratified the Constitution, but New YorkNew York

and and VirginiaVirginia hadn’t ( hadn’t (northernnorthern and and southernsouthern economic centers). economic centers). b.b. Alexander Alexander HamiltonHamilton, John , John JayJay and James and James MadisonMadison will write articles will write articles

in support of adoption of the constitution (The in support of adoption of the constitution (The Federalist PapersFederalist Papers).).c.c. Virginia ratifies and New York follows. Virginia ratifies and New York follows. North CarolinaNorth Carolina waits for the waits for the

Bill of RightsBill of Rights proposed and proposed and Rhode IslandRhode Island, threatened w/ economic , threatened w/ economic boycott by US Congress ratifies in 1790 (all 13 states ratify).boycott by US Congress ratifies in 1790 (all 13 states ratify).

3.3. Constitution ratified in Constitution ratified in 17891789—Bill of Rights passed in —Bill of Rights passed in 17911791..

NameName------------------------------------------------------------------

Legislature-Legislature---------------------------------------------------

Members of Congress-Members of Congress-------------------

Voting in Congress-Voting in Congress---------------------------

Terms in Congress-Terms in Congress-----------------------------

Term limit for legislative Term limit for legislative officeoffice

Congressional pay-Congressional pay-----------------------------

Chair of legislature-Chair of legislature---------------------------

Executive-Executive-------------------------------------------------------

National Judiciary-National Judiciary-------------------------------

The The United States of AmericaUnited States of America

UnicameralUnicameral

Between two and seven Between two and seven members per state.members per state.

One vote per state.One vote per state.

One yearOne year

No more than three out of every No more than three out of every six yearssix years

Paid by statesPaid by states

President of CongressPresident of Congress

NoneNone

Maritime judiciary establishedMaritime judiciary established

Not mentioned except in Not mentioned except in PreamblePreamble

BicameralBicameral

Two SenatorsTwo Senators per state; Rep. per state; Rep. apportioned by apportioned by populationpopulation..

One voteOne vote per per RepresentativeRepresentative or or SenatorSenator

Two yearsTwo years for Reps., for Reps., sixsix for for SenatorsSenators

NoneNone

Paid by Paid by federalfederal government government

Speaker of the Speaker of the House of RepsHouse of Reps, , Vice PresidentVice President is President of is President of SenateSenate..

PresidentPresident

Federal judiciaryFederal judiciary established, established, including including Supreme CourtSupreme Court

Articles of Confederation v. U.S. Constitution

Articles of Confederation U.S. Constitution

Adjudicator between states-Adjudicator between states-----

New States-New States---------------------------------------------------

AmendmentAmendment------------------------------------------------

Power to coin money-Power to coin money-----------------------

TaxesTaxes------------------------------------------------------------------

Ratification-Ratification-------------------------------------------------

CongressCongress

Admitted upon agreement of Admitted upon agreement of nine states.nine states.

When agreed upon by all statesWhen agreed upon by all states

United States and the StatesUnited States and the States

Apportioned by Congress, Apportioned by Congress, collected by the states.collected by the states.

Unanimous consent required.Unanimous consent required.

Supreme CourtSupreme Court

Admitted upon agreement of Admitted upon agreement of CongressCongress

When agreed upon by When agreed upon by ¾ of all¾ of all statesstates..

United StatesUnited States only. only.

LaidLaid and and collectedcollected by by Congress.Congress.

Consent of Consent of nine statesnine states required.required.

Articles of Confederation v. U.S. Constitution

Articles of Confederation U.S. Constitution

III.III. The The Federalist PeriodFederalist Period – – Washington’sWashington’s Presidency PresidencyA.A. 11stst Capital was in Capital was in New YorkNew York and where ballots of the 1 and where ballots of the 1stst presidential presidential

electors were counted.electors were counted.a.a. George Washington was George Washington was unanimouslyunanimously elected President and John elected President and John

AdamsAdams Vice PresidentVice President..b.b. In 1790 capital was moved to In 1790 capital was moved to PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia and in and in 1800 Washington1800 Washington..

B.B. Madison will push Congress to Madison will push Congress to amendamend the Constitution. the Constitution.a.a. TwelveTwelve amendments are submitted to the states; amendments are submitted to the states; ten were ratifiedten were ratified..

