The people… have become more attentive to their liberties… John Adams 1765

North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Necessity Fort Duquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeShawnee Indians Indians

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin representatives representatives fromfrom New England, NY, MD, PA New England, NY, MD, PA

A Albany CongressAlbany Congress failed Iroquois failed Iroquois broke off relations with broke off relations with Britain & threatened to Britain & threatened to trade with the French. trade with the French.

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

Native American tribes Native American tribes exploited both sides! exploited both sides!

Lord Lord LoudouinLoudouin

Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

* Br. officers with * Br. officers with servantsservants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

A Concentrates strategy on conquest Concentrates strategy on conquest of Canada at almost any cost-result of Canada at almost any cost-result debtdebt

A

A He offered col. a compromise:He offered col. a compromise:

-- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. >Br. would reimburse col. assemblies would reimburse col. assemblies forfor their costs. their costs.

RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale Colonial morale increased by 1758. increased by 1758.

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

** By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758 Louisbourg

1759 surrender of Quebec to Gen. James Wolfe

1760 Montreal

France --> France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River.River.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, land east of the Miss. R. Canada, land east of the Miss. R. exclusive rights to Caribbean slave exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance trade, and commercial dominance in India.in India.

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

1.1. Unchallenged supremacy in North Unchallenged supremacy in North America. Increased colonial empire America. Increased colonial empire in NA, unrivaled navy in NA, unrivaled navy

2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s It greatly enlarged England’s debt.debt.

3.3. Britain’s contempt for the Britain’s contempt for the colonials colonials created bitter feelings. Viewed created bitter feelings. Viewed as disorderly provincials. as disorderly provincials. Colonists proud of efforts.Colonists proud of efforts.Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that a

major reorganization of her major reorganization of her American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. It created a socializingIt created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. Felt colonials who participated. Felt they they could defend themselves.could defend themselves.

3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings

towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Turn from Salutary Neglect

• King George and the Whigs pursue a policy aimed at solving Britain’s financial problems:– Make the colonists bear more of

the cost of maintaining the British Empire

17631763 First test of new First test of new imperial policy: imperial policy: Pontiac’s Pontiac’s Rebellion- attacked colonial Rebellion- attacked colonial settlements (NY to VG)settlements (NY to VG)

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British “gifts” of smallpox-British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

British British ProclamationProclamation Line of 1763. Line of 1763.

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

Br. Gvt. measures to prevent Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling:smuggling:

James Otis’James Otis’ case case

Protection of a citizen’sProtection of a citizen’s private property must private property must bebe held in higher regard held in higher regard than a parliamentary than a parliamentary statute. statute.

A 1761 1761 writs of assistancewrits of assistance

He lost He lost parliamentary parliamentary law and custom had law and custom had equalequalweight.weight.

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

1.1. Sugar Act – 1764Sugar Act – 1764

Duties on foreign sugar and Duties on foreign sugar and luxuriesluxuries

3.3. Stamp Act – 1765Stamp Act – 1765

Widespread tax on all Widespread tax on all printed itemsprinted items

2.2. Quartering Act – 1765Quartering Act – 1765

Colonists had to provide food and living Colonists had to provide food and living quartersquarters

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765George Grenville’s George Grenville’s

Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765

Real WhigsReal Whigs

Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for withhold consent for parliamentaryparliamentary legislation when they did not legislation when they did not havehave representation in that body?? representation in that body??

RepresentationRepresentation

Virtual or Actual Representation??Virtual or Actual Representation??

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Loyal NineLoyal Nine - 1765- 1765

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty – began in NYC:– began in NYC:Samuel Samuel Adams Adams

Boycotts,Boycotts,

riotsriots

Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress – 1765 – 1765 ** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves

No taxation w/o representationNo taxation w/o representation

Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act – 1766– 1766

Stamp Act repealed, but retained Stamp Act repealed, but retained right to tax. Greenville replaced, right to tax. Greenville replaced, new exchequer Charles Townshend new exchequer Charles Townshend

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. the Exchequer.

A Shift from paying taxes for Br. war Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries so indep. paying col. govt. salaries so indep. From colonial control. From colonial control. A He diverted revenue collection from He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade. internal to external trade.

A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paint, paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. lead, glass, tea.

A Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established a established a Board of Customs in Boston. Board of Customs in Boston.

Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania. No taxation w/o . No taxation w/o

representation.representation.2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non-importation non-importation movement(Boycott) movement(Boycott) ** Circular Letters, colonial Circular Letters, colonial protests hurts Br. Trade.protests hurts Br. Trade.

3.3. Riots against customs agents:Riots against customs agents: ** John Hancock’s ship, the John Hancock’s ship, the LibertyLiberty boarded to look for boarded to look for

smuggled goods.smuggled goods. ** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston. to Boston.

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

Repeal

• New Prime Minister: Lord Frederick North repealed Townsend Duties as revenues small but disruption to trade greater.

• Only a small tax on tea is retained.