The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research

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The Palgrave Handbook ofContemporary HeritageResearchEdited by

Emma WatertonAssociate Professor, University of Western Sydney, Australia

Steve WatsonProfessor, York St John University, UK

Editorial matter, introduction and selection © Emma Waterton andSteve Watson 2015Individual chapters © Respective authors 2015

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ISBN 978-1-349-45123-4 ISBN 978-1-137-29356-5 (eBook)DOI 10.1057/9781137293565

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-29355-8

Contents

List of Figures and Tables xiii

Acknowledgements xv

Notes on Contributors xvi

Heritage as a Focus of Research: Past, Present and New Directions 1Emma Waterton and Steve Watson

Heritage in the past 3Heritage now and in the future 9

The volume’s structure 11Conclusion 14

Part I Heritage Meanings

1 The Ontological Politics of Heritage; or How Research CanSpoil a Good Story 21Emma Waterton and Steve Watson

Dark figures of heritage 23Heritage researched 25Future directions 29

2 Heritage and Discourse 37Zongjie Wu and Song Hou

The notion of discourse 37Heritage as discourse and discursive practice 39Discourse analysis and the critique of heritage 41

Cultural discourses of ‘heritage’: Some alternative endeavours 43Future trends in discursive studies of heritage 45Concluding remarks 48

3 Heritage as Performance 52Michael Haldrup and Jørgen Ole Bærenholdt

Introduction: The uses of heritage 52The ‘performance turn’ 53Performances of heritage 55

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Performances at heritage sites 58Performances with heritage 61Conclusion: A moderate stand on performance 64

4 Heritage and Authenticity 69Helaine Silverman

Heritage and authenticity in the nineteenth century 70Authenticity in architecture becomes an international

heritage doctrine 72UNESCO, authenticity and intangible cultural heritage 75Authenticity, heritage and tourism 76Current research on heritage and authenticity 80Implications of authenticity for local, national and international

heritage policy 82Conclusion 84

Part II Heritage in Context

5 From Heritage to Archaeology and Back Again 91Shatha Abu Khafajah and Arwa Badran

Inventing archaeology 92Fitting people into prehistory using the culture-history

approach 93Reinventing archaeology in the new world 97

New archaeology: Scientific, abstract, general and universal 98The socio-political context: Humanizing archaeology and

recognizing the ordinary 102Conclusion 107Acknowledgements 109

6 Heritage and History 113Jessica Moody

Introduction 113Defining heritage, studying heritage 113Defining history, studying history 114

Public History 115The development of Public History 115

Heritage debates in Britain 117History at war 119

The Enola Gay 1202007 and the bicentenary of the Abolition of the British Slave

Trade Act 121

Contents vii

What can history do for heritage? 123Conclusion 125

7 Thinking about Others through Museums and Heritage 130Andrea Witcomb

8 Heritage and Tourism 144Duncan Light

A brief history of heritage tourism 145Touring heritage: Making identities 148Understanding heritage tourists 150Conclusions: A future research agenda 153

9 Heritage and Geography 159Nuala C. Johnson

Geography and the heritage debate 162Theorizing memory spaces 164Space, memory and heritage 166Nature, heritage and identity 167Conclusion 170

Part III Heritage and Cultural Experience

10 Affect, Heritage, Feeling 177David Crouch

Introduction 177Heritage journeys 178Phenomenology and performativity 179Affect, emotion, feeling 181Affect, feeling, knowing: Heritage and spacetimes of heritage 185Conclusions and ongoing reflections 187

11 Heritage and Memory 191Joy Sather-Wagstaff

Selected foundations 192Memory in heritage studies: Selected theoretical issues and

current key themes 194Issues – history versus memory, container models for memory 194Themes – difficult heritage: History, place, body and memory 195

Case studies: Memory, landscapes, embodiment, difficult heritage 197Precipitants of re-memory through domestic material

and visual culture 198Heritage wiped clean? 199

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Embodied memory versus monumentalism at Angkor,Cambodia 200

Into the future: Continuing and emerging directions 201Acknowledgements 202

12 Heritage and the Visual Arts 205Russell Staiff

The visual arts legacy 206Formalism 207Iconography 208Aesthetics 210Modernism 211

The visual arts within contemporary heritage 212Quotations and copies 213The co-option of the visual arts as national heritage 214

Conclusion 215

13 Industrial Heritage and Tourism: A Review of the Literature 219Alfonso Vargas-Sánchez

State of the art 220Analysis of the literature survey 225Future directions 226

14 Curating Sound for Future Communities 234Noel Lobley

Field recordings, sonic heritage and sound curation 234The International Library of African Music 236The archive of BaAka music recorded by Louis Sarno 237

Pro-active sound archiving 237Sound elicitation and case studies 239

The Sound of Africa series, the International Library of AfricanMusic and urban Xhosa communities 239

