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The Partial Compositional The Partial Compositional Characteristics of Apple Juice from Characteristics of Apple Juice from
175 Apple Varieties175 Apple Varieties
J. Food Composition & AnalysisJ. Food Composition & Analysis
Thomas A. Eisele – Tree Top IncThomas A. Eisele – Tree Top Inc
Stephen R. Drake – ARS-USDAStephen R. Drake – ARS-USDA
Location – Selah, WALocation – Selah, WA 400 Varieties on 85 Semi-dwarf Trees400 Varieties on 85 Semi-dwarf Trees Scion Wood Collected Over 15 YearsScion Wood Collected Over 15 Years
From Major Growing Regions of WorldFrom Major Growing Regions of World 12 Countries12 Countries ““Antique”, “Old”, and New VarietiesAntique”, “Old”, and New Varieties
Harvest - 1997Harvest - 1997 175 Varieties with Sufficient Fruit175 Varieties with Sufficient Fruit Customary Harvest Date for VarietyCustomary Harvest Date for Variety
PurposePurpose
Develop Commercial Varieties that Target Develop Commercial Varieties that Target Specific Consumer RequirementsSpecific Consumer Requirements
Contributed to Data Bases for Attribute Contributed to Data Bases for Attribute Ranges for Composition of Apple JuiceRanges for Composition of Apple Juice
MethodMethod 10 Apples per Variety10 Apples per Variety Washed, Combined, & JuicedWashed, Combined, & Juiced Rough Filtered 300 mLRough Filtered 300 mL Enzyme Treated @ 15Enzyme Treated @ 1500 C for 4 Hr C for 4 Hr
Diazyme (starch)Diazyme (starch) Clarex (pectinase)Clarex (pectinase)
Centrifuged @ ~ 8000 X g for 30 MinCentrifuged @ ~ 8000 X g for 30 Min Samples Distributed & FrozenSamples Distributed & Frozen
ResultsResults
AttributeAttribute Units (@ 11.5 Brix)Units (@ 11.5 Brix) MeanMean Standard DeviationStandard Deviation % CV% CV MinimumMinimum MaximumMaximum RangeRange
AttributesAttributes
Brix, pH, Ash, TABrix, pH, Ash, TA Carbohydrates: Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose, Carbohydrates: Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose,
Sorbitol, Fru/Glu RatioSorbitol, Fru/Glu Ratio Organic Acids: Quinic, Malic, Isocitric, Shikimic, Organic Acids: Quinic, Malic, Isocitric, Shikimic,
Citric, FumaricCitric, Fumaric Minerals: Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Minerals: Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium,
Calcium, Iron, Chloride, PhosphateCalcium, Iron, Chloride, Phosphate Phenolics: Chlorogenic, Catechin, Caffeic, Phenolics: Chlorogenic, Catechin, Caffeic,
Epicatechin, p-Coumaric, Ferulic, Rutin, Epicatechin, p-Coumaric, Ferulic, Rutin, Phloridzin, (HMF, Arbutin)Phloridzin, (HMF, Arbutin)
MethodologyMethodology(See Specifics in Manuscript)(See Specifics in Manuscript)
Brix, pH, Ash, TA – AOACBrix, pH, Ash, TA – AOAC Carbohydrates – HPLC (BioRad Aminex Carbohydrates – HPLC (BioRad Aminex
HPX-87C) & RI DetectorHPX-87C) & RI Detector Organic Acids – HPLC (AOAC)Organic Acids – HPLC (AOAC) Minerals – AAMinerals – AA Chloride & Phosphate – HPLC (Ion)Chloride & Phosphate – HPLC (Ion) Phenolics – HPLC & UV (Diode array)Phenolics – HPLC & UV (Diode array)
Basic AttributesBasic Attributes
AttributeAttribute UnitsUnits MeanMean StdStd %CV%CV MinimumMinimum MaximumMaximum RangeRange
BrixBrixoo 14.2414.24 1.81.8 12.612.6 10.2610.26 21.6221.62 11.3611.36
pHpH 3.713.71 0.160.16 4.34.3 3.373.37 4.244.24 0.870.87
AshAsh (% w/w)(% w/w) 0.250.25 0.050.05 2020 0.120.12 0.390.39 0.270.27
TATA (% as malic)(% as malic) 0.870.87 0.280.28 32.232.2 0.230.23 1.821.82 1.591.59
