Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The
Nut
s&
Bol
tsof
Col
lege
Wri
ting
Mic
hael
Har
vey
Hac
kett
Publ
ishi
ngC
ompa
ny,
Inc.
Indi
anap
olis
/Cam
brid
ge
The
rew
asa
soci
olog
ist
who
had
wri
tten
apa
per
for
usal
lto
read
—so
me-
Co
iite
nts
thin
ghe
had
wri
tten
ahea
dof
time.
Ist
arte
dto
read
the
dam
nth
ing,
and
my
eyes
wer
eco
min
go
ut
Ico
uldn
’tm
ake
head
nor
tail
ofit!
Ifi
gure
dit
was
beca
use
Iha
dn’t
read
any
ofth
ebo
oks
on[t
heco
nfer
ence
llis
t.I
had
this
unea
syfe
elin
gof
“Fm
not
adeq
uate
,”un
tilfi
nally
Isa
idto
mys
elf,
“I’m
gonn
ast
op,
and
read
one
sent
ence
slow
ly,
soI
can
figu
reou
tw
hat
Intr
ocl
uct
ion
the
hell
itm
eans
.”U
tSo
Ist
oppe
d—at
rand
om—
and
read
the
next
sent
ence
very
care
full
y.I
can’
tre
mem
ber
itpr
ecis
ely,
btit
itw
asve
lycl
ose
toth
is:
“The
indi
vidu
al1
Con
cisi
oni
mem
ber
ofth
eso
cial
com
mun
ity
ofte
nre
ceiv
eshi
sin
form
atio
nvi
aT
heP
ompo
usS
tyle
atS
choo
l3
visu
al,
sym
bolic
chan
nels
.”I
wen
tba
ckan
dfo
rth
over
it.an
dtr
ansl
ated
.Y
oukn
oww
hat
itm
eans
?“P
eopl
ere
ad.”
2C
lari
tyto
The
nI
wen
t ove
rth
ene
xtse
nten
ce,
and
Irea
lized
that
Icou
ldtr
ansl
ate
1.C
hoos
eV
erbs
over
Nom
inal
izat
ions
13th
aton
eal
so.
The
nit
beca
me
aki
ndof
empt
ybu
sine
ss:
“Som
etim
es2.
Cho
ose
Act
ive
Ver
bsov
erL
inki
ngV
erbs
15pe
ople
read
;so
met
imes
peop
lelis
ten
toth
era
dio,
”an
dso
on,
but
wri
tten
insu
cha
fanc
yw
ayth
atI
coul
dn’t
unde
rsta
ndit
atfi
rst,
and
whe
n1
3.C
hoos
eth
eA
ctiv
eV
oice
over
the
Pas
sive
Voi
ce16
fina
llyde
ciph
ered
it,th
ere
was
noth
ing
toit.
Cla
rity
and
Hon
esty
20N
obel
Priz
e—w
inni
ngph
ysic
ist
Ric
hard
Feyn
inan
,“S
urel
yY
oure
Joki
ng,
Mr
Feyn
man
! “:
3F
low
22A
dven
ture
sof
aC
urio
usC
hara
cter
1.U
seC
onsi
sten
tC
hara
cter
s23
2.U
seP
rono
uns
and
Oth
erPo
inte
rs25
3,U
seP
unch
Lin
es27
Mod
emE
nglis
h,es
peci
ally
wri
tten
Eng
lish,
isfu
llof
bad
habi
tsw
hich
4.U
seC
onju
ncti
ons
and
Oth
erL
inki
ngW
ords
30sp
read
byim
itatio
nan
dw
hich
can
beav
oide
dif
one
isw
illin
gto
take
the
nece
ssar
ytr
eubl
e.If
one
gets
rid
ofth
ese
habi
tson
eca
nth
ink
mor
ecl
earl
y.4
Punct
uat
ion
34C
omm
asan
dC
omm
aS
plic
es35
Geo
rge
Orw
ell,
“Pol
itics
and
the
Eng
lish
Lan
guag
e”j
Sem
icol
ons
39C
olon
s41
For
the
pres
ent,
how
ever
,yo
uas
studen
shou
ldde
vote
yonm
elve
sto
the
ID
ashe
s42
pow
erof
sim
ple
expr
essi
ons,
todo
all
that
can
bedo
nean
dle
arn
how
IP
aren
thes
es43
muc
hca
nbe
said
with
the
sim
pler
and
mor
efu
ndam
enta
lte
rms.
Que
stio
nsR
ober
t Hen
ri,
The
An
Spir
it
5G
race
fuln
ess
461.
The
His
tori
cal
Pre
sent
472.
App
osit
ives
483.
Par
alle
lism
so4.T
rico
lon
535.
Con
cess
ion
536.
Qua
lifi
cati
on55
vii
Cont
ents
6U
sing
Sou
rces
Win
ning
You
rA
udie
nce’
sTr
usE
Wea
ving
Sou
rces
into
You
rP
rose
Quo
ting
Eff
ecti
vely
7P
arag
raphs
The
Fun
ctio
nof
Par
agra
phs
Ope
ning
Sen
tenc
esD
esig
ning
Par
agra
phs
Sec
tion
s
8B
egin
ning
san
dE
ndin
gs78
Beg
inni
ngs
78E
ndin
gsL
ast
Tho
ught
App
endi
x:D
ocu
men
tati
on
and
Cit
atio
nF
orm
ats
Gen
etic
For
mat
sC
MS,
ML
A,
and
APA
Sty
leG
uide
Cit
atio
nan
dR
efer
ence
Exa
mpl
es
Wor
ksC
ited
103
Intr
oduct
ion
Tin
sB
OO
Kca
nhe
lpyo
uw
rite
bett
erco
lleg
ees
says
.It
com
bine
sth
em
ost
impo
rtan
t rul
esan
dco
nven
tion
sof
acad
emic
wri
ting
wit
hth
eru
di
men
tsof
good
styl
e.N
atur
ally
itha
sits
lim
itat
ions
:it
isge
nera
l(w
ith
litt
leto
say
abou
tw
riti
ngin
diff
eren
tdi
scip
line
s),
basi
c(a
ndm
aybe
mos
tus
eful
tobe
ginn
ing
coll
ege
stud
ents
),an
dsh
ort
(thu
sco
veri
nga
lot
ofgr
ound
quic
kly)
.It
isno
tab
out
crit
ical
thin
king
inan
yfo
rmal
sens
e,an
din
deed
trie
sto
lay
dow
nit
sdo
’san
ddo
n’ts
.as
wel
las
my
own
unau
thor
ized
view
son
wri
ting
,as
info
rmal
lyas
poss
ible
.T
hese
view
s,pe
rson
alan
dpe
rhap
sev
enid
iosy
ncra
tic,
may
beits
bigg
est
lim
itat
ion.
