The Paleolithic Continuity Paradigm

8/13/2019 The Paleolithic Continuity Paradigm

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THE PALEOLITHIC CONTINUITY PARADIGMFOR THE ORIGINS OF INDO-EUROPEAN

LANGUAGES

An Introduction in progreL!t Upd!ting" M!# $%&$

'# M!rio A(inei

0 Premise

In t)e Ninetie* t)ree !rc)!eo(ogit !nd t)ree (inguit* !(( independent(# +ro, one

!not)er* preented ! ne t)eor# o+ Indo-Europe!n .IE/ origin* c(!i,inguninterrupted continuit# +ro, P!(eo(it)ic also +or IE peop(e !nd (!ngu!ge .+or t)e,ot p!rt o+ ot)er (!ngu!ge !nd group 0 uc) ! Autr!(i!n* Nort)ern A,eric!n*A+ric!n* C)inee* !nd Ur!(ic 0 t)e continuit# +ro, pre)itor# i ! nor,!((# !ccepted+!ct/1 T)e t)ree !rc)!o(ogit !nd pre)itori!n !re t)e A,eric!n Ho,er L1 T)o,!.T)o,! &22&/* t)e 3e(gi!n M!rce( Otte .Otte &224* &225* &222* $%%%/* one o+ t)eor(d ,!6or peci!(it on Midd(e !nd Upper P!(eo(it)ic* !nd t)e Ger,!n A(e7!nderH8u(er* ! peci!(it in t)e pre)itor# o+ Centr!( Europe .H8u(er &229* &22:* $%%;/1T)e (inguit !re M!rio A(inei .A(inei &229* $%%%/* G!'rie(e Cot! .Cot! &22:* $%%%*$%%&/* !nd Cicerone Pog)irc .Pog)irc &22$/1 At t)i t!ge* t)e o'(ig!tor# ter, todeign!te t)i recontruction ! <t)eor#<1 Since t)e 'eginning o+ t)e (!t dec!de*)oe=er* ,ore !nd ,ore c)o(!r )!=e or>ed on t)e !,e (ine* teting !nd

!pp(#ing t)e t)eor# ucce+u((# on !n incre!ing nu,'er o+ geogr!p)ic !re!*pre)itoric period !nd cu(tur!( topic* 'ringing ne e=idence +or t)e +ound!tion o+)!t ee, no ,ore !ppropri!te to c!(( ! true <p!r!dig,<" one c!n rec!(( t)e(inguitic or> '# ?!=erio 3!((eter .$%%%!* $%%%'* $%%&* $%%@!* $%%@'* $%%@c*$%%9!* $%%9'* $%%9c $%%5* $%%2/ !nd Fr!nco C!=!! .$%%%* $%%&/* t)eet)no(inguitic-et)nop)i(o(ogic!( tudie '# Fr!nceco 3enoo .$%%$* $%%@* $%%9*$%%5!* $%%5'* $%%5c* $%%5d* $%%5e* $%%5+* $%%:!* $%%:'* $%%:c* $%%:d* $%%:e*$%%2!* $%%2'* $%%2c* $%%2d * $%&%!* $%&%'/B !nd '# A(inei-3enoo .$%%9* $%%5*$%%:!* $%%:'* $%%:c* $%%:d* $%%2/1 Ot)er (inguit* !rc)!eo(ogit* )itori!n !nd!nt)ropo(ogit )!=e e7preed t)eir gener!( !ent* !ndor e7tended t)e ,ode( toot)er !re!" e1g1 C)ior'o(i $%%5* Contini $%%%* Corr!di Mui $%%:* Fr!o-Mor!i$%%2* H!rpending-E((er $%%:* G!((oni $%%5* L!n!i! $%%5!* $%%5'* Le Du $%%;*Mec)i!ri $%%2* Mor!i $%%:* Si,oni Aure,'ou $%%$1 In !ddition* t)e +ounder o+

t)e P!(!eo(it)ic Continuit# T)eor# )!=e t)e,e(=e contri'uted to ! ,ore !rticu(!tedde+inition o+ t)e ne p!r!dig, .ee A(inei $%%%c* $%%&!* $%%&'* $%%&c* $%%$* $%%;*$%%;'* $%%;c* $%%4* $%%4'* $%%9* $%%9'* $%%9c* $%%5* $%%:* $%%2* $%%2'B Cot!$%%$* $%%;* $%%@* $%%9* $%%5* $%%5'* $%%:/1

1 The three reconstruction models for the origins of Indo-Europeans

1.1 The traditional model: the Indo-European Calcholithic Invasion



A i >non* unti( recent(# t)e recei=ed doctrine +or t)e origin o+ Indo-Europe!n.IE/ in Europe ! centered upon t)e ide! 0 no c!((ed t)e ,#t) .H8u(er $%%;/ 0o+ !n Indo-Europe!n In=!ion in t)e Copper Age .@t) ,i((enniu, 31C1/* '# )ore-riding !rrior p!tor!(it1 T)e (!t !nd ,ot !ut)orit!ti=e =erion o+ t)i t)eor# !t)e o c!((ed kurgant)eor#* e(!'or!ted '# M!ri6! Gi,'ut!* !ccording to )ic) t)e

Proto-IE ere t)e !rrior p!tor!(it )o 'ui(t kurgan* i1e1 'uri!( ,ound* in t)eteppe !re! o+ U>r!ine .e1g1 Gi,'ut! &25%* &25;* &255* &2:%/1 Fro, t)e teppe!re!* t)e Proto-IE kurgan conueror ou(d )!=e t)en +irt in=!ded Sout)ernE!tern Europe* t)en* in t)e ;rd ,i((enniu,* !+ter )!=ing e=o(=ed into t)e o c!((ed3!tt(e A7e peop(e* ou(d )!=e o,e)o er!ed ,ot pre-e7iting (!ngu!ge* !nd'roug)t IE (!ngu!ge !(( o=er Europe13# p(!cing t)e !rri=!( o+ t)e IE in t)e @t) ,i((enniu,* !nd t)e proce o+tr!n+or,!tion +ro, Proto-IE to ep!r!te (!ngu!ge group in t)e ;rd* t)e u'euentproce* '# )ic) t)e ep!r!te (!ngu!ge group ou(d e=o(=e into t)e ,!6or!tteted (!ngu!ge* i(( ine=it!'(# t!>e p(!ce in t)e II !nd I ,i((enniu, t)!t i in t)e3rone !nd Iron Age1 A(t)oug) ,ot IE peci!(it !re ti(( re(uct!nt to !d,it it* t)ic)rono(og#* ! e(( ! t)e cen!rio 'e)ind it* c!n no 'e conidered ! !(toget)ero'o(ete1 T)e e=idence co((ected '# !rc)!eo(og# in t)e (!t t)irt# #e!r* in +!ct*

o=er)e(,ing(# pro=e t)e !'ence o+ !n# (!rge c!(e in=!ion in Europe* !nd t)euninterrupted continuit# o+ ,ot Copper !nd 3rone Age cu(ture o+ Europe +ro,Neo(it)ic* !nd o+ ,ot Neo(it)ic cu(ture +ro, Meo(it)ic !nd +in!( P!(eo(it)ic1

T)e ,! in=!ion o+ IE !rrior !ccording to M!ri6! Gi,'ut!

Arc)!eo(ogit uu!((# do not !ddre (inguitic iue1 T)i i pro'!'(# )#*!(t)oug) +ir, conc(uion !'out !'ence o+ in=!ion !nd cu(tur!( continuit# !(re!d#'eg!n to !ppe!r in t)e !rc)!eo(ogic!( (iter!ture o+ t)e Se=entie* )itoric!( (inguit)!=e continued to !u,e t)e tr!dition!( t)eor# ! !n undiputed trut)1

1.2 Renfrew's Model: the IE eolithic !ispersal



In ! 'oo> tit(ed Archaeology and Linguistics. The IE puzzle* pu'(i)ed in &2:5* t)e!rc)!eo(ogit Lord Co(in Ren+re did not (i,it )i,e(+ to co((ect t)e !rc)!eo(ogic!(e=idence no !=!i(!'(e to de(i=er t)e (!t +!t!( '(o to t)e tr!dition!( t)eor#* 'utpreented ! ne t)eor# o+ IE origin* c!((ed '# it !ut)or t)e IE Neo(it)ic Diper!(*)ic) i '!ed on t)e o'er=!tion t)!t t)e on(# ,o,ent in Europe!n pre)itor#

)ic) ,ig)t coincide it) ! gig!ntic c)!nge uc) ! t)e preu,ed indo-europe!ni!tion o+ Europe i t)e 'eginning o+ +!r,ing in t)e 5t) ,i((enniu, 31C1Moreo=er* ince +!r,ing origin!ted in t)e Midd(e E!t* !nd !rc)!eo(og# doe detectin out)ern Europe ! ,odet ,igr!tor# contri'ution +ro, t)!t direction* !oci!tedit) t)e introduction o+ +!r,ing* Ren+re )! conc(uded t)!t t)ee e!r(# +!r,erere t)e Proto-Indo-Europe!n* reponi'(e +or t)e introduction o+ IE in out)ern!nd centr!( Europe* !nd t)!t t)e u'euent IE diper!( t!rted +ro, t)ee to!re!* !(ong it) t)e diper!( o+ +!r,ing tec)niue1 And ince !n intrui=econtri'ution i epeci!((# e=ident in t)e to e!r(iet Neo(it)ic cu(ture o+ out)ernEurope* 'ot) d!ted to t)e 5t) ,i((enniu,* n!,e(# t)e 3!(>!n co,p(e7 !nd t)eI,preoC!rdi!( !re in etern !nd Centr!( Mediterr!ne!n* !nd to ! (eer e7tentin t)e Linien'!nd>er!,i> .L3/ cu(ture in Ger,!n# !nd E!tern Europe* d!ted to t)e4t) ,i((enniu,* t)ee cu(ture ou(d repreent t)e +irt introduction o+ IE into

