The Old World Transformed

HIST 10041/9/13

Why now?

Scholasticism

• Focused on logical reconciliation of ancient authorities.• Greek philosophers (and their Muslim commentaries) and Christianity• System of disputation – question -> response ->

counter proposal -> rebuttal

• Progressive thought with a focus on reason and logic.• Cultural and educational reform during the Renaissance.• Pull general understanding with intent of improving the individual.• Critical of Church hierarchy and blind tradition.

Humanism

The Printing Revolution

What’s so important about the development ofprinting?

Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)

• German goldsmith and printer• 1439: Invents the first moveable type print

and the first printing press

From Gutenberg Bible to…

• 1455: Gutenberg 42-line Bible• Costs approx. 3 years salary for average clerk• Type setting takes ½ a day per page• Hand copying takes one scribe a year to produce a Bible

Martin Luther’s 95 Theses to…• 1517: Luther’s 95 Theses• 1519: 300,000 printed copies across Europe• Luther produces broad-sheets specifically for mass market• Ironically, Gutenberg got his start printing indulgences

To Newspapers…

• 1605: Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien• World’s first modern newspaper

Was Gutenberg the First?

• 1040: Woodblock moveable type in China• Still expensive due to thousands of necessary characters…

Why not in the Islamic world?

Printing and Social Change

• Growing urban populations with disposable income, bourgeoisie…

• Leads to spread of literacy…• Introduction of cheap production methods (printing press)…• Leads to rapid spread of ideas…• Allows ideas to gain hold before traditional authorities could block them…

Christianity before Martin Luther

• Before 1519: Papacy primary authority in Latin Christianity• Long history of conflicts between the papacy and secular rulers as well as church reformers• Investiture Controversy (11th century)• Crusades (11th-13th centuries)

Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521) by Raphael

Indulgences• Forgiveness of the penance due for past sins• Purchased from the church either for money

or for service (such as crusading)• Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521): overseer of

construction of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

• German monk• 1508: Professor of Theology at the University of Wittenberg• 1517: Luther begins protesting the sale of indulgences on theological grounds• 95 Theses on the Power and Efficiency of Indulgences

The Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther seen as a direct challenge to papal authority.

• 1519: Accused of disagreeing with church doctrine• 1521: Diet of Worms: Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X and declared an outlaw by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

“Unless I am convicted by the testimony of Scripture or by evident reason - for I trust neither in popes nor in councils alone, since it is obvious that they have often erred and contradicted themselves - I am convicted by the Scripture which I have mentioned and my conscience is captive by the Word of God. Therefore I cannot and will not recant, since it is difficult, unprofitable and dangerous indeed to do anything against one's conscience. God help me. Amen."

Martin Luther, 1521

Huldrych Zwingli 1484-1531

• Swiss reformer, Chaplain to mercenaries in his early years.

• Influenced by Erasmus and Humanist thought. Also influence by Luther but disputed some of his theology.

• Began to preach openly against church doctrines and corruption in Zurich ~ 1518-1519

The Marburg Colloquy of 1529

August Noack - 1867

• Studied law in Paris (Humanist)

• Read works of Luther in French

• No formal religious training

• Second generation reformer

• Defended the doctrine of Predestination which was controversial because it took almost all power out of the hierarchy of the church.

John Calvin 1509-1564

• By about 1550, populations across Europe had mostly recovered from the devastating effects of the plague.

• Reformed ideas begin to spread more quickly as Humanist thought became more prevalent in theology.

• How does the Catholic Church React to these protesters and their “Protestant Reformation”?

…Meanwhile, back in Rome

• The Catholic Reformation – direct response to the Protestant Reformation.

• Reform from within

• Addressed corruption, theological issues, and political issues such as granting Indulgences.

Counter Reformation

Pope Paul III (p. 1534-1549)

• Ecumenical council that met for 18 years

• Met under three popes who were mostly reform minded

• Meeting in Trent was a political compromise

• Protestant Reformation forced the Roman Catholic Church to define its stance on salvation and the sacraments

Council of Trent 1545 - 1563

• In 1545, roughly half of Europe was protestant. One hundred years later, only just under one quarter of the population were.

• The death of Martin Luther in 1562 slowed Protestant reform and helped Catholic reform gain momentum.

• Success of organizations such as the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) that made education a priority which helped to spread their theology more effectively.

Success of the Catholic Reformation

• By the 1530s, reformed theology was becoming popular in England.

• Not just among scholars and theologians. Thanks to Guttenberg and translations in the vernacular, ideas were spreading among all classes.

• The “King’s Great Matter” provided the opportunity for the Protestant movement to gain legitimacy in England.

…Meanwhile, back in England

• Henry VIII (1491-1547) - married to Catherine of Aragon.• 1525 becomes infatuated with Anne Boleyn• 1527 – seeks an annulment so he could marry Anne Boleyn• Looked to scripture to justify the annulment because of a lack of children.• Unfortunately for Henry, Catherine’s nephew was Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor.• Charles V Sacked Rome in 1527 and the Pope essentially his political prisoner.

The King’s Great Matter 1525-1533

• Several stages to the split with Rome. Mostly in Parliament and theological maneuvers.• By 1534 Parliament enacts the Act of Supremacy which declares Henry VIII: “…the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England”• Draws on the idea of “Divine Right of Kings”• Thomas Cranmer appointed Archbishop of Canterbury• Book of Common Prayer 1549

Church of England

“Wars of Religion”• Enforcement of religious preferences of kings• Spain and Portugal defend Catholicism

– Inquistion against Protestants• French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

– Kings accept majority Catholicism but give religious freedom to the Protestants (until 1598)

• Anglican Church (1533)– Puritans want to remove all traces of Catholicism– Oliver Cromwell (r. 1653-1658) and the English Civil War(1642-1649)– “No bishops, no king” James I (of King James Bible fame)