October 2012 BULLETIN NO. 29 ISSN 1520-3581

CONTENTS

PACIFIC CIRCLE NEWS ........................................................................................ 2

HSS NEWS ................................................................................................................. 3

FUTURE MEETINGS, CONFERENCES, and CALLS FOR PAPERS ....................................................... 4

BOOK, JOURNAL, EXHIBITION, and RESEARCH NEWS ................................................................ 5

SELECTED RECENT PACIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................. 6

BOOK REVIEWS .................................................................................................... 11Ethnobotany of Pohnpei: Plants, People, and Island Culture ......................... 11

Empire and Environmental Anxiety: Health, Science, Art and Conservation in South Asia and Australasia 1800-1920 ................................. 20

SUBSCRIPTION and STAFF INFORMATION .................................................. 22

THE PACIFIC CIRCLE

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PACIFIC CIRCLE NEWS

Recent and Forthcoming Publications and Scholarly Activities by Circle Members

D.GrahamBurnett,The Sounding of the Whale: Science and Cetaceans in the Twentieth Century,TheUniversityofChicagoPress,2012.

MarcJasonGilbertandJonDavidann,Encounters and Exchanges in Modern World History,Pearson,2012.

EmilyO’Gorman,“LocalKnowledgeandtheState:The1990FloodsinCunnamulla,Queensland,Australia,”Environmental History17:3(2012),pp.512-546.

HelenM.Rozwadowski,“ArthurC.ClarkeandtheLimitationsoftheOceanasaFrontier,”Environmental History17:3(2012),pp.578-602.

WarwickAnderson,“Hybridity,Race,andScience:TheVoyageoftheZaca,1934-1935,”Isis103:2(2012),pp.229-253.

RoyMacleodhasbeeninvitedtoreturnasaSeniorFellowattheLichtenberg-KollegoftheUniversityofGöttingen.HewillbeconsultingwiththeUniversity’suniquecollectionofPacificethnologicalartifactsassembledbyReinholdForsterandhisson,GeorgForster,duringCook’ssecondvoyage.ThisprojectcontinuesRoy’slong-standinginterestinthehistoryofdiscoveryandexploration,aninterestthatgoesbacktojointpublicationswithourlatecolleague,FritzRehbock.Additionally,RoywillbehelpingtheUniversitydevelopa‘Wissenschaftshaus,’whichwillincorporatethehistoricmuseumsoftheUniversityandhostcityintoanewinterdisciplinary,higherdegreeprogramdevotedtothestudyof‘Wissenchaftskultur.’

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Upcoming Circle Conference Papers and Panels

CirclemembershaveparticipatedoverthepastfewyearsattheannualmeetingsoftheNorthAmericanConferenceonBritishStudiesandthePacificCoastConferenceonBritishStudies.Attimes,wehavebeenabletoorganizeandsponsoraCirclepanel.

Pleasenotethatthecall-for-papersforthePCCBSmeetinginBerkeley,California,forMarch8-10,2013,hasjustbeenpublished.PleasecontactProf.PeterHoffenbergatpeterh@hawaii.eduifyouwouldliketobepartofaCirclepanel,orwouldliketheCircletoofficiallysponsoryourindividualpaper.Theorganizersrequestforeachpapera200-wordabstractanda1pagec.v.Panelchairsandcommentatorsneedonlysubmitthe1pagec.v.PleasesendmaterialstoDr.HoffenbergnolaterthanNovember1,2012.

Circle Odds and Ends

LookingforcopiesingoodconditionofDarwin’s Laboratoryand/orThe Commonwealth of Science?Ifso,contactRoyMacleodatroy.macleod@sydney.edu.au.

HansvanTilburgremindsusthatUNESCOAsiaPacificHQhasjustreleasedtothepublicitsTraining Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific.Thisvolumeistheresultofregionalcapacity-buildingprojectstoprotectandmanageunderwaterarchaeologicalsites.ThoseprojectshaveincludedfoundationcoursesandtheinteractionamongUNESCO,trainers,andstudents,withtheassistanceoftheregionalCentreofExcellence.ThelatterisfundedbytheRoyalGovernmentofNorway.ThevolumeprovidesacurriculumforFoundationCoursesandahighstandardofdeliveryofthetrainingunits.Pleasevisithttp://www.unescobkk.org/culture/uch/uch-publication/.

HSS NEWS

The2012AnnualMeetingoftheHistoryofScienceSocietywillbeheldonNovember15-18,2012,attheSheratonSanDiego(California)HotelandMarina.ThePhilosophyofScienceAssociationwillalsobemeetingandthetwoconferenceswillopenwithajointplenaryon“Kuhn’sStructure of Scientific Revolutions,50YearsLater.”Foradditionalinformation,pleasevisithttp://www.hssonline.org.

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FUTURE MEETINGS, CONFERENCES, and CALLS FOR PAPERS

18-20October2012.The1stIHPSTAsianRegionalConference,tobeheldatSeoulNationalUniversity.Goalsforthemeetinginclude:1)strengtheningthelinksbetweenHPSandscienceeducationinAsia;2)showingdifferentconnectionsbetweenthesciencesandthehumanities;3)exchangingexperienceofresearchandimplementationofHPS&STinAsiaand4)establishinganacademicplatformforHPS&STinAsia.Forinformation,pleasevisitwww.ihpst2012.snu.ac.kr.

1-3November2012.FifthInternationalConferenceoftheEuropeanSocietyfortheHistoryofScience,tobeheldinAthens,Greece.Thethemeis:“ScientificCosmopolitanismandLocalCultures:Religions,IdeologiesandSocieties.”Formoreinformation,pleasevisithttp://5eshs.hpdst.gr.

5-8December2012.ConferenceoftheEuropeanSocietyforOceanists,tobeheldinBergen,Norway.Thethemeis“ThePowerofthePacific:Values,Materials,Images.”Questions?Pleasevisit:esfo2012.com/en.

8-10December2012.AnnualConferenceofSocialAnthropologyofAotearoa/NewZealand(ASAANZ),tobeheldatVictorianUniversityofWellington.Featuredpapersandpanelswillconsidertheconferencethemeof“AnthropologyandtheImagination.”Forinformation,pleasevisithttp://asaanz.science.org.nz/conference%202012.html.

4-6April2013.“WavesofChange:ClimateChangeinthePacificIslandsandtheImplicationsforHawai‘i,”tobeheldattheUniversityofHawai‘iatManoa,inHonolulu.TheCenterforPacificIslandsStudiesatU.H.Manoaisorganizingthismeetingtoexploretheenvironmental,social,cultural,political,andeconomicimpactsofClimateChange.Featuredspeakersandparticipantswillincludenaturalscientists,students,policymakers,andmembersofthegeneralcommunity.

