1

The Planetary SocietyLiving Interplanetary Flight Experiment

(LIFE)Moscow Solar System Symposium (1M-S3)

11-15 October 2010

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3 LOUIS FRIEDMAN

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 2

LIFETesting the Theory of Transpermia

Survivability of micro-organisms on a voyage between the planets

Pathfinder to Mars Sample ReturnIncluding biological sample handling

First Deliberate Sending of Earth Life into the Solar System

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

Testing TranspermiaTHE INTERPLANETARY TRANSFER OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

PHOBOS-GRUNT MISSIONInterplanetary Trajectory Simulates Rock Transport Between the Planets

Extreme temperatures Weightlessness Interplanetary radiation environmentEarth-Mars space environment~34 months in space

And round-trip missions in the solar system are rare

Outside the geomagnetosphere

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 5

Phobos LIFE Team Science Team

Bruce Betts, Experiment Mgr. - The Planetary Society

Louis Friedman – The Planetary Society

David Warmflash, Principal Investigator - U of Pennsylvania

George Fox - U of Houston Neva Ciftcioglu – Nanobac

Pharmaceuticals Inc K. Ingemar Jönsson, Kristianstad

University, Sweden Joseph Kirschvinck – Caltech, U

of Kyoto David McKay – NASA/JSC Cody Nash - Caltech Elena Vorobyova, Moscow State

University Alexander Zakharov, Space

Research Inst.

ATCC Team Marian McKee (Team

Lead) Tim Lilburn Amy Smith

DLR team Petra Rettberg (Team

Lead) Elke Rabbow Ralf Möller Marko Waßmann Thomas Berger Gerda Horneck Günther Reitz

Engineering Team Bud Fraze, Stellar

Exploration Tomas Svitek, Stellar

Exploration11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 6

LIFE OrganismsBacteria

Bacillus safensis f036b (ATCC- BAA-1126)Bacillus subtilis 168ATCC® 23857™Bacillus subtilis MW01Deinococcus radiodurans ATCC® BAA-816™

EurkaryaSaccharomyces cerevisiae Strain W303. ATCC®

200060™Arabidopsis thalianaTardigrades

ArchaeaHaloarcula marismortui ATCC 43049Pyrococcus furiosus ATCC® 43587™ (DSM-3638) Methanothermobacter wolfeii

Soil colony11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 7

LIFE Organisms

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

OrganismATCC reference number

Type of sample

Form Mass of sample

Organism provided by:

Bacillus safensis f036b

ATCC®- BAA-1126™

Bacteria Freeze dried < 6 mg ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,

Bacillus subtilis 168 ATCC® 23857™

Bacteria Freeze dried (ATCC) and air dried (DLR)

< 6 mg ATCC (1 tube), Dr. Tim Lilburn et al., , andDLR, Dr. Rettberg et al., (2 tubes)

Bacillus subtilis MW01

Bacteria Air dried < 6 mg DLR, Dr. Rettberg et al.,

Deinococcus radiodurans

ATCC® BAA-816™

Bacteria Freeze dried < 6 mg ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain W303.

ATCC® 200060™

Yeast Freeze dried < 6 mg ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,

Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds Seeds < 6 mg University , Dr. David Warmflash, ; original source: Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (ABRC),

Milnesium tardigradum

Animals Air dried < 6 mg Dr. K. Ingemar Jönsson

Richtersius coronifer Animals Air dried < 6 mg Dr. K. Ingemar Jönsson

Echiniscus testudo Animals Air dried < 6 mg Dr. K. Ingemar Jönsson

Haloarcula marismortui

ATCC® 43049™

Archaea Air dried with salt

< 6 mg ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,

Pyrococcus furiosus ATCC® 43587™ (DSM-3638)

Archaea Freeze dried < 6 mg ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,