Yet
wri
ting
isan
inte
nsel
ype
rson
alac
tivi
tyIt
stem
son
lyri
ght
cven
nece
ssar
y,th
atw
riti
ngad
vice
have
ape
rson
alto
uch
asw
cll.
The
coll
ege
essa
ypl
ays
asp
ecia
lro
lein
Am
eric
anhi
gher
educ
atio
n.T
heA
mer
ican
syst
em.
mor
eso
than
high
ered
ucat
ion
inm
ost
coun
flie
s,en
cour
ages
ast
uden
t’s
self
-dir
ecte
dde
velo
pmen
t.W
riti
nges
says
inw
hich
you
say
wha
tyo
uth
ink
and
why
iscr
ucia
lto
that
dev
elop
men
t.W
riti
ngan
essa
ym
eans
wor
king
wit
hin
ari
gid
fram
ewor
kof
for
mat
san
dco
nven
tion
s,bu
tit
requ
ires
muc
hm
ore
than
tech
niqu
e;in
aco
lleg
ees
say,
the
pers
onal
qual
itie
sof
itsau
thor
,pa
ssio
nate
asw
ell
asra
tion
al,
take
cent
erst
age.
An
essa
y,lik
ea
pers
onal
ity,
hang
sto
geth
erth
roug
ha
deli
cate
bala
nce
offo
rces
;it
shou
ldbe
clea
rbu
tno
tem
pty,
thou
ghtf
ulbu
tdo
wn-
to-e
arth
,st
rong
-min
ded
but
fair
-min
ded.
The
wri
ter
mus
tbe
adep
tat
mak
ing
argu
men
tsan
dsy
nthe
sizi
ngan
dan
alyz
ing
othe
rs’
idea
s,hu
tor
igin
alan
dho
nest
. Ago
odes
say
isa
smal
lpi
ece
ofon
e’s
bett
erse
lf—
mor
era
tion
al,
Um
ore
crit
ical
,an
dm
ore
coge
ntth
anon
eis
inev
eryd
aysp
eech
orid
leth
ough
t,ye
tal
som
ore
spir
ited
.W
hen
you
wri
tean
essa
yyo
uen
ter
into
the
mos
tch
alle
ngin
gye
tre
war
ding
ofth
eli
bera
lar
ts:
shap
ing
your
idea
s,qu
esti
ons,
and
conv
icti
ons
tosh
are
with
othe
rs.
For
all
that
,an
essa
yis
wri
tten
onpa
per,
not
carv
edin
ston
e,E
ssay
sar
e,in
the
root
sens
eof
the
wor
d,tr
ies.
Toes
say
orig
inal
lym
eant
toat
tem
pt
orp
ut
toth
ete
st(a
ndst
ill
does
,in
assa
yan
dth
eF
rench
essa
yer)
.T
hees
say
asa
lite
rary
form
beca
me
popu
lar
atth
ebe
ginn
ing
ofth
em
oder
nsc
ient
ific
age,
part
ofa
seis
mic
cult
ural
shif
taw
ayfr
om
56 57 59 61 69 69 71 74 77 82 84 86 86 88 89
ix
Intro
duct
ion
rece
ived
wis
dom
and
tow
ard
inqu
iry
and
expl
orat
ion.
(Mon
taig
ne’s
cel
ebra
ted
essa
ys,
geni
alan
dru
min
ativ
e,he
lped
esta
blis
hth
ege
nre’
sto
nein
the
latt
erhal
fof
the
16th
cent
ury.
)T
hees
say
has
flou
rish
edev
ersi
nce,
asm
enan
dw
omen
have
clai
med
incr
easi
ngsp
ace
toth
ink
for
them
selv
es,
Ess
ays,
imbu
edw
ith
the
spir
itof
inqu
iry,
put
idea
san
das
sum
ptio
nsto
the
test
,an
dif
they
som
etim
esst
umbl
eor
equi
voca
te,
that
ispa
rtof
thei
rna
ture
(Sam
uel
John
son’
s18
th-c
entu
rydi
ctio
nary
defi
ned
anes
say
as“a
loos
esa
lly
ofth
em
ind;
anir
regu
lar
indi
gest
edpi
ece”
).T
hew
rite
rof
anes
say
isa
kind
ofin
tell
ectu
alen
trep
rene
ur,
taki
nga
risk
tosa
yso
met
hing
new
.
But
coll
ege
essa
ysar
ew
ritt
enin
anen
viro
nmen
tin
man
yw
ays
illsu
ited
tori
skta
kin
g.
The
sole
mn
trap
pin
gs
of
coll
ege
cult
ure
—deg
rees
,gr
ades
,ac
adem
icti
tles
—ca
nm
ake
itse
emth
atfo
rmal
ity
isth
em
ost
impo
rtan
tth
ing
toai
mat
.It
’sna
tura
lfo
rm
any
stud
ents
toth
ink
that
thei
rgo
alis
tole
arn
wha
tth
eir
prof
esso
rskn
ow,
orth
ink
wha
tth
eirpro
fess
ors
thin
k.E
very
area
ofst
udy
from
anth
ropo
logy
tozo
olog
yha
sit
sO
Wn
jarg
onan
dits
own
rule
sab
out
wha
tto
stud
y,ho
wto
stud
yit,
and
how
tow
rite
upon
e’s
idea
san
dex
plor
atio
ns.
