THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF REGIME CHANGE...Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, and Enzo Faletto. 1979. Dependency and Development in Latin America. Univ of California Press. Gore, Charles. 2000

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF REGIME CHANGE

Central European University Doctoral School of Political Science, International Relations and Public Policy

Core course Comparative Politics and Political Economy Tracks Fall Semester 2016/2017

4 CEU credits, 8 ECTS credits

Instructors

Laszlo Bruszt Professor Department of Political Science, Central European University Office: VF 203 E-mail: [email protected] Tel: TBC & Carsten Q. Schneider Professor, Head of Department Department of Political Science, Central European University Office: Nador 9, FT 903 E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 327-3086

Classes

Mondays 13.30 - 15.10 and Wednesdays 11.00 - 12.40

Office Hours

Laszlo Bruszt:

???

Carsten Q. Schneider:

Mondays 15.30 – 17.10 and Tuesdays 12.30 – 14.10

Please sign up at least one day before at http://carstenqschneider.youcanbook.me

Course Description

Over the last four decades, the world has witnessed the transition of political and economic regimes - from autocracies to democracies and various types of political regimes in between, and from closed to open market economies and back. The current situation provides ground for disparate, and sometimes outright contradictory, diagnoses about the present state of democracy around the globe, its future development, and the interaction between economic and political processes. Clear non-democracies like China show

Bruszt & Schneider, PhD Course, Winter 2016

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economic growth rates that are overwhelming both in size and duration, while rulers in Russia and elsewhere could profit from a resource boom that has enabled them to devise sophisticated measures to secure their power and turn their political system into hybrid regimes. At the same time, popular uprisings in the Middle East and Northern Africa have brought down long-standing dictators and citizens seek not only social justice and economic growth but also political democracy. Meanwhile, democracy is in crisis even in its heartland in the North-Western hemisphere, not least due to profound economic transformations and changes.

This course is designed to give a broad overview of the literature on the processes of economic and political regime change and their interaction in the early and late 20th and early 21st century. There are four main parts: I. Core concepts and theories; II. Historical Perspectives; III. Contemporary Issues; IV Student presentations. The aim is to provide students with the analytic tools, theories, and concepts that enable them to make better sense of the current economic and political processes in countries around the globe, with a special emphasis on the link between economic and political changes. The list of concepts discussed is comprised of, among others, types of transitions, hybrid regimes, the consolidation, and the qualities of democracy. The topic of this course will be dealt with from a global perspective. We will thus attempt to capture cases and evidence from different world regions.

Course Requirements

The course meets twice a week. Most meetings will be a mix between lecture and seminar. The grading will be composed of the following items:

(1) You are expected to be actively present at all sessions. In case you are unable to attend, you need to inform us via email prior to our class. Unexcused missed classes are graded with zero points. You are expected to reflect critically on the mandatory readings and to show such reflection by active and stimulating interaction in class. Activity in the classroom can be complemented with questions, suggestions, and comments to be sent to us prior to our next meeting.

(2) Each student will have to do two presentations in class. The first one is shorter (not more than 15-20 minutes) and it must be on one of the topics that we are dealing with in sessions 1 - 20. These short presentations must be single-authored.

(3) The second presentation is more extensive (around 50 minutes). You are free to choose the topic of the presentation but it needs to be confirmed by us prior to week 8 the latest. The presentation should contain empirical data based on which you try to make analytically plausible and substantively interesting points. At least one week prior to your presentation, you are asked to distribute a list of one (!) required and minimum two recommended readings to all course participants. After your presentation you remain in the role of the leader and moderator of the follow-up discussion in class.

(4) You are expected to review two books. You can either write two separate book reviews (900-1000 words each, reference list not included), or one single paper that reviews two books together (1700-1900 words, reference list not included). You are free to choose the books but your choice needs to be approved by us. You can choose books that are on the same topic as your (long) presentation. Edited volumes and books older than 5 years should


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be chosen based on well-argued reasons. The precise deadline for the paper will be communicated in due time.

Evaluation of Requirements

(1) In-class participation: 15% (2) Smaller first presentation: 15% (3) Second bigger presentation: 35% (4) Book review: 35% According to policies of the Department of Political Science, late submissions of written assignments will be downgraded in the following manner:

- 1 minute to 24 hours late:: 1 grading point - 24.1 hours to 48 hours: 2 grading points - etc.

A violation of the word limit leads to the following downgrading: - each 5 percent excess words: 1 grading point

Learning Outcomes and Their Assessment

The overall grade will primarily indicate the ability of the students to handle the core concepts and questions in the literature on political regime changes with special focus on political economy. The learning outcomes of the PhD program are supported and measured by the present course in the following ways: The ability to critically assess scholarly arguments, which are based on empirical research; to write an academic paper using an appropriate scholarly tone. The skill of formulating researchable questions is primarily measured by the second, bigger, presentation. The ability to orally present an academic argument is assessed through the two in-class presentations and the in-class participation. The skills to analyze contemporary events related to political regime change and to employ cutting-edge methods are reflected by the bigger presentation. Students will also be exposed to, and expect to critically reflect on, general issues in doing comparative social research, such as concept formation (i.e. how to define, conceptualize, and measure the phenomenon under study) and different strategies of drawing inference from observational data.

Reading Material

All the course material is available in electronic form. Additional material will be posted on the e-learning site of the course at http://e-learning.ceu.hu/. Full references for those readings that appear in brackets below are provided at the very end of this syllabus.


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Course Outline

PART I - CONCEPTS

Week 1. Economic Regime Concepts

In this week, we explore the different notions and findings with regard to role of stability

and change on social and political phenomena. Institutional political economy

literature also discusses the role of stability and change. While in earlier literature, the

concept of critical junctures played an important role, more recently, the literature

tries to conceptualize incremental but cumulative transformative change.

Seminar 1 (19.09. LB): What is capitalism, how has it evolved over time and how does it vary

across space?

Mandatory

Fulcher, James. Capitalism: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford, 2004, Chapters 1, 3, 4, pp. 1-18, 38-58.

Hall, Peter A., and David Soskice, eds. 2001. Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford University Press., Selections from chapter 1, An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism, pp. 1-44.

Recommended:

Esping-Andersen, Gosta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton University Press.

Hirschman, Albert O. 1992. Rival Views of Market Society and Other Recent Essays. Harvard University Press.

Hancké, Bob. 2009. Debating Varieties of Capitalism: A Reader. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.

Harvey, David. 2011. The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism. Profile Books.

Harvey, David. 2014. Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism. Oxford University Press.