Developing sound collections at the Pitt Rivers Museum 242Future directions for collaborative sound curation 244

15 Heritage and Sport 248Gregory Ramshaw and Sean Gammon

Connecting sport and tourism 248Sport museums and halls of fame 250Sports stadia and sporting venues 251Heritage-based sporting events 252Sport fantasy camps 253Personal sport heritage journeys 254

Contents ix

Future directions in sport heritage 255Conclusion 257

Part IV Contested Heritage and Emerging Issues

16 Heritage in Multicultural Times 263Cristóbal Gnecco

(Un)defining what cannot be defined 265Humanism, the market and governmentality: The multicultural

faces of heritage 270The fall of the house of heritage (as we ‘know’ it) 273Coda: Brief gloss on a long UNESCO text 276

17 Cultural Heritage and Armed Conflict: New Questions for anOld Relationship 281Dacia Viejo-Rose and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen

An old relationship with new questions and dynamics 282A two-way street: From protection to reconstruction and recovery 287The arming and disarming of cultural heritage 289Looking to a future imperfect: Intention and impact 292Acknowledgements 294

18 Heritage and Globalization 297Rodney Harrison

Heritage and globalization 297‘World’ heritage 298

The 1972 World Heritage Convention 301Critical studies of heritage and globalization 304Material-semiotic approaches to heritage: Actor-network theory,

assemblage theory and governmentality theory 304Heritage as design process, material intervention and global

transformation 308Future research directions 309

19 Critical Approaches to Post-Colonial (Post-Conflict) Heritage 313John Giblin

Setting the parameters 313Summary 315

Theoretical underpinnings 315The post-colonial critique 315The heritage critique 316

Discussion 317Event 317

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Site 319Nation 322Reappropriation, recycling and renewal 324

Conclusion 325

Part V Heritage, Identity and Affiliation

20 Heritage and Nationalism: An Unbreachable Couple? 331Tim Winter

Antiquity and the nation 332Imperialism, nationalism and classical glory 334Enduring narratives 339Acknowledgements 343

21 Heritage and Participation 346Cath Neal

Historic review of heritage practice 347Background 348

The broader context 352Why engage? 353Participation 356Localism and governmentality 358Conclusion 360Acknowledgements 362

22 Heritage and Social Class 366Bella Dicks

Introduction: From the Rhondda to Alnwick Castle 366What is ‘heritage’ and what is ‘class’? 368‘National heritage’, ‘the people’ and nostalgia 369Class, collective memory, place and industrial ruination 372Objects, bodies, affect and performance 374Visitor studies of class and heritage 375Issues for the future 378

23 Of Routes and Roots: Paths for UnderstandingDiasporic Heritage 382Ann Reed

Defining diaspora 383Diasporic travel to heritage centres 385Pilgrimage tourism as ritual 387Global flows and transnational heritage 389Conclusion 393

Contents xi

24 Making Feminist Heritage Work: Gender and Heritage 397Anna Reading

A critical history of gendered heritage studies 399Gender, heritage and representation 401Gender, heritage and consumption 402Gender, heritage curation and management 403Gender, heritage, policies and protocols 406New challenges for feminist heritage studies 407Concluding remarks 409Acknowledgements 410

Part VI Heritage and Social Practice

25 ‘Thinkers and Feelers’: A Psychological Perspective onHeritage and Society 417John Schofield

The right to heritage 417Thinkers and feelers 420

Extraversion and introversion 420Sensation and intuition 421Feeling and thinking 421Judging and perceiving 422The language of heritage 422

Conclusion 423Acknowledgements 424

26 Heritage and Policy 426John Pendlebury

Introduction 426Policy and policy analysis 427Heritage policy 429Heritage and economic policy 431Heritage as social policy 433Heritage and localism policy 434Conclusion 437

27 Heritage, Power and Ideology 442Katharina Schramm

Conceptual and methodological approaches 443Critical heritage discourse 445Ideology, power and relationality: Shifting perspectives 448Conclusion 453

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28 Heritage Economies: The Past Meets the Future in the Mall 458Steve Watson and M. Rosario González-Rodríguez

The value of the past 460Discourse and practice 466

Heritage in Seville 468A new cultural heritage: The Metropol Parasol 469

Conclusion 473

29 Heritage in Consumer Marketing 478Georgios C. Papageorgiou

Introduction 478Consumer marketing context 479The power of the past 481

Nostalgia and retro-marketing: Yesterday was better 481Reliving the past: Classic, vintage, old’s cool 483Longevity and tradition: Time as the secret ingredient 485

Operationalizing brand heritage for marketing purposes 486Conclusion 488

30 Heritage and Sustainable Development: TransdisciplinaryImaginings of a Wicked Concept 492Robyn Bushell

Sustainable development: Tipping, turning or connecting? 494Safeguarding the past/future 497

