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The Post World War Two World
Lovingly presented by…Mr. Mosqueda (and of course, Mrs.
Drake)
The Costs of WWII• 50-70 million dead worldwide; 400,000
American deaths• An estimated $ 1 trillion dollars = financial
cost of WWII ($341 billion spent by U.S.)• The Soviet Union (Russia + its satellite
nations) suffered the greatest losses (20+ million deaths); was united by Joseph Stalin under a communist regime.
• Much of Europe and Japan lay in ruins and required rebuilding.
– 5 billion cubic yards of rubble lay in Germany alone
• Britain, France, Germany, and Japan were no longer great military powers.
• United States and Soviet Union (two nations with most success in defeating Hitler) become two competing world powers
– Democracy vs. Communism – the Cold War begins
Potsdam Conference (1945)• Prior to the end of WWII, President
Truman met with Joseph Stalin (USSR) and other world leaders to discuss what to do with a defeated Germany.
• Truman was afraid of Communism spreading across Europe under Stalin’s influence and did not want a repeat of the anger caused by strictly punishing Germany for war damages as was done after WWI.
• Joseph Stalin wanted revenge on Germany and demanded severe reparations (U.S.S.R. had lost the most in the war).
• At the conference, it was decided however, that the German economy must recover after the war or else total devastation would fall across Europe.
Potsdam Conference (1945)• Truman offered Stalin a deal where he
could get some reparations from the German government, but he would have to donate food and supplies to the German people.
• Also, Truman learned of the successful test of the atomic bomb (Trinity Test) during this conference and told Stalin about it.
– Hearing the news that the U.S. had an atomic bomb, Stalin felt bullied into accepting the deal.
– Created tension between USA and USSR – roots of the Cold War
• Germany was divided into four temporary zones of occupation administered by the United States, USSR, Britain, and France until Germany was rebuilt (5 years).
Berlin Crisis/ Rebuilding of Germany• Truman believed that if
Germany was restored, the rest of Europe would be OK.
• By 1948, US realized that USSR was trying to sabotage the Marshall Plan in Germany.
• 1/3rd of Germany (East) was under Soviet control, the rest (West) was “free.”
• Germany separated into 2 countries when USSR cut off all ties to West Germany.
• Truman sent supplies to Berlin, Germany in an event called the Berlin Airlift.– 80 tons of food carried into
Berlin over 11 months sustained 2.5 million residents
– One of the greatest aviation feats in history
United Nations• Replaced the League of Nations,
which failed after WWI because the United States did not join.
• Purpose: “bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all people.”
• The United Nations came into existence on Oct. 24, 1945, with 51 member countries and its headquarters in New York City.
• Since 2007, the UN has been made up of 192 countries who all agree to abide by its rules and support its goals.
The Marshall Plan• Europe was facing major
economic problems.• Plan named for U.S.
Secretary of State George Marshall
• Plan to rebuild Europe (1947)– Restore a working economy
and fight against hunger and poverty
– U.S. contributed $13 billion in aide.
– Only countries who were not communist could apply to receive money under the Marshall Plan.
Rebuilding of Japan• U.S. bombing raids had devastated
most Japanese cities.• Hiroshima and Nagasaki lay in ruins
with long-lasting effects of the atomic bombings.
• All major cities (except Kyoto) in Japan were devastated with food shortages which would last for years.
• The United States temporarily occupied Japan until 1952 to oversee recovery efforts and the writing of a new Japanese constitution.
– Japanese Emperor Hirohito lost all political and military power; made a mere symbol of the country
– Right to vote given to all Japanese citizens
– Human rights guaranteed– No army or warfare allowed
• War crimes trials held with hundreds executed for war crimes
Nuremberg Trials• An International Military Tribunal was set up
by the U.S., USSR, Britain, and France to try former Nazis for war crimes committed during the war.
• 24 Nazis were accused and tried for such things as crimes against peace, waging aggressive warfare, and war crimes. All but 2 were convicted and sentenced to death or life imprisonment.
• Nuremberg Trials were the first of many trials against high-level Nazi officials. Trials would continue into the 1960’s and 70’s.
• These trials established the fact that, even in war, murder, rape, and unnecessary force are crimes.
• Many Nazis escaped Europe and are hiding to this day.
• The United States also allowed top Nazi scientists to enter the country to use their expertise to develop the space program.