Hodgson, Geoff. 2015. Conceptualizing Capitalism: Institutions, Evolution, Future. Chicago ; London: University Of Chicago Press.

Williamson, Oliver E. 1985. The Economic Intstitutions of Capitalism. Simon and Schuster.


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Seminar 2 (21.09. LB): Conceptualizing late development

Mandatory:

Gerschenkron, Alexander. 1962. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, chapter 1, pp. 5-30.

Hirschman, Albert O. 1968. “The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization in Latin America.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1–32.

Kohli, Atul. 1994. “Where Do High Growth Political Economies Come from? The Japanese Lineage of Korea’s ‘Developmental State.’” World Development 22 (9): 1269–93.

Recommended:

Amsden, Alice. 1992. Asia’s next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. Oxford University Press.

Amsden, Alice. 1994. The Market Meets Its Match: Restructuring the Economies of Eastern Europe. Harvard University Press.

Amsden, Alice. 2001. The Rise of“ the Rest”: Challenges to the West from Late-Industrializing Economies. Oxford University Press..

Evans, Peter B. 1979. Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State, and Local Capital in Brazil. Princeton University Press.

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, and Enzo Faletto. 1979. Dependency and Development in Latin America. Univ of California Press.

Gore, Charles. 2000. “The Rise and Fall of the Washington Consensus as a Paradigm for Developing Countries.” World Development 28 (5): 789–804.

Wade, Robert. 1990. Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton University Press.

Gereffi, Gary, and Donald L. Wyman. 2014. Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia. Princeton University Press..

Week 2. Political Regime Concepts

This week aims at introducing key terms used on the regime change literature and

attempts at measuring them empirically across a larger set of cases. After learning the

basics of sound concept formation and measurement, we critically evaluate leading

attempts at measuring democracy, discuss the challenges of defining and identifying

hybrid regimes, and probe into the literature specifying autocratic regime types.


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Seminar 3 (26..09. CQS): Meaning and Measures of Democracy

Mandatory:

(Coppedge et al. 2015)

Recommended:

Blatter, Joachim, Andrea Blättler, and D Samuel. 2015. Political Concepts Committee on Concepts and Methods Working Paper Series What Happened / S to Inclusion ? A Plea

and Three Proposals for Closing the Gap between Democratic Theory and Empirical

Measurement of Democracies.

(Collier, LaPorte, and Seawright 2012)

(Seawright and Collier 2014)

Coppedge, Michael, and John Gerring. 2011. “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach.” Perspectives on Politics 9(2): 247–67. http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1537592711000880 (July 27, 2011)

Dahl, Robert Alan (1971): Polyarchy Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 1-16

Dahl, Robert Alan (1989): Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 13-33 and 213-224

Held, David (1996): Models of Democracy.(2 ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press

Diamond, Larry (1999): Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 1-24

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1976): Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.(5th ed.). London: Allen & Unwin, pp. 250-283

Adcock, Robert/Collier, David (2001): Measurement validity: a shared standard for qualitative and quantitative research. American Political Science Review, vol. 95, issue 3, pp. 529-546

(Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland 2009)

Collier, David/Adcock, Robert (1999): Democracy and dichotomies: a pragmatic approach to choices about concepts. Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 2, pp. 537-565

Bollen, Kenneth A. (1980): Issues in the comparative measurement of political democracy. American Sociological Review, vol. 45, issue 3, pp. 370-390

Bollen, Kenneth A. (1990): Political Democracy: Conceptual and Measurement Traps. Studies in Comparative International Development , vol. 25, issue 1, pp. 7-24


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Bollen, Kenneth A. (1993): Liberal democracy: validity and method factors in cross-national measures. American Journal of Political Science, vol. 37, issue 4, pp. 1207-1230

Bollen, Kenneth A./Jackman, Robert W. (1989): Democracy, stability, and dichotomies. American Sociological Review, vol. 54, issue 3, pp. 612-621

Bollen, Kenneth A./Paxton, Pamela (2000): Subjective measures of liberal democracy. Comparative Political Studies, vol. 33, issue 1, pp. 58-86

(Collier, LaPorte, and Seawright 2012)

Coppedge, Michael/Reinicke, Wolfgang H. (1990): Measuring polyarchy. Studies in Comparative International Development, vol. 25, issue 1, pp. 51-72

Coppedge, Michael (1997): Modernization and thresholds of democracy: evidence for a common path and process. In Midlarsky, Manus I.: Inequality. Democracy, and Economic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 177-201

Coppedge, Michael (2002): Democracy and dimensions. comments on Munck and Verkuilen. Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, issue 1, pp. 35-39

Elkins, Zachary (2000): Gradations of Democracy? Empirical tests of alternative conceptualizations. American Journal of Political Science, vol. 44, issue 2, pp. 287-294

Gastil, Raymond Duncan (1991): The Comparative Survey of Freedom: Experiences and Suggestions. In Inkeles, Alex: On Measuring Democracies: Its Consequences and Concomitants. New Brunswick (New Jersey): pp. 21-46

(Gerring 2012b), chapters 5-7

(Gerring 2012a)

Mainwaring, Scott/Brinks, Daniel/Pérez-Linán, Aníbal (2001): Classifying political regimes in Latin America, 1945-1999. Studies in Comparative International Development, vol. 36, issue 1, pp. 37-65

Marshall, Monty G./Gurr, Ted Robert/Davenport, Christian/Jaggers, Keith (2002): Polity IV, 1800-1999. comments on Munck and Verkuilen. Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, issue 1, pp. 40-45

McHenry, Dean E. Jr. (2000): Quantitative measures of democracy in Africa: an assessment. Democratization, vol. 7, issue 2, pp. 168-185

(Moon et al. 2006)

Munck, Gerardo L./Verkuilen, Jay (2002): Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: evaluating alternative indices. Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, issue 1, pp. 5-33

(Munck 2009), chapter 9


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Przeworski, Adam (1999): Minimalist conceptions of democracy: a defense. In Shapiro, Ian/Hacker-Cordón, Casiano: Democracy's Values. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 23-55

Przeworski, Adam/Alvarez, Michael E./Cheibub, José Antonio/Limongi, Ferdinando (2000): Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 13-55

Reich, Gary (2002): Categorizing political regimes: new data for old problems. Democratization, vol. 9, issue 4, pp. 1-24

Sartori, Giovanni (1970): Concept misformation in comparative politics. American Political Science Review, vol. 64, issue 4, pp. 1033-1053

Sartori, Giovanni (1984): Guidelines for concept analysis. In Sartori, Giovanni: Social Science Concepts. a Systematic Analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage, pp. 15-85