Part VII Conclusions

31 Contemporary Heritage and the Future 509Cornelius Holtorf and Anders Högberg

Cultural heritage, the future and thought styles 510The future of heritage – do we care? 513Heritage for the future? 514From historical consciousness to future consciousness 517Conclusions 519Acknowledgements 521

32 Themes, Thoughts, Reflections 524Steve Watson and Emma Waterton

Eclecticism unbound 524A critical urgency 526A contemplation (and a little frustration) 528A conclusion 528

Index 530

Figures and Tables

Figures

5.1 Processes through which material of the past becomes heritage 10831.1 This image was designed by Jon Lomberg and photographed by

Simon Bell in order to be sent on board the NASA space orbiterCassini into outer space. Cassini left Earth in 1997 and isdestined eventually to remain on Saturn’s moon Titan. Theimage was intended to communicate human life on Earth(Benford, 1999, part 2; Lomberg, 2007). As it turned out,Cassini eventually left without the disc containing the image.Disagreements concerning copyright and corporatesponsorship made NASA drop the project in the final hour.Furthermore, the original image contained two nude twinchildren to show the two human sexes. Out of concerns overpossible NASA censorship due to conflicting views about theappropriateness of nude images, two bathing suits were laterpainted on. Indeed, the present publisher Palgrave Macmillaninsisted on the painted version of the image. Personal, social,cultural and ethical conflicts may, in fact, reveal more abouthuman life on Earth than the original image placed on Cassinicould ever have done. In that sense, the project succeeded afterall. The people in the photograph are Dara Hamilton and TerryTokuda (couple in distance), Derek McGuin (man pushingcanoe); group shot, left to right: Carlos Cisco (seated boy), SaraMaika Nakano (girl twin), Leandra Rouse (adolescent girl),Nikolas Shin Nakano (boy twin), Fanny Collins Au Hoy(Grandmother Earth), Tane and Amber Datta (father holdinggirl), Marcus Weems (adolescent boy), Nancy and BreannaMarie Bellatti (mother and baby), Miles Mulcahy (standingman). Photograph by Simon Bell, reproduced with permission(simonbellphotography.com) 517

31.2 In 2007, visitors to the Swedish History Museum in Stockholmwere invited to select contemporary objects as ‘futurememories’. Together with attached labels containing storiesabout their perceived significance in the present, the objectswere first formally recorded and registered in the museum’sdatabase and then permanently ‘incavated’ inside the museum

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xiv List of Figures and Tables

courtyard in holes that had previously been excavated by othervisitors. The intention was to inspire reflections in the presenton objects from the past and in the future, how we rememberprevious times and how future generations will remember us.But the project was also meant as a provocation for themuseum and heritage sector to reflect on their current practices,not least concerning the benefits they will offer to people in thefuture (Wahlgren and Svanberg, 2008). Photograph: ChristerÅhlin, The Swedish History Museum, Stockholm 520

Tables

8.1 Number of tourist attractions in England, by category (2010) 14813.1 Source titles 22113.2 Language 22113.3 Country of authors’ affiliated institutions 22213.4 Year of publication 22213.5 Main disciplinary areas 22313.6 Focus of papers 22313.7 Countries where research has been carried out 22413.8 Methodological approaches 22517.1 Applying research insights 29031.1 Examples of typical ways of reasoning about the future within

the heritage sector 512

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the time and effort that all our contributors haveexpended in the preparation of this volume and in meeting the deadlines thatare inevitably imposed in such a process. We extend a special thanks to HelaineSilverman for allowing us to use her photograph of the Belle Époque fountainto accompany Part III, as well as to Simon Bell and Christer Åhlin for grantingus permission to reproduce their photographs in Chapter 31. We would also liketo thank Jenny McCall and Holly Tyler, our editors at Palgrave, for their supportand endless patience. Finally, we are, as ever, humbled by the help and supportof our colleagues and family members who have witnessed and endured ourdistracted state during the preparation of this book. We can only hope that thefinal result justifies the faith that everyone involved has put in us in our role aseditors.

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Contributors

Shatha Abu Khafajah is Assistant Professor at the Hashemite University,Jordan. She received her BSc in architectural engineering and Master’s inArchaeology from Jordan University. Her PhD was obtained from NewcastleUniversity in cultural heritage management; her thesis was on the documenta-tion and conservation of architectural heritage in Jordan. Her research focuseson the meanings and uses of cultural heritage, sustainable development andcultural heritage, and the intersection between anthropology, archaeology,architecture and urban landscape in different contexts.