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
AttributeAttribute Units Units MeanMean StdStd %CV%CV MinimumMinimum MaximumMaximum RangeRange
SucroseSucrose (g/100 ml)(g/100 ml) 2.162.16 0.730.73 33.833.8 0.380.38 5.655.65 5.275.27
GlucoseGlucose (g/100 ml)(g/100 ml) 2.012.01 0.530.53 26.426.4 1.051.05 3.233.23 2.182.18
FructoseFructose (g/100 ml)(g/100 ml) 5.695.69 0.840.84 14.814.8 3.843.84 8.018.01 4.174.17
SorbitolSorbitol (g/100 ml)(g/100 ml) 0.450.45 0.220.22 48.948.9 0.170.17 1.41.4 1.231.23
Fru/Glu RatioFru/Glu Ratio 3.053.05 1.041.04 34.134.1 1.31.3 6.736.73 5.435.43
Organic AcidsOrganic Acids
AttributeAttribute Units Units MeanMean StdStd %CV%CV MinimumMinimum MaximumMaximum RangeRange
QuinicQuinic (mg/100 ml)(mg/100 ml) 41.841.8 24.824.8 59.359.3 NDdNDd 152152 152152
MalicMalic (mg/100 ml)(mg/100 ml) 847.7847.7 281281 33.133.1 193.3193.3 1738.21738.2 15451545
IsocitricIsocitric (mg/100 ml)(mg/100 ml) 3.83.8 4.94.9 129129 NDND 24.824.8 24.824.8
ShikimicShikimic (mg/100 ml)(mg/100 ml) 1.41.4 0.80.8 57.157.1 0.30.3 4.64.6 4.34.3
CitricCitric (mg/100 ml)(mg/100 ml) 11.911.9 5.45.4 45.445.4 0.80.8 27.427.4 26.626.6
FumaricFumaric (mg/100 ml)(mg/100 ml) 0.140.14 0.110.11 78.678.6 NDND 0.890.89 0.890.89
MineralsMinerals
AttributeAttribute Units Units MeanMean StdStd %CV%CV MinimumMinimum MaximumMaximum RangeRange
SodiumSodium (ppm)(ppm) 11.811.8 10.510.5 8989 0.50.5 73.473.4 72.972.9
PotassiumPotassium (ppm)(ppm) 15111511 267267 17.717.7 765.9765.9 2712.32712.3 19461946
MagnesiumMagnesium (ppm)(ppm) 64.964.9 9.99.9 15.315.3 35.235.2 100.5100.5 65.365.3
CalciumCalcium (ppm)(ppm) 41.941.9 13.613.6 32.532.5 18.718.7 80.380.3 61.661.6
IronIron (ppm)(ppm) 0.10.1 0.20.2 200200 NDND 0.70.7 0.70.7
ChlorideChloride (ppm)(ppm) 1.41.4 2.22.2 157157 NDND 1818 1818
PhosphatePhosphate (ppm)(ppm) 252.1252.1 72.972.9 28.928.9 8686 459459 373373
PhenolicsPhenolics
AttributeAttribute UnitsUnits MeanMean StdStd %CV%CV MinimumMinimum MaximumMaximum RangeRange
ChlorogenicChlorogenic (ppm)(ppm) 70.770.7 79.379.3 112112 1.51.5 396.9396.9 395.4395.4
CatechinCatechin (ppm)(ppm) 1.21.2 6.16.1 508508 NDND 5252 5252
CaffeicCaffeic (ppm)(ppm) 4.94.9 4.64.6 93.993.9 NDND 31.831.8 31.831.8
EpicatechinEpicatechin (ppm)(ppm) 16.616.6 25.625.6 154154 NDND 148.5148.5 148.5148.5
p-Coumaricp-Coumaric (ppm)(ppm) 4.94.9 3.33.3 67.367.3 NDND 19.419.4 19.419.4
FerulicFerulic (ppm)(ppm) 0.30.3 0.50.5 167167 NDND 2.42.4 2.42.4
RutinRutin (ppm)(ppm) 8.48.4 8.68.6 102102 NDND 45.545.5 45.545.5
PhloridzinPhloridzin (ppm)(ppm) 26.126.1 22.322.3 85.485.4 0.90.9 120.3120.3 119.4119.4
ConclusionsConclusions
Arbutin not found in any sampleArbutin not found in any sample HMF not found in any sampleHMF not found in any sample Phloridzin and chlorogenic present in all Phloridzin and chlorogenic present in all
samplessamples High in acid (TA and malic)High in acid (TA and malic) Highly variable distribution of most Highly variable distribution of most
attributes.attributes.
Copy of Data BaseCopy of Data Base
Put your e-mail address on sheet (print). Put your e-mail address on sheet (print). Will send to you as an attachment (Excel) Will send to you as an attachment (Excel) or pdf file.or pdf file.
Manuscript to be published in Nov/Dec. Manuscript to be published in Nov/Dec. Cannot send copy – copyright laws.Cannot send copy – copyright laws. Reprints available in 2005.Reprints available in 2005.