16-19June2013.94thAnnualMeetingoftheAAAS,PacificDivision,tobeheldinLasVegas,Nevada.PleasecontactDr.RogerChristiansonatrchristi@sou.edu.

8-12July2013.The12thPacificScienceInter-Congress,tobeheldattheLaucalaCampus,UniversityoftheSouthPacific,Suva,Fiji.Thethemeis“HumanSecurityinthePacific.”Sessionswillinclude,butnotbelimitedto,biodiversity,governance,foodandhealth,oceandevelopment,climatechange,sustainabledevelopment,andtradeandeconomicintegration.Foradditionalinformation,pleasecontactthePacificScienceAssociationatwww.pacificscience.org.

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28-31August2013.4thConferenceoftheEuropeanPhilosophyofScienceAssociationConference,tobeheldattheUniversityofHelsinki,Finland.Theconferencehaseightsections:GeneralPhilosophyofScience;PhilosophyofthePhysicalSciences;PhilosophyoftheLifeSciences;PhilosophyoftheCognitiveSciences;PhilosophyoftheSocialSciences;PhilosophyofTechnologyandAppliedResearch;FormalPhilosophyofScienceandHistorical,Social,andCulturalStudiesinPhilosophyofScience.Pleasesubmitanabstractof1000wordstohttp://www.helsinki.fi/epsa13/.

BOOK, JOURNAL, EXHIBITION and RESEARCH NEWS

Signals 98(MarchtoMay2012),theofficialmagazineoftheAustralianNationalMaritimeMuseum,includesthefollowingarticlesofpossibleinterest:ClaireBaddeley,“WhalinginJervisBay:FromCommoditytoConservation,”pp.42-45andBillRichards,“Edwin Fox:RespectforAge,”pp.46-49.

Interestedinindigenouswatercraft?PleaseseeDainaFletcherandStephenGapps,“Nawi:ExploringAustralia’sIndigenousWatercraft,”pp.4-11,SteaphonPaton,“Nawi:Boorun’sCanoe,”pp.12-17andFredCahir,“Nawi:SeeingtheLandfromanAboriginalCanoe,”pp.18-21inSignals100(SeptembertoNovember2012).

Tree Physiology32:6(2012)isaspecialissuedevotedto“CarbonAllocationofTreesandForests.”Thatvolumecontainsseveral‘Pacific’areaarticles,includingoneontropicalEucalyptusplantations(pp.667-679).

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SELECTED RECENT PACIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS and BOOK CHAPTERS

Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives,byRichard Grimmett,Carol Inskipp,andTim Inskipp,PrincetonUniversityPress,2012.

The Last Crusade: The Epic Voyages of Vasco de Gama,byNigel Cliff,AtlanticBooks,2012.

Pacific Worlds,byMatt K. Matsuda,CambridgeUniversityPress,2012.

Re-inventing the Ship,editedbyDon Leggett andRichard Dunn,Ashgate,2012.

The Scope of Anthropology: Maurice Godelier’s Work in Context,editedbyLaurent DoussetandSerge Tcherkezoff,BerghahnBooks,2012.

Shipwrecks of the Southern Seas,byCraig Cormick,Pier9,2011.

West Australian Gold Towns and Settlements,byIan MurrayandPhil Bianchi,HesperianPress,2012.

ARTICLES and ESSAYS

“AnatomicalBasisofVariationinMesophyllResistanceinEasternAustralianSclerophylls:NewsofaLongandWindingPath,”byTiina Tosens,Ulo Ninemets,Mark Westoby,andIan J. Wright,Journal of Experimental Botany(2012),63:14(2012),pp.5105-5119.

“AnatomyandLigninDistributioninReactionPhloemFibresofSeveralJapaneseHardwoods,”byKaori Nakagawa,Arata Yoshinaga,andKeiji Takabe,Annals of Botany110:4(2012),pp.897-904.

“CharlesDarwin,Beagle,theDiscoveryandNamingofPortDarwin,”byAlan Powell,Journal of Northern Territory History23(2012),pp.77-93.

“Cryopreservationofin vitro-PropagatedProtcormsofCaladeniaforTerres-trialOrchidConservationinWesternAustralia,”byPatcharawadee Watanawikkit,

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Sureeya Tantiwiwat, Eric Bunn,Kingsley W. Dixon,andKongkanda Chayanarit,Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society170:2(2012),pp.277-282.

“DistributionofCrypticBlueOatMiteSpeciesinAustralia:CurrentandFutureClimateConditions,”byMatthew P. Hill,Ary A. Hoffmann,Stuart A. McColl,andPaul A. Umina,Agricultural and Forest Entomology14:2(2012),pp.127-137.

“DistributionsofTwoEctosymbionts,Branchiobdellidans,(Annelida:Clitellata)andScutariellids(Platyhelminthes:“Turbellaria:”Temnocephalida),onAtypidShrimp(Arthropoda:Crustacea)inSoutheastChina,”byA. Ohtaka, S.R. Gelder, M. Nishino, M. Ikeda, H. Toyama, Y.-D. Cui, X.B. He, H.-Z. Wang, R.-B. ChenandZ.-Y. Wang,Journal of Natural History46:25&26(2012),pp.1547-1556.

“DiversityandAbundanceofFrugivorousDrosophilidsandTheirParasitoidsinBogor,Indonesia,”byMasahito T. KimuraandAwit Suwito,Journal of Natural History46:31&32(2012),pp.1947-1957.

“‘Drought-Proofing’RegionalAustraliaandtheRhetoricSurroundingTillegraDam,N.S.W.,”byMeg ShervalandAmy Greenwood,Australian Geographer43:3(2012),pp.253-271.

“FourSpeciesoftheGenusStephonyx(Crustacea:Amphipoda:Uristidae)fromJapan,withDescriptionofaNewSpecies,”Yukiko Narahara,Ko Tomikawa,andKenji Torigoe,Journal of Natural History46:23&24(2012),pp.1477-1507.

“GenomeSizeandChromosomeNumberintheNewZealandSpeciesofSchoenus(Cyperaceae),”byNavdeep Kaur,Paul M. Datson,and Brian G. Murray,Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society169:3(2012),pp.555-564.

“HistoryofStructuresUsedinTerritorialCombatbyBorneo’s‘ExplodingAnts’,”byDiane W. Davidson, Kamariah A. Salim,andJohan Bilen,Acta Zoologica 93:4(2012),pp.487-491.