Creation of Israel• In 1948, the U.N. recommended a new
state (country) to be created near Palestine in Israel as a Jewish homeland.
– Israel was occupied by the British at the time
– Arab lands taken when new boundaries were drawn
• Arab countries did not allow/accept the creation of the new nation and promised war.
• State of Israel declared May 14, 1948– David Ben-Gurion becomes Prime Minister– USA (Truman) immediately recognized
Israel’s independence as a new nation.• US remains a strong supporter of
Israel today, angering many Islamic nations (root of modern terrorism)
Creation of Israel – UN Plan• Israel to be divided between Arabs
(Muslims) and Israeli Jews according to map at left with the holy city of Jerusalem being administered by a neutral international commission.
• In spite of plan, the territories are disputed by both Arabs and Jews.
• 1967 – In the Six Day War, Israel seized the West Bank and Gaza Strip from Palestinians, causing ongoing violence between the groups. These regions were occupied by Israel until 2005 when Israel gave up the Gaza Strip and the northern part of the West Bank to Palestians.
NATO and the Warsaw Pact• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) formed by treaty on April 4, 1949
• Alliance formed between the U.S., Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, The UK, and Greece.
• Designed to prevent possible attacks by Communist nations.
• Members agree to defend one another if attacked.
• Warsaw Pact formed in response to NATO by eight Communist nations: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR.
• Member nations agreed to defend each other if attacked.
• In 1956, however, the USSR took military action against Hungary, one of its own member nations, killing thousands.
• The break up of the Soviet Union (USSR) and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1991, greatly weakened the Pact.
NATO/Warsaw Pact• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
– If one country is attacked, then the rest would provide assistance
• West Germany allowed to join
• Communist Countries (Eastern Europe) signed the Warsaw Pact
Today’s Secret Word…
CommunismA system of government where all citizens contribute equally to society and have equal ownership in everything produced.
Eventually capitalism would be destroyed and turn into communism
Karl Marx
Capitalism“free county” where
people own Businesses
to make money“American Dream”
(USA since 1787)
SocialismThe government
controls everythingTo ensure everything
is fair and equal
(“communist”Countries during Cold
War)
CommunismIdealistic self-governmentwhere people contribute
equally for the good of the entire country
(never happened)
Least Fair Fair Most Fair
Workers of the world, unite! You
have nothing to lose but
your chains!
The Iron Curtain• The presence of the Soviet
Army in Eastern Europe ensured pro-communist governments would be established
• Satellite Nations– Followed policies of USSR
(Soviet Union)– Separated communist
nations in East from the capitalistic nations in West
– Tension with USA and Western Europe
– Japan is allied with USA
From the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic Sea, an iron curtain has descended
across Europe. Behind that line all the capitals of Central Europe…All are subject to Soviet influence and are
controlled by Moscow.
Asian Conflicts
• 1949 Communists win the Chinese Civil War– Mao Zedong (Chairman of the
Communist Party) becomes leader of China
– Chang Kai-shek flees to Taiwan– American fear of communism
grows
Truman Doctrine• The USA started a policy of
containment– Prevent communism from
spreading across the globe• Stalin and communists leaders
try and push communism across the middle east
• President Truman made a speech– USA will not allow communism to
spread any further, will attack if necessary
– Socialistic countries attack “free” countries, destroying peace (disease)
– Truman Doctrine
The Cold War• Rivalry between USA (Western
Europe) and Soviet Union (Eastern Europe)– Both sides began developing
weapons (arms race)– No actual fighting actually took
place– People scared that attack was
imminent– Lasted from 1945-1990
• Built bomb shelters in back yards Video Clips:
– Do It Yourself Fallout Shelter– Happy Days
High school students plan for impending attack
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RHj15wVXec
Duck and Cover! (Video)(http://www.archive.org/details/duck_and_cover_ipod)
US/USSR/Russian Nuclear Weapon Stockpile
Changed in 2007 due to North Korea’s recent nuclear tests, Iran’s nuclear ambitions and the more than 26,000 weapons owned by USA and Russia
Countries with Nuclear Weapons• United States (NPT) 1945 (9,938)• Russia (NPT) 1949 (16,000)• England (NPT) 1952 (200)• France (NPT) 1960 (350)• China (NPT) 1964 (200)• India 1974 (70-120)• Israel (undeclared) (75-200)• Pakistan 1998 (30-80)• North Korea (withdrew from NPT) 2006 (1-10)• South Africa (disassembled)• Iran (in development)
• Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey, Canada, Greece (share weapons, borrowed from USA)
The Korean War• At the end of WWII, the USA
sent troops to disarm the Japanese troops stationed there
• Pushed troops to the 38th Parallel
• North: Communist (Soviet)• South: Nationalists (USA)• Two governments organized,
each wanted power of the whole country
• June 25, 1950: North Korea invades South Korea
• Video Clip: Truman justifies invasion and asks for war powers
38th Parallel• Divided N and S Korea• Line of demarcation: most heavily armed border in the
world
Korean DMZ
From the North
From the South
155 Miles long, 2.5 Miles Wide
Soldiers from both sides patrol the area and occasional violence happens
End of Korean War
• Eisenhower fulfills his promise to visit Korea
• Considers using nuclear weapons to end the war, finds that they would not be effective
• UN signs an armistice to end fighting.
