The Potential for Biogas and Biomass Combustion

in Thailand

BiWaREBiomass and Waste for Renewable Energy

Warinthorn Songkasiri, Ph.D.9.12.04

Country Profile: ThailandRegions

NorthernNortheasternCentral PlainSouthern

76 Provinces

Population: 62 millionAgriculture to Agroindustries24% of export earning[rice, shrimp, frozen seafood]

Energy Situation in Thailand

Current With the Use of Renewable Energy

OilLignite

Natural GasLigniteImported Electricity

OilRenewable EImported Coals

Natural GasImported Coals

Renewable EImported Electricity

Biomass in ThailandAgricultural Residues Farm Wastes

Industrial Wastewaters Municipal Solid Wastes

Biomass – Agricultural Residues

Source: Biomass OneSource: Biomass One--Stop Clearing House. Stop Clearing House. ““Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Conversion of Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Conversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass Fuelsbiomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass Fuels”” 1313--0303--20032003

Sugar cane supplied to a sugar mill in Kalasin

Bagasse. The biomass residue left after extraction of the cane juice

Biomass – Agricultural Residues

Source: Biomass OneSource: Biomass One--Stop Clearing House. Stop Clearing House. ““Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Conversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass Conversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass FuelsFuels”” 1313--0303--20032003

Wood waste at a furniture factory Wood waste at a furniture factory near near ChonburiChonburi

Feeding of saw dust and wood Feeding of saw dust and wood waste into a steam boilerwaste into a steam boiler

Example of Agricultural residues in ThailandRICE

Production in 2003: 26,057 ktons*

0.6840.493

Surplus Avail

Factor**

7,8302,904

Amount of Surplus (ktons)

17.8610.24

Calorific Value

(MJ/kg)**

18,25411,4470.447Straw80,1755,8900.230Husk

Potential Energy (TJ)

ResidueGenerated

(ktons)RPR**Residue

* National Statistics Office

Agricultural residues in Thailand

90215.400.8430.049Empty Bunches1,53817.930.3780.160Shell

16.00

16.2318.4218.0417.3914.4010.2414.27

Calorific Value

(MJ/kg)

4.1300.8090.225Frond

4,9570.5950.362Husk

1,418Coconut

11,1280.4070.088Stalk16,868Cassava13,9580.6700.273Corn Cob4,230Maize336,4470.9860.302Top & Trashier56,3580.2070.291Bagasse

64,973Sugar Cane

81,5810.6840.447Straw42,1620.4930.230Husk

26,057Rice

PotentialEnergy

(TJ)

Surplus Availability

FactorRPRResidue

Production 2003

(ktons)Crop

Agricultural residues in Thailand

125,5049.8312.604Frond16418.460.0370.049Shell

16.33

17.62

17.86

19.23

14.49

19.44

12.66

Calorific Value

(MJ/kg)

18,65510.233Male Bunches

1,7020.1340.147Fibre

21,8880.5840.428EmptyBunches

4,903Oil Palm

2,0590.6481.252Leaves & stem132Sorghum

1,68613.232Stalk36Cotton

10,2290.762.663Stalk,

Leaves & Stems

260Soybean

45810.323Shell112Groundnut

Potential Energy

(TJ)

Surplus Availability

FactorRPRResidue

Production 2003

(ktons)Crop Potential Energy (TJ) from Agricultural Residues

392805, 53%

123743, 17%

11128, 2%2059, 0%

10229, 1%1686, 0%

13958, 2%

11527, 2%

458, 0%

167913, 23%

Sugar Cane Rice Oil Palm Coconut CassavaMaize Ground Nut Cotton Soybean Sorghum

Potential Energy (TJ) from Agricultural Residues in each Region

Agricultural Residues in the North

11520

77524

253 77161516

12986

866

7001

22290

Groundnut Cassava Maize Oil Palm Rice Husk Rice StrawSorghum SoybeanSugar Cane Bagasse Sugar Cane Top&Trashier

Agricultural Residues in the Northeast

29877

1894

26905

5800 3182168

160619

15441

Groundnut Cassava Maize Oil Palm Rice Husk Rice StrawSorghum SoybeanSugar Cane Bagasse Sugar Cane Top&Trashier