“HostSelectivity,HaustorialAnatomyandImpactoftheInvasiveParasiteParentucellia ViscosaonFloodplainVegetativeCommunitiesinJapan,”byKenji Suetsugu, Yuko Takeuchi, Kazuyoshi Futai, andMakoto Kato,Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society170:1(2012),pp.69-78.

“HowtheTimberlineFormed:AltitudinalChangesinStandStructureandDynamicsAroundtheTimberlineinCentralJapan,”byKoichi Takahashi, Tatsuru Hirosawa, andRyhoei Morishima,Annals of Botany109:6(2012),pp.1165-1174.

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“ImpactsofPredictorVariablesandSpeciesModelsonSimulatingTamarix ramosissimaDistributioninTarimBasin,NorthwesternChina,”byQiang ZhangandXinshi Zhang,Journal of Plant Ecology5:3(2012),pp.337-345.

“InsightintotheTemperatureSensitivityofForestLitterDecompositionandSoilEnzymesinSubtropicalForestChina,”byCongyan Wang, Guomin Han, Yong Jia, Xiaoguang Feng,andXingjun Tian,Journal of Plant Ecology5:3(2012),pp.279-286.

“IsDrosera meristocaulisaPygmySundew?EvidenceofaLong-DistanceDispersalBetweenWesternAustraliaandNorthernSouthAmerica,”byF. Rivadavia,V. F. O. de Miranda,C. Hoogenstrijd,F. Pinheiro,G. Heubl,andA. Fleischmann,Annals of Botany110:1(2012),pp.11-21.

“Large-AmplitudeVariationsinCarbonCyclingandTerrestrialWeatheringduringtheLatestPaleoceneandEarliestEocene:TheRecordatMeadStream,NewZealand,”byBenjamin S. Slotnick, Gerald R. Dickens, Micah J. Nicolo, Christopher J. Hollis, James S. Crampton, James C. Zahos,andAppy Sluijs,TheJournal of Geology120:5(2012),pp.487-505.

“LightandDesiccationResponsesofSomeHymenophyllaceae(filmyferns)fromTrinidad,VenezuelaandNewZealand:PoikilohdryinaLight-LimitedbutLowEvaporationEcologicalNiche,”byMichael C. F. Proctor,Annals of Botany109:5(2012),pp.1019-1026.

“MortalityofAustralianAlpineGrasses(Poaspp.)afterDrought:SpeciesDifferencesandEcologicalPatterns,”byPhilippa C. GriffinandAry A. Hoffmann,Journal of Plant Ecology5:2(2012),pp.121-133.

“ANewGenusandThreeNewSpeciesofParasitoidWaspfromPapuaNewGuineaandRedescriptionofTrigonophatnusCameron(Hymenoptera,Braconidae,Rogadinae),”byDonald L. J. Quicke, M. Alex Smith, Cornelis van Achterberg, Scott E. Miller,andJan Hrcek,Journal of Natural History46:21&22(2012),pp.1369-1385.

“ANewSpeciesoftheGenus MawsonascarisSprent,1990(Nematoda:Ascaridida)fromGlaucostegus granulatus(Cuvier)(Rajiformes:Rhinobatidae)intheTaiwanStrait,withRemarksontheSystematicStatusofRaphidascaroides myliobatumYin&Zhang,1983),”byLiang Li, Zhen Xu, andLu-Ping Zhang,Journal of Natural History46:21&22(2012),pp.1307-1319.

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“Paraleuctra cervicornis(Plecoptera:Leuctridae),aNewStoneflyfromChina,”byYu-Zhou DuandYu-Han Qian,Journal of Natural History46:17&18(2012),pp.1059-1063.

“PhotosyntheticThermotoleranceofWoodySavannaSpeciesinChinaisCorrelatedwithLeafLifeSpan,”byJiao-Lin Zhang, L. Poorter, Guang-You Hao,andKun-Fang Cao,Annals of Botany110:5(2012),pp.1027-1033.

“ReappraisalofPrimularanunculoides(Primulaceae),anEndangeredSpeciesEndemictoChina,basedonMorphological,MolecularGenetic,andReproductiveCharacters,”byJian-Wen Shao, Yan-Fei Wu, Xian-Zhao Kan, Tong-Jun Liang, andXiao-Ping Zhang,Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society169:2(2012),pp.338-349.

“RecordsofFourSpeciesoftheShallowWaterHermitCrabGenusDiogenes(Crustacea:Decapoda:Anomura:Diogenidae)fromSouthernChina,withDescriptionofaNewSpecies,”byTomoyuki Komai, Jingzhen Liang,andTingbao Yang,Journal of Natural History46:19&20(2012),pp.1219-1248.

“RedefinitionoftheParastenocarididGenusProserpinicaris(Copepoda:Harpacticoida),withDescriptionofThreeNewSpeciesfromKorea,”byTomislav Karanovic, Joo-Lae Cho,andWonchoel Lee,Journal of Natural History46:25&26(2012),pp.1573-1613.

“AReviewofChineseScymnomorphusWeise(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)withDescriptionofFiveNewSpecies,”byXingmin WangandShunxiang Ren,Journal of Natural History46:31&32(2012),pp.1905-1920.

“SeaSpidersoftheGenusNymphon(Arthropoda:Pycnogonida)fromWatersAroundtheNanseiIslands,Japan,”byYoshie Takahashi,Hiroshi Kajihara,andShunsuke F. Mawatari,Journal of Natural History46:21&22(2012),pp.1337-1358.

“SedimentFluxesfromCaliforniaCoastalRivers:TheInfluencesofClimate,Geology,andTopography,”byE.D. AndrewsandRonald C. Antweiler,The Journal of Geology120:4(2012),pp.349-366.

“SeventeenNewSpeciesoftheSpiderGenusTeutamusThorell,1890fromSoutheastAsia(Araneae:Liocranidae),”byPakawin Dankittipakul,Maria TavanoandTippawan Singtripop,Journal of Natural History46:27&28(2012),pp.1689-1730.

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“ATaxonomicReviewoftheRhinotermitidae(Isoptera)ofThailand,”byYoko TakematsuandCharunee Vongkaluang,Journal of Natural History46:17&18(2012),pp.1079-1109.

“TaxonomyoftheGenusAetheomorphaLacordaire(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae:Cryptocephalinae:Clytrini)fromChina,withDescriptionofFiveNewSpecies,”byFeng-Yan WangandHong-Zhang Zhou,Journal of Natural History46:23&24(2012),pp.1407-1440.

