The Physics of Charged Particle Therapy · 2020. 5. 5. · 04.05.2020 The Physics of Charged Particle Therapy Introduction to Particle Therapy Part I/II –Fundamental Concepts and

04.05.2020

The Physics

of Charged Particle TherapyIntroduction to Particle Therapy

Part I/II – Fundamental Concepts and Physics

Benedikt Kopp

PhD Candidate

Biophysics in Particle Therapy Group (BioPT), Heidelberg, Germany

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Introduction to PT

!! Disclaimer !!

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Introduction to PT

Literature

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Introduction to PT

Additional Literature

• Schardt, Dieter, Thilo Elsässer, and Daniela Schulz-Ertner.

"Heavy-ion tumor therapy: Physical and radiobiological

benefits." Reviews of modern physics 82.1 (2010): 383.

• Wilson, Robert R. "Radiological use of fast protons."

Radiology 47.5 (1946): 487-491.

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Introduction to PT

Overview

• Introduction to Radiotherapy

• Physics:

• Energy Loss

• Lateral Beam shape

• Beam Delivery Techniques

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Introduction to PTThe Ideal

Irradiation Type

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Introduction to PT

A Quick Comparison

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Introduction to PT

An Old but Good Idea

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Introduction to PT

Dose Deposition

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Introduction to PT Dose Deposition

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Introduction to PT

Overview


• Physics:

• Interaction Types of Particles with Matter

• Energy Loss in Material

• Lateral Beam Shape


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Introduction to PT

Physics of Particles

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Introduction to PT


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Introduction to PTCoulomb Interaction

with Electrons

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with Electrons

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Introduction to PT !! Important !!

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(and material)

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Introduction to PT


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with Nuclei

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with Nuclei

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with Nuclei

Highland Formula describes the lateral scattering in

a first approximation as a Gaussian with αθ

Lrad Radiation Length of Material

d Thickness of absorber

Zp Charge of particle

p Momentum of particle

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with Nuclei

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Introduction to PT


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Introduction to PT Nuclear Interactions

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Introduction to PT

Taken from Schardt 2010 et al.

Nuclear Interactions

of Heavy Projectiles

Heavy particles (e.g. Carbon, Oxygen, Neon ions) also

undergo fragmentation

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Introduction to PT

400 MeV/u 12C Beam

in water

Seconardy fragments

buildup with depth in

water

Taken from Haettner et al. 2006



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Introduction to PT

Secondary fragments contribute significantly to

the dose for heavy ions!

Ta

ke

n fro

m S

ch

ard

t 20

10

et a

l.



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Introduction to PT

Abrasion ablasion model can be used to describe nuclear

reactions in heavy particles (4He, 12C, 16O)

Nuclear interactions of heavy ions

• produce secondary particles

• have a higher relative secondary particle count with

depth in water

• produced fragments have increased range

→ Creates tail after the Bragg Peak



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Introduction to PTNuclear Interactions


Protos scatter more

laterally

Heavy ions have a

tail

In this example, the

tail dose reaches the

brain stem (yellow)

of the patient.

Ada

pte

d fro

m K

opp

et a

l. 202

0

Protons

Carbon ions

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Introduction to PT

Overview


• Physics:





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Introduction to PT The Bragg-Peak

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Introduction to PTThe Bethe-Bloch

Formula

The energy loss of a particle can be described by the

Bethe-Bloch formula (including correction terms):

At energies at about 10 MeV/u projectiles

recombine with free electron and the effective

charge must be used.

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Introduction to PTThe Bethe-Bloch

Formula

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Introduction to PT Range Straggling

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Introduction to PT

Proton Range and

Path length

Total path length of a particle is defined by:

For heavy ions, the path length is very close to the range of

the beam.

The range of a particle with specific energy (MeV/u)

scales with A/Z2.

Taken from Schardt et al. 2010

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Introduction to PT

Mean range of ions in

water

Taken from Schardt et al. 2010

4He ions have

the same range

as protons for

the same

specific energy!

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Introduction to PT Proton Range

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Introduction to PTFacts of Proton

Beams

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Introduction to PTThe Spread-Out

Bragg Peak (SOBP)

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Bragg Peak (SOBP)

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Bragg Peak (SOBP)

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Introduction to PT

How to create a SOBP

→ Algorithms and Optimization

With the solution:

Lomax 1999

Optimizing a SOBP

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Introduction to PTOptimizing a SOBP

in modern times

Wieser et al. 2017

Objectives are goals the

optimziation is trying to

reach (dose in tumor)

Constraints ensure that

a sensible solution is

reached

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Introduction to PT

Overview


• Physics:





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Introduction to PT

Lateral Beam Shape

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Introduction to PT

Lateral Beam Shape

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Introduction to PT

Lateral Beam Shape

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Introduction to PT

Lateral Beam Shape

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Introduction to PT

Lateral Beam Shape

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Introduction to PT

Lateral Beam Shape

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Introduction to PT

Lateral Beam Shape

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Introduction to PT

Lateral Beam Shape

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Introduction to PT

Lateral Beam Shape

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Introduction to PT

Lateral Beam Shape

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Introduction to PT

Lateral Beam Shape

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Introduction to PTSchema of principal

contributions

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Introduction to PT

Overview


• Physics:





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Introduction to PTPassive

Beam Delivery

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Introduction to PTPassive

Beam Delivery

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Introduction to PTActive

Beam Delivery

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Beam Delivery

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Beam Delivery

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Beam Delivery

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Introduction to PTActive vs Passive

Beam Delivery

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Introduction to PTEnd of Part

I/II

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The Physics of Charged Particle Therapy · 2020. 5. 5. · 04.05.2020 The Physics of Charged Particle Therapy Introduction to Particle Therapy Part I/II –Fundamental Concepts and