C.C. Congress passed a Congress passed a tariff acttariff act only on only on lightlight duties. duties.D.D. Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789 created Supreme Court w/ a Chief Justice and five created Supreme Court w/ a Chief Justice and five

associates.associates.E.E. Congress creates three executive departments in Congress creates three executive departments in 1789—State1789—State, , WarWar, and , and

TreasuryTreasury and offices of and offices of attorney-general attorney-general and postmaster-general.and postmaster-general.1.1. Thomas Thomas JeffersonJefferson – Secretary of State; Alexander – Secretary of State; Alexander HamiltonHamilton – –

Secretary of the Treasury; Henry Secretary of the Treasury; Henry KnoxKnox – Secretary of War (president’s – Secretary of War (president’s cabinet—not recognized until mid-1800s).cabinet—not recognized until mid-1800s).

F.F. Hamilton’s FinancialHamilton’s Financial Program Program1.1. Program for Managing DebtProgram for Managing Debt

a. Three kinds of debt after Rev: (1) federal debt a. Three kinds of debt after Rev: (1) federal debt owed foreignersowed foreigners, (2) , (2) federal federal domestic debtdomestic debt owed Americans, (3) owed Americans, (3) statestate debts. debts.

b.b. Hamilton said that we would pay for the Hamilton said that we would pay for the debt at pardebt at par (face value) for (face value) for both foreign and domestic.both foreign and domestic.

c.c. Federal gov’t assumed Federal gov’t assumed state debtsstate debts. Hamilton not afraid of debt—he . Hamilton not afraid of debt—he would tax to make it up.would tax to make it up.

G.G. The Bank of the United States and the The Bank of the United States and the National CurrencyNational Currency (1791) (1791)1.1. Provided a sound, uniform Provided a sound, uniform paper currencypaper currency..2.2. Provided fiscal services to gov’t of Provided fiscal services to gov’t of short-term lendingshort-term lending (pay for taxes of (pay for taxes of

course).course).3.3. The creation the The creation the national banknational bank gave Congress gave Congress impliedimplied powers—or powers—or

loose interpretationloose interpretation of the Constitution. of the Constitution.H.H. Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion 1794 1794

1.1. Hamilton broke a promise of Hamilton broke a promise of no new taxesno new taxes and placed a tax on and placed a tax on distilled liquorsdistilled liquors. (didn’t affect . (didn’t affect Westerners—mostWesterners—most traded alcohol for traded alcohol for goods and services).goods and services).

2.2. In In Western PennsylvaniaWestern Pennsylvania there were there were riotsriots and violence, but and violence, but nono organized insurrection. Washington feared domestic organized insurrection. Washington feared domestic insurrectioninsurrection so so

he he mobilizedmobilized a federal a federal militarymilitary and stopped any rebellion. and stopped any rebellion.3.3. At the same time he will send General At the same time he will send General Anthony WayneAnthony Wayne to put down to put down

Native AmericanNative American rebellions ( rebellions (Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of Greenville 1795 signed w/ 1795 signed w/ twelve Indian nations—received large amount of territory which is twelve Indian nations—received large amount of territory which is present day present day OhioOhio, , IndianaIndiana and land which will become cities of Detroit and land which will become cities of Detroit and Chicago.and Chicago.

I.I. Origins of the Origins of the Political PartiesPolitical Parties1.1. Federalists – Headed by Hamilton believed in a Federalists – Headed by Hamilton believed in a commercial nationcommercial nation led led

by the by the well-to-dowell-to-do..

1.1. Federalists – Headed by Hamilton believed in a commercial nation led Federalists – Headed by Hamilton believed in a commercial nation led by the well-to-do.by the well-to-do.a.a. Party represented wealthy Party represented wealthy merchantsmerchants, planters, commercial , planters, commercial

farmersfarmers. In the South . In the South commercialcommercial men and men and tidewatertidewater planters planters supported it. Federal Gov’t should advance business and favored supported it. Federal Gov’t should advance business and favored broad interpretation of constitution.broad interpretation of constitution.

b. Supported b. Supported BritishBritish over over FrenchFrench (even after French Revolution). (even after French Revolution).2.2. The The RepublicansRepublicans – Headed by – Headed by JeffersonJefferson (organized by Madison) (organized by Madison)

wished to see the central government exercising only wished to see the central government exercising only restrictedrestricted powerspowers. . JeffersonJefferson believed: believed: ----Wise and frugalWise and frugal gov’t that will restrain men from gov’t that will restrain men from injuringinjuring each other, but leave them each other, but leave them

free to pursue industry and improvement.free to pursue industry and improvement. --Government as a --Government as a judicial branch (a referee).judicial branch (a referee). -- Believes in -- Believes in decentralizationdecentralization.. --”--”Don’t take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned.”Don’t take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned.”

