THE PACIFIC THEATRE

THE PACIFIC THEATREORIGINS & THE EARLY YEARS,1931-1941 TIMELINE1922: Washington Naval Treaty1931: The Manchurian Incident1937: Japan Invades China1939: Battle of Khalkin-Gol ; Soviets defeat JapaneseJuly,1940: Hideki Tojo becomes Minister of WarSept., 1940: Tripartite Pact signed April,1941: Japan-Soviet Neutrality Treaty signedDecember 7, 1941: Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

JAPANESE EXPANSION: ORIGINSANTI-WESTERN FEELINGS:JAPANS MISTRUST OF WESTERN/EUROPEAN ACTIONSROOTED IN 16TH/17TH CENTURY COLONIZATION OF ASIAWHY? FEARFUL OF EFFECT ON JAPANs SOCIAL STRUCTUREEXAMPLE: THE SAMURAI (WARRIOR) CLASS FEARED LOSING POWER IF EUROPEAN DEMOCRATIC IDEAS INTRODUCEDJAPANs REACTION: ADOPT WESTERN TECHNOLOGY, BUT KEEP IT CONTROLLED BY JAPANESE EXAMPLE: FIREARMS & NAVAL TECHNOLOGY WOULD BE CONTOLLED / DIRECTED BY THE SAMURAIRESULT? LATE 1800s = JAPAN HAS DEVELOPED WESTERN-STYLE ARMY & NAVY1904-05: JAPAN WINS RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR1914-18: WWI = JAPAN FIGHTS FOR ALLIESBUTVERSAILLES TREATY FORCES JAPAN TO GIVE UP TERRITORY WON IN RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR1922: WASHINGTON NAVAL TREATY JAPAN IS DESIGNATED A SECOND-LEVEL MILITARY POWERJAPAN HAS # OF BATTLESHIPS LIMITED TO 3/5 of WWI ALLIESWHAT IS THE EFFECT ON JAPANESE MENTALITY?JAPAN IS INSULTED, SUFFERS LOSS OF FACE (define)JAPAN WANTS TO ERADICATE INSULTS / LIMITATIONS

JAPANESE EXPANSION: ORIGINS (contd.)1920s / 1930s: PROBLEMS IN JAPANJAPAN CANNOT FEED ITSELF JAPAN DOESNT HAVE ENOUGH RAW MATERIALSEXAMPLE:METALSRUBBEROILJAPANs ARMY IS EXTREMELY NATIONALISTIC, RACIST, & AGGRESSIVESOLUTION?TERRITORIAL EXPANSIONRESOURCES SHIPPED BACK TO JAPAN FOR PRODUCTIONEXPAND WHERE?2 POSSIBILITIES: NORTH or SOUTH PLAN#1: CHINA (especially Manchuria)#2: S.E. ASIA (Indochina, Indonesia) JAPANESE EXPANSION: ORIGINS (contd.)1930s: EXPANSION INTO CHINA BEGINS1931: THE MANCHURIAN INCIDENT: JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIARESULT?JAPAN NOW HAS FOOTHOLD IN MANCHURIA / CHINAJAPANs ARMY IS GROWING MORE POWERFULNO INTERNATIONAL RESPONSEDOES THIS SOUND FAMILIAR?1937: JAPAN MOVES INTO CHINA PROPERRESULT? FULL-SCALE INVASION HAS BEGUNJAPANESE INVASION IS BRUTAL & HIGHLY RACISTEXAMPLE? DEC., 1937 RAPE OF NANKING1939: BATTLE OF KHALKIN-GOL(MONGOLIA) SOVIETS DEFEAT JAPANESEJAPANESE ABANDON NORTH PLANWHY?SEPT., 1940: TRIPARTITE PACT SIGNEDRESULT?JAPAN, GERMANY, ITALY ARE ALLIESJAPAN ANNOUNCES GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE

JAPANESE EXPANSION & CONQUEST, 1870 - 1942

JAPANESE-HELD ZONES,CHINA, 1941

JAPANs MILITARY MENTALITYBASED ON ANCIENT CULTURAL IDEAS:EMPEROR IS A godSAMURAI (WARRIOR-NOBLES) CLASS SERVES EMPERORSAMURAI VALUES DOMINATE SOCIETYCODE OF BUSHIDOALL PEOPLE SERVE THE EMPEROR & THE NATIONTO SACRIFICE YOUR LIFE FOR THE EMPEROR AND NATION IS THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE HONORTO SURRENDER OR BE CAPTURED IS DISHONORABLE AND DISGRACEFUL TOTHE EMPERORYOUR ANCESTORSYOUR FAMILY YOUTHEREFORE, DEATH IS PREFERABLE TO FAILURE/SURRENDERADDITIONAL IDEAS:OTHER RACES/NATIONS ARE BENEATH JAPANESEPRISONERS ARE DISHONORABLE & UNWORTHY OF RESPECTPROBLEMS WITH THIS IDEA?