And
whe
nst
uden
tsst
art
read
ing
acad
emic
wri
ting,
wha
tth
eyty
pic
ally
see
does
n’t
seem
toin
clud
em
uch
room
for
risk
taki
ng:
form
alit
y,a
mor
ese
riou
sto
neth
anst
uden
tsha
veen
coun
tere
dbe
fore
,an
dha
rd-w
onfa
mil
iari
tyw
ith
“the
lite
ratu
re,”
that
daun
ting
mou
ntai
nof
publ
ishe
dsc
hola
rshi
pin
ever
yac
adem
icdi
scip
line
.T
hem
ost
succ
essf
ulw
riti
ngin
this
acad
emic
envi
ronm
ent
isde
nse
wit
hle
arni
ng.
Her
ear
etw
oex
ampl
esof
good
wri
ting
byre
spec
ted
scho
lars
.B
oth
exam
ples
disp
lay
full
-thr
oate
dac
adem
icvo
ices
,ea
chof
them
ast
riki
ngbl
end
ofex
pert
scho
lars
hip
and
sure
-foo
ted
expr
essi
on:
Lik
eso
man
yof
the
key
idea
sin
Web
er’s
soci
olog
y—ve
rs:e
hen,
lcgit
im
acy,
inne
rwor
ldly
asce
ticis
m,
ratio
naliz
atio
n—th
eco
ncep
tof
char
ism
asu
ffer
sfr
oman
unce
rtai
nty
ofre
fere
nt:
does
itde
note
acu
ltura
lphe
nom
eno
nor
aps
ycho
logi
cal
one?
At
once
“ace
rtai
nqu
alit
y”th
atm
arks
anin
divi
dual
asst
andi
ngin
apr
ivile
ged
rela
tions
hip
toth
eso
urce
sof
bein
gan
da
hypn
otic
pow
er“c
erta
inpe
rson
aliti
es”
have
toen
gage
pass
ions
and
dom
inat
em
inds
,it
isno
tcl
ear
whe
ther
char
ism
ais
the
stat
us,
the
exci
tem
ent,
orso
me
ambi
guou
sfu
sion
ofth
etw
o.T
heat
tem
ptto
wri
tea
soci
olog
yof
cultu
rean
da
soci
alps
ycho
logy
ina
sing
lese
t of
sent
ence
sis
wha
tgi
ves
Web
er’s
wor
kits
orch
estr
alco
mpl
exity
and
harm
onic
dept
h.B
utit
Intro
duct
ion
xi
isal
sow
hat
give
sit,
espe
cial
lyto
ears
less
attu
ned
topo
lyph
ony,
itsch
roni
cel
usiv
enes
s.(C
liffo
rdG
eert
z.L
ocal
Kno
wle
dge:
furt
her
Ess
ays
inIn
terp
reti
veA
nthr
opol
ogy)
The
doct
rine
ofPu
rgat
ory,
asw
eha
vese
en,
occu
pied
apl
ace
atth
ece
nter
ofC
hris
tend
om’s
ritu
aliz
edst
rate
gies
offa
mil
iari
ty,
cont
ainm
ent,
and
cont
rol.
The
sest
rate
gies
exte
nded
toth
epr
ecis
eca
lcul
atio
nof
the
num
ber
ofm
asse
sor
quan
tity
ofal
ms
that
mig
htbe
requ
ired
inre
lati
onto
the
prob
able
num
ber
ofye
ars
ofpu
rgat
oria
lsu
ffer
ing,
an“a
ccou
ntin
gof
the
here
afte
r”th
atJa
cque
sC
hiff
olea
uha
sre
late
dto
the
rise
inth
ela
ter
Mid
dle
Age
sof
doub
le-e
ntry
book
keep
ing.
3B
yth
ese
mea
ns,
the
livin
gno
long
erne
edto
feel
para
lyze
dw
ithan
xiet
yan
dun
cert
aint
yin
the
face
ofsp
ectr
alvi
sita
tions
.(S
teph
enG
reen
blat
t,H
amle
tin
Pur
gato
sy)
Con
fron
ted
ever
yda
yw
ith
such
near
lym
ajes
tic
wri
ting
,a
stud
ent
isan
xiou
sly
awar
eof
how
litt
le,
byco
mpa
riso
n,sh
ekn
ows,
and
how
less
impr
essi
veis
her
own
wri
ting
.N
ow
onde
r,th
en,
that
whe
na
tem
ptat
ion
toap
pear
lear
ned
squa
res
off
agai
nst
aha
bit
ofus
ing
plai
nE
ngli
sh,
tem
ptat
ion
usua
lly
win
s.H
ere,
for
inst
ance
,is
ase
nten
cefr
oma
stu
dent
’ssc
hola
rshi
p-ap
plic
atio
nes
say:
Ref
lect
ing
back
and
prov
idin
gin
sigh
ton
wha
tI
gain
edfr
omm
yfo
urye
ars
inth
esy
stem
,I
hope
fully
have
allo
wed
apl
etho
raof
new
conc
epts
and
perh
aps
even
new
educ
atio
nal-
adm
inis
trat
ive
philo
soph
ies
tosu
rfac
e.
This
studen
tis
tryin
gfu
riousl
yto
wri
teli
ke
asc
hola
r.T
hepas
sages
from
Gee
rtz
and
Gre
enbla
ttus
ebi
gw
ords
sens
ibly
,as
the
best
way
toco
nvey
the
auth
ors’
com
plex
and
shar
ply
obse
rved
argu
men
ts;
the
stu
dent
’spa
ssag
eus
esbi
gw
ords
mer
ely
todr
ess
upa
sim
ple—
thou
ghse
nsi
ble
and
inde
edpow
erfu
l—poin
t.W
hy?
The
studen
tis
afra
idhe
wil
lse
emsi
mpl
emin
ded
ifhe
says
som
ethi
ngas
plai
nas
this
:
Inm
yfo
urye
ars
ofhi
ghsc
hool
,I’
vele
arne
da
lot
abou
tho
wsc
hool
sw
ork
antI
how
stud
ents
lear
n.