(Schedler and Mudde 2010)

(Schedler 2012a)

(Schedler 2012b)

Schmitter, Philippe C./Karl, Terry Lynn (1991): What democracy is...and is not. Journal of Democracy, vol. 2, issue 3, pp. 75-88

Storm, Lise (2008): an elemental definition of democracy and its advantages for comparing political regime types. Democratization, vol. 15, issue 2, pp. 215-229

Seminar 4 (28.09. CQS): Forms of Political Regime Change (pact, revolutions, reforms)

Mandatory:

(Levitsky and Way 2015)

(Schneider 2009), chap 7

Recommended:

Anderson, Lisa (ed.) (1999): Transitions to Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press

Bermeo, Nancy (1997): Myths of moderation. confrontation and conflict during democratic transitions. Comparative Politics, vol. April, pp. 305-322

Bratton, Michael/Van de Walle, Nicolas (1994): Neopatrimonial regimes and political transitions in Africa. World Politics, vol. 46, issue 4, pp. 453-489

Bunce, Valerie (1995): Should transitologists be grounded? Slavic Review, vol. 54, issue 1, pp. 112-127


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Bunce, Valerie (1995): Paper curtains and paper tigers. Slavic Review, vol. 54, issue 4, pp. 980-987

Bunce, Valerie (1999): The political economy of postsocialism. Slavic Review, vol. 58, issue 4, pp. 756-793

Bunce, Valerie (1998): Regional differences in democratization. Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 14, pp. 187-211

Bunce, Valerie (2000): The place of place in democratic transitions. In Dobry, Michel: Democratic and Capitalist Transitions in Eastern Europe: Lessons for the Social

Sciences . Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Publishers, pp. 71-90

Bunce, Valerie (2003): Rethinking recent democratization. lessons from the postcommunist experience. World Politics, vol. 55, issue 1, pp. 167-192

Di Palma, Giuseppe (1990): To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transitions. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 1-13

(Gunitsky 2014)

Karl, Terry Lynn/Schmitter, Philippe C. (1995): From an iron curtain to a paper curtain: Grounding transitologists or students of postcommunism? Slavic Review, vol. 54, issue 4, pp. 965-978

Karl, Terry Lynn/Schmitter, Philippe C. (2002): Concepts, assumptions & hypotheses about democratizations: reflections on 'stretching' from South to East. Prepared for workshop on Regime Transitions: Transitions from Communist Rule in Comparative perspective, Stanford University, November 15-16

Kitschelt, Herbert (1992): Political regime change: structure and process-driven explanations? American Political Science Review, vol. 86, issue 4, pp. 1028-1034

(S. Lindberg 2009)

(Linz 1978)

McFaul, Michael (2002): The fourth wave of democracy and dictatorship. noncooperative transitions in the postcommunist world. World Politics, vol. 54, issue 1, pp. 212-244

Munck, Gerardo L./Skalnik Leff, Carol (1997): Modes of transition and democratization. South America and Eastern Europe in comparative perspective. Comparative Politics, vol. 29, issue 3, pp. 343-362

O'Donnell, Guillermo A. (2002): In partial defense of an evanescent "paradigm". Journal of Democracy, vol. 13, issue 3, pp. 6-12

(O’Donnell 2010)

Przeworski, Adam (1986): Some problems in the study of transition to democracy. In O'Donnell, Guillermo A./Schmitter, Philippe C.: Transitions From Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 57-61


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Przeworski, Adam (1992): The games of transition. In Mainwaring, Scott/O'Donnell, Guillermo A./Valenzuela, Samuel: Issues in Democratic Consolidation. the New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 105-152

Rustow, Dankwart (1970): Transitions to democracy: toward a dynamic model. Comparative Politics, vol. 2, pp. 337-363

(Schmitter 2010)

Schmitter, Philippe C./Karl, Terry Lynn (1994): The conceptual travels of transitologists and consolidologists: How far to the East should they attempt to go? Slavic Review, vol. 53, issue 1, pp. 173-185

Stepan, Alfred (1986): Paths towards redemocratization. theoretical and comparative considerations. In O'Donnell, Guillermo A./Schmitter, Philippe C.: Transitions From Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 64-84

Week 3. Economic Regime Concepts continued

This week introduces basic variations of developmental regimes and the characteristic

features of the socialist system

Seminar 5 (03.10. LB): The Socialist Economy

Mandatory:

Kornai, János. 1992. The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, pp. 360-379

Maier, Charles S. 1991. Why Did Communism Collapse in 1989? Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University. https://ces.fas.harvard.edu/files/working_papers/CEE_7.pdf.

Recommended:

Adaman, Fikret, and Pat Devine. 1996. “The Economics Calculation Debate: Lessons for Socialists.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 20 (5): 523–37.

Berend, Iván T. 1996. Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bunce, Valerie. 1985. “The Empire Strikes Back: The Evolution of the Eastern Bloc from a Soviet Asset to a Soviet Liability.” International Organization, 1–46.


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Berend, Iván T. 1996. Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Dobb, Maurice. 1933. “Economic Theory and the Problems of a Socialist Economy.” The Economic Journal 43 (172): 588. doi:10.2307/2224505.

Lavigne, Marie. 1991. International Political Economy and Socialism. Cambridge University Press.

Sampson, Steven L. 1987. “The Second Economy of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.” The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 493 (1): 120–36.

Szelenyi, Ivan, and George Konrad. 1979. “The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power.” New York: Hartcourt, Brace and Jovanovich.

Seminar 6 (05.10. LB): Change and Continuity in capitalism

Mandatory:

Sewell, William H. 2012. “Economic Crises and the Shape of Modern History.” Public Culture 24 (2 67): 303–27.

Streeck, Wolfgang, and Kathleen Thelen, eds. 2005. Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, chapter 1, pp. 1-37.

Recommended:

Collier, Ruth Berins, and David Collier. 2002. Shaping the Political Arena. University of Notre Dame.

Jessop, Bob, ed. 2001. Regulation Theory and the Crisis of Capitalism. An Elgar Reference Collection. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub.

Krippner, Greta R. 2012. Capitalizing on Crisis: The Political Origins of the Rise of Finance. Gld edition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Harvey, David. 1984. The Limits to Capital. Oxford: Blackwell.

———. 2011. The Enigma of Capital: And the Crises of Capitalism. Profile Books. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JSDSDZ72aKsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR6&dq=Harvey,+david&ots=se2DLvnU0m&sig=4awxOe_jBy3Ips1RY-P5LCl8IZY.

———. 2014. Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism. Oxford University Press.