Methanothermobacter wolfeii

ATCC® 43096™

Archaea Air dried < 6 mg ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,

Sterile mineralogical mixture inoculated by nonpathogenic methanogenic archae

Arid soil Air dried < 0.8 g Dr. Elena Vorobyova

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 8

LIFE Module Accommodation Inside Phobos-Grunt

LIFE Biomodule

PhobosEarth-returnDescent Module

Phobos-Grunt Spacecraft11-15 October 2010

1MS-3

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 9

Cooperative with IMBP Anabios Experiment

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

Two “Phobos-capsule” with 122 (1010 mm) packs with different biological objects

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 10

Placement in PhSRM Return Capsule

Anabios Phobos-capsules

LIFE

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 11

OUTER TITANIUM COVER UPPER SHOCK PAD

CARRIER COVER

INDIUM OUTER SEAL

SAFETY WIRE

COLONY COVER

TITANIUM LOCKING CLEAT

OUTER TITANIUM COVER

COLONY CONTAINER

CARRIER BASE

SINGLE SAMPLE CONTAINER

SILICONE O-RING INNER SEAL

KAPTON RETAINER

LOWER SHOCK PAD

LOCKING LUG

“LIFE” BIOMODULE

External dimensions: 57 mm x 17 mm

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

TLD RADIATION DETECTOR

Mass = 89 gShock Load up to 4000 g’s

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 12

More on the LIFE Bio-moduleThree-tiered vacuum seal with locking lugs and

pinsStructural integrity was primary concern Meets COSPAR Planetary Protection

requirements with very low probability of hitting Mars and very high structural integrity

Accommodates diverse samples: 30 individual sample holders for 10 triplicate samples

Single “colony” soil sample Includes passive radiation detectors inside bio-

moduleIncludes thermal extremes detectors

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 13

LIFE Seals DetailsO-RING TITANIUM CLIP

KAPTON/METALIC RETAINER/SEAL PORON/SILICONE RING / PAD

PORON/SILICONE TOP PAD

INDIUM SEAL

TITANIUM LOWER SHELL

LOCKING LUG11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 14

Impact tests > 4000 g’s

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 15

Vibration tests to simulate launch

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 16

Loading freeze dried samples in tubes

ATCC: American Type Culture CollectionA Global Nonprofit Bioresource Center

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 17

Sealing the Tubes

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 18

Assembly Complete

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 19

Planetary Protection

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3

Mission Phase Probability in 20 years

Probability in 50 years

1. Interplanetary cruise: 5σ navigation error = 0.02% (400 km error acceptable with 1σ error =

80 km; assumes Gaussian error distribution) Mars intercept = 35% (geometric factor considering B-plane dispersions; only some navigation error cause spacecraft to hit Mars)

0.006% 0.006%

2. Mars orbit insertion probability of spacecraft destructive “disassembly” = 1% (this estimate

is based on the observation that only about a dozen satellites experienced major propulsion malfunction, out of 1000+ satellites known to be launched with substantial propulsion capability)

probability of descent module ejected with adequate dv = 1% (based on possible distribution of mechanical momentum of resulting debris and considering geometric factors for spreading of this debris cloud)

0.010% 0.010%

3. Initial transfer/phasing orbit spacecraft failing in this orbit = 5% (simple ratio of duration in this orbit

- 3 months and total spacecraft lifetime - 5 years) unique LON/Periarg combination = 1% (conservative estimate, based

on fact that >100 combinations were tested and no rapid-decay combination was found -- though they are known to exist)

50 year estimate based upon linearly extrapolating the 20 year probability out to 50 years

0.050% 0.1250%

4. Phobos orbit operations 0.000% 0.000%

5. Trans-earth departure probability of 180-deg inverted burn = 0.1% (based on the fact this

error was observed only a few times over many thousands of actual in-space propulsion maneuvers)

probability of inverted burn causing Mars entry = 10% (based on geometric and energy considerations of this particular maneuver)

0.010% 0.010%

Total estimate ~0.08% ~0.15%Requirement 1% 5%

Margin of estimate over requirement 12x 33x

The Phobos LIFE experiment is fully compliant with the COSPAR planetary protection guidelines.

Viability/Capability of Self-propagationCulture each organism in their optimal culture conditions, and compare the growing cell number with the negative controls.Spore regeneration

Some Tests to be Done After Sample ReturnCulture the spores and count the vegetative cell forms, compare with negative controlsMutationMorphological characteristics before and after the mission (EM analysis) Biochemical activities before and after the missionContamination control

LOUIS FRIEDMAN 21

www.planetary.org

11-15 October 2010 1MS-3