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The Periodic Table
Period
• The 7 horizontal
rows
Example:
• Period 1 has 2
elements: Hydrogen
(H) and Helium (He)
• Period 2 has 8
elements
Group
• Vertical column of the
Periodic Table
• A group is also called
a family of elements
because all elements
in the same group
share some physical
and chemical
properties
Metals • Include all members of
Groups 1 through 12 as
well as some elements
of Groups 13 through 16
• All metals are good
conductors of electricity
• Conductivity increases
as temperature
decreases
• All are solid at room
temperature except
Mercury
Transition Metals
• Elements in Groups 3 through 12 including
the two long rows below the main table
• Have varied properties
• Not as reactive as Group
1 and 2 elements
Nonmetals • Elements in Groups 17
and 18 as well as some
members of Groups 14
through 16
• Poor conductors of
electricity
• Conductivity increases
as temperature
increases
• Can be gases, solids or
liquids at room
temperature
Semiconductors
(metalloids)
• Not in one group but spread across groups
13-16 starting with Boron, Silicon,
Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony and
Tellurium
• Conduct electricity better than nonmetals
but not as well as metals
• Useful in electronic devices
• Solid at room temperature
Lanthanides and Actinides
• Lanthanides –
rare earth metals
(lanthanum)
• Actinides –
radioactive elements
(uranium)
Group Names
• Group 1: Alkali Metals (Note – Hydrogen
is not a metal but it is in group 1)
• Group 2: Alkali Earth Metals (Be, …)
• Groups 3 – 12: Transition Metals
• Metalloids/Semiconductors: Not in one
group but spread across groups 13-16
starting with Boron, Silicon, Germanium,
Arsenic, Antimony and Tellurium
Group Names (cont.)
• Group 17: Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, …)
• Group 18: Noble Gases (He, Ne, Ar, …)
• Lathanides: elements after Lanthanum to
Lutetium
• Actinides: Actinium to Lawrencium
6
C Carbon
12.011
Atomic #: # of Protons
Element Symbol
Element Name
Atomic Mass: # of
Protons + # of Neutrons
Julius Meyer
• 1830-1895
• Used atomic weights
to arrange 28
elements into 6
families that had
similar chemical and
physical properties
• Incomplete periodic
table
Dmitri Mendeleev
• 1834-1907
• Left gaps (worked on Meyers)
• Predicted that new elements would be discovered
• Arranged elements known at
the time by similarities in their
physical and chemical
properties
• Ordered by increasing atomic mass
Henry Moseley
• 1888-1915
• Arranged elements by increasing atomic number
• Discrepancies disappeared
• Similar physical and chemical properties occur at regular intervals (periodic law)
Moseley (cont.)
• Moseley’s discovery was consistent with
Mendeleev’s ordering of the periodic table
by properties rather than strictly atomic
number
• He showed that there were gaps in the
sequence at numbers 43, 61 and 75 (now
known to be radioactive, non-naturally-
occurring, technetium and promethium,
and the last discovered naturally-occurring
element rhenium, respectively)
Periodic Law
• Periodic Law states: ‘the physical and
chemical properties of the elements are
periodic functions of their atomic
numbers’
• The periodic table is an arrangement of
the elements in order of their atomic
numbers so the elements with similar
properties fall in the same group or column
Past to Present
• The periodic table has changed since
Mendeleev’s time
• Chemists have discovered new elements
• In recent years chemists have synthesized
new elements in the laboratory
• Significant addition to the periodic table
was discovery of the noble gases