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Activity 7
The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
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Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Get Started
Strawberry Apple Orange
By what specific physical characteristic could we classify the following fruits into two groups?
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Introduction
A character is a recognizable structure, function, or behavior of an organism.
A homologous character, or homology, is shared by taxa and their common ancestor.
Read the introduction.
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Introduction
Shared derived characters are homologies shared by all populations of a single species or group of species descended from a common ancestor.
An evolutionary tree, or tree, is a branched diagram for classifying taxa that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships of taxa.
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of VertebratesActivity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Level Northern Red Oak Tree
Mouse E. coli House Cat
Human Chimpanzee
Domain Eukarya Eukarya Bacteria Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae Animalia Eubacteria Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Magnoliophyta Chordata Proteobacteria Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class Magnoliopsida Mammalia Gamma Proteobacteria
Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia
Order Fagales Rodentia Enterobacteriales Carnivora Primates Primates
Family Fagaceae Muridae Enterobacteriaceae Felidae Hominidae Hominidae
Genus Quercus Mus Escherichia Felis Homo Pan
Species Quercus rubra Mus musculus
Escherichia coli Felis domesticus
Homo sapiens
Pan troglodytes
Taxonomy
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of VertebratesActivity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
How do you test a tree hypothesis for a group of taxa?
Challenge
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of VertebratesActivity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Vertebrate Forelimbs
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Procedure
All of the taxa share a common ancestor that had forelimbs with similar structures. The taxa gradually evolved as certain features enabled them to take advantage of opportunities in their environment.
Procedure Step 3
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of VertebratesActivity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Homology and Analogy
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of VertebratesActivity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Character Matrix for Six Vertebrates
Character Lamprey Frog Bird Whale Pig Human
Pelvic remnants (small portion of what was once a whole pelvis)
0 0 0 1 0 0
Body hair 0 0 0 1 1 1
Amniotic egg 0 0 1 1 1 1
Forelimbs 0 1 1 1 1 1
Vertebral column (backbone)
1 1 1 1 1 1
Procedure
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of VertebratesActivity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Vertebrate Tree
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of VertebratesActivity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Vertebrate Tree
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of VertebratesActivity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Branched Tree
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of VertebratesActivity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Hypotheses for Vertebrate Phylogeny
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Procedure
Add information from this activity or a previous activity to support whether any of the statements are correct or incorrect.
Return to Student Sheet 3.1, “Ideas about Evolution”
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Follow Up
Based on the tree you chose:◦ Which are more closely related to humans: birds or
frogs? Support your answer with evidence.◦ Which are more distantly related to birds: humans or
lampreys? Support your answer with evidence.◦ Which group shares a more recent common ancestor
with whales: pigs or humans? Support your answer with evidence.
Analysis 3
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Follow Up
Based on the portion of a tree shown below, what can you say about the relationship of taxa X to horses and humans?
Analysis 4
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of VertebratesActivity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
How do you test a tree hypothesis for a group of taxa?
Revisit the Challenge
Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Key Vocabulary
character clade evidence evolutionary tree homologous
character homology hypothesis
node phylogenetics shared derived
character taxa taxon
Key Vocabulary