Europe1T)e p)i(oop)# 'e)ind t)i t)eor# i t)u t)!t t)e Proto-Indo-Europe!n* +!r +ro,'eing !rrior )o in=!ded !nd conuered Europe '# )eer ,i(it!r# +orce* !reinte!d t)e in=entor o+ +!r,ing* )o conuered Europe '# cu(tur!( !nd inte((ectu!(uperiorit#1 A p)i(oop)# )ic) re,!in* in eence* eurocentric* e=en t)oug) t)eProto-Indo-Europe!n !re no een ! t)e pe!ce+u( in=entor o+ +!r,ing* inte!d o+t)e !r(i>e uper,en o+ t)e tr!dition!( t)eor#1



T)e t)ree e!r(iet Neo(it)ic cu(ture o+ Europe" t)e 3!(>!n Co,p(e7 .c)euered/* t)e

I,preoC!rdi!( !re .'(!c>/ .'ot) II ,i((enniu, '1C/* !nd t)e L3 .gre#/ . ,i((enniu, '1C1/1

Ren+re 'oo> )! un(e!)ed ! =er# (i=e(# intern!tion!( de'!te* )ic) )! 'eencont!nt(# groing* !t t)e !,e ti,e )i+ting it +ocu in repone to groingo'6ection1 Hi t)eor#* )ic) oing to it +ocu on t)e Neo(it)ic dicontinuit# c!n 'ec!((ed t)e Neo(it)ic Dicontinuit# T)eor# .NDT/* i undou'ted(# uperior to t)etr!dition!( In=!ion T)eor#* ! +!r ! it doe e(i,in!te t)e ,#t) o+ t)ePIE Blitzkrieg !g!int t)e pe!ce+u( O(d Europe!n1 Hoe=er* +or t)e ret it cre!te,ore pro'(e, t)!n it o(=e"

.&/ Arc)!eo(og# pro=e t)!t ,ot Europe!n Neo(it)ic cu(ture direct(# continuee!r(ier Meo(it)ic cu(ture* !nd e=en in t)oe !re! )ere intruion !re!rc)!eo(ogic!((# !cert!ined* t)e Meo(it)ic popu(!tion ere uic>(# in=o(=ed in t)e!ccu(tur!tion proce" t)ere i no re!( dicontinuit# 'eteen Meo(it)ic !nd Neo(it)ic.e1g1 J=e(e'i( &2:9* J=e(e'i( !nd Do(u>)!no= &22&/1

.$/ T)e to Sout)ern Europe!n !re!* )ere Neo(it)ic cu(ture do )o in+i(tr!tion+ro, t)e Midd(e E!t* !re precie(# t)e !re! )ere non-IE (inguitic tr!it !re ,ot

e=ident !nd i,port!nt* ! e=er# (inguit )o i +!,i(i!r it) t)e (inguitic record o+!ncient .!nd ,odern/ It!(# !nd Greece i(( re!di(# !d,it1 )ic) point precie(# tot)e contr!r# o+ )!t t)e NDT i,p(ie* n!,e(# t)!t t)e Sout) o+ Europe )ou(d )!=erecei=ed t)e tronget in+(uence +ro, t)e PIE co,ing +ro, t)e Midd(e E!t1 Toe7p(!in t)e re!( (inguitic itu!tion* in +!ct* t)e NDT !u,ption ,ut 'e i,p(#re=ered" t)e Midd(e E!tern +!r,er introducing Neo(it)ic into Sout)ern Europeere precie(# t)e non-Indo-Europe!n group reponi'(e +or t)e non-IE e(e,ent o+t)e !re! .A(inei $%%%!* $%%&/1



.;/ A +!r ! t)e Nort) !nd t)e et o+ Europe !re concerned* t)e NDT i o'(iged to!u,e t)!t IE !rri=ed t)ere (ong !+ter t)e +irt Neo(it)ic cu(ture1 Hoe=er* t)!tperiod i precie(# t)e one in )ic) !rc)!eo(og# detect no tr!ce )!toe=er o+dicontinuit#" t)ere i* +or e7!,p(e* !'o(ute(# no tr!ce o+ t)e !rri=!( o+ t)e Ce(t inetern Europe .)ic) i,p(# ,e!n t)!t t)e# ere !(!# t)ere/* !nd ! toGer,!nic peop(e* it i prepoterou to t)in> t)!t t)e +!r,er o+ t)e L3* Proto-

Ger,!nic !ccording to t)e NDT* ou(d 'e ,oti=!ted to pre!d nort)!rd toSc!ndin!=i! !nd to Nor!#* ou(d !dopt t)e Meo(it)ic +i)ing too( !nd deep-e!+i)ing tec)niue !nd )!'it o+ t)e ric) Meo(it)ic peci!(ied +i)ing cu(ture o+ t)!t!re!* it)out !dopting* )oe=er* !n# p!rt o+ t)eir +i)ing ter,ino(og#* !nd epeci!((#it)out !dopting !n# t)eir p(!ce n!,e" t)e )o(e Sc!ndin!=i!n topon#,# i eit)erGer,!nic or Ur!(icK O'=iou(#* t)e con=ergence 'eteen t)e continuit# o+ Nort)ernpeop(e* +i)ing cu(ture !nd tec)no(ogie* !nd t)e Ger,!nic or Ur!(ic c)!r!cter o+ter,ino(ogie !nd p(!ce n!,e point to continuit# o+ (!ngu!ge* 6ut ! it doe in t)eUr!(ic !re! .A(inei $%%%/1

.@/ A I )!=e )on in ,# 'oo> .A(inei &229* $%%%/ !nd in ! nu,'er o+ !rtic(e .e1g1A(inei &22&g* &22$+* &225+* &225g* &22:e* &22:g* $%%%c* $%%&!/* t)ere i 6ut no!# to reconci(e t)e e,!ntic )itor# o+ innu,er!'(e IE ord* !nd t)eir

c)rono(ogic!( i,p(ic!tion* it) t)e NDT cen!rio1 An# t)oroug) !nd un'i!ed!n!(#i o+ t)e ric) IE record point to ! P!(eo(it)ic dept) +or t)e e!r(iet (!#er o+ t)ePIE =oc!'u(!r#* !nd to ! =er# e!r(#* Upper P!(eo(it)ic !nd Meo(it)ic (inguiticdi++erenti!tion o+ Proto-Indo-Europe!n1 T)i i t)e re!on )# t)e IE Neo(it)icter,ino(og#* ! no !d,itted e=en '# tr!dition!( c)o(!r .i((!r &22&* :&/* i ne!t(#di++erenti!ted +ro, group to group" ! +!ct t)!t c(!)e !g!int t)e =er# ide! o+ t)eIndo-Europe!n ! in=entor o+ +!r,ing .ide,/1

1." The #aleolithic Continuit$ #aradi%m &#C#

T)e ,!in point o+ t)e PCP on t)e origin o+ t)e Indo-Europe!n* ! e(( ! on

(!ngu!ge origin !nd e=o(ution !re t)e +o((oing"

1.3.1. Continuity as the basic working hypothesis on the origins o IE languages

I+ t)e de,ontr!tion o+ continuit#* ! !,e M!((or# )! )!d to !d,it* i <t)e!rc)!eo(ogit e!iet puruit< .M!((or# &2:2* :&/* t)en it +o((o"

.&/ t)!t !(o +or t)e uetion o+ Europe!n origin* t)e e!iet or>ing )#pot)ei it)e continuit# ,ode(* !nd no ot)er !(tern!ti=eB.$/ t)!t coneuent(# t)e 'urden o+ proo+ no (ie on t)e .C)!(co(it)ic or Neo(it)ic/in=!ionit )ou(der* !nd not on t)e !nti-in=!ionitB.;/ t)!t ! (ong ! no !(tern!ti=e t)eor# pro=ide irre+ut!'(e counter-e=idence* t)eP!(eo(it)ic Continuit# c!n 'e conidered ! t)e inning t)eor#1

