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Comparison between the polar coronal holes during the Cycle22/23 and Cycle 23/24 minima using magnetic, microwave, and EUV butterfly diagrams N. Gopalswamy, S. Yashiro , P. Mäkelä, K. Shibasaki & D. Hathaway

the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

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Page 1: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Comparison between the polar coronal holes during the Cycle22/23 and Cycle 

23/24 minima using magnetic, microwave, and EUV butterfly diagrams

N. Gopalswamy, S. Yashiro, P. Mäkelä, K. Shibasaki & D. Hathaway

Page 2: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Nobeyama Radio Images show many solar features

ACTIVE REGIONFILAMENT

CORONAL HOLE

PROMINENCE

In this paper we are interested in the polar coronal holes

Page 3: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Coronal holes are bright in microwaves

96102117 GHzMWO 961020SXT 961020

Dark in X‐rays Enhanced unipolar B Bright in Microwaves

Coronal holes are bright in the frequency range 15‐80 GHz (polar & low‐latitude)Quiet‐sun emission at 17 GHz  comes from the chromosphereMicrowave enhancement is due to different physical conditions  in the Chromosphere beneath coronal holes (hotter than quiet sun)( See Gopalswamy et al., 1999 for a review)

Here we study the  solar‐cycle variation of the 17 GHz brightness in polar coronal holes 

From Gopalswamy, 2008 JASTP

Page 4: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

CH Brightness Temperature and underlying photospheric field strength

Brightness Temperature (x 104 K)

Peak Pho

tosphe

ric Field Strength (G

)

71 Coronal Holes1/1996 – 4/1999

Gopalswamy et al., 2000

Low‐latitudecoronal holes

Tb – B Relationship

Page 5: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Motivation

• Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of expansion factor (Wang & Sheeley, 1990), photospheric field strength (Fisk et al., 1999) and a combination of the two (Fujiki et al. 2005)

• Coronal holes have distinct signatures at the photospheric (enhanced unipolar field) and chromospheric layers (enhanced microwave brightness temperature)

• Microwave brightness temperature (Tb) in low‐latitude coronal holes is related to the photospheric field strength B (Gopalswamy, Salem & Shibasaki, 2000)

• Because of the extended observations available from Nobeyama, we have the opportunity to connect conditions in the photosphere, chromosphere, corona, and the solar wind

• We are interested in the implications of the Tb – B relationship to the current (23/24) subdued minimum?

Page 6: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Data

• Photospheric magnetograms (Kitt Peak, SOLIS, SOHO/MDI)

• 17 GHz microwave brightness temperature images (from the Nobeyama radioheliograph)

• SOHO/EIT images

• Ulysses solar wind speed from SWOOPS (Solar Wind Observations Over the Poles of the Sun)

Page 7: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Nobeyama Synoptic Charts

CORONAL HOLE

CORONAL HOLE

ACTIVE REGIONFILAMENT

Constructed from daily best images taken around noon timeTake a 13° strip near the central meridian and assemble them over a Carrington Rotation periodOne can see different solar features including the prominent polar coronal “holes”We use these synoptic charts to construct the microwave butterfly diagram

Page 8: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

24?

2322

23

CH

22/23 minimum 23/24 minimum

Microwave butterfly Diagram (Nobeyama)

(Negative Image: Back ‐> Bright)Two bright features: Active region belt (corona) and polar coronal holes (chromosphere)Polar brightness is lower during cycle 23/24 minimum compared to the 22/23 minimum

Page 9: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

YEAR

LATITU

DE

30S

0

30N

90N

90S

Magnetic Butterfly Diagram (Hathaway)

Mostly Kitt Peak Data; MDI data for a few rotationsClose similarity between microwave and magnetic butterfly diagrams

Page 10: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

EUV bright features are dim in microwaves

Page 11: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Magnetic & Microwave butterfly Diagrams

Microwave contour levels at [1.033, 1.067, 1.10, 1.133, 1.167, 1.20, 1.233] x 104 KThere is a good spatial correspondence between the enhanced B and Tb

Blue: Negative; Red: positive

Page 12: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Temporal Relationship in the Polar Region

Averaged over latitudes poleward of  60 degrees

Smoothed over 13 Carrington Rot.

All the symptoms of the subduedSolar minimum 23/24 are evident.Radio

Magnetic Field

Page 13: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Cycle 22/23 & 23/24 minimaMostly Kitt Peak Data and some MDI datathat goes into Hathaway magnetic butterfly

During 22/23 minimum, the field strengthand  Microwave brightness are  higherthan the corresponding values during the23/24 minimum

23/24

22/23 22/23

23/24

Page 14: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Cycle 22/23 & 23/24 minima: N

22/23

23/24

•The difference between 22/23 and 23/24  minima is not substantial in terms of Microwave brightness (150 K)•The 22/23 field strength is higher by a factor of ~ 8.5/ 5 = 1.7•The correlation is poorer than that in the southern hemisphere

Page 15: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

North‐South Asymmetry∆T = 450 K ∆T = 150 K

∆T  ∆T 

23/24

22/2322/23

23/24

Page 16: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Microwave Brightness and SW speed

• Compare the 17 GHz polar brightness temperature with solar wind speed measured by Ulysses in the polar region (poleward of 60 degrees)

• North and south polar passes corresponding to 22/23 and 23/24 minima

• Higher 17 GHz Tb  higher solar wind speed

Page 17: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Solar Wind Speed At Ulysses (|L|>60o)

23/24

22/23

23/24

22/23

Wind speed difference similar to Brightness temperature differenceThe southern and northern polar wind speeds are at different timesHigher Tb  higher solar wind speed

Max 23

Decl 23

Page 18: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

S W Speed At Ulysses (|L|>60o) related to polar B (similar to 17 GHz Tb)

Page 19: the polar coronal holes during Cycle22/23 23/24 using ... · • Magnetic connection of the solar wind speed to deeper layers of the solar atmosphere has been proposed in terms of

Summary

• The microwave enhancement in polar coronal holes during 23/24 minimum is diminished with respect to the 22/23 minimum

• The decrease is consistent with the reduced polar field strength during the 23/24 minimum as measured by KPNO

• There is a clear north‐south asymmetry in the polar microwave brightness difference between the two minima

• During the 23/24 minimum, B and Tb varied over a very narrow range of values in the southern hemisphere

• The reduced microwave brightness is consistent with the reduced solar wind speed measured by Ulysses/SWOOPS at high latitudes