The Oklahoma Mesonet’sSoil Temperature and Soil Moisture NetworksChris FiebrichManager, OK Mesonet

Soil Temperature Observations

Mesonet Sites: 120 sites with 10-cm soil

temperatures under bare and sod

116 sites with 5-cm soil temperatures under bare soil

113 sites with 5-cm soil temperatures under sod

112 sites with 30-cm soil temperatures under sod

Micronet Sites: 35 sites with 5, 10, 15,

and 30-cm soil temperatures under sod (pre-2009); at 5, 25, and 45 cm ( since 2009).

Soil Temperature Sensors

Mesonet Sites BetaTHERM sensor that uses a chip thermistor, housed in a sealed

stainless steel tube filled with electronics potting material. Calibrated using a bath of 50% water and 50% antifreeze, compared

with NIST-certified Hart Scientific reference thermometer between -25 and 60°C. Every sensor must meet ±0.5°C accuracy over entire range.

Micronet Sites Pre 2009, used same BetaTHERM sensor as Mesonet, now uses Stevens

Hydra Probe. Calibration process is evolving. For now, only verify that sensor in

deionized water produces real dielectric constant around 80 and imaginary dielectric constant less than 5.

Soil Temperature Calibrations

Soil Temperature Data

Sampled every 30 seconds, averaged every 15 minutes

Soil Temperature Data

Good agreement between the Hydra Probe soil temperatures and the BetaTHERM thermistor measurements

Soil Temperature Considerations

Soil Temperature gradients can be substantial in the top ~10 cm of soil. Field technicians monitor depth using PVC guide. I personally have lower confidence in 5-cm temperatures.

Heaving occasionally occurs in winter.

Soil Temperature Considerations

On rare occasions, solar panel casts afternoon shadow on soil temperature plot for up to 30 minutes. In extreme instances, this shading results in an artificial, 1-2°C decrease in 5-cm soil temperature.

Soil Temperature QA

Soil Temperature DataAutomated tests include range, step,

persistence, spatial, like-instrument, heat transfer, climate, and various adjustment tests

Manual analysis includes looking at plots of average values and cumulative differences between sensors at different depths.

Soil Temperatures Can Be Quite Heterogeneous

Monthly Average Soil Temperature at 5 cm, September 2008 (~5 km spacing)

Monthly Average Soil Temperature at 5 cm, September 2008 (~30 km spacing)

Moving on to Soil Moisture…

Soil Moisture Observations

Mesonet Sites: 108 sites with 5-cm soil

moisture 106 sites with 25-cm soil

moisture 80 sites with 60-cm soil

moisture 33 sites with 75-cm soil

moisture (this depth is being decommissioned as sensors fail)

Micronet Sites: 35 sites with 5, 25, 45-

cm soil moisture

Soil Moisture Sensors

Mesonet Sites Campbell Scientific 229-L Water Matric Potential

Sensor: heat dissipation sensor that utilizes a thermocouple as a temperature sensor and a resistor as a heating element, both housed within a hypodermic needle embedded within a porous ceramic matrix.

Calibrated by immersing in distilled water for 5 days to achieve wet point and then sealing in desiccant for 5 days to achieve dry point. After the sensors are deployed in the field, individual coefficients are updated if the soil creates drier or wetter situations than observed in the lab.

Micronet Sites Stevens Hydra Probe Tested by placing in deionized water and

ensuring that real dielectric constant is ~80 and imaginary dielectric constant is less than 5.

229-L Mesonet Calibration Certificate

Soil Moisture Data: August 2008

Top plot: Fractional Water Index as measured by 229-L at Mesonet Site Apache, OK. “Saturates”

Bottom plot: Volumetric Water as measured by Hydra Probe at ARS Site A152 (approximately 7 km away). “Pulsates”

• Red: 5 cm depth

• Green: 25 cm depth

• Black: 45/60 cm depth

• Blue: Rainfall (in)

Soil Moisture Quality Assurance

Soil Moisture DataAfter installation, all data is manually

flagged for 21 days to allow the soil to heal (sometimes longer during extended drought periods)

Range tests, calibration tests, step tests, frozen soil tests, preferential flow tests

Manual inspection and monthly analysis (max and min for each depth), time series analysis

Oklahoma Mesonet Soil Moisture Data, Monthly Analysis

Monthly Total Rainfall (mm), December 2008

Maximum Fractional Water Index at 5 cm, December 2008

ARS Soil Moisture Data, Monthly Analysis

Monthly Total Rainfall (mm), September 2008

Maximum Volumetric Water at 5 cm, September 2008

Hydra Probe Sensitivity to Soil Classification

Maintenance Metrics

229-L Hydra Probe

# of Sensors Used 682 140

# of Failures 301 (13 years of use) 38 (3 years of use)

Common Problems Mice, gophers, deer, and other cable damage; lightning, ceramic hardening

Cable damage, lightning

Common Symptoms of Failed Hydra Probes

Sensor voltages report out of range: either zero or -9.23*1018

Derived volumetric water values have large oscillations within range, but are not associated with rain or other phenomena

Hydra Probe Wiring Problems/Errors

Mistakes in wiring can cause depths to be “crossed”

Wiring errors can cause soil moisture to decrease during rain events and increase during dry-down periods

A good verification of the wiring is to plot the derived soil temperatures from the sensor

229-L Considerations

Need valid thermocouple reference junction temperature (noise in reference temperature can cause noise in the 229-L measurement) because we use separate multiplexer

Resistive heater can fail or the device supplying power to the resistive heater can fail

Measurement Representativeness

Soil Temperatures: Vegetation differences can cause soil temperatures

to vary > 15°C between neighboring stations Some soil types are more likely to have erosion

problems, cracking, and heaving

Soil Moisture Vegetation differences, slope, and soil type can

make the difference between a dry and a moist soil If you thought rainfall was heterogeneous between

neighboring stations, wait until you look at soil moisture data!

Basara, J. B., and K. C. Crawford, 2002: Linear relationships between root-zone soil moisture and atmospheric processes in the planetary boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., 107, (ACL 10) 1-18.

Samples collected from 12 locations within 20 m of the site

Journal of Oceanic and Atmospheric Technology 2008