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Mahoney, James, and Kathleen Thelen, eds. 2009. Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Moschella, Manuela, and Eleni Tsingou. 2013. Great Expectations, Slow Transformations. Colchester: ECPR Press. http://press.ecprnet.eu/documents/sampleChapters/9781910259290.pdf.

Streeck, Wolfgang. 2009. Re-Forming Capitalism: Institutional Change in the German Political Economy. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.

Thelen, Kathleen. 2014. Varieties of Liberalization and the New Politics of Social Solidarity. Cambridge ; New York, N.Y: Cambridge University Press.

Sewell, William H. 2008. “The Temporali]es of Capitalism†.” Socio-Economic Review 6

(3): 517–37.

Stark, David. 1996. “Recombinant Property in East European Capitalism.” American

Journal of Sociology, 993–1027.

Week 4. Political Regime Concepts continued

In the regime change literature, the period in-between two types of political regimes is

usually referred to as the transition phase. We will learn about the differences of this

particular moment in time and how to best study the causes and effects of different

modes of transition.

Seminar 7 (10.10. CQS): Hybrid Regimes and Competitive Authoritarianism

Mandatory:

Bogaards, Matthijs. 2012. “Where to Draw the Line? From Degree to Dichotomy in

Measures of Democracy.” Democratization 19(4): 690–712.

(Bogaards and Elischer 2015)

Recommended:

(Bogaards 2010)

(Brooker 2000), introduction

(Brownlee 2002, 2004, 2007)


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(Brownlee 2009)

Collier, David/Levitzky, Steven (1997): Democracy with adjectives: conceptual innovation in comparative research. World Politics, vol. 49, issue 3, pp. 430-451

(Croissant and Wurster 2013)

Diamond, Larry (2002): Elections without democracy: thinking about hybrid regimes. Journal of Democracy, vol. 13, issue 2, pp. 21-35

(Gandhi 2008)

(Gandhi and Lust-Oskar 2009)

(Gerschewski 2013)

(Krastev 2011)

(Levitzky and Way 2010)

Linz, Juan José/Stepan, Alfred (1996): Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 55-65

(Magaloni 2006)

(Magaloni 2008)

Merkel, Wolfgang/Croissant, Aurel (2000): Formal institutions and informal rules of defective democracies. Central European Political Science Review, vol. 2, pp. 31-48

Merkel, Wolfgang (2004): Embedded and defective democracies. Democratization, vol. 11, issue 5, pp. 33-58

(Miller 2013)

(Morlino 2009)

Munck, Gerardo L. (2006): Drawing boundaries: how to draft intermediate regime categories. In Schedler, Andreas: Electoral Authoritarianism. the Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder/London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 27-40

Ottaway, Marina (2003): Democracy Challenged: the Rise of Semi-Authoritarianism . Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

hirah, R. 2015. “Electoral Authoritarianism and Political Unrest.” International Political Science Review. http://ips.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0192512115580185.

(Svolik 2009)

Seminar 8 (12.10. CQS): New Autocratic Regimes

Mandatory:


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(Geddes, Wright, and Frantz 2014)

(Schedler and Hoffmann 2016)

Recommended:

Chelabi, H. E./Linz Juan J. (1998): A theory of sultanism 1: a type of nondemocratic rule. In Chehabi, H. E./Linz Juan J.: Sultanistic Regimes. Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 3-25

Collier, David (ed.) (1979): the New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, pp. 19-32 and 363-307

Gandhi, Jenniver/Przeworski, Adam C. (2007): Authoritarian institutions and the survival of autocrats. Comparative Political Studies, vol. 40, issue 11, pp. 1279-1301

(Hadenius and Teorell 2007)

Linz, Juan José (2000): Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder, CO: L. Rienner, pp. 49-63

Linz, Juan José (1975): Totalitarian and authoritarian regimes. In Greenstein, Fred I./Polsby, Nelson W.: Handbook of Political Science. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, pp. 175-411

(Schedler 2009a)

(Schedler 2009b)

(Schedler 2009c)

(Schedler 2010)

(Schedler 2011)

(Schedler 2013)


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PART II –MODERNIZATION, DEMOCRACY AND AUTHORITARIANISM

Week 5. Is there a link between economic development and authoritarianism?

The question whether capitalism fosters or impairs democracy has produced most heated

debates. For decades, Barrington Moore’s proposition: “No bourgeois, no democracy”

has been a cornerstone of this debate. This week discusses Moore’s original argument on

the social origins of fascism, communism and democracy, and explores alternative

historical approaches to (non-)democratization.

Seminar 9 (17.10. CQS): Modernization theory

Mandatory:

Treisman, Daniel. 2014. “Income, Democracy, and Leader Turnover.” American Journal of Political Science 00(0): n/a – n/a. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ajps.12135 (December 17, 2014).

(Welzel 2013), pages 1-33

Recommended:

Almond, Gabriel Abraham/Verba, Sidney (1963): The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes in Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Dalton, Russell (2004): Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: the Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Inglehart, Ronald (1977): The Silent Revolution Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics. Princeton: Princeton U Press

Inglehart, Ronald (1990): Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton: Princeton U Press

Inglehart, Ronald (1997): Modernization and Postmodernization Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Klingemann, Hans-Dieter/Fuchs, Dieter (eds.) (1995): Citizens and the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press


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Klingemann, Hans-Dieter (1999): Mapping political support in the 1990s. a global analysis. In Norris, Pippa: Critical Citizens. Global Support for Democratic Government., pp. 31-56 pp. 31-56

(Lipset 1959)

Lipset, Seymour Martin (1993): The social requisites of democracy revisited. American Sociological Review, vol. 59, issue 1, pp. 1-22

Merkel, Wolfgang (2002): Civil Society and Democratic Consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe. Central European Political Science Review, vol. 3, issue 10, pp. 78-100

Muller, Edward N./Seligson, Mitchell A. (1994): Civic culture and democracy. the question of causal relationship. American Political Science Review, vol. 88, issue 3, pp. 635-652

Pharr, Susan J./Putnam, Robert D./Dalton, Russell J. (2000): A quarter-century of declining confidence. Journal of Democracy, vol. 11, issue 2, pp. 7-25

Przeworski, Adam, and Ferdinando Limongi. 1997. “Modernization. Theories and Facts.” World Politics 49(1): 155–83.