3.3. Both sides thought Both sides thought political partiespolitical parties were deplorable and it will not be were deplorable and it will not be until 1830s that a coordinated role of parties in the until 1830s that a coordinated role of parties in the federalfederal government government will be recognized.will be recognized.

J.J. Creation of Creation of New StatesNew States and Native American Relations and Native American Relations1.1. VermontVermont is first state (1791) separating from New York. is first state (1791) separating from New York.2.2. KentuckyKentucky 2 2ndnd (1792) separating from Virginia. (1792) separating from Virginia.3.3. TennesseeTennessee 3 3rdrd (1796) separating from North Carolina. (1796) separating from North Carolina.4.4. These new states will create These new states will create Native AmericanNative American problems and attacks. problems and attacks.

J.J. Creation of New States and Native American Relations Creation of New States and Native American Relations4.4. These new states will create Native American problems and attacks.These new states will create Native American problems and attacks.

a.a. Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers will will crushcrush Native Americans and Treaty of Native Americans and Treaty of Greenville signed (1795).Greenville signed (1795).

H.H. Problems in Problems in DiplomacyDiplomacy1.1. Britain and French begin fighting each other in 1793. Britain and French begin fighting each other in 1793. JeffersonJefferson in in

favor favor of of French—HamiltonFrench—Hamilton in favor of in favor of BritishBritish..2.2. French send Citizen Edmund French send Citizen Edmund GenetGenet (Minister from France) to see if (Minister from France) to see if

U.S. would adhere to U.S. would adhere to Treaty of Alliance of 1778Treaty of Alliance of 1778. When Genet arrives . When Genet arrives he does not come to the capital and begins to drum up he does not come to the capital and begins to drum up support—bigsupport—big mistake!mistake!

3.3. Jefferson will be so angered that he, along with the rest of the cabinet, Jefferson will be so angered that he, along with the rest of the cabinet, voted for his voted for his recallrecall in August. Washington will claim in August. Washington will claim US neutralityUS neutrality!!!!!!

I.I. The The JayJay and and PinckneyPinckney Treaties Treaties1.1. Jay Treaty – states: (1) The British would Jay Treaty – states: (1) The British would pay for damagespay for damages to to

Americans ships Americans ships seizedseized; (2) The British agreed to ; (2) The British agreed to withdrawwithdraw from the from the Northwest postsNorthwest posts. .

2.2. PinckneyPinckney Treaty – Thomas Pinckney will take advantage of Treaty – Thomas Pinckney will take advantage of Spain’sSpain’s fear that the U.S. was making treaty w/ Britain by having Spain: (1) fear that the U.S. was making treaty w/ Britain by having Spain: (1) agree to accept the agree to accept the 31st parallel as the southern31st parallel as the southern boundary of the U.S., boundary of the U.S., thus conceding the Yazoo strip; (2) They conceded the right of thus conceding the Yazoo strip; (2) They conceded the right of navigation of the navigation of the MississippiMississippi along with the along with the right of depositright of deposit at New at New Orleans for three years; (4) They promised to stop the Native Orleans for three years; (4) They promised to stop the Native Americans in Americans in FloridaFlorida from raiding into white territory. from raiding into white territory.

J.J. Washington’s Farewell Address:Washington’s Farewell Address:

1.1. “I have already intimated to you the danger of Parties in the State, with “I have already intimated to you the danger of Parties in the State, with particular reference to the founding of them on Geographical discriminations. particular reference to the founding of them on Geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, & warn you in the most Let me now take a more comprehensive view, & warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the Spirit of Party, generally . solemn manner against the baneful effects of the Spirit of Party, generally . (warning against political parties). (warning against political parties).

2.2. If in the opinion of the People, the distribution or modification of the If in the opinion of the People, the distribution or modification of the Constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an Constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no amendment in the way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change by usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument change by usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield. any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield. (warning (warning against Courts usurping power).against Courts usurping power).

3.3. So likewise, a passionate attachment of one Nation for another produces a So likewise, a passionate attachment of one Nation for another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favourite nation, facilitating the illusion of variety of evils. Sympathy for the favourite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real common interest an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real common interest

exists, exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels & Wars of the latter, without adequate participation in the quarrels & Wars of the latter, without adequate inducement or justification. inducement or justification. (warning against treaties with other nations).(warning against treaties with other nations).