1.3.! Anti"uity and stability o language and languages# in general

L!ngu!ge !nd (!ngu!ge !re ,uc) ,ore !ncient t)!n tr!dition!((# t)oug)t1Coneuent(#* !(o t)e record o+ t)eir origin* c)!nge !nd de=e(op,ent ,ut 'e,!pped onto ! ,uc) (onger c)rono(og#* inte!d o+ 'eing co,preed into ! +e,i((enni!* ! tr!dition!((# done* !nd ! t)e NDT !(o o'(ige to do1 )i(e tr!dition!((inguitic* '# rei+#ing (!ngu!ge* )!d ,!de chan%e into ! ort o+ 'io(ogic!(* org!nic(! o+ (!ngu!ge de=e(op,ent* t)e e7tr!ordin!r# te,po o+ it ou(d +it t)e )ort



c)rono(ogie o+ t)e recent in=!ion or o+ t)e e!r(ier Neo(it)i!tion* t)e ne* ,uc)(onger c)rono(ogie o+ (!ngu!ge origin !nd (!ngu!ge de=e(op,ent i,poe ! re=er!(o+ t)i conception" conservation i t)e (! o+ (!ngu!ge !nd (!ngu!ge* !nd c)!ngei t)e e7ception* 'eing c!ued not '# !n !((eged 'io(ogic!( (! o+ (!ngu!ge* 'ut '#,!6or e7tern!( .et)nic or oci!(/ +!ctor* i1 e1 '# (!ngu!ge cont!ct !nd )#'ridi!tion*in conco,it!nce it) t)e ,!6or eco(ogic!(* ocio-econo,ic !nd cu(tur!( e=ent t)!t

)!=e )!ped e!c) !re! o+ t)e g(o'e .A(inei &229/1

1.3.3 Anti"uity and periodization o the le$icon o natural languages

An i,port!nt coro((!r# o+ t)i ne conception !nd ne c)rono(og# o+ (!ngu!georigin !nd de=e(op,ent i t)!t t)e e,erging !nd +or,!tion o+ t)e (e7icon o+ !((or(d (!ngu!ge p)#(! !nd t)eir group* inc(uding o+ coure Indo-Europe!n* )ou(d 'eperiodied !(ong t)e entire coure o+ )u,!n e=o(ution* !nd not co,preed in t)erecent pre)itor#* ! t#pic!( o+ t)e tr!dition!( t)eor# ! e(( ! o+ t)e NDT1 T)e(inguitic i((utr!tion o+ t)i princip(e .)ic) +i(( ,!n# o+ t)e $%%% p!ge o+ A(inei&229* !nd repreent t)e +irt det!i(ed (inguitic !n!(#i o+ t)e IE record in t)e (ig)to+ t)e ne c)rono(ogie !nd cen!rio i,poed '# cienti+ic !d=!nce1 Here !re o,ee7!,p(e o+ t)i lexical periodization !pp(ied to IE"

.&/ T)e Proto-IE (e7icon* i1e1 t)e (e7icon co,,on to !(( IE (!ngu!ge* )ic) inc(ude!,ong ot)er t)ing gr!,,!tic!( ord uc) ! peron!( pronoun* H- ord !ndt)e (i>e* +or, '# de+inition it e!r(iet (!#er1 A uc) it oug)t to 'e p(!ced in t)edept) o+ P!(eo(it)ic* !nd 'e een ! re+(ecting t)e !!>ening !nd de=e(oping o+)u,!n concience !nd cu(tur!( !cti=itie o+ !n !(re!d# ep!r!ted !nd independent(!ngu!ge p)#(u,1 In +!ct* t)e di++erence in t)e (e7icon o+ t)e gr!,,!tic!( tructure)on '# ,ot (!ngu!ge p)#(! )ou(d u++ice to diu!(i+# ! ,e!ning(e !n#ree!rc) !i,ing !t recontructing ! uni=er!( ,onogenetic (e7icon .cp1 e1g1 Ru)(en&22@/1

.$/ I+ IE ord +or d#ing .co,ing +ro, PIE -mer/ 'e(ong to t)e PIE (e7icon* )i(e

+or 'ur#ing t)ere !re di++erent ord in ,ot IE (!ngu!ge* t)i ,ut 'e een !e=idence t)!t '# t)e ti,e ritu!( 'ur#ing 'eg!n* in Upper P!(eo(it)ic* IE group ere!(re!d# di++erenti!ted1



Si,i(!r(#* i+ t)e n!,e o+ e=er!( i(d !ni,!(* !,ong )ic) t)!t o+ t)e 'e!r .PIEr()o-s/* 'e(ong to t)e PIE (e7icon* t)i ,e!n t)!t t)ee !ni,!( 'e(onged to t)ecogniti=e !nd cu(tur!( or(d o+ IE pre-re(igiou P!(eo(it)ic )unter1 Con=ere(#* t)e oc!((ed no! n!,e o+ t)e 'e!r .i1e rep(!cing t)e t!'ooed re!( one/ in t)e Ce(tic*Ger,!nic* 3!(tic !nd S(!=ic (!ngu!ge* !(( di++erent +ro, one !not)er* c!n on(#indic!te t)!t '# t)e ti,e re(igiou concern +or )unted !ni,!( connected it)tote,i, e,erged in Upper P!(eo(it)ic .!(ong it) t)e e!r(iet !ttet!tion o+ 'e!rcu(t/* IE (!ngu!ge ere !(re!d# di++erenti!ted .A(inei &229* $%%%* $%%;'/1

.;/ A(o ord +or t#pic!( Meo(it)ic in=ention* uc) 'o* t!r* +i)ing too(*



c!rpentr# !nd ,!n# ot)er* !re di++erent in e!c) IE group* pro=ing t)!t '# Meo(it)icti,e IE (!ngu!ge ere !(re!d# di++erenti!ted1

.@/ T)e )!rp di++erenti!tion o+ +!r,ing ter,ino(og# in t)e di++erent IE (!ngu!ge*)i(e !'o(ute(# une7p(!in!'(e in t)e conte7t o+ Ren+re NDT* pro=ide #et !not)er+und!,ent!( proo+ t)!t t)e di++erenti!tion o+ IE (!ngu!ge goe '!c> to re,otepre)itor#1 T)i i !d,itted e=en '# ! +e tr!dition!(it" ! Fr!ncico i((!r rite*<in t)e co,,on Indoeurope!n (!ngu!ge ! (e7icon connected to +!r,ing doe note7it or )!rd(# e7it< !nd <t)e co,,on IE ter,ino(og# +or +!r,ing i o c!rce to!((o ! di(e,,! to rie" it i poi'(e t)!t t)e IE >no(edge o+ +!r,ing !,odet* 'ut it i e=en poi'(e t)!t t)e# )!d no >no(edge o+ +!r,ing !t !(( <.i((!r &22&" :&/1 )i(e t)i +inding c!n 'e e!i(# e7p(!ined it)in t)e PCP* it'eco,e ! )uge pro'(e, once Neo(it)ic intrui=e +!r,er )!=e 'een !u,ed to 'et)e Proto-IE" <T)i )#pot)ei c(!)e it) t)e Neo(it)ic t)ei !ccording to

)ic) IE ou(d eenti!((# 'e t)e in=entor o+ +!r,ing* )ic) ou(d 'e t)e ,oti,port!nt !nd c)!r!cteritic !cti=it# o+ t)eir ociet#<* !nd <It i unt)in>!'(e t)!t t)epeop(e )o in=ented !nd di++ued +!r,ing ou(d not )!=e ! ric) !nd peci+ic (e7iconto deign!te t)e e(e,ent !nd t)e tec)niue o+ +!r,ing< .i'id/1

1.3.% Archaeological rontiers coincide with linguistic rontiers

T)e e7itence !nd t)e t!'i(it# or ,o'i(it# o+ +rontier 'eteen pre)itoric cu(ture*in t)e di++erent period o+ pre)itor#* i c(e!r(# de,ontr!ted* ,ore t)!n '# !n#!rgu,ent!tion* '# !rc)!eo(ogic!( c)rono-tr!tigr!p)ic!( c)!rt .initi!ted* ! i>non* '# Gordon C)i(de .C)i(de &2$4-&245* 3ur>itt-C)i(de &2;$/1 T)ee c)!rt c!n'e o+ igni+ic!nt )e(p to )itoric!( (inguit 'ec!ue"

.i/ Depending on t)eir c)rono(ogic!( dept)* i,port!nce !nd t!'i(it#* t)ee cu(tur!(+rontier c!n no 'e een ! correponding to (inguitic-+!,i(# +rontier* to (inguitic-group +rontier* to di!(ect +rontier1

.ii/ T)e =!riou geogr!p)ic!( u'-!re! indic!ted '# t)e co(u,n o+ !n !rc)!eo(ogic!(c)!rt !re not c)oen u'6ecti=e(#* 'ut t)eir de(i,it!tion i e(+-gener!ted* i1e1go=erned '# t)e =er# peci+ic !nd e7c(ui=e euence o+ cu(tur!( de=e(op,ent*)ic) )!pe 0! it ere- e!c) u'-!re!* identi+#ing !nd ditingui)ing it +ro, t)eot)er1



.iii/ E!c) cu(tur!( euence* correponding to ! gi=en geogr!p)ic!( u'-!re!* )!t)u ! =er# ditinct !nd trong cu(tur!( identity * )ic) cou(d e!i(# 'e connected*depending on t)e period !nd t)e !re! in=o(=ed* it) ! (!ngu!ge +!,i(#* ! (!ngu!gegroup* or ! di!(ect group1 I+* +or e7!,p(e* t)e Neo(it)ic C!rdi!( !re c!n 'e een !correponding to !n !(re!d# di++erenti!ted It!(id group* e!c) o+ it (!ter u'-!re!

