The Periodic TableThe Periodic TableNOTES, PART I: HISTORY AND FAMILIES ON THE PERIODIC TABLENOTES, PART I: HISTORY AND FAMILIES ON THE PERIODIC TABLE

HISTORY OF THE TABLE, PART I

• The originator of the periodic table was russian chemist dmitri mendeleev (1834-1907).

• He originally ordered the periodic table by increasing atomic mass, with elements having common properties under each other.

A copy of the first periodic table:

Obviously, this is a work in progress.

HISTORY OF THE TABLE, PART II

• The next person to improve on the periodic table was Henry Mosley.

• He had the idea to order the table based on the atomic number, instead of the mass, giving us a table much like the one we now have today!

Periodic Law• When the elements are arranged in order of

atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties. This is called the Periodic Law.

Breakdown of the Periodic Table• The periodic table is broken down into rows,

called periods,• And columns called groups or families.

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1A1A 2A2A 3A3A 4A4A 5A5A 6A6A 7A7A 8A8A

Representative Elements• All of the elements found in the s-orbital and

p-orbital areas are called the representative elements.

Metals and NonmetalsMetal/Nonmetal Line-separates metals from non-metals on the periodic table

MetalsMetals

Non-Non-metalsmetals

Metals and Nonmetals, cont.• Metals have a high electrical conductivity and

a high luster when clean. They are ductile and malleable.

• Nonmetals are generally non-lustrous and are poor conductors of electricity.

Gold is a typical metal

Helium and other gases are nonmetals

Metalloids• Metalloids show properties of both metals and

nonmetals—they are on both sides of the metal/nonmetal line.

Alkali Metals• Group 1A is called the Alkali Metals

• These are the most reactive elements on the periodic table.

Alkaline Earth Metals• Next to the alkali metals come the alkaline

earth metals

Other Metals• Other metals include transition metals, inner

transition metals (a.k.a. rare earth metals) and other metals.

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Inner Transition MetalsInner Transition Metals

Other Other MetalsMetals

Inner Transition Metals

• Inside the inner transition metal group, there are two categories:

• The Lanthanide Series, which is the top row in the inner transition metal, and the actinide series which is the second row.

Halogens• Halogens are a group of reactive non-metals.

Noble Gases• Noble Gases Make up the last column of the

periodic table.

Noble Gases• Noble gases are special because they are

unreactive. This is because they have a completely full outside energy level, making them more stable than other elements.

Carbon, Nitrogen,Oxygen Families

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N i t

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O x

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Carbon, Nitrogen,Oxygen Families

• Because of the fact that they are bisected by the metal/ nonmetal line and don’t have as many similar properties, they are more of a loose grouping.

• The oxygen group also carries the name chalcogens.