Agricultural Residues in the Central Plain

13865 26827

1329

1189

24520

4472 305969

146379

Groundnut Cassava Maize Oil Palm Rice Husk Rice StrawSorghum SoybeanSugar Cane Bagasse Sugar Cane Top&Trashier

Agricultural Residues in the South

157690

25861336

Oil Palm Rice Husk Rice Straw

Biomass in ThailandAgricultural Residues Farm Wastes

Industrial Wastewaters Municipal Solid Wastes

Example of Farm Wastes in Thailand

CowsNumber: 5,208,541 heads*

0.8

0.5

Collectible Factor

0.174

0.174

Solid Ratio

0.134

0.134

Volatile Solid Ratio

18,25415307,927Dairy Cow

80,17554,900,614Cattle

Dry manure (ktons/yr)

Manure (kg/head/d)

# (heads)Type

55.4

183.5

Biogas Potential (106 m3/yr)

1,163

3,855

Potential Energy (TJ/yr)

0.307307,927Dairy Cow

0.3074,900,614Cattle

Biogas (m3/kg vol solid)# (heads)Type

Farm Wastes in Thailand

12924.900.2170.81.2325,140Swine-Native

1,7136.140.2420.80.03172,247,561Chicken

1396.600.310.40.0327,884,041Duck

8024.900.2170.82791,024Swine – M

35124.900.2170.80.52,123,663Swine – Piglet

1,74524.900.2170.81.24,400,326Swine - Khun

52324.900.2170.82791,024Swine – F

1,16355.360.3070.815307,927Dairy Cow

2,03696.950.2860.581,72,223Buffalo

0.241

0.307

Biogas (m3/kg vol

solid)

0.83

183.55

Biogas (106 m3/yr)

17

3,855

Potential Energy (TJ/yr)

0.5402,178Elephant

0.554,900,614Cattle

Collectible Ratio

Manure (kg/head/d)Number

(heads)Type

Biomass in ThailandAgricultural Residues Farm Wastes

Industrial Wastewaters Municipal Solid Wastes

Example of Industrial Wastewaters

4.12

WW/product (m3/ton)

4,799,800

WW (m3/yr)

2,368

COD (mg/L)

1,165,000,000LiterBeer

Production (unit/yr)UnitType

* Department of Livestocks

4,546,675

Biogas Potential (106 m3/yr)

109

Potential Energy (TJ/yr)

9,092,74111,365,926Beer

Removed COD (kg/yr)

COD Loading (kg/yr)Type

Industrial Wastewaters in Thailand

1,62567,724,80013,256,000Ton FFBPalm Oil

3,990166,269,38624.722,225,125TonCassava Starch29412,247,3719.31,381,000Ton

Soda and Beverages

1,13547,295,15731.14558,297TonCanned Seafood38516,036,50731.14495,174TonFrozen Seafood30812,849,7454.98391,282TonCanned Pineapple241,014,9254.05491,370TonRaw Milk

1094,546,3714.121,165,000,000LiterBeer

622,593,6753.475,380,000LiterAlcoholic beverage

2,14589,371,51211.826,447,000TonSugar36915,380,05574.54225,846TonSlaughter House(TJ)(m3/yr)(m3/ton)(units/yr)

EnergyBiogasWastewater/product

ProductionUnitIndustrial Type

Biomass in ThailandAgricultural Residues Farm Wastes

Industrial Wastewaters Municipal Solid Wastes

Municipal Solid Wastes

124,146785176538679Whole Kingdom

1540416.8891254155.34521South

3164616.09196679354.69869Northeast

2473618.76131852961.35893North

3316216.99195184958.99079Central

1919911.28170205350.059317Bangkok

Energy (TJ/yr)

Calorific value (MJ/kg)**

Organic (tons/yr)

Organic Ratio (%)**

Amount (ton/d)*Region

Potential Energy (TJ) in MSW by Region 19199, 15%

33162, 28%

24736, 20%

31646, 25%

15404, 12%

Bangkok Central Plain North Northeast South

Comparison of Estimated Energy (TJ) from Different Types of Biomass in Thailand

Agricultural Residues,

735506, 49%Municipal Wastes,

757,704, 49%

Industrial Wastewaters,

10,448, 1%

Farm Wastes, 11,750, 1%

Biogas Potential in Thailand

Cow Buffalo Pig Chicken Duck Elephant Sheep Human Horse

Biogas Produced (million m3/year)

