The Outside Interests of the Cultural Elite Dave Griffiths University Of Manchester/CRESC

The Outside Interests of The Outside Interests of the Cultural Elitethe Cultural Elite

Dave GriffithsDave Griffiths

University Of University Of Manchester/CRESCManchester/CRESC

Elite studiesElite studies

History of the social elite largely history of History of the social elite largely history of their financial structurestheir financial structures

Elite controls more than economic climateElite controls more than economic climate Similar groups sitting in all top public Similar groups sitting in all top public

positionspositions Cultural positions are hives of elite Cultural positions are hives of elite

activityactivity Influence of cultural producers places Influence of cultural producers places

them at centre of bourgeois powerthem at centre of bourgeois power

Types of capitalTypes of capital

Social Capital – Social Capital – associations and associations and networks with individuals and networks with individuals and institutionsinstitutions

Cultural Capital – Cultural Capital – knowledge of cultural knowledge of cultural practices and normspractices and norms

Economic Capital – Economic Capital – ownership of cash, ownership of cash, property or other economical positionproperty or other economical position

Symbolic Capital – Symbolic Capital – reputation, skills and reputation, skills and expertise respected by othersexpertise respected by others

Cultural capitalCultural capital

Different capitals unlock different doorsDifferent capitals unlock different doors Cultural capital is difficult to attainCultural capital is difficult to attain US emerging elites buy positions on US emerging elites buy positions on

cultural boards to gain cultural capital cultural boards to gain cultural capital (Ostrower: 1995)(Ostrower: 1995)

In the UK, cultural boards are public In the UK, cultural boards are public boards, so acceptance cannot be boughtboards, so acceptance cannot be bought

DatasetDataset

Department of Media, Culture and Department of Media, Culture and Sport (DCMS) executive quangosSport (DCMS) executive quangos

45 agencies employing 15,000 45 agencies employing 15,000 individuals and spending £1.2 billion a individuals and spending £1.2 billion a year year (2005/06)(2005/06)

Address all forms of UK culture from Address all forms of UK culture from museums and galleries, regional cultural museums and galleries, regional cultural agencies, public access to literature and agencies, public access to literature and music, sports, films, architecture and music, sports, films, architecture and heritage – even drinking and gamblingheritage – even drinking and gambling

MuseumMuseums s (London (London based) based)

British Library; British Museum; Geffrye Museum; British Library; British Museum; Geffrye Museum; Horniman Museum; Imperial War Museum; Museum of Horniman Museum; Imperial War Museum; Museum of London; National Gallery London; National Maritime London; National Gallery London; National Maritime Museum; National Museum of Science and Industry; Museum; National Museum of Science and Industry; National Portrait Gallery; Natural History Museum; Sir National Portrait Gallery; Natural History Museum; Sir John Soane’s Museum; Tate; Victoria and Albert John Soane’s Museum; Tate; Victoria and Albert Museum; Wallace CollectionMuseum; Wallace Collection

National National boardsboards

Alcohol Education and Research Council; Arts Council Alcohol Education and Research Council; Arts Council England; Big Lottery Fund; Churches Conservation England; Big Lottery Fund; Churches Conservation Trust; Commission for Architecture and the Built Trust; Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment; English Heritage; Football Licensing Environment; English Heritage; Football Licensing Authority; Gambling Commission; Heritage Lottery Authority; Gambling Commission; Heritage Lottery Fund; Horseracing Betting Levy Board; Museums, Fund; Horseracing Betting Levy Board; Museums, Libraries and Archives Commission; National Libraries and Archives Commission; National Endowment of Science, Technology and the Arts; Endowment of Science, Technology and the Arts; National Lottery Commission; Olympic Lottery National Lottery Commission; Olympic Lottery Distributor; Public Lending Right; Sport England; UK Distributor; Public Lending Right; Sport England; UK Film Council; UK Sport; VisitBritainFilm Council; UK Sport; VisitBritain

RegionalRegional

bodies bodies

Culture East Midlands; Culture North East; Culture Culture East Midlands; Culture North East; Culture North West; Culture South East; Culture South West; North West; Culture South East; Culture South West; Culture West Midlands; Living East; Museum of Culture West Midlands; Living East; Museum of Science and Industry Manchester; National Museums Science and Industry Manchester; National Museums Liverpool; Royal Armouries; Yorkshire CultureLiverpool; Royal Armouries; Yorkshire Culture