Jørgen Ole Bærenholdt is Professor of Human Geography and Head of theDepartment of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change (ENSPAC), RoskildeUniversity, Denmark. He was formerly Professor of Planning at the Universityof Tromsø, Norway. His interdisciplinary efforts include research into mobility,place, regional development, tourism experience, cultural heritage and spatialdesigns. Books in English include The Reflexive North (edited with Aarsæther,2001), Performing Tourist Places (with Haldrup et al., 2004), Space Odysseys(edited with K. Simonsen, 2004), Coping with Distances (2007), Mobility and Place(edited with Granås, 2008) and Design Research (edited with J. Simonsen et al.,2010).

Arwa Badran became interested in public archaeology, particularly with regardto museums as educational institutions, after working in field archaeology for afew years. She pursued higher education in museum studies at Newcastle Uni-versity, where she read for an MA on building connections between museumsand the public, and later a PhD on the introduction of museums in school cur-ricula. She worked as Lecturer in Museum Studies at the Hashemite Universityin Jordan, contributing to the establishment and development of the BA degreein cultural heritage and museology, the first of its kind in the Middle East.She has also worked as a consultant for UNESCO-Amman, on projects relatedto heritage education, museums and youth. She is currently an independentresearcher living in the northeast of England.

Robyn Bushell is Associate Professor in the Institute for Culture and Societyand School of Social Sciences and Psychology at the University of WesternSydney. She holds a PhD from the University of Sydney in regional plan-ning. Her research expertise is aligned with the goals of sustainable develop-ment, examining values-based planning and the relationship between heritage,

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Notes on Contributors xvii

well-being/quality of life, community development and tourism. She has astrong international network and a close working relationship with lead her-itage agencies in Australia and the UN, including being actively involved onseveral national and international advisory committees involved in policy for-mulation for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN),UNESCO, the UN-World Tourism Organization, the World Health Organizationand ASEAN Secretariat.

David Crouch is Professor of Cultural Geography, Humanities, University ofDerby. His research concerns ways in which we discover the feeling of beingalive, particularly through our relations with space. His latest book, Flirtingwith Space: Journeys and Creativity (2010), unravels this concern through dis-cussions both ethnographically empirical and theoretically explanatory acrossart practice and diverse participations in art; everyday life and things likedoing tourism; belonging, disorientation and becoming; and spacetimes andperformativity. The subjects of his research papers and books, some edited,include visual culture, the media, tourism; leisure/tourism geographies; waysof refiguring geography; and everyday abstraction. He frequently contributesto television and radio, including being producer of The Plot on BBC2, and is aregular exhibitor of his own artwork.

Bella Dicks is Reader in Sociology at Cardiff School of Social Sciences, CardiffUniversity. Her research is in the field of heritage, museums and culture-ledeconomic regeneration. She is particularly interested in how places deal withthe cultural and social dislocations accompanying deindustrialization and howregeneration strategies connect (or otherwise) with community members onthe ground. Her 2000 book Heritage, Place and Community traces the processesthrough which a south Wales coal-mine was transformed into a ‘living his-tory’ museum, while her 2004 book Culture on Display critically appraises thecontemporary regeneration focus on the production of place ‘visitability’. Shealso conducts research on regeneration in connection with the Wales Institutefor Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods (WISERD), investigatinglocalities, place, citizen involvement and ‘co-production’. She is also an expertin digital qualitative methods and is the editor of Digital Qualitative Methods(2012).

Sean Gammon is based at the University of Central Lancashire within theSchool of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors. He is widely published in the areaof sport-related tourism, primarily focusing on customer motivation, nostalgiaand heritage. He continues to contribute to the field of leisure, recently co-editing Contemporary Perspectives in Leisure, and is currently editing a new title:Landscapes of Leisure: Space, Place and Identities. His latest book is Heritage and the

xviii Notes on Contributors

Olympics: People, Place and Performance (co-edited with Gregory Ramshaw andEmma Waterton, 2014).

John Giblin is Head of the Africa Section within the Department of Africa,Oceania and the Americas at the British Museum. Before taking up thispost he was a lecturer in the Heritage and Tourism group at the Schoolof Social Sciences and Psychology and a member of the Institute for Cul-ture and Society, University of Western Sydney, Australia. He completed hisPhD, ‘Reconstructing the Past in Post-Genocide Rwanda: An ArchaeologicalContribution’, at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London,following which he undertook a post-doctoral fellowship concerning post-conflict heritage in Western Great Lakes Africa at the School of Global Studies,University of Gothenburg. He is also a committee member of the Associa-tion of Critical Heritage Studies. His current research interests include thepost-conflict use of heritage and practice of archaeology in post-colonialcontexts.

Cristóbal Gnecco is Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the Uni-versity of Cauca (Colombia), where he works on the political economy ofarchaeology, the geopolitics of knowledge and the discourses on Otherness.He is co-editor of the journals Arqueología Suramericana and Archaeologies: Jour-nal of the World Archaeological Congress. He is co-editor, with Patricia Ayala, ofIndigenous Peoples and Archaeology in Latin America (2011).