“TectonicImplicationsandMorphologyofTrapezoidalMicaGrainsfromtheSutlejSectionoftheHigherHimalayanShearZone,IndianHimalay,”bySoumyajit Mukherjee, The Journal of Geology120:5(2012),pp.575-590.

“TemporalandSpatialVariationsofStemCO2EffluxofThreeSpeciesinSubtropicalChina,”byQingpeng Yang, Ming Xu, Yonggang Chi, Yunpa Zheng, Ruichang Shen, Peixue Li,andHuitang Dai,Journal of Plant Ecology5:2(2012),pp.229-237.

“TraversingNature’sDangerZone:GettingupClosewithSumatra’sVolcanoes,”byD.A. Budd, V.R. Troll, D.R. Hilton, C. Freda, E.M. Jolis,andS.A. Halldorsson,Geology Today28:2(2012),pp.64-70.

“TwoNewSpeciesofOnychiurus(Collembola:Onychiuridae)fromEasternChina,”byXin SunandFeng Zhang,Journal of Natural History46:31&32(2012),pp.1895-1904.

“VariationinPlantDiversityandDominanceAcrossDuneFixationStagesintheChineseSteppeZone,”byJianjiang Qiao, Weiwei Zhao, Xiufang Xie, Guofang Liu, Xuehua Ye, Yu Chu, Hui He,andMing Dong,Journal of Plant Ecology5:3(2012),pp.313-319.

“WaterQualityChangesinLakeMcKenzie,FraserIsland,Australia:APalaeolimnologicalApproach,”bySarah C. HembrowandKathryn H. Taffs,Australian Geographer43:3(2012),pp.291-302.

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BOOK REVIEWS

MichaelJ.Balick,etal.Ethnobotany of Pohnpei: Plants, People, and Island Culture,HonoluluandNewYork:UniversityofHawai‘iPressandtheNewYorkBotanicalGarden,2009.Pp.xi+585.Index.Tables.Maps.ColorPhotos.PaperUS$28.00andISBN978-0-8248-3293-3and9-80824-832933.

IfirstvisitedPohnpeiintheearly1970s.FormanyyearspriortomyinitialsojourntothatEasternCarolinehighvolcanicislandinMicronesia,itwasknowntotheoutsideworld,andevenwithintheisland,atleastamongtheexpatriates,asPonape.Thisnomenclaturewasareflectionofthecultural

interpretationbyMicronesia’sforeignrulers,thelastofwhichwastheUnitedStates(1947-1986),whosepolitical,culturalandeconomiccontrolofwhatwasknownastheTrustTerritoryofthePacificfollowedafterthelonglastingcolonialoccupationbySpain,GermanyandJapan.Alloftheseforeigninterlopersperceivedthemselvesas“benefactorsofthepeoplewhoseislandstheyappropriated”(Hezel1995).

EventhoughthereweremanyinconveniencesexperiencedbytheislandersthroughoutmuchofMicronesiathatwasundercolonialrule,theforeignpowersbelievedthattheybroughtthe“blessingsofcivilization,”suchasariseincopraproduction,eradicationofintestinalparasites,theintroductionofdemocraticelections,oratleastsomeyearsofformalWestern-stylededucation.ButoftenthereweresevereencroachmentsonthewaysoftraditionallifeoftheislandersincludingthoselivingonPohnpei.Manyoftheseintrusionswereseenasunjustifiablebythenativepeople.Althoughtheislandersadjustedtotheseculturalandevenphysicalchangesinislandsinnumerousandsometimescreativeways,theyalsobecameincreasinglydispossessedoftheirfamiliarculturallandscapewithramificationsthatpersistedandbecamemoreaggravatedduringmuchofthecolonialperiod.TheislandersbecameasFrancisX.Hezeldescribedthem:“strangersintheirownland.”

Asaresultofthisvaryingestrangementfromtheirownenvironmentsithasbeendifficultforthenativepeoplestomaintainmanyoftheirtraditionalcustomsincludingtheiruseoftheirnaturalandculturalresources.ThistrendhascontinuedduringtheperiodfollowingindependencefromtheUnitedStateswhenPohnpeiand

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theotherliberatedislandsofMicronesia,begantogovernthemselvesagain.Amongthemoreimportantaspectsofculturalchangehasbeenthedeclineandoftenlossofself-sufficientuseofplantstofeed,house,providefuelandmaintainphysicalandmentalhealthofthepeople.

ThebookunderreviewhasaddressedthedeclineoftraditionalPohnpeianethnobotanicalknowledgethathasbeensuchamainstayoftheirislandcultureandsurvivalinaverymeaningfulmannerwhileintegratingaremarkabledegreeofethicalcorrectnessandscientificrigor.MichaelBalickandhisextraordinarilylargegroupoflocalandoutsideexpertcollaboratorshaveproducedasignificantmodelforhowethnobotanicalresearchintraditionalsocietiesshouldbecarriedout;moredirectlythislargeanddensevolumeprovidesanastonishingamountofcriticallyevaluatedinformationaboutthenativeandscientificknowledgeofplants,peopleandislandcultureonPohnpei.

Theresearchprojectthatledtothisbookstartedin1997whenthecompilerandeditor,BalickmadeashortfieldtriptoPohnpei,bythenoneoffourstateswithintheFederatedStatesofMicronesia.Overtheyearsfollowingthatbriefvisitmanyotherexcursionstothatislandinvolvednumerousethnobotanicalandfloristicstudiesoftheislandthatledtothepublicationofthislargecompendiumvolume.Balicktellsusthat“thereisstillagreatdealtolearnfromlessonsofthepast”inspiteofthesocietalchangesthathavecomewiththeadoptionofmoremodernlifestylesandbeliefs,especiallyintermsofPohnpeiantraditionsinvolvingtheuseofplantsandrespectfortheirinsularenvironments.Balickdefineshisresearchgroup’smaingoal:theproductionof“asinglereferenceintendedtobeusedinsupportofPohnpeianculture,biodiversityconservation,andresourcemanagement.”ThisgoalandtheresultingpublicationdiscussedhereareofspecialinteresttomeandmyownresearchgroupthatspentmuchlesstimeonPohnpei,butalsomadeattemptstodocumentandcelebratethetraditionalknowledgeofseveralMicronesiancultures,includingthatwhichdevelopedoverthecenturies;ourfocusontheconservationofbiodiversityandresourcemanagementwasgenerallysimilartothatofBalickandhiscollaboratorswithanemphasisontheproductionofseveraleducationalpublications.