SampleSample

767 individuals767 individuals 63% male, average age 5863% male, average age 58 Over 11,000 pieces of informationOver 11,000 pieces of information Collected from April 2006 to January Collected from April 2006 to January

20072007

Press releases, websites, annual reports, Press releases, websites, annual reports, registers of members’ interests, registers of members’ interests, Who’s Who’s WhoWho,, Debrett’s People of Today Debrett’s People of Today … …

DCMS networkDCMS network

Charities networkCharities network

Private member clubsPrivate member clubs

Quango directorshipsQuango directorships

Embeddedness valuesEmbeddedness values

Closeness Centrality Closeness Centrality (how many steps a board is from all others)(how many steps a board is from all others)

multiplied bymultiplied by

Betweenness Centrality Betweenness Centrality (how many other shortest paths pass through it)(how many other shortest paths pass through it)

Produces an Produces an embeddedness valueembeddedness value of between 0 of between 0 and 1.and 1.

These values have been averaged out for each type of quango, These values have been averaged out for each type of quango, and multiplied by 1,000 for display purposes.and multiplied by 1,000 for display purposes.

Outliers, or those with no betweenness, have a value of 0.Outliers, or those with no betweenness, have a value of 0.

AverageAverage LondonLondon UK-wideUK-wide RegionalRegional

Quango advisorQuango advisor 19.0319.03 12.2812.28 32.9632.96 5.185.18

Educational linksEducational links 11.3411.34 15.8515.85 10.9310.93 9.619.61

School attendedSchool attended 10.0010.00 15.7715.77 6.866.86 1.221.22

Educational boardsEducational boards 9.829.82 13.3713.37 10.4510.45 1.961.96

Previous quangosPrevious quangos 8.778.77 11.5311.53 10.9610.96 1.061.06

Honorary degreesHonorary degrees 8.608.60 20.2620.26 7.377.37 2.542.54

University attendedUniversity attended 8.108.10 11.7611.76 6.216.21 5.135.13

Private member clubsPrivate member clubs 7.297.29 15.9715.97 3.883.88 1.391.39

CharitiesCharities 7.297.29 10.2110.21 8.048.04 1.031.03

QuangosQuangos 4.914.91 9.389.38 3.673.67 1.051.05

EmployerEmployer 4.594.59 6.606.60 3.233.23 5.275.27

DCMS NetworkDCMS Network 3.233.23 6.606.60 3.233.23 5.275.27

ShareholdingsShareholdings 3.063.06 3.403.40 3.993.99 0.000.00

Affiliations to professional bodiesAffiliations to professional bodies 3.023.02 4.154.15 2.772.77 1.201.20

Social organisationsSocial organisations 2.652.65 4.614.61 4.034.03 0.470.47

Boards of professional bodiesBoards of professional bodies 2.362.36 4.004.00 0.110.11 0.320.32

Corporate advisorCorporate advisor 0.130.13 0.200.20 0.070.07 0.250.25

Editorial boardsEditorial boards 0.070.07 0.110.11 0.080.08 0.000.00

Visiting professorshipsVisiting professorships 0.050.05 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.230.23

DirectorshipsDirectorships 0.010.01 0.020.02 0.010.01 0.000.00











QuangosQuangos 4.914.91 9.389.38 3.673.67 1.051.05












QuangosQuangos 4.914.91 9.389.38 3.673.67 1.051.05


Organisational differencesOrganisational differences

Regional organisations utilise social Regional organisations utilise social capital to generate cultural capitalcapital to generate cultural capital

National organisations utilise cultural National organisations utilise cultural capital to generate social capitalcapital to generate social capital

London museums utilise cultural London museums utilise cultural capital to generate social and capital to generate social and cultural capitalcultural capital

Culture West Midlands’ social Culture West Midlands’ social capitalcapital

Albion EmsembleAlbion Emsemble alissaliss Artix Arts Centre – BromsgroveArtix Arts Centre – Bromsgrove Association of European Association of European

ConservatoiresConservatoires Belmont Arts Centre – ShropshireBelmont Arts Centre – Shropshire Birmingham Arts Marketing Birmingham Arts Marketing (2)(2) Birmingham Association of Youth Birmingham Association of Youth

ClubsClubs Birmingham ConservatoriesBirmingham Conservatories Birmingham Educational Arts Birmingham Educational Arts