But
this
isno
tsi
mple
min
ded
atal
l—ra
ther
,it
issi
mpl
e,an
dfa
rm
ore
pow
erfu
lth
anth
efi
rst
vers
ion
(onc
ew
ege
tpa
stth
eda
zzle
of
all
thos
ebi
gw
ords
).
The
aim
of
this
book
isto
conv
ince
you
that
plai
n,di
rect
wri
ting
isth
em
ost
effe
ctiv
ew
ayto
expr
ess
your
idea
s,ev
enin
coll
ege.
Pla
inne
ss
x
xuIn
trodu
ctio
nIn
trodu
ctio
nX
III
mak
esit
easi
erto
spot
your
argu
men
tan
dha
rder
tohi
debe
hind
wor
ds.
But
sim
plic
ity
isno
tne
cess
aril
yea
sy.
Inde
ed,
this
book
wil
lco
mpl
icat
ew
riti
ng
for
you
bysu
gges
ting
anu
mbe
rof
thin
gsto
thin
kab
out
asyo
uw
rite
.B
utth
eef
fort
wil
lbe
wor
thw
hile
.M
aste
ring
apl
ain,
clea
rst
yle
isan
indi
spen
sabl
est
epin
one’
sed
ucat
ion.
You
’re
not i
nco
lleg
eto
imita
teth
eer
udit
ion
ofyo
urpr
ofes
sors
orev
ento
lear
nth
eir
opin
ions
,bu
tto
deve
lop
your
capa
city
for
inde
pend
ent
crit
ical
thin
king
and
judg
men
t.A
syo
ule
arn
mor
eyo
u’ll
find
yours
elf
wit
hm
ore
tosa
y,an
dyo
u’ll
mak
ein
crea
sing
lyso
phis
tica
ted
and
nuan
ced
argu
men
ts—
but
alw
ays
buil
ding
ona
foun
dati
onof
clea
rex
pres
sion
.L
earn
ing
todi
stin
guis
hbe
twee
ncl
ear
and
uncl
ear
wri
ting
wil
lal
sohe
lpyo
uun
ders
tand
wha
tyo
ure
ad,
both
inco
lleg
ean
del
sew
here
.P
rofe
ssio
nal
wri
ting
—m
emos
,co
ntra
cts,
publ
icdo
cum
ents
,an
dth
eli
ke—
ofte
nse
ems
inte
nded
toim
pede
rath
erth
anpr
omot
eun
ders
tand
ing.
(“A
mem
oran
dum
,”fo
rmer
Sec
reta
ryof
Sta
teD
ean
Ach
eson
once
obse
rved
.“i
sw
ritt
enno
tto
info
rmth
ere
ader
but t
opr
otec
tth
ew
rite
r.”)
Now
aday
sa
com
pany
isli
kely
toca
lla
loss
“neg
ativ
eea
rnin
gs”;
bold
erco
mpa
nies
issu
e“p
rofo
rma”
fina
ncia
lst
atem
ents
,a
litt
leL
atin
phra
seth
atin
effe
ctle
tsth
emm
ake
upth
eir
own
rule
sab
out
wha
tan
dho
wto
coun
tfin
anci
alre
sult
s.B
utde
cept
ive
lang
uage
isno
tli
mit
edto
the
com
mer
cial
sphe
re.
Publi
cbro
adca
stin
gst
atio
ns,
of
cours
e,ca
n’t
have
ads;
inst
ead,
“enh
ance
dun
derw
riti
ng”
lets
“und
erw
rite
rs”
(not
adve
rtis
ers)
buy
air
tim
eon
PBS
show
s.A
nex
peri
ence
dpo
liti
cal
figu
reli
keF
edC
hair
man
Ala
nG
reen
span
.w
hose
slig
htes
tw
ord
can
mov
em
arke
ts,
isfa
mou
sfo
rhi
sop
aque
and
Del
phic
styl
e(a
fter
the
Gre
ekor
acle
who
sepr
edic
tion
sw
ere
ofte
nco
nven
ient
lyam
bigu
ous)
.C
hain
nan
Gre
ensp
anw
ould
neve
rca
lla
rece
ssio
na
rece
ssio
n;
the
close
sthe
wou
ldco
me
wou
ldbe
abl
urry
phra
selik
e“s
igni
fica
ntcy
clic
alad
just
men
t.”G
eorg
eO
rwel
l,th
eE
ngli
shno
veli
stan
des
sayi
st,
said
alm
ost
sixt
yye
ars
ago
that
insi
ncer
ela
ngua
gew
asth
ecu
rse
ofth
em
odem
age.
Poli
tici
ans,
Orw
ell
said
,fe
ared
tosp
eak
the
blun
ttr
uth
toci
tize
ns,
whi
leev
enin
dem
ocra
cies
citi
zens
fail
edto
dem
and
trut
hfr
omth
eir
lead
ers.
Orw
ell’
sw
ord
for
dupl
icit
ous
lang
uage
has
ente
red
the
Eng
lish
lan
guag
e:“d
oubl
espe
ak.”
InO
rwel
l’s
grea
tno
vel
1984
the
prop
agan
dam
inis
try—
inch
arge
ofal
lth
ego
vern
men
t’s
lyin
g—is
call
edth
eM
inis
try
ofT
ruth
.In
his
alle
gory
Ani
mal
Far
man
anim
alpa
radi
setu
rns
into
adi
ctat
orsh
ipas
the
clev
eres
tan
imal
s,th
epi
gs,
take
over
,jus
tify
ing
thei
rpo
wer
grab
wit
han
imm
orta
lfo
rmul
atio
n:“A
llan
imal
sar
eeq
ual—
but
som
ear
em
ore
equa
lth
anot
hers
?’B
oth
stor
ies
pose
insh
arpe
stfo
rmth
eba
sic
ques
tion
ofho
ww
eus
ela
ngua
ge—
tote
llth
etr
uth
asw
ese
eit,
orto
hide
behi
ndw
ords
.In
acl
assi
ces
say,
“Pol
itic
san
dth
eE
ngli
shL
angu
age:
’O
rwel
lsa
idth
atth
ere
new
alof
poli
tics
and
lang
uage
wou
ldbe
gin
wit
hth
ech
oice
sof
ordi
nary
peop
leli
keyo
uan
dm
eab
out
how
tosp
eak
and
wri
te:
“If
you
sim
plif
yyo
urE
ngli
sh.”
hech
alle
nges
his
read
er,
“.