Michael Haldrup is Associate Professor in Performance Design and lectures ontechnology studies, mobility, tourism and cultural heritage. He is the formerDirector of Studies at Roskilde University’s bachelor programme in humanities,technology and design studies and has published extensively on tourism,mobility experiences and cultural heritage. Publications include PerformingTourist Places (with Bærenholdt et al., 2003), Tourism, Performance and the Every-day (with Larsen, 2009) and journal articles and book chapters on these topics.He is currently directing RUCMUS – Centre for Cultural Studies, a joint ini-tiative of Roskilde University and six major museums in Zealand, Denmark,to enhance research cooperation between university and museums. He is alsointerested in studying experience design in relation to museum exhibitions andcultural heritage.

Rodney Harrison is Reader in Archaeology, Heritage and Museum Studies atthe UCL Institute of Archaeology. He has experience teaching, researching andworking across the fields of cultural and natural heritage management in theUK, Australia and North America. His books include Heritage: Critical Approaches(2013), Reassembling the Collection (co-edited, 2013), Unpacking the Collection

Notes on Contributors xix

(co-edited, 2011), Understanding the Politics of Heritage (2010), The Heritage Reader(co-edited, 2008) and Shared Landscapes (2004).

Anders Högberg is Associate Professor of Archaeology at Linnaeus University,Kalmar, Sweden. Previously he worked for several years as an archaeologistwithin the heritage sector. He has published extensively on public archaeol-ogy, community archaeology and different aspects of heritage studies. He alsohas a keen interest in prehistoric lithic technology, and has published studieson this subject as well as on the rise of behavioural modernity in present-daySouth Africa. Currently he works (with C. Holtorf) on a project about long-termcommunication concerning final depositories of nuclear waste. He is co-editorof the journal Current Swedish Archaeology.

Cornelius Holtorf is Professor of Archaeology at Linnaeus University in Kalmar,Sweden. He specializes in the role archaeology and archaeological sites play inthe contemporary world, the archaeology of the contemporary world and ques-tions of contemporary heritage management. He is the author of many papersand of the books From Stonehenge to Las Vegas (2005) and Archaeology Is a Brand!(2007). He has also been a senior editor of The Oxford Companion to Archaeology(2nd edn, 3 vols, 2012). He is currently working on projects about the archae-ology of time travel and (with A. Högberg) about long-term communicationconcerning final depositories of nuclear waste. He represents Sweden on theICOMOS International Committee on Interpretation and Presentation of Cul-tural Heritage Sites and sits on the Advisory Board of the New Horizons SpaceMessage Initiative.

Song Hou received his PhD from Zhejiang University, China, in 2014 and iscurrently a lecturer at the College of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang Normal Uni-versity. He was a visiting scholar at the Department of Anthropology, Universityof Florida. His research interests include discourse studies, heritage studies andcross-cultural studies, focusing specifically on Chinese local, historical heritagediscourses and their transformation in confronting the global heritage move-ment. He is a key researcher in several heritage research projects and authorof a number of articles on heritage and discourse in peer reviewed Chinesejournals.

Nuala C. Johnson is Reader in Geography at Queen’s University Belfast. Herresearch focuses on nationalism and the politics of identity; public memoryand monuments; literary spaces; and the historical geographies of science,particularly in relation to botanical gardens and botanical illustration. She isthe author of Ireland, the Great War and the Geography of Remembrance (2003)and Nature Displayed, Nature Displaced: Order and Beauty in Botanical Gardens

xx Notes on Contributors

(2011). She is the editor of Culture and Society (2008), Companion to CulturalGeography (2003) and The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Cultural Geography(2013).

Duncan Light is Lecturer in the School of Tourism, Bournemouth University,UK. He has research interests in the practices and performances of heritage andcultural tourists, and the role of imagination and play in the tourism expe-rience. He is also interested in relationships between tourism and nationalidentities, and has explored this issue with particular reference to ‘Draculatourism’ in Romania (a country he has visited regularly for the past 17 years). Heis the author of The Dracula Dilemma: Tourism, Identity and the State in Romania(2012).

Noel Lobley is an ethnomusicologist, musician, DJ and sound curator. Hisresearch interests include the nature, history and contemporary relevanceof ethnographic and commercial recordings of African music. Combiningapproaches from applied ethnomusicology, practical sound studies, DJ-ing andperformance, his particular focus is on the potential relationships between col-lections of recordings and local musicians and communities, explored throughthe experience of sound and music happenings. He has extensive fieldworkexperience researching with, and developing practical engagements and out-comes for, major archival collections of music from Southern Africa and theCentral African Republic. He currently works as Research Associate at the PittRivers Museum, University of Oxford, where he is developing the museum’ssound and music collections. He also teaches and lectures in both the Facultyof Music and the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Universityof Oxford.