Total Potential Biogas Produced (million m3/year)

Estimated Biogas Produced, no data (million m3/year)

Barriers

Lack of successful references Lack of technical know-howHigh project development costs, lengthy permitting processUncertainties related to long term biomass supplyWrong perception of environmental impact on communitiesLack of favorable government policiesFinancial issues

Energy Policy and Strategy in Thailand

Development of Renewable Energy

Promotion of Energy Efficiency

Stakeholders in RE DevelopmentGovernment Agencies & Public Utilities

The Energy Policy and Planning OfficeThe National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP)Electricity Authority of Thailand (EGAT)Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA)

Interest Groups (NGOs)Sustainable Energy Network (SEN)Appropriate Technology Association (ATA)

Private StakeholdersThe Federation of Thai Industries (FTI)The Energy Conservation Center of Thailand (ECCT)COGENThe Cogeneration Public Company Limited (COCO)The Electricity Generating Public Company Limited (EGCO)

Energy and Renewable Energy Development Policies

The Energy Conservation and Promotion Act (ENCON)Energy Conservation Promotion Fund (ENCON Fund) –established under the ENCON Act. Article 24

Money transferred from the Petroleum FundLevies imposed on petroleum product producers and importers at arate determined by the National Energy Policy Council (NEPC)Additional sources, e.g., surcharges on power consumption, government subsidies, etc.

Energy Conservation ProgramPrivatization of the Energy SectorPrice PolicyTax ReductionSupports for Renewable Energy

The Small Power Producers’ Scheme

The Small Power Producer (SPP) regulations launched in 1992 and cover small-scale non-conventional power plants, including biomassAssistance from the EC-ASEAN COGEN programme to transfer EU technologies EPPO and EGAT are also proposing an additional subsidy of up to 0.6 Bt per kWh as an incentive for the new biomass-fired projects to offset the relatively high specific investment cost of such plants

Current Technologies for Substrate Usage in Thailand

RRMSW

R/D/COther food waste

RRR/PCorn cobs

R/DAnimal slurries

RRRR/D/ CRCoconut waste

RCRCPalm oil waste

R/D/CCassava Food waste

RRRCassava Stalks

RRRRRRSugar cane residues

CRRCRSugar Cane bagasse

RRRRubber leafy biomass

RCR/PRCRRubber wood waste

R/D/ CR/DR/D/CR/P/ CRRice Husk

Lignocellulosis

Anaer. Digest.Cogen.PyrolisisGasi

fic.Carbonis.Direct combu

st

BiochemicalThermalDensific.

Conversion Technology

Fuel

Legend : R: Research & Development D: Demonstration C: Commercialisation P: Pilot Plant

Additional Information

Decision Tree StructureSTART

Technological Considerations

Social-Cultural Considerations

Environmental Considerations

Economical Considerations

END

Thailand Energy Profile 2002

EnergyProduction (ktoe) 45,227Import 47,423Export 8,194Final Energy Consumption 52,979Growth of Final Energy Consumption 6.9%Consumption/Capita (toe/capita) 0.8

Electric PowerInstalled Capacity (MW) 24,157Production (ktoe) 9,289Import (ktoe) 239Export (ktoe) 23Consumption (ktoe) 8,536Consumption/Capita (toe/capita) 0.1

Current Status of Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT)

Electricity production as of 31 December 2003

Capacity 24,983 MW (100%)• EGAT 14,431 MW (58%)• IPP 8,000 MW (32%)• Import or Exchange 640 MW (2%)• SPP 1,912 MW (8%)High-voltage station 196 stationDistributed to 76 provinces

Electricity Consumption for Thailand 2003

23,315, 22%

25,350, 24%48,252, 45%

7,043, 7% 1,949, 2%

228, 0%

Residential Business Industry Agriculture Others Others EGAT direct Customer

Energy Demand Project by Types

64,14238,93823,50917,301

15,748

Total15,4668,8805,1614,1284,174Traditional Fuel11,1736,9424,2163,0792,801Electricity14,1918,1924,6003,7003,637Fuel Oil1,7681,008562446423Motor Fuel3,5412,0421,141872780Gas1,189684377298279LPG16,81411,1907,4524,7783,654Coal