Duringaneightyearperiodfrom1988to1996,ateamoflocalandforeignresearchers,includingmyselfastheleadorganizerandauthor,carriedoutaseriesrelativelyrapidassessmentstudiesforsixareasinMicronesiaincludingPalau,Pohnpei,Kosrae,TheMarshallIslands,ChuukandYap.Thesestudiesresultedinthepublicationanddisseminationofsixenvironmentaltextbooksfocusedontraditionaluseofplantsandlongtermresourceconservation;thebookswereaimedatassistinglocalteachersandresourcemanagerswiththeireffortstoeducatethepeopleof

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theirrespectiveculturesandcelebratethewealthoflocaltraditionalbotanicalandecologicalknowledge(seereferences).However,oureffortswiththesesixtextbooksreachedarelativelylimitedaudienceandneedmuchadditionaldevelopmentwithattentiontotherespectiveethnobotanicaltraditionsofthedifferentMicronesiancultures.Therefore,itpleasesmetosaythattheEthnobotany of Pohnpeibookhassignificantlyincreasedthedocumentationandinterpretationofthegreatwealthoftraditionalhuman-plantrelationsonPohnpei.EventhoughtheauthorsofthePohnpeibookacknowledgethatthereismuchthatremainstobelearnedandpassedontofuturegenerations,itishopedthatthiscollective,ethicallycommendable,extensiveresearchwithinPohnpeiandbeyondintootherareasofMicronesiawillcontinueandresultinmorestudiessuchastheoneunderreviewhere;infactthisiswellunderwayfortheRepublicofPalauwhereBalickandhisteamoflocalandforeigncontributorshavebeenworkingforsomeyearsnowaspartoftheirPlantsandPeopleofMicronesiaProject.

BeforeIdescribeandcommentonthemainfeaturesofthisbookaswellasitslimitations,itisimportanttoaddressandacknowledgesomeofthekeymethodologicalaspectsofthisbookthatmakeitspecial,especiallyintermsofethnobotany.AsBalickstatesinhisprefacetothebook,inordertobestprotectthecontentsofthisbookfrominappropriateexploitation,thePohnpeiCouncilofTraditionalLeaders(MwoalenWahuIleilehnPohnpei)havebeengiventhecopyrighttothislarge,information-richvolumedealingwithtraditionalknowledge:

ThePohnpeianpeople,bothlivingandfrompreviousgenerations,aretheownersoftheinformationpresentedinthisbook.Pohnpeiantraditionalknowledgehasbeencarefullydevelopedsincethearrivalofthefirstpeopletotheisland,who,throughtheirhypothesis-drivenexperimentation(e.g.,areallredfruitssweetandedible?),deliberatelyconstructedthebodyoftraditionalbotanicalknowledgeandpracticesthatcomprisePohnpeianethnobotany.

Balick’steamspecificallyavoidedpresentingsensitiveinformation,especiallyfamily-basedsecrets,andthustheyacknowledgethatthisbookisgeneralistinitsoverridingscope.However,Balick,speakingforhisgroupofcollaborators,makesacogentcaseforthevalueoftraditionalplantuseknowledgethathisteamhasbroughttogether,andoverallthisisawonderfulcontributiontoPacificIslandstudies,includingthosefocusedontraditionalknowledge,thefloraoftheregion,resourceconservationandMicronesianethnobotany.

AlthoughtherearemanybenefitsthatwillresultfromthisrichPacificIslandethnobotanicalresource,therearelimitationsregardingthebookthatneedtobe

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addressed,andfrankly,Balickandhisteamhaveacknowledgedmanyofthese.Forexample,ofthemorethan1,000plantspeciesknownfromPohnpei,theirteamonlyidentifiedlocalnamesandusesfor44%ofthese.Asnotedbytheauthors,theirbookdealswithonly“asmallfractionoftherichbodyofethnobotanicalknowledgethatexistsontheislandanditsoutlyingatoll;muchmoreworkofthistypemuststillbeundertaken.”Otherpositiveandnegativeaspectsofthisbookwillbereviewedaswediscussthechaptersinorderoftheirappearance.

Ethnobotany of Pohnpeicomprisesninechapterswhichhaveunevenlengthwithonechapter(chapter8)dealingwithlocalusesofplantsandfungionPohnpeiencompassingmorethanhalfofthebook.ThefirstChapter(authors:MichaelJ.Balick,DavidH.Lorence.DanaLeeLing,andWayneLaw)presentsanintroductiontothehighvolcanicislandanditsregionalsettingintheCarolineIslandsofeasternMicronesia;thischapteralsooutlinesthevegetationdiversityandimportanceofnaturalandculturalresourceconservationonPohnpeiandfinisheswithadescriptionofthemethodsandgoalsoftheethnobotanicalprojectthatledtothebook’sproduction.Chapters2through6focusonwhatmightbereferredtoascultivated“keystone”plantgroups,includingyams,breadfruit,bananas,taro,andsakau(kava)thathavelongbeenessentialtosustainingPohnpeianculture.However,asBalickpointsoutearlyon,eachofthesefiveplantgroupchaptershasbeenwrittenbydifferentsetsofauthorsprovidingasomewhatlimitedperspectiveontheseculturallysignificantcropsbasedonthespecificwriters’particularknowledgeandthereforearenotmeanttobestrictlycomparableintheirdesignandsubjectdescription.Nonetheless,eachofthesechaptersdodealwithcultivardiversityinthepast,presentandfuture,andbecauseofthisandotherscientificandscholarlyaspectsshouldattractspecialistsofseveralkindstothespecificexpertisethattheindividualchapterauthorsbringtotheirrespectivediscussions.

Chapter2(authors:BillRaynor,AdelinoLorens,andJacksonPhillip)dealswithyams(Dioscoreaspp.),especiallyD. alata,thatisreferredtoasthemostimportantsubsistencerootcroponPohnpei,“althoughitsimportancetotheprestigeeconomyasamajorcomponentoffeastsandcompetitionsfaroutweighsitsvalueasafoodcrop.”Unfortunately,muchofthegreatcultivardiversityofyams,includingD. alata,hasbeenlostinrecenttimes.Forexample,ofthe179yamcultivarsrecordedonPohnpei,afewdecadesago,onlyafractionofthemoccurtodayinlocalgardensandplantcollections;theothershavedisappearedduetodiseaseorbasicallyhavebeendroppedfromcultivation.Thischapterwillbehelpfulforcross-culturalcomparativedescriptionsoftheuniquelyhighrankingofyamsforfoodand/orprestigeinanumberoftraditionalPacificIslandscultures;inmymindthisthemeharksbacktotheextremelylongheritageofyam-humanrelationships,from

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ouroriginsinAfricatoourmigrationsfarandwideintheOldWorldtropics,fromourhunterandgathererroots(asinyams!)toourriseasfarmers.MichaelBalick’soutstandingphotoofaverylargefeastdisplayyam(D. alata)toppedbybird’snest(Asplenium nidus)fernfrondsisaclassic,symbolizingthehighrankofthisplantintraditionalPohnpeianculture,alongwithkavaandpigs.