IV.IV. The Federalist Period – The Federalist Period – Adam’s PresidencyAdam’s PresidencyA.A. Huge!!! Huge!!! WashingtonWashington refuses a refuses a thirdthird termterm—sets principle —sets principle until 1940suntil 1940s..B.B. Election of Election of 17961796

1.1. Adams and Thomas Pinckney will run for the Adams and Thomas Pinckney will run for the FederalistFederalist party party and and Jefferson and Jefferson and Aaron BurrAaron Burr will run for the Democratic-Republicans. will run for the Democratic-Republicans.

2.2. Adams barely won in the Adams barely won in the electoralelectoral college with college with 71 votes71 votes to 68. to 68. According to the constitution According to the constitution JeffersonJefferson then became the then became the Vice-Vice-PresidentPresident (see a problem?—this will be changed w/ (see a problem?—this will be changed w/ 12th 12th

AmendmentAmendment).).C.C. XYZ Affair (1797)XYZ Affair (1797)

1.1. After Jay’s Treaty, the French will resent the After Jay’s Treaty, the French will resent the favorablefavorable treatment given treatment given to to BritainBritain. .

2.2. With Adams (Federalist) victory in 1796, the French will order their With Adams (Federalist) victory in 1796, the French will order their naval commanders to naval commanders to enforce restrictionsenforce restrictions like those of Britain. like those of Britain.

3.3. Adams will send Adams will send PinckneyPinckney, Elbridge Gerry and , Elbridge Gerry and John MarshallJohn Marshall to Paris to Paris in 1797 to negotiate for damage payments.in 1797 to negotiate for damage payments.

4.4. The The DirectoryDirectory had come to power in France, and sent Minister had come to power in France, and sent Minister TalleyrandTalleyrand to negotiate. Talleyrand will to negotiate. Talleyrand will demand bribesdemand bribes from the from the Americans (they refuse). Americans (they refuse). a.a. The reports of American reception hit the papers in the U.S. and the The reports of American reception hit the papers in the U.S. and the

French agentsFrench agents (asking for (asking for bribesbribes) were referred to as ) were referred to as X, Y, and ZX, Y, and Z..5.5. The U.S. will have an The U.S. will have an undeclared warundeclared war (Quazi War) with France lasting (Quazi War) with France lasting

twotwo years (lost 80 vessels). years (lost 80 vessels). Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte comes to power comes to power and sees the need for peace. Treaty w/ France is made in 1800—and sees the need for peace. Treaty w/ France is made in 1800—paying damage claims and stated, “paying damage claims and stated, “neutral ships make neutral goodsneutral ships make neutral goods””

IV.IV. The Federalist Period – Adam’s PresidencyThe Federalist Period – Adam’s PresidencyD.D. The The Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts (1798) (1798)

1.1. Federalists passed laws meant to hit recent Federalists passed laws meant to hit recent FrenchFrench, , IrishIrish, and other , and other liberal immigrantsliberal immigrants who were Republicans. The Alien Acts did two who were Republicans. The Alien Acts did two things:things:a.a. Increased Increased naturalizationnaturalization from from fivefive to to fourteen yearsfourteen years..b.b. The president was The president was empoweredempowered to order to order dangerous aliensdangerous aliens out of the out of the

country.country.2.2. The The Sedition ActsSedition Acts did: did:

a.a. Forbid conspiracies against the laws and Forbid conspiracies against the laws and criticism of the lawscriticism of the laws——including actions and including actions and statementsstatements of president, cabinet, and of president, cabinet, and Congress.Congress.

b.b. These Acts These Acts ironicallyironically caused an increase in caused an increase in RepublicanRepublican newspapersnewspapers..

E.E. The The KentuckyKentucky and and Virginia ResolutionsVirginia Resolutions (1798)—Response to Acts (1798) (1798)—Response to Acts (1798)1.1. MadisonMadison writing for the writing for the VirginiaVirginia assembly, declared the acts assembly, declared the acts

unconstitutionalunconstitutional and claimed the the states could “interpose” and claimed the the states could “interpose” themselves between the federal gov’t and the citizen.themselves between the federal gov’t and the citizen.

2.2. JeffersonJefferson said the acts were “ said the acts were “void and of no forcevoid and of no force”. Jefferson claimed ”. Jefferson claimed that the states had the right to define the Constitution and that the states had the right to define the Constitution and nullify actsnullify acts deemed to violate it.deemed to violate it.