SAMURAI IN ARMOUR, 1860

SAMURAI SWORD COMPONENTS

SAMURAI WITH RETAINERS, 1860

JAPANESE TROOPS MOVING TOWARDS NANKING, 1937

JAPANESE TROOPSHOLDING BAYONETPRACTICE ON CHINESEPRISONERS,NANKING, CHINA, 1937

JAPANESEBAYONETPRACTICE,CHINA, 1937

CHINESE PRISONERS BEINGBURIED ALIVE BYJAPANESE TROOPS,NANKING, CHINA,1937

CHINESE PRISONERS BEING BEHEADEDBY JAPANESENANKING, CHINA, 1937

JAPANESE OFFICER WITH EXECUTION VICTIMS , NANKING, CHINA, 1937

JAPANESE NEWSPAPER,TOKYO NICHI NICHI SHIMBUNARTICLE REPORTING UPDATE ON NANJINGKILLING CONTEST1937

INCREDIBLE RECORD IN CONTEST TO KILL 100 PEOPLE WITH SWORD; BOTH 2nd LIEUTENANTS GO INTO EXTRA INNINGS.

2Lt. Toshiaki Mukai (Left)2 Lt. Tsuyoshi Noda (Right)

JAPANESE EXPANSION: ORIGINS (contd.)GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE:ANOTHER NAME FOR JAPANs EMPIRETOJO WAS PRIMARY SUPPORTER OF IDEAASIAN WOULD BE FREE OF WESTERN DOMINATIONJAPAN WOULD BE LEAD POWERPROBLEM:WESTERN NATIONS HAD TO BE MOVED OUT OF ASIACHINA WAS CLOSELY ALLIED TO U.S. & BRITS.AUSTRALIA WAS/IS BASICALLY A WESTERN NATIONEXPANSION WOULD LEAD DIRECTLY TO WAR W/ WESTERN NATIONSSOLUTION?DEMAND, AND RECEIVE, WESTERN AGREEMENTS TO MOVE OUT OF ASIA, ORATTACK & TAKE OUT U.S., BRITISH, FRENCH MILITARY FORCES IN ASIA QUICKLY

PREPARING FOR WAR 1941:U.S. BEGINS EMBARGO ON JAPAN: OIL, METAL SHIPMENTS TO JAPAN ARE TERMINATEDWHY? U.S. PROTESTS JAPANESE WAR IN CHINAU.S. BEGINS SECRETLY SENDING SUPPLIES TO CHINESETOJO BECOMES JAPANESE PRIME MINISTERJULY, 41: FRENCH ALLOW JAPANESE TO ENTER INDOCHINA U.S. TIGHTENS EMBARGO ON JAPAN JAPANs TRADE CUT BY 75%JAPAN OFFERS U.S. 2 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO AVOID WAR:JAPAN WOULD WITHDRAW FROM CHINA IN 25 YEARSJAPAN WOULD WITHDRAW FROM INDOCHINA IF U.S. SELLS JAPAN 1 MILLION TONS OF AVIATION FUEL

PREPARING FOR WARU.S. DEMANDS:JAPAN MUST WITHDRAW FROM CHINA INDOCHINAJAPAN MUST RECOGNIZE CHAING KAI-SHEK AS THE LEGITIMATE HEAD OF CHINAJAPAN MUST LEAVE THE TRIPARTITE PACTJAPANs RESPONSE:U.S. TERMS ARE UNACCEPTABLENOV. 25 JAPANESE FORCES HEAD FORPEARL HARBORPHILIPPINESS.E. ASIAINDONESIADEC. 7, 1941: PEARL HARBOR ATTACKED