c!n 'e interpreted ! repreenting ! >ind o+ di!(ect di++erenti!tion +ro, t)e !,eco,,on (!ngu!ge1 T)e !,e c!n 'e !id +or t)e L3 in Ger,!n#* !nd +or i,i(!r(!rge cu(tur!( unit in ot)er !re!1

.i=/ A +!r ! Europe i concerned* t)e picture re=e!(ed '# t)ee c)!rt* !(re!d#e=ident ! oon ! t)e !rc)!eo(ogic!( record per,it !deu!te geogr!p)ic!( ,!ppingo+ cu(ture .i1e1 in t)e (!te P!(eo(it)ic !nd Meo(it)ic/* i one o+ t)e +or,!tion o+ (!rgeet)no(inguitic cu(tur!( or'it1 T)i picture continue !(o in t)e e!r(# Neo(it)ic*unti(* 'eginning in t)e coure o+ Neo(it)ic* !nd te!di(# incre!ing in t)e Met!( Age*! +r!g,ent!tion o+ e!c) origin!( or'it t!>e p(!ce1 So,e period o+ +rontier )i+ting!nd tr!nition!( dicontinuit#* )ic) !re c!ued '# t)e tr!nitor# e7p!nion o+ e(itegroup in t)e (!te Met!( Age* uu!((# co,e to !n end in u'euent de=e(op,ent*it) t)e re!ppe!ring o+ t)e pre=iou +rontier1

A(( o+ t)i ee, to correpond uite c(oe(# it) )!t e )ou(d e7pect i+ one or,ore popu(!tion pe!>ing one !nd t)e !,e (!ngu!ge 0uc) ! t)e Proto-Indo-Europe!n or t)e Proto-Ur!(ic peop(e- )!d +irt pre!d to Europe +ro, A+ric!* !ndt)en )!d 'ro>en up into di++erent group .cu(tur!( or'it/* ! ! reu(t o+ t)eire7poure +irt to di++erent eco(ogic!( nic)e* di++erent oci!( netor> !nd di++erentneig)'or* t)en to !=e o+ intrui=e i,,igr!nt introducing !gricu(ture !nd toc>-r!iing in Neo(it)ic* !nd (!ter* in t)e Met!( Age* )en tr!ti+ied ocietie de=e(op* to!=e o+ in=!ding e(ite o+ !>in or dit!nt group* pe!>ing cogn!te or +oreign(!ngu!ge1

A e7!,p(e .+or ! det!i(ed i((utr!tion ee A(inei $%%%!* $%%&'* $%%$* $%%;'/* one

c!n ,ention )ere"

.I/ t)e (inguitic-p)#(u, +rontier 'eteen Ur!(ic !nd IE in t)e 3!(tic !re! coincideit) t)e e7tre,e(# t!'(e L!t=i!n +rontier ep!r!ting* +ro, Meo(it)ic to C)!(co(it)ic*t)e und!* N!r=!* Pit-!nd-Co,' !re cu(ture o+ t)e Ur!(ic-pe!>ing !re! in t)eNort)* +ro, t)e Ne,un! &* Ne,un! $* G(o'u(!r A,p)or!* Corded !re3o!t A7e!nd 3!# Co!t cu(ture o+ t)e IE* 3!(tic-pe!>ing !re! in t)e Sout) .on(# !t t)e endo+ Neo(it)ic* t)e non-Ur!(ic 3!# Co!t cu(ture pre!d to Etoni!* 'ut on(# to 'e oonre!'or'ed '# t)e (oc!( Ur!(ic cu(ture1/1

.II/ T)e (!ngu!ge +rontier 'eteen Frenc) !nd Ger,!n in A(!ce coincide it) t)et!'(e !rc)!eo(ogic!( +rontier ep!r!ting t)e Neo(it)ic !nd C)!(co(it)ic cu(ture o+C)!e#* Mic)e('erg* SOM* ienne-C)!rente* etc1 o+ t)e Ce(tic .no Frenc)-

pe!>ing/ !re!* +ro, t)oe o+ t)e L3* S3* Hin>e(tein* Grog!rt!c)* RQencu(ture etc1* o+ t)e no Ger,!n-pe!>ing !re!1

.III/ T)e co,p(e7 o+ (!ngu!ge !nd di!(ect +rontier in t)e etern A(p* repecti=e(#'eteen Ger,!n !nd Neo-L!tin in Siter(!nd* 'eteen Fr!nco-Pro=en!( !nd o&l inSiter(!nd* 'eteen Fr!nco-Pro=en!( !nd Occit!n in Fr!nce !nd It!(#* !nd G!((o-It!(ic in It!(#* coincide it) t)e +rontier ep!r!ting* in t)e di++erent A(pine !re!* t)eC!rdi!(I,preo-deri=ed cu(ture o+ t)e It!(id-pe!>ing !re! +ro, t)e L3-deri=edcu(ture in Ger,!nic Siter(!nd1 More precie(#" on t)e one )!nd Cort!i((od



correpond c(oe(# to t)e Fr!nco-Pro=en!( di!(ect* C)!e# to Occit!n* L!go! toG!((o-It!(ic di!(ectB on t)e ot)er P+#n !nd RQen correpond it) t)e A(e,!nnic*Si-Ger,!n di!(ect !re!1 More o=er* on t)e Liguri!n co!t !nd t)e Pied,ont A(p*t)e +rontier 'eteen Occit!n !nd G!((o-It!(ic di!(ect correpond to t)e pre)itoric+rontier 'eteen C)!e# !nd t)e 3 cu(ture o+ t)e Po !((e#1

.I/ On t)e teppe o+ E!tern Europe* ! conpicuou !nd e((->non Neo(it)ic-C)!(co(it)ic +rontier ep!r!te t)e +!r,ing cu(ture o+ 3ug-Dnetr* Tripo(#e AI*Tripo(#e AII* Gorod>-U!to=o* Corded !re !nd G(o'u(!r A,p)or! in U>r!ine* +ro,t)e p!tor!(* )ore-r!iing !nd )ore-riding cu(ture o+ Sur>-Dnepr* Dnepr-Donec*



Seredn# StogC)=!(#n>* Y!,n! .kurganK/ !nd C!t!co,'* in t)e Pontic teppe"t)i i t)e +rontier t)!t ,o=ed M!ri6! Gi,'ut! to en=i!ge t)e epoc)!( c(!)'eteen t)e pe!ce+u( !utoc)t)onou non-IE +!r,er o+ t)e <O(d Europe<* !nd t)e!r(i>e intrui=e IE )o u',erged t)e,1 In t)e (ig)t o+ t)e PCP !nd o+ t)e !=!i(!'(e(inguitic e=idence* inte!d* t)i +rontier correpond to !n e!r(ier (inguitic p)#(u,+rontier 'eteen !n !(re!d# ep!r!ted !nd +(ouri)ing e!tern S(!=ic popu(!tion o+

+!r,er to t)e et* !nd !r(i>e Tur>ic p!tor!( no,!dic group to t)e E!t* )ic)ou(d 'e reponi'(e* !,ong ot)er t)ing* o+ t)e to inno=!tion o+ )ore r!iing!nd )ore-riding1Linguitic!((#* t)e ne interpret!tion )! t)e !d=!nt!ge o+ e7p(!ining .A/ t)e!ntiuit# !nd t)e u!ntit# o+ Tur>ic (o!nord precie(# +or )ore ter,ino(og# in 'ot)'r!nc)e o+ S!,o#ed* in t)e Ugric (!ngu!ge* ! e(( ! in S(!=ic (!ngu!ge* !nd.3/* ,ore gener!((#* t)e u!ntit# o+ Tur>ic !gro-p!tor!( ter, in Sout)-E!ternEurope!n (!ngu!ge* inc(uding Hung!ri!n* )ic) ou(d )!=e 'een 'roug)t into itpreent !re! precie(# '# t)e kurgan cu(ture .A(inei $%%;!/1Intereting(#* t)e uninterrupted continuit# o+ A(t!ic teppe cu(ture* +ro, C)!(co(it)icto t)e Midd(e Age* c!n 'e #,'o(ied precie(# '# t)e kurgan t)e,e(=e" +or ont)e one )!nd* t)e cuto, o+ r!iing kurgans on 'uri!( ite )! !(!# 'een one o+t)e ,ot c)!r!cteritic +e!ture o+ A(t!ic teppe no,!dic popu(!tion* +ro, t)eir +irt

)itoric!( !ppe!r!nce to t)e (!te Midd(e Age1 On t)e ot)er* t)e Rui!nord kurgan ite(+ i not o+ Rui!n* or S(!=ic* or IE* origin* 'ut ! Tur>ic (o!nord*it) ! =er# ide di++uion !re! in Sout)ern Europe* )ic) c(oe(# correpond to t)epre!d o+ t)e kurgan cu(ture .A(inei $%%%!* $%%;/1

Notice t)!t t)i p)#(u, +rontier 'eteen IE .S(!=ic/ !nd Tur>ic in t)e coure o+)itor# )! 'een pu)ed to t)e E!t* (e!=ing )oe=er Tur>ic ,inoritie* ! e(( !innu,er!'(e Tur>ic p(!ce n!,e !nd ot)er (inguitic tr!ce 'e)ind1