3.3. The resolutions will lead to the The resolutions will lead to the doctrine of nullificationdoctrine of nullification and were later and were later used by used by pro-slavery pro-slavery Southerners to justify their actions. (Chpt 10).Southerners to justify their actions. (Chpt 10).

V.V. The Election of 1800—Second American RevolutionThe Election of 1800—Second American RevolutionA.A. Federalist chose John Federalist chose John AdamsAdams and C.C. Pinckney (SC) to run against and C.C. Pinckney (SC) to run against

Republican Thomas Republican Thomas JeffersonJefferson and Aaron Burr. and Aaron Burr.1.1. Main issue was Main issue was Alien and SeditionAlien and Sedition Acts. Acts.2.2. Renewed English Renewed English interferenceinterference w/ American commerce was turning the w/ American commerce was turning the public public

against the against the pro-Britishpro-British Federalists. Federalists.3.3. Growth in Growth in federal debtfederal debt and increase in military and increase in military expendituresexpenditures were other were other

issues.issues.4.4. There was plenty of There was plenty of mud-slingingmud-slinging: Jefferson was : Jefferson was atheisticatheistic, , immoralimmoral, and , and

dangerous dangerous radicalradical according to the Federalists. according to the Federalists.B.B. The The election deadlockedelection deadlocked w/ Jefferson and Burr tied in the electoral w/ Jefferson and Burr tied in the electoral

college.college.a.a. The The House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives would decide the presidency. would decide the presidency.

1.1. Federalists could Federalists could block selectionblock selection, but couldn’t elect one themselves., but couldn’t elect one themselves.2.2. HamiltonHamilton couldn’t stand couldn’t stand BurrBurr because of their because of their old rivalryold rivalry in New York in New York

politics (long memories). He will consider Jefferson the lesser of two evils.politics (long memories). He will consider Jefferson the lesser of two evils.3.3. Thus, he urged the Federalists to elect Thus, he urged the Federalists to elect JeffersonJefferson, which they did on the , which they did on the

thirty-sixth ballotthirty-sixth ballot..C.C. Twelfth AmendmentTwelfth Amendment (1804) (1804)

1.1. The elections of 1796 and 1800 disclosed a The elections of 1796 and 1800 disclosed a serious flawserious flaw in the in the procedure in choosing a president and VP.procedure in choosing a president and VP.

2.2. 1212thth Amendment provided that candidates must stand for either Amendment provided that candidates must stand for either one officeone office or or the otherthe other but not for but not for bothboth. Prevented a . Prevented a presidentpresident and vice president from and vice president from opposing parties serving together (opposing parties serving together (unless by choiceunless by choice).).

Jefferson, Madison and Monroe Jefferson, Madison and Monroe

The Virginia DynastyThe Virginia Dynasty

I. Jefferson, The ManA. Belonged to the landed aristocracy. B. Owned slaves—can’t be proven he fathered any children by Sally

Hemmings (probably brother). C. Created Monticello and introduced plants for improvement of Am.

Agriculture.D. He was a Deist in religion.

II. Jefferson, the PoliticianA. Influenced by English and French liberal philosophs (Locke and

Rousseau).B. Father of Dec. of Independence.C. Anti-Federalist.D. Letter to Virginia Legislature will create doctrine of separation of church

and state (not in the constitution!!!).E. Great faith in public education and free press and worked for a more

humane penal code and advocated emancipation of slaves.

F. Strict constitutionalist.G. Ideal gov’t was one run by well-informed, self-respecting farmer

paradise.H. Began practice of sending written messages to Congress (State of the

Union message—broken by Woodrow Wilson).I. Reduced the funding of the military (comes back to bite us in the War of

1812). J. War with Tripoli (Barbary Pirates)

1. European nations had paid tribute to the pirates of the Barbary states on the north coast of Africa. Federalist continued this policy.

2. In 1801 Tripoli, dissatisfied w. the amount of her tribute, declared war on the U.S. For 4 years American ships fought these pirates.

3. 1805 peace is restored, but the American navy continued fighting to defend nation’s shipping against the pirate states until 1815 when Commodore Decature created a lasting peace.

III. The Courts under JeffersonA. Judiciary Act of 1801 expanded federal judiciary and Adams tried to

leave Jefferson a Federalist stacked Judiciary (midnight appointments—made after December 10, 1800).