Putnam, Robert D. (1976): The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall

Rose, Richard/Mishler, William (2002): Comparing regime support in non-democratic and democratic countries. Democratization, vol. 9, issue 2, pp. 1-20

Schmitter, Philippe (1997): Civil society East and West. In Diamond, Larry/Plattner, Marc F./Chu, Yun-han/Tien, Hung-mao: Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies : Themes and Perspectives . Baltimore, Md. Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 239-262

Seligson, Mitchell A. (2002): The renaissance of political culture or the renaissance of the ecological fallacy. Comparative Politics, vol. 34, issue 3, pp. 273-292

And reply from Inglehart and Welzel, available at http://www.worldvaluessurvey.net/Upload/5_Ecolfal3.pdf

(Teorell 2010), chapter 3

Welzel, Christian/Inglehart, Ronald/Klingemann, Hans-Dieter (2003): The theory of human development: a cross-cultural analysis. European Journal of Political Research, vol. 42, issue 3, pp. 341-379

Welzel, Christian (2006): Democratization as an emancipative process: the neglected role of mass motivations. European Journal of Political Research, vol. 45,

Seminar 10 (19.10. CQS): Early (non-)democratization

Mandatory:


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Thomson, Henry. 2015. “Landholding Inequality, Political Strategy, and Authoritarian Repression: Structure and Agency in Bismarck’s ‘Second Founding’ of the German Empire.” Studies in Comparative International Development 50(March): 73–97

(Ziblatt 2009)

Recommended:

(Capoccia and Ziblatt 2010)

(Doorenspleet 2005)

Huntington, Samuel P. (1991): How countries democratize. Political Science Quarterly, vol. 106, issue 4, pp. 579-616

Week 6. Fascism, Communism and Democracy in Europe

The causal link between economic development and the type of political regime is an old,

yet still inconclusively discussed topic. Different strands of modernization theory argue

that economic development precedes (or even must precede) political development in

terms of democratization. Others argue that economic development can sometimes

hinder democratization. A related question is whether, once in place, democracies

economically outperform autocracies. We will shed some light on these questions mostly

from a more historical perspective.

Seminar11 (24.10. LB): The classical formulation: Barrington Moore

Mandatory:

Moore, Barrington. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press, 1993, pp. 413-483

Recommended:

Huber, Evelyne, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and John D. Stephens. “The Impact of Economic Development on Democracy.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 71–86.

Therborn, Goran: The Rule of Capital and the Rise of Democracy,” New Left Review 103:3-41.

Bernhard, Michael. “The Moore Thesis: What’s Left after 1989?” In 101st. Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, DC, 2005. http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/bernhard/content/moorethesis6.pdf


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Berman, Sheri. 2001. “Modernization in Historical Perspective: The Case of Imperial Germany,” World Politics 53:431-462.

Bernhard, Michael. 2001. “Democratization in Germany: A Reappraisal,” Comparative Politics 33:379-400.

Luebbert Gregory. 1991. Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Moore, Barrington. 1978. Injustice: the Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt. White Plains N.Y, M.E. Sharpe

Skocpol, Theda. 1994. “A Critical Review of Barrington Moore’s Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy,” in Social Revolution in the Modern World. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Pp. 25-54.

Seminar 12 (26.10. LB): Industrialization and Political Change

Mandatory:

Kurth, James R. 1979. “Industrial Change and Political Change: A European Perspective.” In: Collier, David, and Fernando Henrique Cardoso, eds. 1979. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, 319–62.

Recommended:

Bértola, Luis, and José Antonio Ocampo. 2012. The Economic Development of Latin America Since Independence. Oxford University Press.

Collier, David, and Fernando Henrique Cardoso, eds. 1979. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.

Hirschman, Albert O. 1981. “Authoritarianism in Latin America.” In Essays in Trespassing: Economics to Politics and Beyond, 98–136. CUP, 98-136

Kohli, Atul. 2004. State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery. Cambridge University Press.

Kurth, James R. 1979. “The Political Consequences of the Product Cycle: Industrial History and Political Outcomes.” International Organization 33 (01): 1–34.

Im, Hyug Baeg. 1987. “The Rise of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism in South Korea.” World Politics 39 (02): 231–57.

O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1978. “Reflections on the Patterns of Change in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State.” Latin American Research Review, 3–38.


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Week 7. The challenges of Eastern Europe’s double transformation to capitalism and

democracy – and of European integration

In the early 1990s, Claus Offe and Jon Elster have famously warned that Eastern Europe

faces unsurmountable difficulties when installing capitalism and democracy simultaneously.

Why and how have some countries in the region successfully managed the challenges of the

double (and triple) transformation, while others have not? What was the impact of the

integration of these economies in the strongest market integration regime on earth?

Seminar 13 (31.10. LB): Building States and Markets

Mandatory:

Frye, Timothy. 2010. Building States and Markets After Communism: The Perils of Polarized Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press, Introduction and chapter 1, pp. 1-47

Bohle, Dorothee, and Béla Greskovits. 2012. Capitalist Diversity on Europe’s Periphery. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, chapter 2, pp. 55-95.

Recommended:

Claus Offe (1991). “Capitalism by Democratic Design? Democratic Theory Facing the Triple Transformation in East Central Europe”, Social Research, 58(4), 865–92

Ekiert, Grzegorz, and Stephen E. Hanson. Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe: Assessing the Legacy of Communist Rule. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Eyal, Gil, Iván Szelényi, and Eleanor R Townsley. 1998. Making Capitalism without Capitalists: Class Formation and Elite Struggles in Post-Communist Central Europe. London: Verso.

Greskovits, Béla. The Political Economy of Protest and Patience: East European and Latin American Transformations Compared. Central European University Press, 1998.

Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2007. Rebuilding Leviathan: Party Competition and State Exploitation in Post-Communist Democracies. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kitschelt, Herbert, Zdenka Mansfeldová, Radoslaw Markowski, and Gábor Tóka, eds. 1999. Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kitschelt, Herbert. 2003. “Accounting for Postcommunist Regime Diversity: What Counts as a Good Cause?” In Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe: Assessing the Legacy of Communist Rule, 49–86. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.


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Roberts, Andrew L. The Quality of Democracy in Eastern Europe: Public Preferences and Policy Reforms. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009

Stark, David and Laszlo Bruszt. 1998. Postsocialist Pathways: Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Seminar 14 (02.11. LB): Central and Eastern Europe: The challenges of economic integration

Mandatory Reading

Bruszt, László and Julia Langbein (forthcoming) “Varieties of Dis-embedded Liberalism - EU Integration Strategies in the Eastern Peripheries of Europe” in Journal of European Public Policy

Jacoby, Wade. (2010). “Managing globalization by managing Central and Eastern Europe: the EU’s backyard as threat and opportunity.” Journal of European Public Policy 17(3): 416-432.

