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The Particle Theory
The Particle Theory
The Particle Theory explains how all matter (liquid, solid, gas) are structured and how they
react under certain conditions.
The Particle Theory consists of five statements.
The Particle Theory
1. All matter is made up of very small particles.
2. There is space between particles.
Particles in a Gas
The Particle Theory•Very far apart; big spaces between particles
•Move very quickly; move in any direction
•Have no definite shape or volume; fill up the container they are in
•Weak attraction between particles
The Particle Theory• Particles are
closer together; move more slowly
• Particles in a liquid are loosely bonded so they slide over each other
• Liquids have a definite volume, but not shape
Particles in a Liquid
The Particle Theory• Particles are very
close and tightly packed together; particles do not move around
• Particles in a solid are attracted to each other; strong bonds
• Solids have a definite shape and volume
Particles in a Solid
The Particle Theory
3. All particles in a pure substance are
the same.
A pure substance is a material made up of only one kind of
extremely small particle.Each pure substance has its own kind of particle, different in shape
and size from the particles of other pure substances.
The Particle Theory
The Particle Theory
The white particles in this picture represent sugar, while the blue particles represent water.
T The Particle Theory he Particle Theory
• Other examples of pure s
4. The particles in matter are always in motion.
The Particle Theory
Looking at the website http://www.chem.perdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html
, will give you a visual representation on how quickly the states of matter move.
Gas Liquid Solid
The Particle TheoryWhen particles are heated, or gain energy, they move faster
and the spaces in between them expand in size.
The Particle TheoryWhen particles are cooled, or lose energy they move slower
and the spaces in between them contract in size.
The Particle Theory If the transfer of energy is quite
dramatic, the state of matter changes.
The Particle Theory
The Particle TheoryThe temperature of a liquid, solid or a gas refers to how fast its particles are
moving. The faster the particles move, the higher the temperature.
High Temperature
Medium Temperatur
e
Low Temperatur
e
The Particle Theory
5. Particles are attracted to each other.
The Particle TheoryA substance will dissolve
(the particles are broken down so small they are invisible to the naked eye), in another
because the particles of each substance are attracted to
each other.
The Particle TheoryThis is what happens when
sugar is dissolved in water.
The water particles are attracted to
the sugar particles, making
them dissolve.
The Particle TheoryIn scientific terms,
the sugar in this picture is the
solute, (substance being dissolved) and the water is
the solvent. They mix to form a
solution.
The Particle Theory
Solutes and solvents may take the form any of the three states of matter:
gas liquid or solid.
The Particle TheoryThis solution of
water (solvent) and sugar (solute) is a
homogeneous solution.
Water is often called the universal
solvent because it can dissolve many
particles.
The Particle TheoryA solution only
forms when particles are attracted to
each other, and the solute
dissolves in the solvent.
The Particle TheoryA solution is said to
be a homogeneous solution when the
mixture of two substances look
the same throughout; the
individual particles cannot
be seen.
When different parts of a
mixture can be seen, it is called a
heterogeneous or mechanical
mixture.
The Particle Theory
Concrete is a mechanical mixture because its individual components
can be seen.
The Particle TheoryWhen one substance
will not dissolve in another, the
substance is said to be insoluble.
This is because the particles are not attracted to each
other.Oil and Water
The Particle TheoryOil and water result
in a mechanical or heterogeneous
mixture.The particles in each
substance are not attracted to each
other and therefore separate.
Oil and Water
The Particle TheoryThe idea of particle
attraction applies to many other
combinations of substances.
It can explain why grass stains are
difficult to get out of clothing.
The Particle Theory
Grass stains are caused by chlorophyll in
the grass.
The Particle TheoryParticles of chlorophyll
are more attracted to each other than water.
Chlorophyll is insoluble in water (universal solvent), but will dissolve in other solvents such as rubbing alcohol.