Chapter3(authors:DianeRagoneandBillRaynor)dealswithbreadfruit(Artocarpus altilisandA. mariannensis),the“principalcomponentofindigenousagroforestrysystemsonPohnpei.”Thisdiscussion,presentedbyRagone,themajorPacificauthorityonthehorticultureandethnobotanyofArtocarpusspecies,andRaynor,thelocally-basedagroforestryandconservationbiologyexpert,isvaluableforitslocalperspectiveandforcomparisonofthiswidelycultivatedkeystonemultipurposeplantinthetropicalPacificandbeyond.BreadfruitisknowntoPohnpeiansasagiftofthegodsasittakesrelativelylittleworktogetitstartedfromacuttingandthenprovidesabundantlyifseasonallyforgenerationsofpeople.Thischapterpresentsaverynicediscussionofthecultivationanduseofthisextremelyusefultree.

Chapter4(authors:LoisEnglberger,AdelinoLorens,AmyLevendusky,andJeffDaniells)dealswiththemostwidelycultivatedandusedlocalfoodcropwhichisnotlimitedbyseasonalitylikeyamsandbreadfruit.Thistreatiseonlocallygrownbananasdrawsheavilyuponthedietaryexpertiseandexperienceoftheleadauthorandhercolleagues,andduetothewealthofnutritionaldataavailableonPohnpeianbananacultivars,basedontheresearchoftheseauthors,thiskeyhealth-relatedinformationis“presentedingreatdetail.”

Chapter5(authors:LoisEnglberger,KipenAlbert,AdelinoLorens,andAmyLevendusky)dealswiththetarospeciesutilizedonPohnpei,ofwhichthree,Cyrtosperma merkusii,Colocasia esculenta,andAlocasia macrorrhizos,havelongbeenandstillareamongtheimportantfoodand/ormedicinalplantsofPohnpeiwithCyrtospermatraditionallythemostsignificantfoodcropwithgreatculturalimportanceontheouteratollsoftheregion.TheauthorsofthischapterpointoutthatlifestylechangeshaveresultedinachangeinthediettoimportedfoodsoverallonPohnpei,especiallytoconsumptionofrice,andthusleadingtoageneralneglectofalltypesoftaro,especiallyAlocasia.Theauthorslamentthisgeneraltrendsincetheedibletaroscontainmorethan“juststarch”withtheirrichmicronutrientcontent.

Chapter6(authors:MichaelJ.BalickandRobertaA.Lee)dealswiththekavaplant(Sakau,Piper methysticum)certainlyoneof,ifnotthemostimportant“culturalkeystone”plantsinPohnpeianculturepastandpresent.Havingbeenaco-authorof

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ageneralsurveybookonthenaturalandculturalhistoryofkava(Lebotetal.1992,1997),acultigenmostprobablydomesticatedinRemoteOceaniaandspreadfarandwidetohighislandsinthisregion,IcanspeakwithsomeexperienceontherelativeimportanceandbroaduseofthisplantinPohnpeiwhichhasexpandedincultivationthathassignificantimpactonthenativerainforestinrecentdecades(alsoseeMerlinandRaynor,2004,2005).Theauthorsofthischapterhavedoneafinejobtooutlinethegreatculturalsignificanceofthistruenarcoticpsychoactivedrugplantanditsvaryingusefromancienttomoderntimes.Cautionarycommentsregardingtheclandestinecroppingofkavaarepresentedinchapterone.ThisiscrucialtothelongtermsustainabilityofPohnpeisincethecultivationofKavainecologicalsituationswhereitleadstoadecreaseinforestcover,threatensendemicspecies,andgenerallyharmsthecrucialuplandwatershed;inresponsetoforestdeclineandthethreatsthispresents,therehasbeenarecentriseandimplementationofa“growlow”campaigntoeliminatetheuplandkavacultivationwhichislargelyresponsibleforthedeclineofnativeforestcoverfrom43%oftheislandin1975to12%in2002asshowninaseriesofthreemapsinthisbook.

Chapter7(author:RobertaA.Lee)reviewsthetraditionalethnomedicalsystemofPohnpeithatensuredthehealthoflocalpeopleforcenturies,butnowisanendangeredartandscienceduetothedeclineinthenumberofknowledgeablepractitioners.Nevertheless,manyaspectsofcontemporaryethnomedicineinPohnpeihavebecomeintegratedwithmodernWesternmedicineandstillprovidesignificantvalueforthePohnpeianpeople,notonlyforenhancinghealthcareonthisremoteislandbutalsoasaforcesupportingtraditionalcultureaswellaspreservationofecologicalandbiologicaldiversity.

Chapter8(authors:14“Pohnpeianethnobotanists”withMichaelJ.Balick)isaverylengthycompilationofthelocalnamesandusesofplantspeciesthatreliedonoverapproximatelytenyearsoffieldworkonPohnpeiandaverythoroughreviewoftheliterature.Asnotedearlier,thischaptermakesupoverhalfofthislargebook.Althoughtheauthorsrefertothischapteras“alimitedintroductiontogeneralknowledgeaboutplantuseonPohnpei,”itiscertainlythemostextensiveethnobotanicalsurveyevercompletedforPohnpeioranyotherindividualislandinMicronesia,andthuswillserveasamajorresourceforethnobotanists,botanists,geographers,historians,anthropologistsandotherinterestedscholars.Theauthorspointoutthatthey“intentionallyavoidedcollectinginformationconsideredsecretorthatwouldnegativelyimpactaperson’spracticeasanethnomedicinespecialistbyreportingindetailontheirrecipesortechniques.”Fromthebeginningoftheirresearchproject,theauthorsreliedontheadviceandconsentoftraditionalleadersandknowledgeablePohnpeians,anddeliberatelyfocused“onwhatwasconsidered

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generalistknowledgebytheindividual,family,orcommunity,aswellascompileinformationfromtheavailableliterature.”Eventhoughmuchmoreethnobotanicalknowledgehasyettobedocumented,theauthors(localandforeign)werefortunatetohaveaccesstomanyfamilyrecordbooksprovidingtraditionalplantuseinformationandinturnhaveencouragedlocalpeople“tobeginsuchrecordkeeping,intendedforfuturegenerations.”ItneedstobenotedthatinitspresentformnoneoftheplantsincludedinChapter8havereferencetotheirlifeform(e.g.,tree,shrub,vine,herb)andalllackabriefbotanicaldescription.Thismakesitsomewhatdifficultforthenon-Pohnpeianoreventhetrainedbotanistorothernaturalscientiststoknowmuchaboutthebasicbotanyandecologyofthesespecies.Asecondeditionshoulddefinitelyaddressthisissue;however,Iassumethattheauthorsdecidedtoleaveouttheseaspectsofeachplantbecauseofthelargesizeandheavyweightofthebookeveninitspresenteditionasapaperback.Iwillreturntotheissueoflengthandmassofthisvolumeafterabriefdescriptionofthefinalchapter.

