The Periodic Table of Elements

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I am Dmitri Mendeleev!

I made the PERIODIC TABLE !I made the PERIODIC TABLE !

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What is the PERIODIC What is the PERIODIC TABLE?TABLE?

oShows all known elements in the universe.

oOrganizes the elements by chemical properties.

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Why is the Periodic Table important?Why is the Periodic Table important?

• The periodic table is The periodic table is

the most useful tool to the most useful tool to

a chemist.a chemist.

• It organizes lots of It organizes lots of

information about all information about all

the known elements.the known elements.

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Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry …Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry …

• ……was a mess!!!was a mess!!!

• No organization of elements.No organization of elements.

• Imagine going to a grocery store Imagine going to a grocery store

with no organization!!with no organization!!

• Difficult to find information.Difficult to find information.

• Chemistry didn’t make sense.Chemistry didn’t make sense.

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Dmitri Mendeleev: Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the TableFather of the Table

• How does the Periodic Table work?How does the Periodic Table work?

• You shall try to figure it out on your own..!!!!You shall try to figure it out on your own..!!!!

• Look at the Periodic table and try to figure it outLook at the Periodic table and try to figure it out

HINT:HINT:

• Look at all the information for each elementLook at all the information for each element

• Do you see any pattern?Do you see any pattern?

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Dmitri Mendeleev: Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the TableFather of the Table

• How did his Periodic Table work?How did his Periodic Table work?

• He organized the table in two ways:He organized the table in two ways:

1. In horizontal rows called 1. In horizontal rows called PeriodsPeriods

2. In vertical columns called 2. In vertical columns called Familes or GroupsFamiles or Groups

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The Current Periodic TableThe Current Periodic Table• Mendeleev wasn’t too far off.Mendeleev wasn’t too far off.

• The The PeriodsPeriods and are labeled from 1 to 7. and are labeled from 1 to 7.

• The The GroupsGroups or or FamiliesFamilies are labeled from 1 to 18. are labeled from 1 to 18.

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From left to right across Period 3, there are:•3 metals (Na, Mg, and Al) •1 metalloid (Si)•4 nonmetals (P, S, Cl, and Ar)

Variations Across a PeriodVariations Across a Period

Groups or Families 1 - 18Groups or Families 1 - 18

PP

EE

II

OO

DD

SS

1- 71- 7

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Groups…Groups…Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!!Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!!

• Elements in the same Elements in the same group have similar group have similar chemical and physical chemical and physical properties!! properties!!

• (Mendeleev did that on purpose.)

Why??Why??• They have the same They have the same

number of valence number of valence electrons.electrons.

• They will form the They will form the same kinds of ions.same kinds of ions.

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Groups…Groups…Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!!Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!!

What are What are Valance electrons?Valance electrons?•They are the outermost electrons around They are the outermost electrons around the nucleusthe nucleus•It is the sharing of It is the sharing of Valance electrons Valance electrons between atoms that causes chemical between atoms that causes chemical reactionsreactions

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GGroups…roups…Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets UsefulHere’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful

What are What are IonsIons??•They are atoms that either lost or gained They are atoms that either lost or gained

electrons or e-electrons or e-•They become They become negativelynegatively or or positively positively chargedcharged

Remember:Remember:•Atoms are usually Neutral, no charge…..!Atoms are usually Neutral, no charge…..!

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AnionsAnions

• Atoms that gained electron(s) and now Atoms that gained electron(s) and now

have a have a negative chargenegative charge

• Why?Why?

• Because they have more Because they have more electrons e- electrons e-

(negative charge), than (negative charge), than Protons (+)Protons (+)

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CationsCations

• Atoms that lost electron(s) and now have a Atoms that lost electron(s) and now have a

positive chargepositive charge

• Why?Why?

• Because they now have less Because they now have less electrons e- electrons e-

(negative charge), than (negative charge), than Protons (+)Protons (+)

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Families on the Periodic TableFamilies on the Periodic Table

• Columns are grouped into Columns are grouped into Families or GroupsFamilies or Groups

• Elements in each family have same numberElements in each family have same number

of of Valance electrons – outermost electronsValance electrons – outermost electrons

• The elements in Families share similarThe elements in Families share similar

properties or characteristics (just like yourproperties or characteristics (just like your

family members resemble each other)family members resemble each other)

• There are There are 18 Families or Groups18 Families or Groups

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Families are broken down based Families are broken down based on their physical and chemical propertieson their physical and chemical properties

HydrogenHydrogen• HydrogenHydrogen belongs to a belongs to a

family of its ownfamily of its own

• Hydrogen was involved Hydrogen was involved

in the explosion of the in the explosion of the

Hindenberg.Hindenberg.