Jessica Moody is Lecturer in Modern History and Heritage at the Universityof Portsmouth, UK. Her research focuses on the various ways in which peopleengage with the past, through heritage, public history, collective memory andcommemoration. She has particular research interests in the memory of transat-lantic slavery in Britain and the Atlantic World and in the representation andpublic engagement with dissonant heritage and difficult/traumatic histories.Her PhD (University of York, 2014, supervised by Geoff Cubitt) looked at thememory of transatlantic slavery in public discourse in the city of Liverpool fromthe nineteenth century to the present day. She also has a Master’s degree in Cul-tural Heritage Management (University of York, 2008, supervised by LaurajaneSmith) and has previously worked for National Museums Liverpool. She is amember of the Port Towns and Urban Cultures Research Group at the Uni-versity of Portsmouth, and of the Gateways to the First World War AHRCengagement centre in the UK.

Notes on Contributors xxi

Cath Neal is a Research Fellow in the Department of Archaeology, Universityof York, where she is currently working on a multi-period landscape projectin the Vale of York. Primarily a landscape archaeologist, she is focused on theintersection of natural and human processes and on Iron Age–Roman land-scape development. Drawing upon experience gathered during two decades ofwork within the National Health Service and latterly a community archaeologyproject, she is particularly interested in ethics in archaeological practice and inthe relationship between heritage professionals and the wider public.

Georgios C. Papageorgiou is Head of the International Tourism and Hospital-ity Management Department at Deree – the American College of Greece. Havingcompleted studies in tourism business administration, tourism policy and man-agement, and academic practice, he was previously Lecturer in Tourism at theUniversity of Surrey and the Academic Dean of Alpine Center in Greece. Hisexperience focuses on academic quality assurance and programme design inthe areas of tourism and hospitality, and his research interests include tourismmarketing, tourism policy planning and development, qualitative researchmethodologies, and the relationship between tourism and popular culture –in particular music, film and literature.

John Pendlebury is Head of School, School of Architecture, Planning & Land-scape, Newcastle University. His research mostly falls within two broad themes.First, he undertakes historically focused work, principally on how historic citieshave been planned in the past, particularly in the mid-twentieth century, con-sidering how the historic qualities of such cities were conceived and balancedwith modernizing forces. Second, he undertakes empirical and conceptual workon the interface between contemporary cultural heritage policy and other pol-icy processes. His book Conservation in the Age of Consensus (2009) draws someof these themes together.

Gregory Ramshaw is based in the Department of Parks, Recreation & TourismManagement at Clemson University. He explores the social construction andcultural production of heritage, with a particular interest in sport-based her-itage. His research has been published in numerous academic texts and jour-nals, including the International Journal of Heritage Studies, Journal of HeritageTourism, Current Issues in Tourism and Journal of Sport & Tourism. He is also theeditor of Sport Heritage and the co-editor of Heritage, Sport and Tourism: Sport-ing Pasts – Tourist Futures (with Sean Gammon) and Heritage and the Olympics:People, Place and Performance (with Sean Gammon and Emma Waterton).

Anna Reading is Head of the Department of Culture, Media and CreativeIndustries at King’s College, University of London. She has played a leading

xxii Notes on Contributors

role in the developing field of cultural and media memory studies, includ-ing work on heritage, especially on gender. She is the author and editor ofseveral books, including The Social Inheritance of the Holocaust: Gender, Cultureand Memory (2002), Save As . . . Digital Memory (2009), Polish Women, Solidarityand Feminism (1992), The Media in Britain (1999) and Communism, Capitalismand the Mass Media (1998) with Colin Sparks. She is Chair of the Board anda joint editor of the journal Media, Culture and Society. She has worked at theUniversity of Lodz, Poland (1988–1989); University of Westminster and Impe-rial College (1992–1994); London South Bank University (1995–2010); and theUniversity of Western Sydney, Australia (2011–2012). She also writes for thetheatre, with seven of her plays having been performed in the UK, Poland, theUS and Ireland.

Ann Reed is Assistant Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the Uni-versity of North Dakota, where she regularly teaches courses on ethnographicmethods, culture theory and tourism. As a cultural anthropologist, she hascarried out long-term ethnographic fieldwork in Ghana. Her research interestsfocus on heritage tourism, diasporic identity through travel, transnationalismand globalization, and political economy. She has published in the areas ofdiaspora and tourism, slavery heritage, and heritage sites and memory. In Pil-grimage Tourism of Diaspora Africans to Ghana (2014) she examines Ghana’sslavery heritage sites and Pan-African festivals. Although she continues to con-duct research in Ghana and maintains theoretical interests in heritage andtourism, she has recently shifted her attention to the sociocultural impacts ofthe oil boom in western North Dakota and is interested in the broader the-oretical implications of the interplay between energy resource extraction andculture change.

