The Old World’s Fascination with Abnormality:

• Trephining/Trepanning

Evidence of trephining found all over the ancient world:•Ancient Egypt•Far and Middle East•India•Aztecs, Inca•Brazilian tribes•South Seas•North and Equatorial Africa

Medieval thru Renaissance

• Emergence of science

• Emergence of humanism– Thinking transitioned from god/spirit centered

to human centered

• Grünewald’s The Temptation of St. Anthony

• Human qualities of temptation and evil

John Locke 1632-1704

• Empiricism – Knowledge based on sensations and

reflection

• Tabula Rasa argues _________ over ___________

Charles Darwin

• The Origin of Species– Diversity of life thru proposed evolutionary

processes

• Natural Selection - ?

When Did Psychological Science Begin?

• 1879 – University of Leipzig, Germany

• Wilhelm Wundt –

Edward Titchener

• Student of Wundt

• Introduced structuralism

Issues with STRUCTURALISM

• Requires smart verbal people (bias?)• Unreliable because results, like

experiences, vary from person to person– No way to standardize it

• People’s recollections of actual events frequently err– Boston Massacre

William James

• Consider the functions of our feelings and thoughts

• Functionalism: • Heavily influenced by Darwin (adaptive nature of

functionalism)• Responsible for introducing psychology to the

educated public (bias?)

William James 1842-1943

Add to your notes his famous work:

Principles of Psychology

Mary Whiton Calkins

• Interesting sociological story

• Early female psychology pioneer– Refused PhD

• First APA female president - 1905

Margaret Floy Washburn

• First PhD in psychology held by a woman

• Second female to become APA president

Beverly Inez Prosser

• First African American woman PhD

• Feminist theory

How Psychological Science has Developed

• Early Days – Wundt, Titchener, James

• Transition to Freud– 1920’s psych = mental life

1920-1960’s

• Shift from mental to behavior focused

• Record rates of how people’s behavior changes as they respond to different situations

• Watson, Skinner

1880’s-1950’s

Age of the LobotomyAge of the Lobotomy

Humanistic Psychology

• Around the same time – humanistic psych will rebel against Freudian psychology and behaviorism

• Humanistic psychology: – Rogers, Maslow

1960’s – The Cognitive Revolution

• Cognitive Neuroscience – study of brain activity linked with mental activity– Perception, thinking, memory, language

• Hugely important to treatment and understanding new ways to treat things like depression, OCD, etc

What is Psychology?

• There are fads, shifts, and transitions with no clear defined sense of science as it is ever changing

• Loosely – psychology can be defined as: the science of behavior AND mental processes

Max Wertheimer 1842-1910

• Gestalt Psychology (gestalt =German for a form or a whole)

Names and Famous Milestones to Know

• Galileo – method of inquiry (transition to human-centered)

• Broca – French, discovers left area of frontal lobe in charge of language (called Broca’s area)

• G Stanley Hall – adolescence• Hermann Ebbinghaus – forgetting curve/memory• Titchener – structuralism (introspection)• Sigmund Freud – psychoanalysis• Wertheimer and Koffka – Gestalists• Galen – first biochemist in the field• Ivan Pavlov – conditioning (dog drool)• Watson - behaviorist

Approaches to Psychology:The Big 5

Psych

odynamic

Hum

anis

t

Cognit

iveBiolo

gica

l

Beh

avio

ral

Two newer approaches:6. Sociocultural7. Evolutionary/sociobiological

Approaches to Psychology

• Why do people do that?

• Why do people behave that way?

These are the 2 questions we are going to be answering per approach… keep them in mind!

BIOLOGICAL/NEUROBIOLOGICAL

• Brain, body, genetics

Answer:

GENETIC-BEHAVIORAL

• Within groups, what is nature and what is nurture

Answer:

EVOLUTIONARY/SOCIOBIOLOGICAL

• Which behaviors evolved to get genes to the next generation

Answer:

SOCIOCULTURAL

• Which behaviors derive from group membership

Answer:

HUMANISTIC

• Free will, human growth and potential

Answer:

PSYCHOANALYTICAL/PSYCHODYNAMIC

• Behavior is driven by unconscious impulses (sex and aggression)

Answer:

COGNITIVE

• Thinking – how the brain acquires, stores, processes, and retrieves information

• Answer:

DEVELOPMENTAL

• Predictable patterns of change throughout life

• Answer:

TRAIT• Individual differences

result from differences in patterns of stable characteristics (i.e. personality traits – introverted vs. extroverted)

• Answer:

So what do we do with all this mess?

• We evaluate the three biggest issues in the field today –

• NATURE VS NURTURE

• STABILITY VS CHANGE

• RATIONAL VS IRRATIONAL

Oh it gets better…• You can break down these fields into subfields depending on

where your specialty/interests lie

• 1. Clinical psych – diagnose and treat severe disorders• 2. Counseling psych – less severe disorders – anxiety, low-level depression, phobias• 3. Psychiatry – branch of medicine – works with disorders and prescribes meds• 4. School psych – test administration – severe cases – • 5. Industrial Organization psych – workplace/human – human factors • 6. Experimental psych – university – mice – details • 7. Social psych – prejudice and stereotypes – group behavior• 8. Developmental psych – geriatric• 9. Psychometric psych – test designers – statistics – • 10. Forensic psych – CSI – military operations• 11. Sports psych• 12. Psychophysics – relationship between physical stimuli and psychological experiences

associated