• Hydrogen is promising Hydrogen is promising

as an alternative fuel as an alternative fuel

source for automobilessource for automobiles

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Alkali Metals - Group 1Alkali Metals - Group 1

• 11stst column on the periodic table column on the periodic table not not

including hydrogenincluding hydrogen

• Very reactive metals, always Very reactive metals, always

combined with something else in combined with something else in

nature (nature (NaCl NaCl which is salt)which is salt)

• Soft enough to cut Soft enough to cut

with a butter knifewith a butter knife

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Alkaline Earth Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2Group 2

• Second column on the periodic table. Second column on the periodic table.

• Reactive metals that are alwaysReactive metals that are always

combined with nonmetals in nature.combined with nonmetals in nature.

• Several of these elements are important Several of these elements are important

mineral nutrients (such as mineral nutrients (such as MgMg and and Ca Ca

found in milk, cheese, Broccoli)found in milk, cheese, Broccoli)

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Transition Metals Transition Metals groups 3 -12 groups 3 -12

• Elements in groups 3-12Elements in groups 3-12

• Less reactive harder metalsLess reactive harder metals

• Includes metals used in jewelry Includes metals used in jewelry

and construction.and construction.

• Metals used “as metal.”Metals used “as metal.”

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Boron Family – Group 13Boron Family – Group 13

• Aluminum metal was once Aluminum metal was once

rare and expensive, not a rare and expensive, not a

“disposable metal.”“disposable metal.”

• Gallium is used to make Gallium is used to make

mirrorsmirrors

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Carbon FamilyCarbon Family Group 14 Group 14

• Contains elements important to life Contains elements important to life

and computers.and computers.

• Carbon is the basis for an entire Carbon is the basis for an entire

branch of chemistry.branch of chemistry.

• Silicon and Germanium are Silicon and Germanium are

important semiconductors.important semiconductors.

• Diamonds are beautifulDiamonds are beautiful

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Nitrogen Family Nitrogen Family Group 15 Group 15

• Nitrogen makes up over Nitrogen makes up over

¾ of the atmosphere.¾ of the atmosphere.

• Nitrogen and phosphorus are Nitrogen and phosphorus are

both important in living both important in living

things.things.

• The red stuff on the tip of The red stuff on the tip of

matches is phosphorusmatches is phosphorus.

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Oxygen Family Oxygen Family Group 16 Group 16

• Oxygen is necessary for respiration

• We breathe in Oxygen

• Many things that stink,

contain sulfur (rotten eggs,

garlic, skunks, etc.)

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Halogens Halogens Group 17Group 17

• Very reactive, volatile, nonmetals

• Always found combined with

other element in nature

• Used as disinfectants and to

strengthen teeth.

• Iodine is important nutrient for

healthy thyroid and growth

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The Noble GasesThe Noble Gases

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The Noble GasesThe Noble Gases Group 18 Group 18

• VERY unreactive gases

• Used in lighted “neon” signs

• Have a full valence shell

• Exist in small amounts

• Helium fills your B-Day

balloon

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Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals• Good Good conductorsconductors of heat and of heat and

electricityelectricity• ShinyShiny• Are Are ductileductile (can be stretched into (can be stretched into

thin wires)thin wires)• Are Are malleablemalleable (can be pounded into (can be pounded into

thin sheets)thin sheets)• A chemical property of metal is its A chemical property of metal is its

reaction with water which results in reaction with water which results in corrosion.corrosion.

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Properties of Properties of Non-MetalsNon-Metals

• Non-metals are Non-metals are poor poor

conductorsconductors of heat and of heat and

electricity.electricity.

• Non-metals are Non-metals are not ductile not ductile

or malleable.or malleable.

• Solid non-metals are Solid non-metals are brittlebrittle

and and break easilybreak easily..

• They are They are dulldull

• Many non-metals are gases.Many non-metals are gases.SulfurSulfur

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Properties of Properties of MetalloidsMetalloids

• Metalloids (metal-like) have Metalloids (metal-like) have

properties of both metals and non-properties of both metals and non-

metalsmetals

• They are solids that can be They are solids that can be shiny or shiny or

dulldull

• They conduct heat and electricity They conduct heat and electricity

better than non-metals but not as better than non-metals but not as

well as metalswell as metals

• They are They are ductile and malleableductile and malleable

SiliconSilicon

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