..w
hen
you
mak
ea
stup
idre
mar
kits
stup
idit
yw
illbe
ohvi
ous,
even
toyo
urse
lf”
(196
8,13
9).
But
unfo
rtun
atel
yth
etr
ends
Orw
ell
saw
inth
e19
40s
have
,if
any
thin
g,st
reng
then
ed.
Inpo
liti
cs,
atw
ork,
atsc
hool
we
swim
ina
sea
ofdo
uble
spea
k.A
nyha
lf-d
ecen
tpo
liti
cian
orla
wye
rto
day
can
spew
fort
hob
fUsc
ator
yw
ords
“lik
ea
cutt
lefi
shsq
uirt
ing
out
ink,
”as
Orw
ell
put
it(1
968,
137)
.E
nron
,th
epo
ster
chil
dof
l990
sco
rpor
ate
frau
d,fo
rye
ars
file
dnu
mbi
ngly
long
fina
ncia
lst
atem
ents
full
ofob
scur
ete
rms
like
“spe
cial
purp
ose
entit
ies?
’It
was
ast
rate
gyof
deli
bera
teop
acit
yth
atle
tth
eco
mpa
nyhi
deit
sfr
aud
inpl
ain
sigh
t,le
gall
ysp
eaki
ng(c
onfu
sed
stoc
kan
alys
tsm
ainl
yst
ayed
mum
for
fear
they
’dbe
laug
hed
out o
fth
eir
jobs
).T
oday
atto
rney
sle
arn
tosp
eak
ina
cam
oufl
aged
man
ner
alm
ost
byre
flex
,as
part
ofde
fend
ing
thei
rcl
ient
s.A
nat
torn
eyfo
rE
nron
,fo
rin
stan
ce,
fend
sof
fan
accu
sati
onof
mis
cond
uct
onhi
scl
ient
’spa
rt:
1am
unaw
are
ofan
yev
iden
ceth
atsu
ppor
tsth
eal
legat
ion
ther
ew
asim
prop
erse
llin
gby
mem
bers
ofth
ebo
ard
orse
nior
man
agem
ent”
(CN
NN
ewsr
oom
,20
02).
Suc
hve
rbia
ge—
win
dy,
vagu
e,al
mos
tau
tom
atic
ally
evas
ive—
has
been
call
eda
var
iety
of
thin
gs.
Orw
ell
call
edit
the
“inf
late
dst
yle”
(196
8,13
6).
Ric
hard
Lan
ham
(199
9)la
bels
itth
e“o
ffi
cial
styl
e?’
Ica
llit
the
pom
pous
styl
e.O
fco
urse
,no
tal
lgr
and
and
orna
tew
riti
ngis
dece
ptiv
eor
uncl
ear.
Man
ygr
eat
scho
lars
,li
keth
e18
th-c
entu
ryhi
stor
ian
Edw
ard
Gib
bon,
wri
tepr
ose
that
isco
mpl
exan
dde
nse,
yet
fam
ousl
ycl
ear.
And
pass
ages
like
thos
eof
Gee
rtz
and
Gre
enbl
att
quot
edab
ove
poss
ess
clar
ity
asw
ell
aspo
wer
and
dign
ity.
Don
epr
oper
ly,
gran
dw
riti
ngca
nbe
won
drou
sly
effe
ctiv
e.B
utit
isno
tge
nera
lly
ast
yle
that
suits
unde
rgra
duat
eco
lleg
est
uden
ts.
For
mos
t,ad
opti
ng
ast
urdy
,di
rect
,pla
inst
yle
isa
bet
ter
choi
ce.
Lea
rnto
wri
tepl
ainl
y,an
dyo
uw
ill
mor
eli
kely
wri
tecl
earl
yas
you
take
onde
eper
subj
ects
and
beco
me
abe
tter
styl
ist.
The
pom
pous
styl
em
uffl
esan
dde
pers
onal
izes
acti
on.
Itcl
oaks
itse
lfin
the
lang
uage
ofsc
ienc
e,ho
ping
tota
keon
ase
nse
ofsc
ient
ific
obje
cti
vity
and
cred
ibil
ity.
No
poli
ceof
fice
r,fo
rin
stan
ce,
wou
ldev
erre
port
,
“1pu
thi
min
ahe
adlo
ck.”
inst
ead
hew
ould
say,
“The
susp
ect
was
rest
rain
ed.”
Ago
vern
men
tag
ency
like
the
Fis
han
dW
ildl
ife
Serv
ice
pre
fers
the
cool
term
“tak
ing”
topl
ainl
ysa
ying
that
som
ean
imal
sdi
eas
are
sult
ofits
poli
cies
;an
dit
pref
ers
the
tech
nica
lso
und
of“l
etha
lco
ntr
ol”
toth
ebl
untn
ess
of“s
omet
imes
we
have
togo
out
and
shoo
tw
olve
sth
atar
eki
llin
gliv
esto
ck.”
Dea
th,
espe
cial
lyth
eki
llin
gof
hum
anbe
ings
,te
nds
tobr
ing
fort
hth
em
ost
stre
nuou
sap
plic
atio
nsof
the
pom
pous
styl
e.A
poli
tici
anan
swer
sac
cusa
tion
sof
long
-ago
war
crim
esw
hen
hew
asa
sold
ier
with
the
blan
dst
atem
ent
that
the
plat
oon
hele
d“u
sed
leth
alm
etho
ds”
(not
only
isth
eph
rasi
ngan
tise
ptic
;it
evad
esth
equ
esti
onof
who
was
kill
ed).