Recommended Reading

Bohle, D. and Greskovits, B. (2007) ‘Neoliberalism, embedded neoliberalism and neocorporatism: Towards transnational capitalism in Central-Eastern Europe’, West European Politics, 30(3), 443-466.

Bruszt, L. and McDermott, G. A. (2012) ‘Integrating rule takers: transnational integration regimes shaping institutional change in emerging market democracies’, Review of International Political Economy 19(5): 742-778.

Bruszt, L. and McDermott, G.A. (eds) (2014) Leveling the playing field. Transnational regulatory integration and development, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dimitrova, A. and Dragneva, R. (2013) ‘Shaping Convergence with the EU in Foreign Policy and State Aid in Post-Orange Ukraine: Weak External Incentives, Powerful Veto Players’, Europe Asia Studies, 65(4), 658-681.

Drahokoupil, J. (2009) Globalization and the state in Central and Eastern Europe: The politics of foreign investment, London: Routledge.

Dunn, E. (2003) ‘Trojan pig: paradoxes of food safety regulation’, Environment and Planning A 35(8): 1493-1511.

Langbein, J. (2015) Transnationalization and Regulatory Change in the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood. Ukraine between Brussels and Moscow, London: Routledge.


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Langbein, J. (2016) ‘(Dis-)integrating Ukraine? Domestic Oligarchs, Russia, the EU and the politics of economic integration’, Eurasian Geography and Economics.

Ruggie, J. (1982) ‘International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order’, International Organization 36(2): 379-415.

Šćepanović, Vera (2013) ‘FDI as a Solution to the Challenges of Late Development: Catch-up without Convergence?’, PhD dissertation, Budapest: Central European University.

PART III – CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Week 8. (Failed) Transitions and New Autocratic Regime Forms

In the eyes of most observers, after the so-called colored revolutions, the “Arab Spring”

constitutes the last set of instances of failed transitions. In this week, we try to take stock

of the processes and events and discuss which changes short of full-scale

democratization, these events might have triggered. In addition to comparing the Arab

Spring to events in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989 and in Europe in 1848, we come

back to the issue of what (new forms) of non-democracies have been emerging in the

recent past and partly in response to failed attempts at democratization.

Seminar 15 (07.11. CQS): Central and Eastern Europe II

Mandatory:

(Enyedi 2016b)

(Enyedi 2016a)

Recommended:

(Herman 2016)

Seminar 16 (09.11. CQS): MENA and the Arab Spring in Comparison with other world regions

Mandatory:

Hussain, Muzammil M., and Philip N. Howard. 2013. “What Best Explains Successful Protest Cascades? ICTs and the Fuzzy Causes of the Arab Spring.” International Studies Review 15(1): 48–66. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/misr.12020 (November 7, 2014).

Yom, Sean. 2015. “The Arab Spring: One Region, Several Puzzles, and Many Explanations.” Government and Opposition: 1–23. http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0017257X15000196

Recommended:


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(Albrecht and Schlumberger 2004)

(Barany 2011)

(Beissinger 2007)

(Bellin 2012)

(Braizat 2010)

(Brownlee, Masoud, and Reynolds 2013)

(Carey and Reynolds 2011)

(Cavatorta 2010)

(B. H. E. Hale 2005)

(H. E. Hale 2006)

Herd, Graeme P. (2005): Colorful revolutions and CIS: "manufactured' versus "managed" democracy. Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 52, issue 2, pp. 3-18

(Howard and Walters 2014)

Kopstein, Jeffrey S./Reilly, David A. (2000): Geographic diffusion and the transformation of the postcommunist world. World Politics, vol. 53, issue October, pp. 1-37

(Plattner 2011)

(Schlumberger 2007)

(Volpi and Cavatorta 2006)

(Way 2011)

(Weyland 2012)

Week 9. Crises in European Integration and Democracy

There is a widely shared concern that supranational integration, in combination with the fall-

out from the Great Recession has started to undermine democracy in Europe. At the same

time, in some political quarters an alternative economic model – authoritarian capitalism – is

considered superior to liberal democratic capitalism. This week we explore the repercussions

of the crisis and the new European economic governance on democratic support, and study

political and economic aspects of liberal capitalisms new contender.


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Seminar 17 (14.11. LB): Austerity and democratic legitimacy in Europe

Mandatory:

Streeck, Wolfgang and Lea Elsässer (2016). “Monetary Disunion: The Domestic Politics of Euroland”. Journal of European Public Policy Vol 23, No. 1, 1-24. Offe, Claus. 2013 . ”Europe entrapped – does the EU have the political capacity to overcome its present crisis?”, European Law Journal , 19 (5 ): 595–611 . Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2014. “Political Mobilization in Times of Crises: The Relationship

between Economic and Political Crises.” http://www.eui.eu/Projects/POLCON/Documents/Kriesicrises2014.pdf.

Recommended

Bruszt, Laszlo, 2015. “Regional Normalization and National Deviations - EU Integration and the Backsliding of Democracy in Europe's Eastern Periphery” Global Policy Journal

Scharpf, Fritz W. 2013. ”Monetary union, fiscal crisis and the disabling of democratic accountability”, pp 108–142 i A. Schäfer & W. Streeck, eds., Politics in the age of austerity . Cambridge: Polity Press.

Scharpf, Fritz W. 2013. Political Legitimacy in a Non-Optimal Currency Area. 13/15. MPIfG Discussion Paper 13/15. http://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/87733.

Mény, Yves. 2015. “«It’s Politics, Stupid!»: The Hollowing out of Politics in Europe-and Its Return, with a Vengeance.” Stato E Mercato 35 (1): 3–28.

Armingeon, Klaus, and Kai Guthmann. 2014. “Democracy in Crisis? The Declining Support for National Democracy in European Countries, 2007–2011.” European Journal of Political Research. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6765.12046/full

Bohle, Dorothee. 2014. “Responsible Government and Capitalism’s Cycles.” West European Politics 37 (2): 288–308.

Blyth, Mark. 2013. Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.

Deutschmann, Christoph. 2014. “The Future of the European Union A ‘Hayekian’ Regime?” European Journal of Social Theory 17 (3): 343–58. doi:10.1177/1368431014530924.

Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2013. “Democratic Legitimacy: Is There a Legitimacy Crisis in Contemporary Politics?” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 54 (4): 609–38.


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Laffan, Brigid. 2014. “Testing Times: The Growing Primacy of Responsibility in the Euro Area.” West European Politics 37 (2): 270–87.

Mudde, Cas. 2014. “The Far Right and the European Elections.” Current History 113 (761): 98–103.