20252015200520001995Fuel

Biogas Plants

UASBSermsuk2

AFF,MesophillicGreenspot, Surat Thani1Soda and beverages

2001Plug flow + UASBPitsanulok Province 1Slaughter House

1999UASB,Mesophillic treating PET WWTunTex1Petro chemical

2002Cover LagoonFarm CP 1

1996Plug flow + UASBLarge and Medium scale20Swine Farm

2000CSTR,MesophillicAsian Plam oil1Oil Palm

UASB,MesophillicTropical Canning Group, Thai

Union frozen food5Frozen Seafood/

Canned food

1998UASBBeer Thai

1984UASB,MesophillicSurathip Group12Alcoholic Beverages

1994UASB,MesophillicBoonrod Brewery1Brewery

2000AFF,MesophillicBangkok InterFood1

2000UASB,MesophillicChau Heng1Rice Starch

2004HssUASB1

2004UASB,MesophillicGeneral starch1

1999Anerobic buffle Reactor, MesophilicThai wa1

2004UASB,MesophillicThai Prasit Starch1

1996UASB,MesophillicNational Starch and Chemical2

2003Anerobic buffle Reactor, MesophilicSa-nguan Wong Co., Ltd.1Tapioca starch

sinceProcessName of CompanyNoIndustry

List of Thermal Plants

Surathani, ThailandPalm OilThe Southern Palm (1978) Co., Ltd.

Surat Thani, ThailandWoodTRT Parawood Co. Ltd.*

Nakorn Ratchasima, ThailandRiceChia Meng Co. Ltd.*

Panom Sarakham, Chachoengsao, ThailandPaperHigh Tech Paper Co. Ltd.*

Srakaew, ThailandWoodAreechai Woodtech Co. Ltd.*

Laem Chabang, Chonburi, ThailandWoodLaem Chabang Industry Co., Ltd.*

Yala, ThailandWoodElectricity Generating Public Co., Ltd.

Supahanburi, ThailandSugarMitr Phol Sugar Corp., Ltd.

Pathumtani, ThailandRicePatum Rice Mill and Granary Public. Co.

Ltd.

Central ThailandProject developerA.T. Biopower Co, Ltd

LocationIndustryOwner/developer

Current Status (August 20, 2003)

30231.7

34281.9

40322.3

Non-Firm

445.2

565.4

14265.6

Renew

251,792.0

261,852

261,852.0

CogenFirm

802,439.9

No. of SPPsPurchased Capacity (MW)

592,068.9

Achieved CODNo. of SPPsPurchased Capacity (MW)

652,199.3

Signed Contracts No. of SPPsPurchased Capacity (MW)

TotalSPPs

EPPO Master Plan for the Promotion of Renewable EnergyRequest for proposal (43 proposals; 775 MW)Preliminary evaluation on technical feasibility, financial, etc. (31 projects approved, 491.3 MW)Public consultation hearing

10 km radiusCommunity participationEIA

Monitor and evaluationThree party committee – Government agent, community representative, and plant ownerEnvironmental and Social Impact Assessment20 projects approved; 243.3 MW; 1400 million baht support

ENCON Fund – Biogas Plant12 biogas demonstration plants for tapioca starch producing factories166 million baht (30% of capital cost)Wastewaters 25 million m3

4 agenciesDepartment of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP) (4 factories – UASB)Department of Factory (3 factories – UASB)BAU, Chiang Mai University (2 factories – H-UASB)KMUTT (3 factories – Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactor)

Biogas generated 36 million m3

Electricity 44 MkWh/yearFuel oil 22 million liters (174 million baht)

EPPO

Biomass Fuels

Source: Biomass OneSource: Biomass One--Stop Clearing House. Stop Clearing House. ““Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Conversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass Conversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass FuelsFuels”” 1313--0303--20032003

Production of charcoal/activated Production of charcoal/activated carbon from coconut shells in carbon from coconut shells in PrachuapPrachuap

Production of charcoal Production of charcoal briquettes from waste after briquettes from waste after

production of charcoalproduction of charcoal