M. Rosario González-Rodríguez is Associate Professor at the University ofSeville. Her research focuses mainly on cultural tourism and authenticity, effi-ciency and competitiveness in the hotel and intermediation sector, customersatisfaction, market segmentation analysis in tourism and strategies of pro-motion and advertisement, and measurement and analysis of the impact oftourism on the economy and society, among other topics. Other fields ofresearch are related to strategy, corporate social responsibility and human val-ues, electronic markets and online consumer behaviour. She is currently on theeditorial board of the Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis.

Joy Sather-Wagstaff is Associate Professor of Anthropology at North DakotaState University and the author of Heritage that Hurts: Tourists in theMemoryscapes of September 11 (2011). Her research and teaching focuses on theanthropology and heritage of disaster, genocide, war and death – the darker

Notes on Contributors xxiii

sides of human heritage – specifically through the lenses of memory, land-scape, affect, and museum and tourism studies. Her ongoing research addressesthe role of tourism and the experiences of tourists at various September 11memorials and commemorative exhibits, the Oklahoma City National Memo-rial and Museum, and various similar institutions for conscience worldwide.She is also engaged in a collaborative project at the United States HolocaustMemorial Museum on the interactive installation From Memory to Action: Meet-ing the Challenge of Genocide Today and has begun work on atomic tourism andheritage resources economic development in the Northern Plains area of the US.

John Schofield is Head of the Archaeology Department at the University ofYork and Director of Studies in Cultural Heritage Management. He was previ-ously an archaeologist with English Heritage, where his roles included heritageprotection and policy, military heritage and landscape characterization. Johnis a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, a Member of the Institutefor Archaeologists and a Docent in Cultural Heritage, Landscape and Contem-porary Archaeology at the University of Turku (Finland). He has publishedextensively in the fields of cultural heritage, archaeology of the recent andcontemporary pasts, and the archaeology of conflict.

Katharina Schramm is Assistant Professor at Martin-Luther-University inHalle. She has published widely on the politics of memory, race and heritagein Ghana and beyond, mainly with regard to the representation of the slavetrade and the homecoming-movement of African Americans. She is the authorof African Homecoming: Pan-African Ideology and Contested Heritage (2010). She isthe co-editor of Remembering Violence: Anthropological Perspectives on Intergener-ational Transmission (2010) and Identity Politics and the New Genetic: Re/CreatingCategories of Difference and Belonging (2012). She is currently working on a newbook, provisionally titled ‘Race/Trouble: Classificatory Violence, Genealogies ofKnowledge and the Sciences of Human Origins in Post-Apartheid South Africa’.

Helaine Silverman is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinoisand Director of the Collaborative for Cultural Heritage Management and Pol-icy (CHAMP). She is a member of Forum-UNESCO and ICOMOS’ InternationalScientific Committees on Archaeological Heritage Management (ICAHM) andCultural Tourism (ICTC). Her research addresses the cultural politics of her-itage production and management, tourism, economic development, and localand national identities. In addition to her own authored works, she is theeditor of Archaeological Site Museums in Latin America (2006), Cultural Heritageand Human Rights (2007), Intangible Heritage Embodied (2009), Contested Cul-tural Heritage (2011) and Cultural Heritage Politics in China (2013). She alsodirects two book series: ‘Heritage, Tourism and Community’ (Left Coast Press)

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and ‘Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Archaeological Heritage Management’(Springer & ICAHM). She serves on the editorial boards of American Anthro-pologist, International Journal of Heritage Studies, Heritage & Society, World Art andThema.

Russell Staiff is Adjunct Fellow at the School of Social Sciences and Psychol-ogy, University of Western Sydney. He researches the interface between culturalheritage, tourism and communities, with a special focus on Southeast Asia. Heis also researching heritage and the visual arts and heritage and cinema. He isthe author of Re-imagining Heritage Interpretation (2014), editor of Heritage andTourism: Place, Encounter, Engagement (2013) and co-editor of Travel and Imagina-tion (2014). He is an adjunct in the Faculty of Architecture, Silpakorn University,Bangkok, where he teaches in the international postgraduate programme onarchitectural heritage management and tourism.

Marie Louise Stig Sørensen is Reader in Archaeology at the University ofCambridge and Professor of Bronze Age Studies at Leiden University. She coor-dinates the postgraduate study in ‘Archaeological Heritage and Museums’ at theUniversity of Cambridge and has supervised several heritage PhDs. She has pub-lished widely, including on heritage and identity, heritage and conflicts, andheritage methodologies (e.g. with John Carman (eds) Heritage Studies: Methodsand Approaches, 2009). She has been a partner on several international researchprojects, including as the PI on the EU FP7-funded project ‘Cultural Heritageand the Re-construction of Identities after Conflict’ (http://www.cric.arch.cam.ac.uk/index.php). She has recently added research on the influence of tangibleheritage on perception of places to her earlier interest in the link between her-itage and identity claims. She is a co-editor of a forthcoming volume on thelong-term impact of war on heritage.