Chapter9(authors:DavidH.LorenceandTimothyFlynn)providesa“preliminarychecklistofthenativeandintroducedflora,”whichtheauthorsrefertoasoffering“thefoundationforaproperunderstandingoftheplant-basedknowledgeandpracticesofPohnpei.”Eachofthevascularspecieslistedinthischapterisannotatedwithinformationindicatingtheoriginoftheplant;inotherwordswhetherthespeciesisendemic,indigenous(nativebutnotuniquetoPohnpei),orintroduced,andinthecaseofthealienspecies,“whererelevant,”thelevelofinvasivethreatofthoseplantstothenativeislandflora.ThischapterprovidesthemostcomprehensivetaxonomicaccountoftheplantsofPohnpei,andthussupersedestheonlyotherflora(Glassman1952)withamajorupdateandexpansionofbotanicalclassificationfortheisland.TheauthorspointoutthattheruggedterrainofmuchofPohnpeihasyettobefullyexploredbybotanistsandthatfuturediscoveriesofnewspeciespresentoftheislandwillbediscoveredandrecorded;theyalsonotetheunfortunatelossofmuchnaturehabitatinrecenttimesduetotheexpansionofkavacultivationintotheremainingnativerainforestanditsconsequencesforthenativevegetationandwildlife(alsoseeMerlinandRaynor2004,2005).Inanycase,thischapterwillserveasakeyreferenceforbotanistsinterestedinPohnpeiandothertropicalPacifichighislands.

Iamoftheopinionthatchapters8and9mighthavebeenbetterkeptseparateasasecondvolumeinatwobookset.Isuggestthisbecauseoftheliterallygreatweightofthisbook,eveninitspaperbackform.Withitsalmost600totalpagesitiscumbersometoreadcomfortablywithoutasupportingplatform.Butwithsuchapropthevolumebecomesaveryusefulresourcereference.Nevertheless,inanyfutureeditionswhichmayfollowthesameonevolumeformatorseparatechapters8and9asasecondcompanionvolume,eachoftheplantsdescribedinchapter8should

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havereferencetotheirlifeform(e.g.,tree,shrub,vine,herb)andincludeabriefbotanicalandecologicaldescriptionwhichislackingandmakesitsomewhatdifficultforthenon-PohnpeianandperhapsmanyPohnpeianslivingonPohnpeiorabroadtoknowmuchaboutthebasicbotanyofthesespecies.Ontheotherhand,whenthis300pluspagechapterisincludedwiththerestofthebook,increasingitslengthwithadditionalbiologicalinformationwouldonlyincreasetheliteralloadwithwhichthereaderhastodeal;thisunderscoresmysuggestionthatanysubsequenteditionconsideratwovolumesetseparatingthelasttwochaptersfromthesubsequentones.Itshouldalsobenotedthatthisbook,initspresentform,includesalargenumberandfinearrayofphotographsthatgreatlyenhanceitspresentationandcontent.Indeed,thelushsetofillustrationsisoneofseveralhighlightsofthisbook.

Insum,Ethnobotany of Pohnpeiisthefirstmajorliteraryproductofthe“PlantsandPeopleofMicronesiaProject”underthethoughtfuldirectionofMichaelBalick,oneofthescientificleadersofmodernethnobotanyandastrongadvocateofethicalresearchmethodologyandbiologicalandculturaldiversityconservation.Thisinformation-richvolume,astheauthorsargue,willbeavaluableresourcefor“manyconstituenciesincludingthoseworkinginscience,culture,conservation,resourcemanagement,publichealth,andeducation.”Icertainlyhopeso.Ialsoanticipatethatthisbookwillserveasanoutstandingmodelforotherindepth,regionalethnobotanicalstudiesinthefuture,andthatwillbeequallyscientificallyandculturallysensitive.IdowanttorepeatmysuggestionthattheauthorsandpublisherconsidersubsequentprintingsasatwovolumemasterpiececompendiumofplantandpeoplerelationshipsofaremoteMicronesianhighvolcanicisland.ThiswouldmostlikelyincreasetheuseofthisremarkableworkandfacilitateitsapplicationsforthepeopleofPohnpeiandthevariousscholarsandscientistswhostudyethnobotany.Inanycase,ifthisisnotfinanciallyfeasible,anebookversionwouldcertainlyfacilitatetheavailabilityofthisfinecompendium.Readersshouldnotethatthe$28.00paperbackcostisveryreasonableforavolumeofthislengthcontainingsomanycolorphotographs.

References

Glassman,S.F.1952.The flora of Micronesia.BishopMuseumBulletinNo.209.Honolulu,HI;152pp.

FrancisX.Hezel,1995.Strangers in their own Land: a century of colonial rule in the Caroline and Marshall Islands.UniversityofHawai‘iPress,Honolulu.

Lebot,V.,Merlin,M.,andM.Lindstrom.1997.Kava: The Pacific Elixir.InnerTraditions,Rochester,VT,[paperbackeditionoftheoriginaluniversitypresshardbackedition,listedbelow].

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Lebot,V.,Merlin,M.,andM.Lindstrom.1992.Kava: The Pacific Drug.YaleUniversityPress,NewHavenandLondon.255pp.

Merlin,M.,Capelle,A.,Keene,T.,Juvik,J.,andJ.Maragos.1997(2nded.1sted.1992)KeinikkanImMelanAelonKein:PlantsandEnvironmentsofTheMarshallIslands.Program on Environment,East-WestCenter,Honolulu,Hawai‘i,110pp.

Merlin,M.andJ.Juvik.1996.Irá me Neeniier nón Chuuk:PlantsandtheirEnvironmentsinChuuk.Program on Environment,East-WestCenter,Honolulu,Hawai‘i,121pp.

Merlin,M.andT.Keene.1990.Dellomel er a Belau: Plants of Belau.EnvironmentandPolicyInstitute,EastWestCenter,Honolulu,Hawai‘i,60pp.