B. Marbury v. Madison (describe the case)Government Notes

IV. Land Legislation under JeffersonA. Harrison Land Law of 1800

1. Allowed a minimum purchase of 320 acres of Northwest Territory w/ down payment of only a fourth of the price.

2. Act of 1804 reduced the minimum purchase to 160 (helping Western settlers.

3. Act of 1820 reduced minimum size again to 80 acres and the minimum price to $1.25 an acre, but credit system abolished because of fraud in the West.

4. Liberal Land Act of 1800 gives Ohio enough population for state to be admitted in 1803.

B. Yazoo Claimants1. Land is sold in Georgia by a bribed legislature to four companies.2. Subsequent legislature (1795) annulled the corrupt sale.3. Land companies sue Georgia in Federal courts. 4. Georgia surrendered the land to the US gov’t w/ understanding that

the Yazoo land claimants would be compensated.5. Jefferson approved, but the “Quids” (states’ rights people in the

Republican party) led by John Randolph would not vote for deal.6. The payment was not voted until 1814 which Randolph left Congress.

C. Yazoo problem significant because: 1. 11th Amendment states that citizens of another state or foreign nation

can’t sue a state in Federal Court.2. Dispute delayed the settlement of western Georgia which became the

states of Alabama and Mississippi.3. Gave rise to the “Quids” (states’ rights people).4. Calls attention to the ever present background influence of land

speculation in America (knowing what is happening).D. Louisiana Purchase, 1803

1. Settlement of Kentucky, Tennessee and upper Ohio valley pioneer farmers in eastern half of the Mississippi basin made the control of lower Mississippi at New Orleans extremely important.

2. French transferred Louisiana to Spain in the Treaty of Paris of 1763, but retained an interest.

3. Napoleon Bonaparte will force Spain to give Louisiana back I the Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800).

4. When General Leclerc dies along with a great French force of yellow fever Bonaparte will make the decision to sell Louisiana to US because he needed money for his European campaigns.

5. Jefferson feared French reacquisition of Louisiana territory and send James Monroe to Paris to assist the resident minister, Robert Livingston, in acquiring New Orleans and Florida.

D. Louisiana Purchase, 1803 6. Monroe found Livingston settling details for the purchase of all

of Louisiana (including New Orleans but not Florida) for $15 million.

7. Opportunity to good for Jefferson, and he breaks his own belief about not expanding presidential powers to acquire land.

8. Treaty is made and approved by Senate.9. Jefferson immediately secured appropriation from Congress

for the exploration of the region beyond the Mississippi.10.Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led their famous

expedition up the Missouri River, across the continental divide in the Rockies, and down the Columbia River to the Pacific. Looking for quicker route to the Pacific Ocean.a.Sacagawea will be hired to help guide the expedition. Clark

has his slave ???11. Zebulon M. Pike leads expedition to explore region of the

upper Mississippi in 1805 and in 1806 makes famous exploration across the Great Plains to the southern Rockies and into New Mexico.

V. Aaron Burr and his ScandalsA. Federalist Secession Plot

1. Burr had been thrown aside by Jefferson as VP in 1804 and the Federalist turned to him to be elected Governor of New York, but Hamilton exposed the plot and secured Burr’s defeat. New England secession was not revived until War of 1812.

B. Hamilton-Burr Duel1. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel to avenge his honor. Hamilton

didn’t aim to kill, Burr did—Hamilton died.C. Burr Expedition (1806)

1. Moves West to seek a new career. Tried to get Western states to separate from the Union and establish new gov’t w/ him as leader.

2. Approached England and Spain for aid. Convinced General James Wilkinson to join plot, but when Wilkinson saw plan was going to fail he gave the plot away.

3. Burr was arrested and taken to Richmond for trial.a. Chief Justice John Marshall, who favored Burr over Jefferson and

found a way to get him off (stated Burr wasn’t present at the time Burr’s armed expedition began its journey down the Ohio).

VI. British Maritime Policies prior to War of 1812A. Britain tried to stop American ships from supplying Napoleon from

French West Indies.

VI. British Maritime Policies—precursor to War of 1812B. In the Essex decision (1805) Britain returned to their policy of 1756 to

stop even the indirect shipment of French West Indian produce by way of U.S. Britain started seizing ships

C.Britain, short of sailors, started seizing ships and actively practiced impressment of seamen including deserters, naturalized Americans

and some native-born.1. When the Leopard attacked the Chesapeake and 21 casualties took

place, Jefferson could have declared war, but didn’t.D.Britain issued the Orders-in-Council which forbade neutral trade w/

France and her allies.