O’Rourke, Kevin H. (2011). A Tale of Two Trilemmas. Dublin: Department of Economics and IIIS, Trinity College, available at http://ineteconomics.org/sites/inet.civicactions.net/files/BWpaper_OROURKE_040811.pdf

Seminar 18 (16.11. LB): The compatibility of capitalism and democracy after the Great

Recession

Merkel, Wolfgang. 2014. “Is Capitalism Compatible with Democracy?” Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 8 (2): 109–28.

Streeck, Wolfgang. 2011. “The Crises of Democratic Capitalism.” New Left Review, II, no. 71 (October): 5–29.

Diamond, Larry. 2015. “Facing up to the Democratic Recession.” Journal of Democracy 26 (1): 141–55.

Recommended:

Streeck, Wolfgang and Schäfer, Armin (eds). 2013. Politics in the Age of Austerity. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

Streeck, Wolfgang. 2014. Buying Time: The Delayed Crisis of Democratic Capitalism. Brooklyn, NY: Verso.

Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. 2015. “The Myth of Democratic Recession.” Journal of Democracy 26 (1): 45–58.

Week 10. Inequality: the Achilles heel of capitalist democracies?

In this week we study one of the most pervasive phenomena in contemporary democratic

(and non-democratic) societies: the rise of inequalities. We will distinguish between

social and political inequalities. When reflecting on the potential causal relationship

between the two, we further differentiate between inequalities within countries

(between social groups) and inequalities between countries (both in terms of types and

degrees of inequality).

Seminar 19 (21.11. CQS): Inequality and regime change

Mandatory:


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(Haggard and Kaufman 2012)

(Slater, Smith, and Nair 2014)

(Smith 2008)

Recommended:

(Acemoglu and Robinson 2001)

Acemoglu, Daron/Robinson, James A. (2005): Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

(Anderson and Beramendi 2008)

(Bartels 2008)

Boix, Carles (2003): Democracy and Redistribution. New York : Cambridge University Press

Bollen, Kenneth A./Jackman, Robert W. (1995): Income inequality and democratization revisited: comment on Muller. American Sociological Review, vol. 60, pp. 983-989

(Bourguignon, Levin, and Rosenblatt 2004)

(Gilens 2005)

(Gilens 2009)

(Jaime-Castillo 2009)

Karl, Terry Lynn (2000): Economic inequality and democratic stability. Journal of Democracy, vol. 11, issue 1, pp. 149-156

Muller, Edward N. (1995): Income inequality and democratization: reply to Bollen and Jackman. American Sociological Review, vol. 60, pp. 990-996

Ringen, Stein (2006): Reflections on inequality and equality. Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB), SP I 2006 - 201

(Solt 2008)

(Soroka and Wlezien 2008)

Tilly, Charles (2003): Inequality, democratization, and de-democratization. Sociological Theory, vol. 21, issue 1, pp. 37-43

Seminar 20 (23.11. CQS): The relation between social and political inequalities

Mandatory:

(Schneider and Makszin 2013)


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Recommended:

(Alderson 2002)

(Lijphart 1997)

(Lutz and Marsh 2007)

(Marien, Hooghe, and Quintelier 2010)

Piketty, Thomas. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2014. Introduction, p. 1-38

Schäfer, Armin, I. Panel, and Demokratische Legitimation und Wirtschaftspolitik. 2013. “Liberalization, Inequality and Democracy’s Discontent’.” Politics in the Age of Austerity, 169–95.

(Teorell, Torcal, and Montero 2007)

Weeks 11. Student Presentations

Seminars 21+22 (28. + 30.11. CQS): Topics more focused on political regime change

Students are responsible for assigning mandatory and recommended readings for the topic of their choice.

Weeks 12. Student Presentations

Seminars 23+24 (05. + 07.12. LB): Topics more focused on economic transformations

Students are responsible for assigning mandatory and recommended readings for the topic of their choice.

Reference list of readings above in parentheses

Acemoglu, Daron, and James A Robinson. 2001. “A Theory of Political Transitions.” The American Economic Review 91(4): 938–63.

Albrecht, Holger, and Oliver Schlumberger. 2004. “‘Waiting for Godot’: Regime Change without Democratization in the Middle East.” International Political Science Review 25(4): 371–92. http://ips.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/25/4/371.pdf.


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Alderson, Arthur S. 2002. “Globalization and the Great U-Turn : Income Inequality Trends in 16 OECD Countries 1.” American Journal of Sociology 107(5): 1244–99.

Anderson, Christopher, and Pablo Beramendi. 2008. “Income, Inequality, and Electoral Participation.” In Democracy, Inequality, and Representation: A Comparative Perspective, , 278.

Barany, Zoltan. 2011. “Comparing the Arab Revolts: The Role of the Military.” Journal Of Democracy 22(4): 24–35.

Bartels, Larry M. 2008. Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Beissinger, Mark R. 2007. “Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/rose/orange/tulip Revolutions.” Perspectives on Politics 5(2): 259–76.

Bellin, Eva. 2012. “Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East Lessons from the Arab Spring.” Comparative Politics 23(2): 127–49.

Bogaards, Matthijs. 2010. “Measures of Democratization: From Degree to Type to War.” Political Research Quarterly 63(2): 475–88.

Bogaards, Matthijs, and Sebastian Elischer. 2015. “Competitive Authoritarianism in Africa Revisited.” Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft: 1–14. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12286-015-0257-6.

Bourguignon, Francois, Victoria Levin, and David Rosenblatt. 2004. “Declining International Inequality and Economic Divergence: Reviewing the Evidence through Different Lenses.” Economic Internationale 100(4): 13–25.

Braizat, Fares. 2010. “The Meanings of Democracy: What Arabs Think.” Journal Of Democracy 21(4): 131–38.

Brooker, Paul. 2000. Non-Democratic Regimes: Theory, Government and Politics. Houndsmill: Palgrave Macmillan.

Brownlee, Jason. 2002. “... and yet They Persist: Explaining Regime Survival and Transition in Neopatrimonial Regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 37(3): 35–63.

———. 2004. Ruling Parties and Durable Authoritarianism. Stanord Institute on International Studies: Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law.

———. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———. 2009. “Portents of Pluralism: How Hybrid Regimes Affect Democratic Transitions.” American Journal of Political Science 53(3): 515–32. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00384.x.

Brownlee, Jason, Tarek Masoud, and Andrew Reynolds. 2013. “Why the Modest Harvest?” Journal of Democracy 24(4): 29–44.


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http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_democracy/v024/24.4.brownlee.html.