ForumForum Birmingham HippodromeBirmingham Hippodrome Birmingham Royal BalletBirmingham Royal Ballet Black Country TouringBlack Country Touring British Double Reed SocietyBritish Double Reed Society ConnexionsConnexions John Fenny Charitable TrustJohn Fenny Charitable Trust Herefordshire Cultural Herefordshire Cultural

ConsortiumConsortium

Local Government Association Local Government Association mac mac (2)(2) Millennium Point TrustMillennium Point Trust Motionhouse Dance TheatreMotionhouse Dance Theatre Music Educational CouncilMusic Educational Council National Association of Youth National Association of Youth

OrchestrasOrchestras National TrustNational Trust New Victoria TheatreNew Victoria Theatre Sound FuturesSound Futures Symphony Hall BirminghamSymphony Hall Birmingham Total Theatre NetworkTotal Theatre Network Tourism West MidlandsTourism West Midlands Trans Europe HallesTrans Europe Halles Warwick Arts CentreWarwick Arts Centre West Midlands Historic West Midlands Historic

Environment ForumEnvironment Forum West Midlands LifeWest Midlands Life

AERC’s social capitalAERC’s social capital

Alcohol ConcernAlcohol Concern Centre for Information on Beverage AlcoholCentre for Information on Beverage Alcohol Chinese National Healthy Eating Living CentreChinese National Healthy Eating Living Centre Diaego FoundationDiaego Foundation International Agency on Tobacco and HealthInternational Agency on Tobacco and Health International Cochrane CollaborationInternational Cochrane Collaboration Royal Colleges of the Physician of the UK (Public Health Royal Colleges of the Physician of the UK (Public Health

Faculty)Faculty) Motivational Interviewing Trainers InternationalMotivational Interviewing Trainers International National Heart ForumNational Heart Forum Portland GroupPortland Group TACADETACADE

Natural History Museum’s social Natural History Museum’s social capitalcapital

2121stst Century Tiger Century Tiger British Ecological Society (2)British Ecological Society (2) Buckinghamshire FoundationBuckinghamshire Foundation Campaign for Science and Campaign for Science and

EngineeringEngineering Central & Cecil Housing TrustCentral & Cecil Housing Trust Darwin TrustDarwin Trust Dolphin Square Charitable TrustDolphin Square Charitable Trust Earth CentreEarth Centre Environmental Advice CentreEnvironmental Advice Centre EURISYEURISY Friends of Arundel Cricket ClubFriends of Arundel Cricket Club Gardens Pension Trustees LimitedGardens Pension Trustees Limited Helmholtz Gemeinschaft – GermanyHelmholtz Gemeinschaft – Germany Intellectual Property Bar AssociationIntellectual Property Bar Association International Fellowship CommitteeInternational Fellowship Committee Italgas Prize for Energy and Italgas Prize for Energy and

EnvironmentEnvironment IUCN Species Survival CommissionIUCN Species Survival Commission Kennedy Memorial FundKennedy Memorial Fund London FirstLondon First

MacMillan Trust ObservatoryMacMillan Trust Observatory MCCMCC National Botanical Garden of WalesNational Botanical Garden of Wales New West End CompanyNew West End Company River and Rowing Museum – Henley-River and Rowing Museum – Henley-

on-Thameson-Thames Royal Albert HallRoyal Albert Hall Royal Botanical Garden – EdinburghRoyal Botanical Garden – Edinburgh Royal Sun Alliance West End BoardRoyal Sun Alliance West End Board Royal United Services InstituteRoyal United Services Institute St Andrews PrizeSt Andrews Prize St-Martins-in-the-FieldSt-Martins-in-the-Field Shaw TrustShaw Trust UK-China 21UK-China 21stst Century Group Century Group Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust West End CommissionWest End Commission Wildscreen TrustWildscreen Trust Windsor Leadership TrustWindsor Leadership Trust WorkAid LtdWorkAid Ltd

ConclusionsConclusions Social position is important for London’s Social position is important for London’s

museumsmuseums Social positions are important for national Social positions are important for national

bodiesbodies Social capital is important for regional Social capital is important for regional

bodiesbodies National institutions are not overly ‘national’National institutions are not overly ‘national’ Are UK museums less democratic than Are UK museums less democratic than

their US counterparts?their US counterparts?

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Documents

The Outside Interests of the Cultural Elite Dave Griffiths University Of Manchester/CRESC