VII. Jefferson’s PoliciesA. In 1806 Congress passed the Non-intercourse Act which forbid the

importation of certain British goods. After Chesapeake incident Jefferson will push and Congress approved the Embargo Act which said that Americans couldn’t export their goods to foreign countries.

B. After the British made good for the losses, and a failed effort to convince Americans to adhere to the embargo Jefferson as his last act lifted the embargo.

C.The Nonintercourse Act (1809) forbid trade with Britain or France, but allowed it with all other countries.

C.The Nonintercourse Act (1809) forbid trade with Britain or France, but allowed it with all other countries.1. British minister David Erskine negotiated an agreement w/

Americans to lift British regulations in return for the end of the American embargo, but London repudiated the agreement, and the Americans accused her of negotiating in bad faith.

2. Madison’s Macon’s Bill (1810)a. Replaces Nonintercourse Act. Reopened trade w/ both England

and France. Napoleon lifts his regulations quickly, and the British will lift their Orders-in-Council to prevent a war with the United States—too late, Congress declared war against Britain before the news of the British concessions could arrive across the Atlantic.

VIII. The War of 1812A. Causes of the War

1. British enforcement of her rules of international law since 1805 (seizure of Am. ships and other interference w. Am. trade, impressment of American seamen).

2. Insolent attitude of British diplomats and British contempt for Am. people.

3. Native Am. attacks in West inspired by British (William Harrison fought an initial battle at Tippecanoe).

VIII.The War of 1812A. Causes of the War

4. Americans hoped to annex Canada and Spanish Florida.i. War Hawks proclaimed that Canada could be taken by merely

marching into it—not really.B. American Lack of Preparedness

1. In spite of popularity of war, U.S. was not ready. Am. hated national military service and preferred to enlist in poorly disciplined militia.

2. Financially, the nation was unprepared. Tariffs didn’t raise enough revenue (embargos) and Jefferson didn’t like internal revenue taxes.

3. New England’s opposition left the country divided.C.American Campaigns Against Canada

1. Military action began in 1812 w/ three separate invasions of Canada; none succeeded. General Hull was overcautious and panicked and surrendered at Detroit.

2. Niagara River invasion failed because the militia refused to follow the regular army across the border.

3. Invasion by General Dearborn’s at Lake Champlain failed because the militiamen refused to set foot on Canadian soil.

4. In 1813, William Henry Harrison was victorious at Lake Erie (Fort Malden) and at the Battle of the Thames (against Tecumseh—N.A. power was broken).

VIII.The War of 1812D.The War in 1814

1. British entered American soil at five points. Americans stopped British at Niagara and Lake Champlain, but a raid led by British General Ross directed against Washington D.C. in August. They take Washington—Dolly Madison saves copy of Declaration of Ind. and portrait of Washington. Weather will stop the British—luckily.

E. Jackson and New Orleans1. General Andrew Jackson led Tennessee troops in a victory against

the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in Alabama. Jackson was appointed commander of all American forces in the Southwest and ordered to New Orleans.

2. He will defeat 10,000 veterans of the Napoleonic campaigns by using his sharpshooters (battle takes place two weeks after peace treaty had been signed).

F. New England and the War1. Jefferson had offended the commercial interest of Federalist New

England. Trade stoppages hurt their industries. New Englanders supplies the British and their states withheld their militia from the campaigns in Canada.

VIII.The War of 18122. Hartford Convention (1814) is a protest convention meant to state

their grievances. They called for: 2/3 vote for declarations of war, embargoes, and the admission of new states, no counting of slaves for representation, and no successive presidents from the same state.

G.The Treaty of Ghent1. Negotiations began soon after the war began, but deadlocked on

issue of impressment.By 1814 both sides were asking for extravagant and unacceptable demands.

2. Americans began to be more conciliatory when news of defeats came in (especially after fall of Washington).

3. When Napoleon surrendered in May 1814 Britain felt that they should end the war.

4. Treaty of Ghent is finally signed in December 1814 w/ no territorial changes or other concessions.

H.Consequences of the War1. War won British respect for the fighting ability of Americans.2. American dislike of Britain was renewed, but maritime issues

ceased.3. Defeat of N.A. tribes opened the whole area east of Mississippi.4. Return of peace in Europe left America free from distraction of war.