./ In ! erie o+ tudie .A(inei-3enoo $%%9* $%%5* $%%:!* $%%:'* $%%:c* $%%:d/e )!=e )on )o t)e (inguitic record con+ir, t)e i,port!nce o+ t)e Ce(tic ro(e int)e di++uion o+ +i)ing ter, in t)e )o(e o+ etern Europe* ! di++uion t)!t ,ut

)!=e t!>en p(!ce during Meo(it)ic1 In t)e Neo(it)ic* t!rting it) ,eg!(it)i,* !nd(!ter it) t)e 3e!>er 3e(( cu(ture .!not)er +und!,ent!( Ce(tic contri'ution toEurope!n de=e(op,ent" A(inei $%%%!* 3enoo $%%5d/* Ce(t ,i7ed !(o it) ot)erIndo-Europe!n group* !nd in uc) ! ,e!ure ! to deter,ine i,port!ntp)eno,en! o+ )#'ridi!tion* ! de,ontr!ted '# t)e (inguitic p)eno,enon o+conon!nt!( (enition* )ic) !ppe!r not on(# in t)e It!(id !re! .I'eri!n* G!((o-Ro,!nce* G!((o-It!(ic* S!rdini!n !nd Coric!n/* 'ut !(o in t)e Ger,!nic !re! !nd inPo(!nd* !nd t)e !re! o+ )ic) c(oe(# ree,'(e t)!t o+ Meg!(it)i,1



'n the let " t)e !re! o+ (enitionB on the right " t)e !re! o+ ,eg!(it)i, +ro, A(inei $%%%!* A(inei-3enoo $%%:'

2 The interdisciplinary survey of converging conclusions on the problem of

the origin of language and languages

T)e PCP p!r!dig, o+ IE origin reconci(e t)e ti(( +und!,ent!( conuet o+tr!dition!( )itoric!( !nd co,p!r!ti=e (inguitic 0 ine=it!'(# neg(ected '# Ren+re!nd )i te!, 0 it) t)e conc(uion re!c)ed '# ,odern cience !nd dicip(ine1 Andin recent ti,e !t (e!t +i=e di++erent cience !nd dicip(ine )!=e !ddreed t)epro'(e, o+ t)e origin o+ (!ngu!ge in gener!( !nd o+ (!ngu!ge in p!rticu(!r" .i/gener!( (inguitic !nd* ,ore peci+ic!((#* p#c)o- !nd cogniti=e (inguitic* .ii/ p!(eo-!nt)ropo(og#* .iii/ cogniti=e cience* .i=/ genetic !nd .=/ !rc)!eo(og#1 T)oug) t)e#

)!=e done it +ro, di++erent =!nt!ge point !nd it) di++erent !ppro!c)e* t)e# )!=ere!c)ed conc(uion t)!t ee, to )o ! re,!r>!'(e con=ergence1 It i t)u ont)ee con=erging conc(uion t)!t ! ne t)eor# o+ IE .!nd (!ngu!ge/ origin oug)t to'e +ounded1

2.1 *eneral lin%uistics+ #s$cholin%uistics+ Co%nitive lin%uistics

In gener!( (inguitic* t)e centr!( ide! o+ No!, C)o,># re=o(ution!r# t)eor# ont)e p#c)o(ogic!( !nd +or,!( +ound!tion o+ (!ngu!ge i centered upon t)e c(!i,t)!t language is innate1 Unti( recent(#* t)i c(!i, +or,ed ! ,!6or o't!c(e +or t)eintegr!tion o+ )i t)eor# in ! D!rini!n* e=o(ution!r# +r!,eor>1 A ,!6or're!>t)roug)* )oe=er* independent(# ,!de '# c)o(!r peci!(ied in di++erentcience .ee t)e +o((oing point/* )! pro=ided !n une7pected o(ution +or t)i

pro'(e,1

2.2 #aleoanthropolo%$

T)e (!t tent# #e!r o+ dico=erie in t)e +ie(d )!=e 'roug)t P)1 1 To'i!* one o+t)e or(d (e!ding peci!(it* to conc(ude t)!t t)e uetion no i no (onger)et)er (o)o habilis po>e .)ic) i no conidered ! !cert!ined/* 'ut )et)ert)e c!p!cit# +or (!ngu!ge ! !(re!d# option!((# preent in o,e Australopithecus*to 'eco,e o'(ig!tor# in(o)o* ! one o+ )i uniue tr!it1 A )e )i,e(+ rite"



<Se=er!( (ine o+ e=idence ugget t)!t t)e rudi,ent o+ peec) center !nd o+pe!>ing ere preent !(re!d# 'e+ore t)e (!t co,,on !ncetr!( )o,inid popu(!tionp!ned Ho,o !nd t)e ro'ut !utr!(opit)ecine 1 3ot) et o+ )oot ou(dt)en )!=e in)erited t)e propenit# +or po>en (!ngu!ge1 T)e +unction ou(d pro'!'(#)!=e 'een +!cu(t!ti=e in A. robustus !nd A. boisei * 'ut o'(ig!te in Ho,o< .To'i!&229* 2@* !ut)or e,p)!i/1

2." Co%nitive ,ciences

On t)e '!i o+ independent e=idence* ! i,i(!r conc(uion )! 'een re!c)ed !(o int)e +ie(d o+ cogniti=e cience* '# Ste=en Pin>er* in )i 'oo> on (!ngu!ge intinct*inpired '# C)o,># t)eor# o+ (!ngu!ge .Pin>er &22@/" <! +or, o+ (!ngu!ge cou(d+irt )!=e e,erged 111 !+ter t)e 'r!nc) (e!ding to )u,!n p(it o++ +ro, t)e one(e!ding to c)i,p!nee1 T)e reu(t ou(d 'e (!ngu!ge(e c)i,p !nd !ppro7i,!te(#+i=e to e=en ,i((ion #e!r in )ic) (!ngu!ge cou(d )!=e gr!du!((# e=o(=ed< .Pin>er&22@* ;@4/1 In )ort* (!ngu!ge ou(d indeed 'e inn!te in )u,!n* 'ut on(# ! t)ereu(t o+ ! ,uc) (onger e=o(ution t)!n tr!dition!((# t)oug)t* 'eginning it)o,e Australopithecus1

2. *enetics

In genetic* t)e c)oo( +ounded !nd (ed '# Luc! C!=!((i S+or! )! ,!de+und!,ent!( dico=erie !'out t)e re(!tion)ip 'eteen genetic !nd (inguitic*uc) !"

.A/ t)e !re!( ditri'ution o+ genetic ,!r>er (!rge(# correpond to t)!t o+ t)e or(d(!ngu!ge .C!=!((i S+or! et !(1 &2::* &22@* Menoi et !(1 &25: etc1/B

.3/ (!ngu!ge di++erenti!tion ,ut )!=e proceeded tep '# tep it) t)e diper!( o+)u,!n .pro'!'(# (o)o sapiens sapiens/ .ide,/1

.C/ Independent geneticit or>ing on DNA )!=e recent(# !cert!ined t)!t t)!t:% o+ t)e genetic toc> o+ Europe!n goe '!c> to P!(eo(it)ic .e1g1 S#>e $%%&*$%%9/1

Depite t)ee conc(uion* +or t)e peci+ic pro'(e, o+ t)e origin o+ Indo-Europe!n(!ngu!ge C!=!((i S+or! )! +irt tried to !d6ut )i d!t! to t)e tr!dition!( ,ode( o+t)e !r(i>e in=!ion t)eor#* c(!i,ing t)!t t)e to d!t! con=erged* !nd (!ter )!done t)e !,e it) Ren+re ,ode( .A,,er,!n-C!=!((i S+or! &2:@/1Ne=ert)e(e* )e )! recent(# )!d to urrender to t)e (!tet outco,e o+ geneticree!rc)* i1e1 t)!t :% o+ t)e genetic toc> o+ Europe!n goe '!c> to P!(eo(it)ic.S#>e $%%&* $@% ++/1 A 3r#!n S#>e )! recent(# co,,ented" <T)e Neo(it)ic+!r,er )!=e cert!in(# 'een i,port!ntB 'ut t)e# )!=e on(# contri'uted !'out one+i+t) o+ our gene1 It i t)e )unter o+ t)e P!(eo(it)ic t)!t )!=ecre!ted t)e ,!in

'od# o+ ,odern Europe!n gene poo(< .S#>e $%%&* $@$/1In ! ,ore recent 'oo> de=oted to t)e genetic toc> o+ Gre!t 3rit!in !nd Ire(!nd*S#>e rite* !g!in" <I c!n ee no e=idence !t !(( o+ ! (!rge c!(e i,,igr!tion +ro,centr!( Europe to Ire(!nd !nd t)e et o+ t)e I(e gener!((#* uc) ! 'een ued toe7p(!in t)e preence t)ere o+ t)e ,!in 'od# o+ G!e( or Ce(t1 T)e Ce(t o+Ire(!nd !nd t)e etern I(e !re not* ! +!r ! I c!n ee +ro, t)e genetic e=idence*re(!ted to t)e Ce(t )o pre!d out) !nd e!t to It!(#* Greece !nd Tur>e# +ro, t)e)e!rt(!nd o+ H!((t!tt !nd L! Tne in t)e )!do o+ t)e A(p during t)e +irt,i((enniu, 3C1 T)e peop(e o+ t)e I(e )o no +ee( t)e,e(=e to 'e Ce(t )!=e +!r



deeper root in t)e I(e t)!n t)!t !nd* ! +!r ! I c!n ee* t)eir !ncetor )!=e'een )ere +or e=er!( t)ou!nd #e!r< .S#>e $%%9* $:&/1 T)i conc(uion per+ect(#+it it) t)e PCP interpret!tion o+ Ce(tic et)nogenei .ee V @/1