Merlin,M.,Kugfas,A.,Keene,T.andJ.Juvik.1996.Gidii Nge Nu Wa‘ab: Plants, People and Ecology in Yap State.ProgramonEnvironment,East-WestCenter,Honolulu,Hawai‘i,121pp.

Merlin,M.andW.Raynor.2004.“ModernUseandEnvironmentalImpactoftheKavaPlantinRemoteOceania.”In:M.Steinberg,J.HobbsandK.Mathewson(eds.).Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,Chapter12,pp.274-293.

Merlin,M.andW.Raynor.2005.“KavaCultivationandIntegratedWatershedResourceManagementonPohnpeiIsland.”Pacific Science.59(2):241-260.

Merlin,M.,Taulung,R.andJ.Juvik.1993.Sahk Kap Ac Kain In Acn Kosrae: Plants and Environments of Kosrae.ProgramonEnvironment,East-WestCenter,Honolulu,Hawai‘i,113pp.

MarkMerlin UniversityofHawai‘iatManoa

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JamesBeattie,Empire and Environmental Anxiety: Health, Science, Art and Conservation in South Asia and Australasia 1800-1920[CambridgeImperialandPost-ColonialStudies],Basingstoke:PalgraveMacMillan,2011,Pp.312.24B&WFiguresand1Table.US$85.00ISBN0230553206and978-0230553200.

JamesBeattie’sbookisbothahistoryandanofferingtoourpresentenvironmentalcrisis.Inour“timeofincreasingenvironmentalanxiety,”heargues,weneedtounderstanditsoriginsin“theexperienceofempire”(p.214).

Thescopeofthisbookisdefinedbyempire,ratherthanenvironment.India,theAustraliancoloniesandNewZealandwereconnectedbymultipleimperialexchanges,anditisthesethathavedefinedBeattie’simaginedtrans-nationalplace.SouthAsiaandAustralasiawerealsoconnectedbiogeographicallyandintravelwritings(forexamplethoseofAlfredRusselWallace)viatheIndianarchipelago(includingpresentdayMalaysiaandIndonesia),buttheseenvironmentswerenotsomuchsourcesfor‘imperial’stories,whichoftenfocusonforestry,medicineandplanningforBritishsettlersocieties.PerhapstheDutchEastIndieswasarathertoodifferentempiretobepartofthecomparisonBeattiecreates?Orperhaps,ratherthecomparablelessonsoftheBritishEastIndiacompanyhavenotbecomethe“environmentalhistory”ofourownera,adisciplinesomewhatbiasedto“seeinglikeastate”(inJamesScott’sterms),andseldomlikeacorporation.

Beattie’simportantcontributionistoofferasynthesisoftheliteraturein“environmental”historywiththatoftraditionalimperialhistory.RichardGrove,oneofthesourceshedrawsonextensivelyinhischapteronScottish-trained doctors, environmental anxieties and Imperial development 1780s–1870s,wasapioneerofimperial/environmentalhistory,andBeattieacknowledgesthislegacy.AdecadeandahalfonfromGrove’sGreen Imperialism,itisgoodtorevisittheconnections,andBeattieaddsmuchfromtherapidlyexpandinghistoriographyoftheenvironmenttothisconfluenceoffields,particularlyinhisopeningchapter,whichisaveryextended

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literaturereviewofrecentdevelopmentsinenvironmentalhistory.Nonetheless,Beattie’sdefinitionofsourcesandissuesisfirmlyimperial:itisthesettlercolonies–theplacesthathavebecomethebigcitiesofAustralasia,andkeyimperialsitesinIndialikeOotacamund(nowUdhagamandalum),andother‘hillstations’–thatframehisargumentsabout‘environmentalanxiety.’

Beattie’sNewZealandoriginsgivehimanoriginalperspectiveonissuessuchasforestry,sanddriftandhealth.Wheresanddriftdiscussions,forinstance,usuallyconcerninteriorhotplaces(India,desertAustralia,andSouthAfrica),thefactthatsanddriftwasaproblemfortemperateNewZealandwasnewforme.NewZealand’smajor‘SandDrift’legislationof1903wasaboutthelossofagricultureandevenforestrylandstosanddriftsasdenudeddunesmovedinlandfromthesea.WesternAustraliaandtheCapeColonyalsohadthissortoferosion,butitwasinterestingtoseetheerosionofSouthAustralia’sinteriorandthePunjabcoupledwiththatofChristchurchpeninsulaandDunedin.Inparticular,thevividimageoftheChristchurchpineplantationchokedbysand(Fig7.7)remindedmeofsimilarissuesinMtGambierinaslightlylaterperiod–yetintheAustraliancontext,coastalerosionwasnottreatedbythesame‘experts’asinteriorsanddrift.This‘transnational’approachhasthepotentialtoopenupnewparallelsevenwithinthenationscompared.

Thestrongestnewmaterialinthisbook,inmyview,concernsurbanplanningandcityplanting.TheAustralianeucalyptwasexchangedasacureforunhealthymiasmas,redeemingcityparksandgreenspaces,andbecomingpartofthe‘ozone-producing’greenareasplantedintoNewZealandtownsandcitiesinthe19thcentury(p.65).TheywerealsousedinIndiaasadefenseagainstfevers.Oftenenvironmentalhistoriesignoretheurban–orareexclusivelyaboutonecity–butinEmpire and Environmental Anxiety,urbanenvironmentsarejustpartof‘theimperialenvironments’undercomparison.CitiesarenotjustpartofthechapteronImperialHealth,butalsotheoneonColonialAestheticAnxieties,andreappearthroughout.AlthoughAustraliansourcesonagriculturaldevelopmentandforestrytypicallyignorecities,thesmallerscale,andtheinterminglingofcityandcountryinNewZealanddemandsarapprochementandBeattieusesthistooffernewinsightsforplacesbeyondhishomeland.

Thetwo‘empires’thatBeattieexaminesclosely,theempireofScottishmedicine,andtheempireofGermanforestry,arebothimportantelementsunderthebiggerBritishEmpireumbrella,butdeservetheseparatetreatmentthatthesetwochaptersoffer.ThereismuchtoreflectonincomparingthewayimperialmastersmappedthemselvesontotheverydifferentecologicalcanvasesofAustralia,New

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ZealandandIndia.‘Anxiety’isanebulousconcept–verydifferentindifferentplacesandtimes,butitselasticityenablestherevelationofsomeintriguingcomparisonsinEmpire and Environmental Anxiety.

LibbyRobin AustralianNationalUniversity/National MuseumofAustralia,CanberraandRoyalInstitute ofTechnology(KTH),Stockholm

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