An
Am
eric
anm
ilit
ary
offi
cial
,re
spon
ding
toco
ncer
nab
out
civi
lian
deat
hsfr
omN
AT
Obo
mbi
ngin
Kos
ovo
in19
99,
resp
onds
asin
ertl
yas
poss
ible
:“t
heco
llat
eral
dam
age
whi
chha
sbe
endo
neby
NA
TO
isat
anab
solu
tem
inim
um,
and
we
take
grea
tcar
ein
both
targ
etin
gan
din
term
sof
the
appl
icat
ion
offir
epo
wer
toen
sure
that
coll
ater
alda
mag
edo
esno
toc
cur”
(“P
enta
gon
brie
fing
,”19
99).
The
stat
emen
tw
asno
ta
liebu
ta
pra
ctic
edus
eof
gen
eral
itie
san
dab
stra
ctio
ns
inte
nded
tole
adth
eli
sten
er’s
min
daw
ayfr
omth
esp
ecif
ican
dcon
cret
e—m
en,
wom
en,
and
chil
dren
kill
edby
erra
ntN
AT
Obo
mbs
.A
sO
rwel
lpo
inte
dou
tm
ore
than
aha
lf-c
entu
ryag
o,th
isis
the
chie
fed
uca
ted
idio
mof
our
time:
“The
who
lete
nden
cyof
mod
ern
pros
eis
away
from
. con
cret
enes
s”(1
968,
133)
,T
hete
nden
cyto
war
dab
stra
ctio
nre
ache
sev
ery
corn
erof
soci
ety,
but
ises
peci
ally
com
mon
inpu
blic
and
acad
emic
sett
ings
.A
llof
ussh
ift
disc
ursi
vest
yles
whe
nw
em
ove
from
priv
ate
topu
blic
sett
ings
—th
ene
xttim
eyo
use
eor
dina
rype
ople
inte
rvie
wed
onT
Vaf
ter
som
ethi
ngne
wsw
orth
yha
sha
ppen
edin
thei
rne
ighb
orho
od,
list
ento
the
form
alan
dst
ilted
way
mos
tof
them
spea
kin
fron
tof
the
cam
era.
Sud
den
shif
tsbe
twee
nth
epo
mpo
usan
dpl
ain
styl
esca
nm
ake
ussm
ile,
asw
hen
aT
Van
noun
cer
expl
aine
dw
hya
foot
ball
play
erha
dbe
enth
row
nou
tof
aga
me:
“Jay
Lee
uwen
berg
was
the
reci
pien
tof
his
ange
r.T
hat
mea
nsth
at’s
the
guy
heki
cked
.”To
besu
re,
vari
ous
degr
ees
offo
rmal
ity
are
appr
opri
ate
inva
riou
ski
nds
ofac
adem
icw
riti
ng,
and
it’s
hard
tow
rite
(or
inde
edth
ink)
abou
tid
eas
wit
hout
usin
gab
stra
ctio
ns.
But
none
ofth
isre
quir
espo
mpo
sity
.So
accu
stom
edar
ew
eto
the
pom
pous
styl
eas
the
voic
eof
auth
orit
yth
atst
uden
tsca
n’t
bebl
amed
for
thin
king
itth
ew
ayth
eysh
ould
wri
tein
xiv
intro
duct
ion
Intro
duct
ion
xv
scho
ol.
Inde
edou
red
ucat
iona
lin
stit
utio
ns—
ahem
.sc
hool
s—do
muc
hto
enco
urag
eth
isbe
lief
.C
hild
ren
lear
nto
read
and
wri
tesh
ort,
plai
nse
nten
ces—
”See
Spo
tru
n”—
then
grow
olde
ran
dbe
gin
tow
rite
asif
“Obs
erve
Spo
tin
the
proc
ess
ofru
nnin
g”w
ere
som
ehow
anim
prov
em
ent.
By
the
time
they
arri
veat
coll
ege,
alm
ost
all
reve
refo
rmal
ity
inan
dof
itse
lfas
the
mar
kof
good
wri
ting.
And
byan
dla
rge
they
lear
nto
wri
teli
keG
eorg
eE
liot
’sse
lf-i
mpo
rtan
tm
anof
busi
ness
,B
orth
rop
Tru
mbu
ll,
talk
ed:
“Thi
ngs
neve
rbe
gan
with
Mr.
Tru
mbu
ll:th
eyal
way
sco
mm
ence
d.”
The
Bor
thro
pT
rum
bull
sof
this
wor
ld,
succ
essf
ulan
dst
uck
inth
eir
way
s,m
aybe
alo
stca
use.
But
inth
efo
llow
ing
page
sI’
mgo
ing
totr
yto
chan
geyo
urm
ind,
atle
ast,
abou
tth
eus
ean
dab
use
ofw
ritt
enE
nglis
h.T
his
book
will
help
you
deve
lop
aso
und
coll
ege
wri
ting
styl
e,a
styl
eth
atco
mbi
nes
the
esse
ntia
lel
emen
tsof
acad
emic
conv
enti
onw
ithcl
ear
expr
essi
on.
Itw
illsh
owyo
uho
wto
mak
eyo
urw
riti
ngcl
eare
ran
dm
ore
prec
ise
byde
velo
ping
ast
yle
who
seha
llm
arks
are
plai
nw
ords
,ac
tive
verb
s,an
dun
clut
tere
dsy
ntax
.W
e’ll
begi
nw
ith
conc
isio
nan
dcl
arit
y,em
phas
izin
gth
eim
port
ance
ofve
rbs.
The
nw
e’ll
cons
ider
how
togi
vew
riti
nga
sens
eof
flow
,ho
wto
punc
tuat
eef
fect
ivel
y,an
dho
wto
mak
eyo
urw
riti
ngm
ore
grac
eful
.N
ext
coni
esa
chap
ter
onso
urce
s,In
the
fina
ltw
och
apte
rsw
e’ll
mov
eto
larg
erst
ruct
ura
lel
emen
ts,
wit
hth
ough
tson
para
grap
hsan
dth
ebe
ginn
ings
and
endi
ngs
ofes
says
.At
the
end
ther
e’s
anap
pend
ixon
com
mon
docu
men
tan
dci
tati
onfo
rmat
s(C
MS
,M
LA
,an
dA
PA),
but
our
mai
nai
mis
show
ing
you
how
clar
ityan
dpl
ainn
ess
can
mak
eyo
ua
bett
erw
rite
ran
da
clea
rer
thin
ker.