2. /rchaeolo%$ In t)e (!t t)ree dec!de* !rc)!eo(ogic!( ree!rc) )! ,!de uite! +e re=o(ution!r# !d=!nce* !,ong )ic) t)e ,ot e((->non i t)e ,uc) )ig)er

c)rono(ogie o+ Europe!n pre)itor#* o't!ined '# r!dioc!r'on !nd ot)er inno=!ti=ed!ting tec)niue1 Hoe=er* ! +!r ! our topic i concerned* t)e conc(uion t)!tinteret u t)e ,ot 0!nd )ic) e )!=e !(re!d# ,entioned 0 !re"

.A/ t)ere i !'o(ute(# no tr!ce o+ ! gig!ntic !r(i>e in=!ion* uc) ! to )!=e c!ued! (inguitic u'titution on continent!( c!(e* ! en=i!ged '# t)e tr!dition!( IEt)eor#B !nd

.3/ !(( Neo(it)ic cu(ture o+ Europe eit)er !re ! direct continu!tion o+ Meo(it)ic one*or )!=e 'een cre!ted '# Meo(it)ic group !+ter t)eir Neo(it)i!tion '# intrui=e+!r,er +ro, t)e Midd(e E!t1

So t)!t* !g!in* ! (!ngu!ge u'titution o+ t)e i,!gined c!(e ou(d 'e !(toget)er

un(i>e(#1 T)ere i* inte!d* e=er# poi'(e e=idence +or de,ic !nd cu(tur!( continuit#*+ro, P!(eo(it)ic to t)e Met!( Age1 Continuit# i no uni=er!((# conidered t)e '!icp!ttern o+ Europe!n pre)itor#1 A !(re!d# !id* e=en !,e M!((or#* pro'!'(# t)e(!t !rc)!eo(ogit )o de+end t)e IE in=!ion t)eor#* )! )!d to concede" <t)e!rc)!eo(ogit e!iet puruit i t)e de,ontr!tion o+ re(!ti=e continuit# !nd!'ence o+ intruion< .M!((or# &2:2* :&/1

T!o more contributions on the solution of the problem

To t)e +i=e conc(uion e )!=e u,,!ried* to ,ore contri'ution on t)e o(utiono+ t)e pro'(e, o+ IE (!ngu!ge c!n 'e !dded" t)e o c!((ed Ur!(ic Continuit# t)eor#*

in o +!r ! it pro=ide !n i((u,in!ting p!r!((e( +or our c!eB !nd ree!rc) on )itor#o+ !rc)!eo(og#* (inguitic !nd ideo(og#* in o +!r ! it e7p(!in )# t)e +ounder o+IE tudie ere ,oti=!ted to cre!te t)e ,#t) o+ ! recent in=!ion o+ Neo(it)icEurope '# uperior IE !rrior1

".1 The 0ralic Continuit$ Theor$

In t)e (!t t)irt# #e!r* t)ere )! 'een !n i,port!nt 're!>t)roug) in t)e )itor# o+Europe!n origin* )ic) on(# recent(# )! 'egun to !ttr!ct t)e !ttention o+ peci!(ito+ ot)er !re!1 T)i i t)e o c!((ed Ur!(ic Continuit# T)eor# .in Finni)" uralilainen *atku+uusteoria/* de=e(oped in t)e Se=entie '# !rc)!eo(ogit !nd (inguitpeci!(ied in t)e Ur!(ic !re! o+ Europe* t)!t i t)e !re! o+ Finno-Ugric !nd S!,o#ed(!ngu!ge1 T)i t)eor# c(!i, !n uninterrupted continuit# o+ Ur!(ic popu(!tion !nd

(!ngu!ge +ro, P!(eo(it)ic" Ur!(ic peop(e ou(d 'e(ong to t)e )eir o+ (o)o sapienssapiens co,ing +ro, A+ric!* t)e# ou(d )!=e occupied ,id-e!tern Europe inP!(eo(it)ic g(!ci!( ti,e* !nd during t)e deg(!ci!tion o+ Nort)ern Europe* inMeo(it)ic* ou(d )!=e +o((oed t)e retre!ting icec!p* e=entu!((# ett(ing in t)eirpreent territorie .Mein!nder &25;* NuWe &2:5* &2:2* &229* &225* &22:/1

T)e re(e=!nce o+ t)i t)eor# +or our pro'(e, (ie in t)e +o((oing point"

.&/ it rep(!ce !n e!r(ier in=!ion t)eor#* uite i,i(!r to t)e tr!dition!( IE one* !nd



pr!ctic!((# ,ode((ed on it1

.$/ It repreent t)e +irt c(!i, o+ uninterrupted continuit# +ro, P!(eo(it)ic o+ t)eecond Europe!n (inguitic p)#(u,* t)u opening t)e !# to ! i,i(!r t)eor# +or IE1

.;/ It i no current not on(# !,ong peci!(it o+ Finno-Ugric pre)itor# !nd o+

Finno-Ugric (!ngu!ge* 'ut )! 'eco,e p!rt o+ t)e gener!( cu(ture in !(( countrie)ere Ur!(ic (!ngu!ge !re po>en1

.@/ It o'(ige to uetion t)e =!(idit# o+ t)e unti( no !ccepted c)rono(og# +or t)einnu,er!'(e Ur!(ic (o!nord +ro, contiguou IE !nd Tur>ic (!ngu!ge1

T)ere i t)u e=er# re!on to !d=!nce ! i,i(!r t)eor# +or t)e ,!6or (inguiticp)#(u, o+ Europe1

".2 istor$ of ideas

M!n# recent tudie )!=e )on t)!t t)e +ound!tion o+ cienti+ic IE ree!rc) in t)e&2t)-centur# ! deep(# in+(uenced '# t)e conte,por!r# Ari!n* P!nger,!nic !nd

co(oni!(it ideo(og#* ! +irt e7pounded in Count oep)-Art)ur De Go'ine!u* Essaisur l,in-galit- des races hu)aines .&:4;-&:44/ !nd Houton Ste!rtC)!,'er(!in* ie /rundlagen des 0I0 ahrhunderts .&:22/* it) t)eir e,p)!i onIndo-Europe!n r!ci!( uperiorit# !nd t)eir inc(in!tion to !r !nd conuet .e1g1Po(i!>o= &25@* RQ,er &2:4* Trigger &2:2* Ren+re &2:5 etc1/1Here i* +or e7!,p(e* )o Ado(p)e Pictet* t)e +ounder o+ t)e o c!((ed LinguiticP!(eonto(og#* in )i 'oo> Les origines des Indo2europ-ennes ou les Aryas pri)iti.Essai de pal-ontologie linguisti"ue* P!ri* &:42-9;* decri'ed t)e <Ari!n r!ce<" <!r!ce detined '# t)e Pro=idence to do,in!te t)e )o(e or(d Pri=i(eged !,ong !((ot)er r!ce +or t)e 'e!ut# o+ it '(ood* !nd +or t)e gi+t o+ it inte((igence* t)i+erti(e r!ce )! or>ed to cre!te +or ite(+* ! ! ,e!n +or it de=e(op,ent* !(!ngu!ge )ic) i !d,ir!'(e +or it ric)ne* it poer* it )!r,on# !nd per+ection o+

+or,<1In )ort* t)e +irt IE peci!(it 0 i,'ued it) Europe!n co(oni!(i, o+ t)e &2t)centur# - c)oe to ee t)e Proto-Indo-Europe!n ! ! uperior r!ce o+ !rrior !ndco(onier* )o ou(d )!=e conuered t)e !((eged(# <pre-IE< Neo(it)ic Europe in t)eCopper Age* !nd 'roug)t t)eir uperior ci=i(i!tion to it1 Moreo=er* ince it !nece!r# +or t)e Indo-Europe!n !rrior to )!=e e!pon !nd )ore* !(o t)ec)oice o+ t)e Copper Age ! o'(ig!tor#* 'ec!ue t)i ! t)e conte7t o+ 3!tt(eA7e* ,et!((urg# !nd )ore riding1 At t)e !,e ti,e* )i(e t)e concept o+ t)e Ari!nuper-r!ce g!=e )!pe to t)e ,#t) o+ t)e 3!tt(e-A7e )ore-riding in=!der* !not)er,#t)* it)in t)e Ari!n (!rger ,#t)* e,erged" P!nger,!ni,1 it)in t)e Ari!nuperior r!ce* t)e Ger,!n +!t)er-+ounder o+ IE tudie ! t)e Ger,!nic peop(e !t)e uper,en* t)e puret !nd t)e c(oet to t)e origin!( '(eed r!ce* !nd c)oe t)eGer,!nic !re! ! t)e Ur)ei,!t o+ t)e Proto-Indo-Europe!n1