Bühlmann, Marc, Wolfgang Merkel, and Bernhard Wessels. 2008. The Quality of Democracy: Democracy Barometer for Established Democracies. berlin. http://www.nccr-democracy.uzh.ch/publications/workingpaper/pdf/WP10.pdf.

Capoccia, G., and D. Ziblatt. 2010. “The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda for Europe and Beyond.” Comparative Political Studies 43(8-9): 931–68. http://cps.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0010414010370431 (September 4, 2010).

Carey, John M, and Andrew Reynolds. 2011. “Comparing the Arab Revolts the Impact of Election Systems.” Journal Of Democracy 22(4): 36–47.

Cavatorta, Francesco. 2010. “The Convergence of Governance: Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World and Downgrading Democracy Elsewhere?” Middle East Critique 19(3): 217–32.

Cheibub, José Antonio, Jennifer Gandhi, and James Raymond Vreeland. 2009. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice 143(1-2): 67–101. http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2 (October 13, 2010).

Collier, D., J. LaPorte, and J. Seawright. 2012. “Putting Typologies to Work: Concept Formation, Measurement, and Analytic Rigor.” Political Research Quarterly 65(1): 217–32. http://prq.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1065912912437162 (November 16, 2012).

Coppedge, Michael, I Lindberg, Svend-erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell. 2015. “Measuring High Level Democratic Principles Using the V-Dem Data.” International Political Science Review.

Croissant, Aurel, and Stefan Wurster. 2013. “Special Issue: The Performance and Persistence of Autocracies.” Contemporary Politics 19(1).

Doorenspleet, Renske. 2005. Democratic Transitions: Exploring the Structural Sources of the Fourth Wave. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Enyedi, Zsolt. 2016a. “Paternalist Populism and Illiberal Elitism in Central Europe.” Journal of Political Ideologies 21(1): 9–25.

———. 2016b. “Populist Polarization and Party System Institutionalization.” Problems of Post-Communism (July): Published online: 14 Jan 2016. http://www-tandfonline-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1080/10758216.2015.1113883.

Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gandhi, Jennifer, and Ellen Lust-Oskar. 2009. “Elections under Authoritarianism.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 403–22.

Geddes, Barbara, Joseph Wright, and Erica Frantz. 2014. “Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set.” Perspectives on Politics 12(02): 313–31.


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http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1537592714000851 (October 30, 2014).

Gerring, John. 2012a. “Mere Description.” British Journal of Political Science 42(04): 721–46. http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0007123412000130 (October 28, 2012).

———. 2012b. Strategies Social Science Methodology. A Unified Framework. second. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gerschewski, Johannes. 2013. “The Three Pillars of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-Optation in Autocratic Regimes.” Democratization 20(1): 13–38. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2013.738860.

Gilens, Martin. 2005. “Inequality and Democratic Responsiveness.” Public Opinion Quarterly 69(5): 778–96. http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/poq/nfi058.

———. 2009. “Preference Gaps and Inequality in Representation.” PS: Political Science & Politics 42(02): 335. http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1049096509090441 (November 29, 2012).

Göbel, Christian. 2010. “Authoritarian Consolidation.” European Political Science 10(2): 176–90. http://www.palgrave-journals.com/doifinder/10.1057/eps.2010.47 (November 29, 2012).

Hadenius, Axel, and Jan. Teorell. 2007. “Pathways from Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 18(1): 143–57. http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_democracy/v018/18.1hadenius.html.

Haggard, Stephan, and Robert R. Kaufman. 2012. “Inequality and Regime Change: Democratic Transitions and the Stability of Democratic Rule.” American Political Science Review 106(3): 495–516.

Hale, By Henry E. 2005. “Regime Cycles: Democracy, Autocracy, Adn Revolution in Post-Soviet Eurasia.” International Social Science Journal 58: 133–65.

Hale, Henry E. 2006. “Democracy or Autocracy on the March? The Colored Revolutions as Normal Dynamics of Patronal Presidentialism.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39(3): 305–29.

Herman, Lise Esther. 2016. “Re-Evaluating the Post-Communist Success Story: Party Elite Loyalty, Citizen Mobilization and the Erosion of Hungarian Democracy.” European Political Science Review 8(2): 195–224. http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1755773914000472.

Howard, Marc Morjé, and Meir R. Walters. 2014. “Explaining the Unexpected: Political Science and the Surprises of 1989 and 2011.” Perspectives on Politics 12(02): 394–408. http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1537592714000899 (November 3, 2014).

Jaime-Castillo, Antonio M. 2009. Evaluation Economic Inequality and Electoral Participation . A Cross-Country Evaluation.


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Knutsen, C. H. 2010. “Measuring Effective Democracy.” International Political Science Review 31(2): 109–28. http://ips.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0192512110364736 (October 14, 2010).

Krastev, Ivan. 2011. “Paradoxes of the New Authoritarianism.” Journal Of Democracy 22(2): 5–16.

Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A Way. 2015. “The Myth of Democratic Recession.” Journal of Democracy 26(1): 45–58.

Levitzky, Steven, and Lucan A Way. 2010. Competetive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lijphart, Arend. 1997. “Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma.” The American Political Science Review 91(1): 1–14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2952255.

Lindberg, Staffan. 2009. Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of Transition? Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Linz, Juan Jos�. 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. Crisis Breakdown and Reequilibration. Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 53: 69–105.

Lutz, Georg, and Michael Marsh. 2007. “Introduction: Consequences of Low Turnout.” Electoral Studies 26(3): 539–47. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261379406000990 (November 29, 2012).

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy. Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres.

———. 2008. “Credible Power_Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule.” Comparative Political Studies 41(4/5): 715–41.

Marien, Sofie, Marc Hooghe, and Ellen Quintelier. 2010. “Inequalities in Non-Institutionalised Forms of Political Participation: A Multi-Level Analysis of 25 Countries.” Political Studies 58(1): 187–213. http://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2009.00801.x.

Miller, Michael K. 2013. The Origins of Electoral Authoritarianism and Democracy.

Moon, Bruce E et al. 2006. “Voting Counts: Participation in the Measurement of Democracy.” Studies in Comparative International Development 41(2): 3–32.

Morlino, Leonardo. 2009. “Are There Hybrid Regimes? Or Are They Just an Optical Illusion?” European Political Science Review 1(02): 273. http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1755773909000198.

Munck, Gerardo L. 2012. “Conceptualizing the Quality of Democracy: The Framing of a New Agenda for Comparative Politics.” Center for the Study of Imperfections in Democracies, DISC WP 2012/23.


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Munck, Gerardo. L. 2009. Measuring Democracy: A Bridge between Scholarship & Politics. The Johns Hopkins University Press.

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