Let
’sco
mm
ence
begi
n.
k. i.
IC
onci
sion
CO
NC
ISIO
N,
lean
ness
ofw
ords
,is
ana
tura
lpl
ace
tobe
gin
beca
use
word
ines
sis
soco
mm
onin
studen
tw
riti
ng
and
bec
ause
(unl
ike
losi
ngw
eigh
t)be
ing
conc
ise
isn’
tre
ally
soha
rd.
Itus
uall
yw
orks
bypr
oces
sof
elim
inat
ion:
we
wat
chw
hat
we
say,
ask
ours
elve
sw
heth
erw
hat
we’
vesa
idis
esse
ntia
lto
wha
tw
em
ean,
and
elim
inat
ew
hat
isn’
t.T
here
alw
ork
isof
ten
figu
ring
out
wha
tex
actl
yw
ew
ante
dto
say
inth
efi
rst
plac
e.B
uttr
ying
tobe
conc
ise
help
sw
ith
that
too—
byhe
lpin
gus
see
wha
tw
edo
n’t
mea
n.C
onci
sion
can
add
rem
arka
ble
grac
eto
our
pros
e.ft
also
mak
esou
rpr
ose
easi
erto
read
and
unde
rsta
nd.
Yet
man
yof
usar
eaf
raid
ofw
riti
ngco
ncis
ely
beca
use
doin
gso
can
mak
eus
feel
expo
sed.
Con
cisi
onle
aves
usfe
wer
wor
dsto
hide
behi
nd.
Our
insi
ghts
and
idea
sm
ight
appe
arpu
nyst
ripp
edof
thos
ein
esse
nti
alw
ords
,ph
rase
s,an
dse
nten
ces
inw
hich
we
roug
hth
emou
t.W
em
ight
even
won
der,
wer
ew
eto
cut
out
the
fat,
wou
ldan
ythi
ngbe
left
?It
’sno
won
der,
then
,th
atm
any
stud
ents
mak
eli
ttle
atte
mpt
tobe
conc
ise—
may
,in
fact
,go
out
ofth
eir
way
not
tobe
—an
dso
ofte
nco
uple
this
stra
tegy
wit
ha
styl
eju
stas
mis
take
n.T
houg
hyo
uca
nce
rtai
nly
bew
ordy
wit
hout
wri
ting
pom
pous
ly—
and
the
othe
rw
ayar
ound
—th
etw
ogo
hand
inha
ndso
ofte
nth
atit’
sus
dirl
toco
nsid
erth
emto
geth
er,
Her
e’s
how
lots
ofst
uden
tsth
ink
they
have
tow
rite
inco
lleg
e:
Pros
pero
isfa
ced
with
the
nece
ssity
ofde
cidi
ngw
heth
erto
acce
ptfo
rgi
vene
ssfo
rth
eac
tions
ofhi
sbr
othe
ror
rem
ain
ina
stat
eof
host
ility
.
Itis
evid
ent
that
inte
rper
sona
lco
nflic
t is
resp
onsi
ble
for
man
yor
gani
zatio
nal p
robl
ems
expe
rien
ced
bybu
sine
sses
.
The
role
ofw
omen
inho
useh
olds
inm
edie
val E
urop
ew
asar
raye
dac
ross
anu
mbe
rof
poss
ibili
ties
ofin
crea
sing
orde
crea
sing
activ
ityan
din
depe
nde
nce,
depe
ndin
gon
vari
able
ssu
chas
stat
us, w
ealth
,re
ligio
n,or
regi
on.
Tha
t’s
the
coll
egia
tepo
mpo
usst
yle
inac
tion
:bi
gw
ords
,se
lf-i
mpo
rtan
tph
rasi
ng,
afl
atto
ne,
long
gobs
ofpr
epos
itio
nal
phra
ses,
noun
sga
lore
,an
dab
use
ofth
epa
ssiv
evo
ice—
all
ofit
tim
upth
efl
agpo
leto
see
ifth
epo
wer
sth
atbe
wil
lsa
lute
.
2
The
pom
pous
styl
esp
read
sli
kecr
abgr
ass,
and
can
beas
bard
toro
otou
t.H
ere’
sa
leg
alse
nte
nce
craf
ted
incl
assi
cpom
pous
style
,fr
omM
aryl
and’
sA
nnot
ated
Cod
eof
Law
s:
Any
Inve
stig
atio
n,in
quir
y,he
arin
g,or
exam
inat
ion
whi
chth
eB
oard
isem
pow
ered
byla
wto
hold
orun
dert
ake
may
behe
ldor
unde
rtak
enby
orbe
fore
the
maj
ority
ofth
em
embe
rsof
the
Boa
rdor
itsse
cret
ary,
and
the
find
ing
oror
der
ofm
embe
rsof
the
Boa
rdor
the
repr
esen
tativ
e,w
hen
con-
cone
din
byth
em
ajon
tyof
the
mem
bers
ofth
eB
oard
,sh
all
have
the
sam
efo
rce
and
effe
ctas
the
find
ing
oror
der
ofth
ew
hole
Boar
i(A
rtic
le56
,Se
ctio
n49
7).
(77
wor
ds)
Thi
sse
nten
ceis
apa
rade
of
lega
lese
.A
ndev
enif
we
don’
tun
ders
tand
it,its
gass
ines
sis
alm
ost
reas
suri
ng—
this
isw
hat
we’
veco
me
toex
pect
“the
law
”to
soun
dan
dfe
ellik
e.B
uthe
re’s
the
sam
eco
de,
revi
sed
whe
nth
est
ate,
ina
tem
pora
ryfi
tof
sani
ty,
deci
ded
tom
ake
itsla
ws
inte
llig
ibl
eto
ordi
nary
peop
le(H
acke
tt19
89,
Bi)
:
Am
ajor
ityof
the
mem
bers
then
serv
ing
onth
eB
oard
isa
quor
um.