• 38th Parallel remains most heavily fortified border in the world
Kim Jong il
Tallest flagpole in the world (525 ft)
Korean War• President Truman calls on the UN
to act• With UN approval, Truman sends
Douglas MacArthur to Korea, pushes troops back to 38th Parallel to Chinese border
• China enters the war, fighting with the communists, sending US/UN troops back across the 38th Parallel
• MacArthur angry, wants to block China’s ports and drop the Atomic Bomb
• Truman fires MacArthur (Video Clip)– Keep peace, show who is
Commander-in-Chief– Truman: MacArthur a “Prima
Donna”
MacArthur’s Farewell Address
“I have just left your sons fighting in Korea…”
“Old soldiers never die; they just fade away." "And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away — an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the light to see that duty. Good-bye."
Korean War• War continued through
July, 1953• More than 33,600 US
solders died (battles)• More than 20,600 died
from accidents and disease• “Police Action”• Expanded Cold War to Asia
– Japan, South Korea, Taiwan Philippines, Australia
– China, Vietnam (Communist)
M*A*S*H
Affluent Society
• After the war, the economy grew quickly
• Income tripled• GI Bill College and $ for
soldiers returning from the war
• Consumerism– Spend money on luxury items
• Refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, coffee makers. Blenders, etc
The Baby Boom• Baby Boom…when men came home from the war, they
started having babies• One child born every seven seconds
Suburbia• Families began moving
to the suburbs• “Idealistic” lifestyle• Mass-produced homes• Phoenix began growing• Leave it to Beaver• Happy Days• VIDEO CLIP
Gender Roles
• Women started staying home with kids– Reversed progress
• “Happy Housewife”• Women encouraged to learn
how to cook, clean and look beautiful for their husbands
• Video clip: Lifestyles
Gender Roles“Let’s face it, that wonderful man in your house is providing you with many opportunities for you and your children…all young married women should set their sights on a happy home, a host of happy friends and a bright future by helping minimize your husband’s stress and supportive of his job.”
New Technology• Televisions became
affordable– 80% of homes had a TV
• Variety shows, Kids/Family Shows and Westerns were popular
• Video Clip: Technology
Music
• Rock and Roll– Elvis Presley, Bill Haley
“Rock Around the Clock” is considered the first Rock and Roll Song
• R&B– Chuck Berry, Little
Richard, Fats Domino
– Video Clip: Entertainment
Elvis gets drafted• 1957: Elvis Presley gets drafted into the US
Army and serves 2 years
Juvenile Delinquents/Bad Guys• Cool to be
bad/rebellious• James Dean• The Fonz• Teenagers seek
their identity and independence
The Red Menace
• Beginning in the 1940s, Truman was accused of harboring spies in the highest level of government
• Thousands of people were fired– Alger Hiss
• Denied being a communist, sent to prison for perjury (5 yrs)
• Controversy: guilty or not?• Stationary salesman, • Died in 1996
Joseph McCarthy• Republican Senator from Wisconsin• Made a list of people whom he accused of
being communist spies– Celebrities, reporters, etc…
• Became a national figure– Explosive allegations became national
headlines• Played into people’s fears
– USSR nuclear technology– Fall of China
• Feud with Edward R. Murrow• Movie Clip: Good Night and Good Luck• http://
www.americanrhetoric.com/MovieSpeeches/moviespeechgoodnightandgoodluckmcarthy.html
McCarthyism
• Reckless and unsubstantiated method of “seek and destroy” at all costs
• Intense paranoia against communism and personal character
• Video Clips: – McCarthyism– Have You No Sense of
Decency?