H.Consequences of the War5. War increased the American spirit of nationalism and overcame

disruptive forces of sectionalism.6. Trade interruptions before and during the war forces a significant

growth of American manufacturing.

Yazoo Claimants and the Yazoo Claimants and the

Eleventh AmendmentEleventh Amendment

Instructions:Make sure you discuss the following areas:• The sale of Western lands by bribed Georgia legislature in 1790 to four land

companies in the East.• The subsequent legislature (1795) annulling of the sale.• The suing of the State of Georgia in Federal courts by the land speculators.• Jefferson’s point of view on the matter. Talk about the “Quids” and their point of

view (John Randolph).• The Yazoo problem was significant because: produced 11th Amendment (explain),

the dispute delayed the settlement of those parts of western Georgia which became the states of Alabama and Mississippi; It was one of the main issues giving rise to the Quids; In the case of Fletcher v. Peck the Supreme Court upheld the sanctity of business contracts by denying Georgia the right to unilaterally annul the contract of sale; it calls attention to the ever present background influence of land speculation in America

The War with Tripoli and the The War with Tripoli and the Barbary PiratesBarbary Pirates

Instructions:Make sure you discuss the following areas:• European nations paying tribute to the pirates in the Barbary states. Where this took

place.• Federalist reaction to the paying of tributes.• Reason for the confrontation in 1801.• Length of battle.• Peace treaty in 1805.• Ending of conflict in 1815 (discuss Commodore Decatur)

The Judiciary Act of 1801 and The Judiciary Act of 1801 and Marbury Marbury v. Madisonv. Madison (1803) (1803)

Instructions:Make sure you discuss the following areas:• Which presidents administration did the Judiciary Act of 1801 take place during?• What did that president try and accomplish with the Act (midnight appointments—

appointments made after Dec. 10, 1800)?• Discuss the background and John Marshall’s opinion in the Supreme Court case.• Consequence of the Judiciary Act of 1802 and Jefferson’s statement: “I did not

remove the judges from the bench, but the bench from the judges.”

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

Instructions:Make sure you discuss the following areas:• Discuss the Revival and Abandonment of French ambitions in Louisiana (dealing w/

Spain). • Treaty of SanIldefonso (1800) and Napoleon.• Leclerc b. L’Ouventure and Napoleon’s response to failing to take the island of

Santo Domingo.• Jefferson and Monroe and how the deal was made and cost.• Early exploration of Louisiana and reasons.• Why the Louisiana Purchase was controversial for Jefferson and the Federalists

(presidential powers).• The reason’s for President Jefferson’s sponsorship of the Lewis and Clark

expedition, and the importance of that expedition.

The Role of Aaron Burr The Role of Aaron Burr (Federalist Secession Plot, Hamilton Burr Duel (Federalist Secession Plot, Hamilton Burr Duel

(1804), The Burr Expedition (1806)(1804), The Burr Expedition (1806)

Instructions:Make sure you discuss the following areas:• Brief historical background of Burr.• Burr vs. Hamilton background.• The Federalist Secession Plot 1804 (New York and New England possible union w/

Canada).• Hamilton-Burr Duel (1804)• The Burr Expedition (1806) his plan to establish a new government in the West and

General James Wilkinson’s betrayal to Burr.

Nonintercourse Act Nonintercourse Act (Embargo Act)(Embargo Act)

Instructions:Make sure you discuss the following areas:• Reasons for the Nonintercourse Act.• The Chesapeake affair and its failure to help the situation.• Effects of the Nonintercourse Act.• Reasons for repeal of the Embargo Act.• Madison’s response to the Nonintercourse Act 1809.• Address Macon’s Bill No.2 (1810) and its consequences.

The War of 1812The War of 1812

Instructions:Make sure you discuss the following areas:• Causes of the War (4): British enforcement of her rules of international law since

1805; (2) The insolent attitude of British diplomats and British contempt for the American people; (3) Native American attacks sponsored by Britain in the West; (4) Hope of Americans to annex Canada and Spanish Florida (War Hawks).

• American lack of preparedness for war.• American campaigns against Canada.• The War in 1814.• Jackson and New Orleans.• War in New England and the Hartford Convention.• The Treaty of Ghent• Consequences of War: (Respect of British; Dislike of British increased; Defeat of

Native American tribes opened area east of the Mississippi to settlement; return of peace in Europe; increased American spirit of nationalism and overcame sectionalism; Trade interruptions before and during the war forced a significant growth of American manufacturing.