HIDEKI TOJO, MINISTER OF WAR, PRIME MINISTER OF JAPAN

HIDEKI TOJOMINISTER OF WAR,PRIME MINISTER,EMPIRE OF JAPAN

EMPEROR HIROHITO

HIROHITO,EMPEROR OF JAPAN

ISORUKU YAMAMOTO

AXIS GLOBAL STRATEGY, 1941-42

IF I AM TOLD TO FIGHT REGARDLESS OF THE CONSEQUENCES, I SHALL RUN WILD FOR THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OR A YEAR, BUT I HAVE UTTERLY NO CONFIDENCE FOR THE SECOND OR THIRD YEAR.ADMIRAL ISOROKU YAMAMOTO PEARL HARBORREASONS FOR ATTACK:JAPANESE PLAN TO NEUTRALIZE U.S. BATTLE FLEET AT OUTSETJAPANESE PLAN TO DESTROY U.S. CARRIER FORCESNEED TO ALLOW OTHER JAPANESE ASSAULTS (Indonesia, Philippines, etc.) TO NOT BE THREATENEDATTACK:I.J.N. ASSAULT FLEET ATTACKS EARLY A.M., DEC. 7, 1941ASSAULT PLANES ARE SPOTTED BY U.S. RADARRADAR WARNINGS ARE IGNORED BY AMERICANSATTACK BEGINS @ 7:50AM PDT (approx.)PRIMARY TARGETS: U.S. BATTLESHIPSU.S. AIRFIELDS & PLANESU.S. ARICRAFT CARRIERS (not at Pearl Harbor at sea)RESULTS:5 MAJOR BATTLESHIPS SUNK4 HEAVILY DAMAGED188 U.S. AIRCRAFT DESTROYED2,345 MILITARY KIA1,247 MILITARY WIA57 CIVILIANS KILLEDJAPANESE LOSSES: 27 AIRCRAFT DESTROYED, 55 AIRMEN KILLEDDEC. 8, 1941: U.S. DECLARES WAR ON JAPAN; U.S. IS NOW OFFICIALLY IN WORLD WAR II

PEARLHARBOR NAVAL BASE,DEC., 1941

JAPANESE FIGHTERS TAKING OFF FROM CARRIER HIRYU, DEC. 7, 1941

NAKAJIMA BN5 KATE TORPEDO BOMBER

KATE TORPEDO BOMBER LOADED WITH TORPEDO

AICHI D3A VAL DIVE BOMBER

AICHI D3AVAL DIVE BOMBER

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MITSUBISHI A6M ZERO FIGHTER

MITSUBISHI A6MZERO FIGHTER

ADMIRAL NAGUMOPEARL HARBOR ATTACK FLEETCOMMANDER, I.J.N.

U.S. COMMANDERS AT PEARL HARBOR ADMIRAL KIMMEL, U.S.N. GENERAL SHORT, U.S.A.

BATTLESHIP ROW UNDER TORPEDO ATTACK

JAPANESE AERIAL VIEW BATTLESHIP ROW UNDER ATTACK

EXPLOSION OF THE U.S.S. SHAW

EXPLOSION OF THE U.S.S. ARIZONA

U.S.S. ARIZONA SETTLES ON THE BOTTOM OF PEARL HARBOR

U.S.S. OKLAHOMA CAPSIZED; U.S.S. ARIZONA AFTER EXPOLSION

JAPANESE AERIAL PHOTO OF PEARL HARBOR ATTACK

FDRs DAY OF INFAMY SPEECH TO CONGRESS, DEC. 8, 1941

FDRs DAY OF INFAMY SPEECH IN TEXT

NEW YORK TIMES,DECEMBER 8, 1941

1941 U.S. PROPAGANDAPOSTERS

U.S. GOVT. PROPAGANDAPOSTERS, 1941

BATTLESHIP ROW, PEARL HARBOR TODAY

U.S.S. ARIZONA MEMORIAL, PEARL HARBOR TODAY

ARIZONA MEMORIAL, PEARL HARBOR, HAWAII

NEWSPAPER FLASH,DECEMBER 7, 1941

THE REAL REASON WE WONWORLD WAR II

ADMIRAL ISORUKU YAMAMATO,COMMANDER,IMPERIAL JAPANESE FLEET

I FEAR THAT ALL WE HAVE DONE IS TO AWAKEN A SLEEPING GIANT AND FILL HIM WITH A TERRIBLE RESOLVE.ADMIRAL ISORUKU YAMAMOTO