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John Bowlby(1907-1990)
CambridgeUniversity:
Medical training
Third grade:Developmental
psychology
After graduation:Experiences with
24 maladjusted children(two of them)
John Bowlby(1907-1990)
After voluntary service:British Psychoanalytic
training& London ChildGuidance Clinic:
Systematic study of 44Juvenile thieves
Maternal separation and loss
Theory building
After World War II:Tavistock Clinic
(1945-1972):Maternal separation & loss and children’s personality
Theory building
Research team(1948):Robertson:
(observations of young childrenShortly separated from mother:
detachment )Ainsworth et al.
Mary Ainsworth(1913- )
Theory building John Bowlby
AttachmentTheory:
Attachment:characteristicsDevelopment:development
Internal working model(AAI)
Question 1:
1.PsychoanalyticTheory:
inner libido Feeding
early experiences
2.Learning theory:feeding
drive reduction
(Introduced by Huxley)3.Ethological Perspectives:
Lorenz et al. (imprinting)Harlow (contact comfort)
Evolution,Survival
Survival function
4.General system Theory:
Goal directed systemattachment behavioral
System system
5.Cognitive developmental theory:
RepresentationsInternal working model
6.Own observations And studies
Mary Ainsworth(1913- ) Theory building
PhD. Training(1936-1939) with Blatz in Canada:
security theorySecure base
Moves to London(1950):Tavistock clinic
Uganda research(1953/1954):Observations of interactions
& interviews of 28 pairs of mother-Child (9 months)
Attachment patterns:Secure, insecure,
UnattachedFactors influencing attachment patterns
Baltimore research(1962):Home observations1963/1964:15 Pairs
1966/67: 11 pairs moreStrange situationStrange situation
Attachment patternsThe quality of attachment
MainMary MainQuestion 2
early experiences
affectional bond With parents attachment theory departs from theories
of object relations is that maintenance of relations not because of ego instincts rather than survival.
Theory building
Survival function Attachment represents the infant’s
chief mechanism for ensuring survival and continually active.
This continual monitoring cannot always be conscious.
The formation of an attachment to a specified individual signals a qualitative change in infant behavioral organization.
Theory building
attachment behavioral system
1. Maintenance of proximity2. Behavioral patterns having the
predictable outcome of increasing proximity between infant and caregiver are instinctively guided but environmentally influenced control system
next page
3. Attachment behaviors is to be activated , modulated, and terminated by changes originating in the internal or external environment (threaten separation,
actual separation, and reunion), and these changes are held responsible for the strongest emotions.
Theory building
The development of attachment
Phase of undiscriminating social response (1-2 months)
Phase of discriminating sociability (2-7 months)
Attachment: proximity-seeking phase (7-24 months)
Phase of goal-corrected partnership (24 months--)
Theory building
Internal working model
individual differences in attachment organization move to the level of representation
Representations of self, others, and the relationship
Theory building
Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) Structured, hour long, semiclinical interview Ss are asked for five adjectives to describe their
relationship to each parent during childhood and are then asked for memories that support each adjective.
Ss are asked whether they felt closer to one parent and why;
whether they had ever felt rejected; whether parents had been threatening or
abusive; why parents may have behaved as they
did; and how these experiences may have
affected the development of their personality.
Ss are also asked about any major loss experiences.
Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
Quality Be truthful and have evidence for what you say
quantity Be succinct, yet complete
relation Be relevant, or perspicacious
manner Be clear and orderly
Theory building
Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
Quality quantity relation manner
Autonomous (F) Dismissing (D) highly
positive description
Excessively
succinct Internal contradiction
Preoccupied (E) Excessively
long Providing discussions of recent interactions
Use of psychological jargon, nonsense word, childlike speech,
Unresolved (U) memories triggered by the discussion of traumatic
Theory building
Question 1:
Attachment and relationship? Attachment : behavior and internal
working model?
attachment and relationships
Strange situation
1.mother, baby and observer2.mother, baby3.stranger, mother, baby4.stranger, baby5.mother, baby6.baby7.stranger, baby8.mother, baby Mary Ainsworth
Question 2
Strange situation 測量什麼? Attachment patterns and strange situatio
n 之間的關係
The quality of attachment
Ainsworth:The quality of attachment Questions and discussions
Secure(B) Avoidant (A) Ambivalent/preoccupied (C)
A1:highlyA2:moderate
(C1):Angry
(C2): Passive
Exploration while mother aside(secure base)
Actively explore
Explore without affect
Seek mother then proximity with angry expressionFretful return to mother frequently
Sit by mother, incompetent to approach
separation distress No distress Great distress
Respond to stranger
Can’t console by the stranger
No distress Angry toward the stranger
Fearful
reunion happy No response ambivalent
Mother-child interaction
Sensitive and responsive
rejection Unpredictable, discourage of autonomy, insensitive, highly invested in mothering
Ainsworth
Mary Main: disorganized/disoriented attachment (D)
Sequential display of contradictory behavior patterns (strong attachment behavior and then avoidant)
Simultaneous display of contradictory behavior patterns Undirected (strike parent’s face), misdirected(greeting str
anger while reunion with parent), incomplete, and interrupted movements and expressions (crying loudly while stranger leave-taking)
Stereotypies, asymmetrical movements, mistimed movements, and anomalous postures (rocking, ear- pulling)
Freezing stilling, and slowed movements and expressions
Direct indicators of apprehension regarding the parent (fear of the parent)
Direct indicators of disorganization or disorientation
Interaction: infant has been alarmed by the parent (frightening or frightened parental behavior: parental dissociated experience of loss)
Mary Ainsworth
characteristics of attachment 1.proximity seeking 2.secure base effect 3.separation protest 4. elicitation by threat 5.specificity of attachment figure 6.inaccessibility to conscious control 7.persistence 8.insensitivity to experience with the
attachment figure
attachment
attachment and relationships
(1) affectional bonds are not synonymous with relationships
relationships Affectional bonds
dyadic dyadic IndividualInternal representation
Time for maintenance
Long-lived or fleeting Long-lasting
interactions Total history of their interactions
Some components are relevant, some are not, for example, caregiving not playing with the child is relevant to attachment
provisions
(2) provisions for various relationships Mary Ainsworth
relationship provisions
attachment security
Social network Shared interpretation of experience
caregiving Being needed and giving nurturance
Colleagues, families for some people A sense of worth
kin alliance
Other guidance
attachment
Bowlby: separation and deprivation
Ainsworth: secure base
maintain proximity, distress upon inexplicable separation, pleasure or joy upon reunion, and grief at loss
Security
Exploration, separation and reunion
Theory building
Questions and discussions
Are there attachments during adult life?
What are the similarities and differences between childhood attachment and adulthood attachment?
Terms Attachment Attachment behavior Attachment patterns for : Infant and children Adult Strange situation Adult attachment interview Internal working model Representation