A+ter $* it) t)e end o+ N!i ideo(og#* ! ne =!ri!nt o+ t)e tr!dition!( cen!rio*)ic) oon 'ec!,e t)e ne c!nonic IE t)eor#* ! introduced '# M!ri6! Gi,'ut!*!n !rdent 3!(tic n!tion!(it" t)e PIE 3!tt(e-A7e uper-!rrior ere 'et repreented'# 3!(tic X(ite* inte!d o+ Ger,!nic one .Gi,'ut! &25%* &25;* &255* &252*&2:%/1Intereting(#* !(o t)e centr!( ide! o+ t)e NDT* n!,e(# t)!t t)e in=entor o+ +!r,ingere t)e Indo-Europe!n* r!t)er t)!n t)e re!( Midd(e-E!tern* Su,eri!n !ndorSe,itic* peop(e* i #et !not)er =ein o+ t)i o+ten unitting et)nocentri, t)!t runt)roug) t)e )itor# o+ ree!rc) on IE origin1



" The main lines of the P#P historical reconstruction

Su,,!riing* t)e +und!,ent!( (ine o+ t)e PCP )itoric!( recontruction !re"

.&/ T)e !rri=!( o+ Indo-Europe!n peop(e in Europe !nd Ai! ,ut 'e een ! one o+t)e ,!6or epiode o+ t)e !rri=!( o+ (o)o sapiens in Europe !nd Ai! +ro, A+ric!*!nd not ! !n e=ent o+ recent pre)itor#1 A M!rce( Otte rite* <+ro, t)e trict(#!rc)!eo(ogic!( point o+ =ie* t)e +ringe o+ t)e Europe!n continent retr!ce !p)eno,enon o+ co,p(ete continuit# 'eteen t)e (!t )unter !nd t)e ,ot !ut)enticIndo-Europe!n popu(!tion >non +ro, te7t" Ce(t* Ger,!n* S(!=1 T)e on(#true 're!> =ii'(e in ter, o+ !rc)!eo(og# !nd )u,!n p!(eonto(og# .!nd )ence o+et)nic group/ correpond to t)e tr!nition +ro, t)e Midd(e P!(!eo(iti)c.Ne!ndert)!( M!n/ to t)e upper P!(!eo(it)ic .Modern or Cro M!gnon M!n/1 It i+ro, t)i ,o,ent on!rd t)!t ! )itor# o+ cu(ture de=e(op on t)i continent in !n!utono,ou !#1 It i !(o +ro, t)i ,o,ent t)!t continuit# 'egin !nd (!t unti(proto)itor#1 It i !(o +ro, t)i ,o,ent t)!t t)e non-Indo-Europe!n peop(e !ppe!r! ! t!r> contr!t !g!int t)i co,,un!( '!c>ground" Finno-Ugric pe!>er or

Turco-Mongo(< .Otte &225* :%/1

.$/ T)e di++erenti!tion proce o+ IE (!ngu!ge +ro, t)e Proto-IE co,,on (!ngu!ge*recontructed '# co,p!r!ti=e (inguitic* ! e(( ! t)!t o+ t)eir !(re!d# ep!r!ted'r!nc)e .Proto-Ce(tic* Proto-Ger,!nic* Proto-It!(ic* Proto-3!(to-S(!=ic* Proto-Gree>etc1/ into t)eir preent(# u't!nd!rd* di!(ect =!rietie* ,ut )!=e t!>en !ne7tre,e(# (ong ti,e* !nd t)e# ,ut )!=e 'een !oci!ted +irt it) t)e =!r#ingepiode o+ t)e origin!( ,igr!tion +ro, A+ric!* !nd t)en 0 it) !n incre!ing(# +!terte,po ! oci!( tr!ti+ic!tion !nd co(oni!( !r 'eg!n 0 it) t)e =!r#ing cu(tur!(*oci!( !nd po(itic!( t!ge t)e ne +r!g,ented group ent t)roug) in t)e di++erentett(e,ent !re!1

For e7!,p(e"

.!/ T)e ,#teriou !rri=!( o+ t)e Ce(t in etern Europe* o'(ig!tor# in t)etr!dition!( t)eor# ! e(( ! in t)e NDT 0 i rep(!ced '# t)e cen!rio o+ !n e!r(#di++erenti!tion o+ Ce(t* ! t)e etern,ot IE group in Europe1 etern Europe,ut o+ coure )!=e !(!# 'een Ce(tic* !nd t)e recent pre)itor# o+ etern Europe0 +ro, t)e Meg!(it)ic cu(ture t)roug) t)e 3e!>er 3e(( to t)e co(oni!(itic L! Tne 0,ut )!=e !(( 'een Ce(tic .A(inei $%%%!* A(inei-3enoo $%%9* $%%5* $%%:!* $%%:'*$%%:c* $%%:dB 3enoo $%%5d* $%%5+* $%%2!/1 Coneuent(#* t)e dur!tion o+ t)eco(oni!( e7p!nion o+ t)e Ce(t ! ,uc) (onger t)!n t)oug)t* !nd it direction !+ro, et to E!t !nd not =ice =er!1

.'/ T)e e7tre,e(# ucce+u( .!nd edent!r#/ Meo(it)ic +i)ing cu(ture o+ Nort)ern

Europe ,ut 'e !ttri'uted to !(re!d# di++erenti!ted Ce(t* Ger,!nic peop(e !nd 3!(t*'eide to Ur!(ic peop(e1

.c/ T)e continent!( Ger,!nic !re! ,ut )!=e e7tended* 'e+ore t)e deg(!ci!tion*+ro, t)e A(p to t)e icec!p* inc(uding )!t !re no t)e Frii!n i(!nd !nd p!rt o+t)e 3riti) i(!nd1 A+ter t)e deg(!ci!tion* in Meo(it)ic* it e7p!nded to Sc!ndin!=i!.)ere it e!r(ier* Meo(it)ic t!ge i ti(( 'et preer=ed/* !nd it +irt Neo(it)ic!ppe!r!nce ! t)e L31 )i(e t)e conpicuou +r!g,ent!tion o+ t)e L3* c!ued '#t)e co,p(e7it# o+ t)e recent pre)itor# o+ t)e !re!* i re+(ected '# t)e ric) di!(ect



picture o+ Ger,!n# !nd o+ t)e contiguou Ger,!nop)one countrie* t)e ,uc)i,p(er pre)itor#* !nd t)e co,p(ete(# di++erent geogr!p)ic conte7t o+ Sc!ndin!=i!*,!de it poi'(e +or ,uc) o+ t)e (!ngu!ge origin!( c)!r!cter to 'e preer=ed1

.d/ )!t i no c!((ed t)e Ro,!nce !re! 0 c(oe(# correponding to t)e !re! o+ t)eEpigr!=etti!n P!(eo(it)ic cu(ture* o+ Meo(it)ic cu(ture uc) ! C!te(no=i!n !nd

S!u=eterri!n* !nd o+ t)e I,preoC!rdi!( cu(ture o+ Neo(it)ic 0 Inte!d o+repreenting o(e(# t)e re,n!nt o+ Ro,!n i,peri!(i,* ,ut no 'e een ! ,!in(#!n origin!( It!(id .or It!(oid* or I'ero-D!(,!tic/ (inguitic !re!* in )ic) e=er!(proto-(!ngu!ge !>in to L!tin* 'eide L!tin !nd t)e ot)er It!(ic (!ngu!ge* erepo>en .'eide A(inei $%%%!* ee !(o &22&* &225c* &225d* &22:'* &22:c* $%%%c*$%%&'* $%%&c* $%%2!/* !nd +or t)e pe!>er o+ )ic) t)e L!tin o+ Ro,e ,ut )!=e'een !n .e!# to (e!rn/ upertr!te .ee A(inei-3enoo $%%2/1 Ru,!ni!n !ppe!r to'e !n intrui=e (!ngu!ge* introduced in Neo(it)ic ti,e into t)e S(!=ic !re! '#I,preoC!rdi!( +!r,er co,ing +ro, D!(,!ti! .H!,!ngi! cu(ture/1

.e/ T)e tot!((# !'urd t)ei o+ t)e o c!((ed (!te !rri=!( o+ t)e S(!= in Europe ,ut'e rep(!ced '# t)e cen!rio o+ S(!=ic continuit# +ro, P!(eo(it)ic* !nd t)ede,ogr!p)ic grot) !nd geogr!p)ic e7p!nion o+ t)e S(!= c!n 'e e7p(!ined* ,uc)

,ore re!(itic!((#* '# t)e e7tr!ordin!r# ucce* continuit# !nd t!'i(it# o+ t)eNeo(it)ic cu(ture o+ Sout)-E!tern Europe .t)e on(# one in Europe t)!t c!ued t)e+or,!tion o+ tells/ .A(inei $%%%!* $%%;'/1

Future ree!rc) i(( en)!nce !nd con+ir, t)ee conc(uion* ! e(( ! open ne=it! on our p!t1

PCP PREDECESSORS

$erbert %uhn* (erkunt und (ei)at der Indoger)anen* in roceedings o the 4irstInternational Congress o rehistoric and rotohistoric 5ciences .London" &-9:&2;$/* O7+ord* O7+ord Uni=erit# Pre* 1&"* p1$@%-$@& .rit1 in A1 Sc)erer.ed1/* ie 6rhei)at der Indoger)anen* D!r,t!dt* ienc)!+t(ic)e3uc)gee((c)!+t* &29:* p1&&$-&&;/"