HUAC
• House Un-American Activities Committee– Investigative committee
in the House of Representatives
– Investigate “suspicious” behavior
– Investigated Hollywood Celebrities
• “Hollywood 10” Blacklist
Hollywood Blacklist
• Movie stars were “blacklisted” based on political beliefs and associations– Accused of being communists after refusing to assist HUAC
investigations"Are you now or have you ever been a member of the
communist party?"
• Many had a difficult time finding work afterwards• Some gave names to the committee to take pressure
off themselves
Larry Adler, actor and musician Luther Adler, actor and director Stella Adler, actress and teacher Edith Atwater, actress Howard Bay, scenic designer Ralph Bell, actor Leonard Bernstein, composer and conductor Walter Bernstein, screenwriter Michael Blankfort, screenwriter Marc Blitzstein, composer True Boardman, screenwriter Millen Brand, writer Oscar Brand, folk singer Joseph Edward Bromberg, actor Himan Brown, producer and director John Brown, actor Abe Burrows, playwright and lyricist Morris Carnovsky, actor Vera Caspary, writer Edward Chodorov, screenwriter and producer Jerome Chodorov, writer Mady Christians, actress Lee J. Cobb, actor Marc Connelly, playwright Aaron Copland, composer Norman Corwin, writer Alan Lomax, folklorist and musicologist Avon Long, actor and singer Joseph Losey, director Peter Lyon, television writer Aline MacMahon, actress Paul Mann, director and teacher Waldo Salt, screenwriter (Buhle and Wagner 2003: 208) Bill Scott, voice actor (Cohen 2004: 178) Art Smith, actor (Schwartz 1999) Lionel Stander, actor
Howard Da Silva, actor Roger De Koven, actor Dean Dixon, conductor Olin Downes, music critic Alfred Drake, actor Paul Draper, actor and dancer Howard Duff, actor Clifford J. Durr, attorney Richard Dyer-Bennett, folk singer José Ferrer, actor Louise Fitch (Lewis), actress Martin Gabel, actor Arthur Gaeth, radio commentator William S. Gailmor, journalist and radio commentator John Garfield, actor Will Geer, actor Jack Gilford, actor Tom Glazer, folk singer Ruth Gordon, actress and screenwriter Lloyd Gough, actor Morton Gould, pianist and composer Shirley Graham, writer Ben Grauer, radio and TV personality Mitchell Grayson, radio producer and director Horace Grenell, conductor and music producer Uta Hagen, actress and teacher
Dashiell Hammett, writer E. Y. "Yip" Harburg, composer Robert P. Heller, television journalist Lillian Hellman, playwright and screenwriter Nat Hiken, writer and producerMichael Wilson, screenwriter
Rose Hobart, actress Judy Holliday, actress Roderick B. Holmgren, journalist Lena Horne, singer and actress Langston Hughes, writer Marsha Hunt, actress Leo Hurwitz, director Charles Irving, actor Burl Ives, folk singer and actor Sam Jaffe, actor Leon Janney, actor Joseph Julian, actor Garson Kanin, writer and director George Keane, actor Donna Keath Pert Kelton, actress Alexander Kendrick Adelaide Klein, actress Felix Knight, singer and actor Howard Koch screenwriter Tony Kraber, actor Millard Lampell, screenwriter John La Touche, lyricist Arthur Laurents, writer Gypsy Rose Lee, actress and ecdysiast Madeline Lee, actress1 Ray Lev, classical pianist Philip Loeb, actor Ella Logan, actress and singer
Margo, actress and dancer Myron McCormick, actor Paul McGrath, radio actor Burgess Meredith, actor Arthur Miller, playwright Henry Morgan, radio and TV comedian Zero Mostel, actor Jean Muir, actress Meg Mundy, actress Lynn Murray Ben Myers Dorothy Parker, writer Arnold Perl, radio writer Minerva Pious, actress Samson Raphaelson, screenwriter and playwright Bernard Reis Anne Revere, actress Kenneth Roberts, writer Earl Robinson, composer and lyricist Edward G. Robinson, actor William N. Robson, radio and TV writer Harold Rome, composer and lyricist Norman Rosten, writer Selena Royle, actress Coby Ruskin, TV director Robert St. John, journalist Hazel Scott, jazz and classical musician Pete Seeger, folk singer Lisa Sergio, radio personality Artie Shaw, jazz musician Irwin Shaw, writer Robert Louis Shayon, former president of radio and TV directors' guild Ann Shepherd, actress William L. Shirer, journalist Allan Sloane, radio and TV writer Howard K. Smith, journalist
