The Organization of Matter Matter

Mixtures:a) Homogeneous (Solutions)b) Heterogeneous

Pure Substances

Compounds Elements

Atoms

Nucleus Electrons

Protons Neutrons

Quarks Quarks

Basic Building Blocks of Matter…

The most fundamental parts of matter are atoms and molecules, which make up elements and compounds

Atom – the smallest unit of an element that has all the properties of that element

Element – a pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Compound – a substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded

Molecule – the smallest unit of an element or compound that retains all the properties of that element or compound

Classification of Matter…

Matter is classified according to how it is organized

Matter is complex and has different levels of organization:MixturesPure substances

Mixtures…

Most of the matter around us consists of mixtures of pure substances

Mixture – consists of materials with variable compositions

Two types of mixturesHomogeneousheterogeneous

Homogeneous mixture…

Homogeneous mixture – having visibly (to the naked eye) indistinguishable parts

Has one phase presentIt also called a solutionThere are two parts of a solution

1. the solute – the part that is dissolved2. the solvent – the part that does the dissolving

WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT!!

Alloy…

A homogeneous mixture of metallic elements with one solid phase

Alloy Problems…Conversion of Total Mass to Mass

of a Component

Manganese steel is very strong and finds use as railroad rails. It is composed of 86.0% iron, 13.0% manganese, 1.0% carbon. What is the mass of each of the three elements in a 254-kg sample of manganese steel?

One more try…

A sample of brass is composed of 72% copper and the remainder zinc. What mass of brass can be made from 25-kg of zinc?

Bell Ringer…

1. Describe a homeogeneous mixture2. Why is water known as the universal

solvent?3. Give 2 types of a pure substance4. What is an alloy?

Examples of solutions…

Air – a gaseous mixture of various gasesBrass – a solid mixture of various metalsIced Tea – a liquid mixture of various

materials

Heterogeneous mixtures…

Heterogeneous mixture – having visibly distinguishable parts

Can usually be separated into two or more homogeneous mixtures or pure substances

Has 2 or more phases present

Examples of heterogeneous mixtures…

Sand and waterIced tea and ice cubesPepperoni pizza

Pure substances…

Mixtures can be separated into pure substances by physical methods

Pure substance – contains materials with a constant composition, such as compounds and elements

Have a definite composition and definite unchanging properties (both chemical and physical)

Classify the following as a mixture or a pure

substance

Salt waterSmogWater10 karat goldSugarDiamondCoffeeChex mixChef Salad

Phase Differences

Solid – definite volume and shape; particles packed in fixed positions.Liquid – definite volume but indefinite shape; particles close together but not in fixed positionsGas – neither definite volume nor definite shape; particles are at great distances from one anotherPlasma – high temperature, ionized phase of matter as found on the sun.

Properties of Matter

Volume

MassEnergy Content (think Calories!)

Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter that is present.

Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter present.

Melting point

Boiling point

Density

Separation of a Mixture

The constituents of the mixture retain their identity and may be separated by physical means.

Separation of a Mixture

The components of dyes such as ink may be separated by paper chromatography.

Separation of a Mixture by Distillation

Separation of a CompoundThe Electrolysis of water

Water Hydrogen + Oxygen

2 H2O 2 H2 + O2

Reactant Products

Compounds must be separated by chemical means.

With the application of electricity, water can be separated into its elements