Alfonso Vargas-Sánchez is Full Professor of Strategic Management at theUniversity of Huelva, where he heads its research group on tourism, namedGEIDETUR. He is also the author of a number of papers published in journalssuch as the Journal of Travel Research, Annals of Tourism Research and Journalof Hospitality Marketing & Management, among others. He is on the boards ofa number of journals and Editor-in-Chief of Enlightening Tourism. He is Visit-ing Professor in the UK at the York St John Business School and the School ofBusiness and Entrepreneurship of the Royal Agricultural University (where, inaddition, he is a member of its Advisory Board), and at the University of theAlgarve (Portugal), where he is also a member of its General Council.

Dacia Viejo-Rose is Lecturer at the University of Cambridge where she co-organizes the Heritage Research Group. When writing her contribution to this

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volume she was a British Academy Post-doctoral Fellow at the McDonald Insti-tute for Archaeological Research. Her current research focuses on the nexusbetween violence and cultural heritage, exploring how the latter is used asan instrument of cohesion and division. She first became interested in thetopic in 1997 while interning at the UN, pursuing it further while workingat UNESCO (2000–2002). Her PhD from Cambridge (2009) was published asReconstructing Spain: Cultural Heritage and Memory after Civil War (2011). Shecontinued to build on this work as a researcher on the EU-funded project‘Cultural Heritage and the Reconstruction of Identities after Conflict’ (2008–2012). She co-founded the Cambridge Post-Conflict and Post-Crisis group and isco-editor of a forthcoming volume on the long-term impact of war on heritage.

Emma Waterton is Associate Professor and DECRA Fellow based at the Univer-sity of Western Sydney in the Institute for Culture and Society. Her researchexplores the interface between heritage, identity, memory and affect. Hercurrent project, ‘Photos of the Past’, is a three-year examination of all fourconcepts at a range of Australian heritage tourism sites, including Uluru Kata-Tjuta National Park, Sovereign Hill, the Blue Mountains National Park andKakadu National Park. She is author of Politics, Policy and the Discourses of Her-itage in Britain (2010) and co-author of Heritage, Communities and Archaeology(with Laurajane Smith, 2009) and The Semiotics of Heritage Tourism (with SteveWatson, 2014).

Steve Watson is Professor in the Business School at York St John University,where he teaches a range of subjects, including cultural and heritage tourism.His research is concerned primarily with the representation and experience ofheritage, especially through tourism, and he is active in the development oftheory that explores the relationship between representational practices andthe performative encounters and engagement of tourists with heritage places.He has explored these issues in Greece, Spain and the UK, and he has a partic-ular interest in Spanish travel writing. His most recent book is The Semiotics ofHeritage Tourism (with Emma Waterton, 2014).

Tim Winter is Research Professor of Cultural Heritage at the Cultural HeritageCentre for Asia and the Pacific, Deakin University, Melbourne. Most of his work-ing day is spent trying to figure out how cultural heritage features in issueslike nationalism, post-conflict recovery, sustainability, post-colonial identitiesand urban development. He has published widely on these themes and con-ducted research projects in a number of countries in Asia, including Sri Lanka,Cambodia, India and China. His recent books include The Routledge Handbookof Heritage in Asia and Shanghai Expo: An International Forum on the Future ofCities.

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Andrea Witcomb is Director of the Cultural Heritage Centre for Asia and thePacific at Deakin University and Deputy Director of the Alfred Deakin ResearchInstitute. Her research interests range across the museum and heritage fields andare informed by theoretical, historical and professional practice concerns. Shebrings an interdisciplinary approach to her research, locating her work at theintersection of history, museology and cultural studies. Her work is driven by adesire to understand the ways in which heritage practices can be used to fostercross-cultural understandings and dialogue. As part of this, she is exploring theuses of immersive interpretation strategies in museums and heritage sites, therole of memory and affect in people’s encounters with objects and displays, andthe nature of Australia’s extra-territorial war heritage sites. She is the author ofRe-Imagining the Museum: Beyond the Mausoleum (2003) and, with Chris Healy,the co-editor of South Pacific Museums: An Experiment in Culture (2006). Her mostrecent book, co-written with Kate Gregory, is From the Barracks to the Burrup: TheNational Trust in Western Australia (2010).

Zongjie Wu is Professor and Director of the Institute of Cross-Cultural andRegional Studies and principal researcher at the Centre of Intangible CulturalHeritage Studies, both located in Zhejiang University, China. His research cutsacross multiple disciplines, with a focus on cross-cultural discourses in culturalheritage, history and education. He is currently working as a consultant to theWorld Bank for Confucius and Mencius Cultural Heritage Conservation andProtection Project.