So gi't e >eine neo(itic)e u(tur* die den g!nen o'en !ngege'enen ic)erindoger,!nic)en rei* den Urr!u,* durc)ete* =or !((en Dingen >eine* die et!=on Ir!n oder SZdeurop! n!c) Mitte(-und Nordeurop! =ordringt1 Und n!c) de,Neo(it)i>u,* in der 3roneeit* >!nn die Ein)eit de o(>e nic)t ,e)r geuc)terdenB !u dieer Jeit >ennen ir c)on die Ger,!nen* die e(ten* die M#>ener*die Mit!nni1 So ,Qc)te ic) +ette((en* und d! u, erten ,!( >(!r !n dieer Ste((e!uprec)en* d![ >ein neo(it)ic)e o(> d! Ur=o(> der Indoger,!nen d!rte((en>!nn* und d![ d! Pro'(e, durc) die Spr!c)+orc)ung in einer Grund(!ge=erc)o'en it1 Durc) d! Ju!,,ener+en der indic)en !nderung und derUr)ei,!t+r!ge it die LQung o (!nge =er)indert orden1 In ir>(ic)>eit !gt dieG(eic)ung +Zr Met!(( nur et! Z'er die !nderungeit n!c) Indien !u* nic)t !'erZ'er die Ur)ei,!t und d! ungetei(te o(>1 In der 3roneeit )!t e ic)er nic)t,e)r 'et!nden* i, Neo(it)i>u,* o ,!n e 'i)er !((ein geuc)t )!t* !'er !uc)nic)t1 E >!nn nur in der Jeit =or)er* i, P!(8o(it)i>u,* e7itiert )!'en* und in der



T!t* nur in dieer Jeit )!tte Europ! noc) ein ein)eit(ic)e Geic)t* eine ein)eit(ic)eStru>turB i, Neo(it)i>u, it d! o(> c)on getei(t\1

Ernst 'eyer* ie Indoger)anenrage* M!r'urg* E(ert-Gr8+e und Uner* 1&"( .rit1p!r1 in A1 Sc)erer .ed1/* ie 6rhei)at der Indoger)anen* D!r,t!dt*ienc)!+t(ic)e 3uc)gee((c)!+t* &29:* p1$49-$:5/* p1$59"

111 d! 'edeutet iederu,* d![ die Her!u'i(dung der indoger,!nic)enQ(>ergruppe in noc) 8(tere Jeiten urZc>u=er(egen 8re* ,indeten inMeo(it)i>u,* =ie((eic)t in p8te P!(8o(it)i>u,\1

Thomas )urro!* The 5anskrit Language* London* F!'er ] F!'er* 1&** .&25; ;rd/*p1&&"

e )!=e !(re!d# re,!r>ed on t)e deep di=ergence 'eteen t)e =!riou Europe!n,e,'er o+ t)e +!,i(#* !nd t)i c!n on(# 'e !ccounted +or '# pu)ing '!c> t)eperiod o+ origin!( di=iion to ! period ,uc) e!r(ier t)!n i uu!((# !u,ed\1

P+ )osch-,impera* Les Indoeurop-ens. robl7)es arch-ologi"ues* P!ri*P!#ot* 1&1* Conclusions* p1$9@1

Loruî( !pp!ir!ient _ (^)orion de (^)itoire* !u dX'ut du IIe ,i((Xn!ire !=!nt

notre re* (e peup(e uôn peut u!(i+ier dÎndo-EuropXen ont dX6_ derrire eu7 un(ong p!X )itoriue1 L^!rc)Xo(ogie (e +!it re,onter 6uu^!u dX'ut du NXo(itiue*pro'!'(e,ent !u e ,i((Xn!ire !=!nt notre re et +!it conn!`tre ue (e r!cine dece +or,!tion et)niue e ituent d!n (e MXo(itiue\1

.ladimir I+ ,eorgiev* Introduzione alla storia delle lingue indeuropee* Ro,!*Ateneo* 1&* pp1;4$-;4;"

L! di++uione de((e tri'a indeuropee i !ttub ne( p!(eo(itico* ne( ,eo(itico e inp!rte ne( pri,o neo(itico1111 I( proceo nor,!(e di etenione de((e tri'a e de((e

(ingue +u cotituito d!((ôccup!ione di enor,i etenioni di territorio (i'ero1 111A(cune (ingue indeuropee er!no gi_ +or,!te ne( III ,i((ennio !1C1 Cib igni+ic! c)edur!nte i( I- ,i((ennio e !(u!nto pri,! (e tri'a indeuropee !'it!=!no ungr!ndii,o territorio entro i( u!(e poterono di++ereni!ri (e ingo(e (ingueindeuropee dur!nte un (ungo periodo di te,po1 A''i!,o eri ,oti=i per upporre c)euet! !,pi! regione +u popo(!t! per (o ,eno +in d!( ,eo(itico1 L! gr!n ,!! de((!popo(!ione p!r(!=! ui (ingue e di!(etti indeuropei1 Pro'!'i(,ente gi_ in te,pi!ntic)ii,i penetr!rono ui gruppi pia o ,eno nu,eroi di tri'a non indeuropee*,! ee non (!ci!rono tr!cce conidere=o(i\1



'arcello /urante* Aspetti e proble)i della paleontologia indeuropea* inAA11* aleontologia linguistica. Atti del 8I con+egno internazionale di linguisti

9:ilano; !2<=>=1>?%@ * 3reci!* P!idei!* 1&* p1@@"

Lîndeuropeo protoneo(itico )! dietro di X un! (ung)ii,! tori! di =icende ! noiignote* c)e non !tto d^!ud!ci! ricondurre +ino !( p!(eo(itico uperiore .circ! ;%1%%%-&41%%% !1C1/\1

#icerone Poghirc* our une concordance onctionnelle et chronologi"ue entrelinguisti"ue# arch-ologie et anthropologie dans le do)aine indo2europ-en* in R13ee>e - A1 Lu'ot># - 1 eiten'erg .)rg1/* ekonstruktion und relati+eChronologie1 A>ten der III1 F!c)t!gung der Indoger,!nic)en Gee((c)!+t .Leiden*

;&1 Augut 0 @1 Septe,'er &2:5/* Inn'ruc>* Intitut +Zr Spr!c)ienc)!+t* 1&&2*pp1;$2-;;%"

A notre !=i* (! eu(e pXriode ui pourr!it +!=orier (! contitution dûne (!rgeco,,un!utX .,,e i !u dX'ut p! tr no,'reue/ ne peut tre ue ce((e dûneociXtX tr ,o'i(e* d!n un proceu per,!nent de croie,ent 'io(ogiue et(inguitiue* co,,e ce((e de cueilleurs de plantes# chasseurs et pcheurs*correpond!nt !ppro7i,!ti=e,ent !u pal-oliti"ue sup-rieur et !u )-soliti"ue1Cert!in !rc)Xo(ogue ont* d^!i((eur* !=!ncX (^)#pot)e ue (e Indo-EuropXen!ur!int dX6_ pu e7iter en Europe pend!nt (e ,Xo(itiue et (e p!(Xo(itiue upXrieur*(_ oa _ p!rtir de ctte Xpoue on ne cont!te p(u de rupture c!tXgoriue 'io(ogiueoa 'ien d!n (^X=o(ution de cu(ture ,!tXrie((e\1

$omer + Thomas* Indo2European; ro) the aleolithic to the eolithi c* inAA11* erspecti+es on Indo2European Language# Culture and eligion; 5tudies in(onor o E.C. olo)-* !)ington .DC/" Int1 +or t)e Stud# o+ M!n* 1&&1-1&&2*=o(1 I* p1$2"

I+ t)e +ore'e!r o+ t)e Indo-Europe!n c!n 'e !oci!ted it) t)e idepre!dE!tern Gre=etti!n Cu(ture o+ t)e (!te Upper P!(eo(it)ic it 'eco,e poi'(e toundert!nd t)e idepre!d ditri'ution o+ t)e Indo-Europe!n peop(e\1

E+ #ampanile* AntichitD indoeuropee* in A1 Gi!c!(one R!,!t - P1 R!,!t .! cur!di/* Le lingue indoeuropee* 3o(ogn!* I( Mu(ino* I ed1* 1&&* p1;2"

P!r(!re di edi origin!rie^ igni+ic!* di +!tto* upporre c)e +ino* pia o ,eno* !( @%%%o 4%%% !1C1 g(i Indoeuropei +oero un! popo(!ione t!ni!(e* !(d!,ente !ncor!t!! un certo territorio* e c)e di (* ! un certo ,o,ento* i tr!+or,!rono in no,!di



conuit!tori1 Or!* un! t!(e ipotei non )! !(cun +ond!,ento docu,ent!rio ed inconci!,ente uggerit! o(o d!( 'iogno di d!re un iniio !((! tori! deg(iIndoeuropei" d!((! notte dei te,pi +ino !( 41%%% !1C1 g(i Indoeuropei =eget!no* co,eoggetti di n!tur!* in un certo territorioB dopo ue((! d!t! co,inci!no ! ,uo=eri eco )! iniio (! (oro tori!\1

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The Paleolithic Continuity Paradigm