Gale Sondergaard, actress Hester Sondergaard, actress Lionel Stander, actor Johannes Steel, journalist Paul Stewart, actor Elliott Sullivan, actor William Sweets, radio personality Helen Tamiris, choreographer Betty Todd, director Louis Untermeyer, poet Hilda Vaughn, actress J. Raymond Walsh, radio commentator Sam Wanamaker, actor Theodore Ward, playwright Fredi Washington, actress Margaret Webster, actress, director and producer Orson Welles, actor, writer and director Josh White, blues musician Irene Wicker, singer and actress Betty Winkler (Keane), actress Martin Wolfson, actor Lesley Woods, actress Richard Yaffe, journalisPhoebe Brand, actress (Schwartz 1999; Buhle and Wagner 2003: 50) Charles Dagget, animator (Cohen 2004: 178) Phil Eastman, cartoon writer (Cohen 2004: 178) Carl Foreman, producer and screenwriter (Buhle and Wagner 2003: xi) Michael Gordon, director (Dick 1982: 80) John Hubley, animator (Cohen 2004: 178) Lester Koenig, producer (Herman 1997: 356) Lewis Leverett, actor (Schwartz 1999) John McGrew, animator (Cohen 2004: 178) Bill Melendez, animator (Cohen 2004: 178) Paula Miller, actress (Schwartz 1999)
Review McCarthyism
• Video clip (McCarthyism and Segregation)
I Like Ike• 1952 Presidential Election• General Dwight Eisenhower
elected (Republican)– Campaigns against “Korea,
Communism and Corruption”– Promises to personally visit
Korea– First soldier since US Grant
(Civil War) to be elected president
National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
• Spend $25B to create 41,000 miles of highways across the United States in 10 years
• Assists with transportation and defense
• Even #s E/W• Odd #s N/S
Earl Warren
• President Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren to be chief justice– Wanted to run for president– Conservative/Republican
governor of California
Brown v. Board of Education• Schools were segregated
– The system of “separate but equal” in public schools is not adequate because of inferior schools
• Oliver Brown was concerned about his daughter’s (Linda) school. Not only did it receive less funding, but there was a “white” school much closer to his house
• Hired famous lawyer Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP
• Challenged Jim Crow Laws (video clip)
• Video Clip
Brown v. Board of Education
• Unanimous decision:Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. District Court of Kansas reversed.
Ended Segregation
• Thurgood Marshall eventually becomes the first African American on the Supreme Court
End of Segregation
• Decision of the courts outlawed segregation in all public schools immediately
Desegregation• Not everyone was happy
with the decision• Senator Henry Byrd (D-VA)
organized a program to close schools, rather than desegregate
• Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas
• George Wallace (1963)• Eisenhower called Warren
“the biggest mistake of my presidency” (too liberal)– Eisenhower enforces law
Little Rock Nine• Governor Orval Faubus
(Arkansas) called the National Guard to stop nine African American students from entering Little Rock High School
• Showdown with President Eisenhower who ordered the national guards to stand down
• Sent additional troops to Arkansas for protection
• Faubus shut down the schools for two years afterwards in retaliation
• Video Clip: BvB and Little Rock Nine
Rosa Parks• One year after BvB, an African American woman
named Rosa Parks was riding in a bus…• Refused to give up her seat to a white man
“People always say that I didn't give up my seat because I was tired, but that isn't true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. I was forty-two. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”
Montgomery Bus Boycott
• African Americans began boycotting the busses
• Help from Martin Luther King
• Successful protest, segregation on public transportation declared unconstitutional
• Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
![[Dissertation 2003] Gilberto Mosqueda UC Berkeley](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/549e2cc1ac795947768b467a/dissertation-2003-gilberto-mosqueda-uc-berkeley.jpg)