(13
wor
ds)
The
resu
ltis
an83
perc
ent
redu
ctio
nin
leng
th.
Itto
okco
urag
eto
get
rid
ofth
ose
twen
ty-d
olla
rw
ords
like
empo
wer
ed, f
indi
ng,
and
conc
urre
d,B
utno
ww
eha
vea
sen
ten
ceth
atis
muc
hea
sier
tore
ad.
Itso
unds
stra
nge
tous
,pe
rhap
s—ar
en’t
law
ssu
ppos
edto
soun
dli
ke,
wel
l,la
ws?
But
ifon
eim
agin
esth
eth
ousa
nds
ofla
ws,
the
book
upon
book
of
lega
lco
de,
that
coul
dbe
sim
plif
ied
and
com
pres
sed,
one
isli
kely
toag
ree
that
from
aci
tize
n’s
pers
pect
ive
this
isa
vast
impr
ovem
ent.
(It i
sno
t in
cid
enta
lth
atth
em
ost
endu
ring
law
si.n
Wes
tern
cult
ure,
the
Ten
Co
mm
and
men
ts,
are
expr
esse
din
asu
ccin
ct,
lapi
dary
styl
e.)
Her
e’s
anoth
erex
ampl
e,fr
oma
dif
fere
nt
pro
fess
ional
sett
ing
but
wit
hno
less
pom
posi
ty.
Thi
sis
ate
chni
cal
man
ual
for
prog
ram
mer
sre
vist
nga
corp
orat
eco
mpu
ter
syst
em:
Toen
sure
that
the
new
syst
embe
ing
deve
lope
d,or
the
exis
ting
syst
embe
ing
mod
ifie
d,w
illpr
ovid
eus
ers
with
the
timel
y,ac
cura
te, a
ndco
mpl
ete
info
rmat
ion
they
requ
ire
topr
oper
lype
rfor
mth
eir f
unct
ions
and
resp
onsi
bilit
ies,
itis
nece
ssar
yto
assu
reth
atth
ene
wor
mod
ifie
dsy
stem
will
cove
ral
lne
cess
ary
aspe
cts
ofth
epr
esen
tau
tom
ated
orm
anua
lsy
stem
sbe
ing
repl
ace*
ITo
gain
this
assu
ranc
e,it
ises
sent
ial
that
docu
men
tatio
n
Con
cisi
on
bem
ade
ofth
een
titie
sof
the
pres
ent
syst
ems
whi
chw
illbe
mod
ifie
dor
eliz
nina
tei
(82
wor
ds)
3
Thi
spa
ssag
edi
spla
ysth
esa
me
faul
tsas
the
lega
lse
nten
ce.
Its
wri
ter
trie
sto
conv
eyit
sim
port
ance
byst
ampi
ngpr
eten
tiou
sw
ords
all
over
itan
dpi
ling
onth
eve
rbia
ge.
But
the
pass
age
lull
sth
ere
ader
tosl
eep
and
thus
defe
ats
the
poin
tof
wri
ting
inth
efi
rst
plac
e.B
old
prun
ing
yiel
dsth
isco
rem
eani
ng:
Mak
esu
reto
docu
men
tal
lpl
anne
dch
ange
sso
any
mis
take
syo
um
ake
can
beco
rrec
ted.
(t5
wor
ds)
Ano
ther
80pe
rcen
tre
duct
ion
inle
ngth
.A
sw
ith
the
lega
lse
nten
ce,
the
revi
sion
may
soun
dle
ssim
port
ant
(tho
ugh
that
mis
take
syo
um
ake
mig
htca
tch
the
atte
ntio
nof
thos
epr
ogra
mm
ers
who
hold
the
futu
reof
the
com
pany
inth
eir
hand
s).
But
itha
slo
stno
ta
shre
dof
mea
ning
.(T
hat
mig
htbe
easi
erto
see
ifw
eke
epin
min
dth
atth
isin
stru
ctio
nw
ould
occu
rin
the
cont
ext
ofa
wid
erdi
scus
sion
ofth
eco
mpu
ter
syst
eman
dp
lan
ned
chan
ges
.)if
you’
reno
tsu
reth
ere
vis
ion
isre
ally
anim
prov
emen
t,co
nsid
erw
hat
itw
ould
beli
keto
read
thro
ugh
page
afte
rpa
geof
the
orig
inal
.You
’dgo
tosl
eep.
Now
cond
uct
the
sam
eth
ough
t-ex
peri
men
tw
ith
the
revi
sion
,an
das
kyours
elf
whi
chve
rsio
nyo
u’d
rath
erre
ad.
Th
eP
om
po
us
Sty
leat
Sch
ool
Col
lege
stud
ents
begi
nth
eir
trai
nin
gin
the
pom
pous
styl
ein
noce
ntly
enou
gh,
wit
hse
nten
ces
like
this
:
Tosa
tisfy
her
hung
erfo
rnu
triti
on,
she
ate
the
brea
d.
Onc
eyo
u’ve
deci
ded
tow
rite
ina
form
alto
ne,
stil
ted
phra
ses
like
hung
erfo
rnu
trit
ion
aris
eal
mos
tau
tom
atic
ally
,B
utth
ese
nten
ce’s
tone
isju
stto
ow
eigh
tyfo
rit
sm
essa
ge.
Sim
plif
ying
mak
esth
ese
nten
cesh
orte
ran
dst
rong
er:
She
was
hung
ry,
sosh
eat
eth
ebr
ead.
4I
Con
cisi
onS
Inth
efo
llow
ing
inst
ance
s,se
eif
yo
uca
nfi
gure
ou
tw
hat
get
sch
ange
dor
cut
togo
from
pom
pous
topl
ain
pros
e:
Pom
pous
Ori
gina
lPl
ain
Rev
isio
nIt
was
disc
usse
din
this
read
ing
Tan
nen
argu
esth
at.
..th
at
The
scen
eis
very
impo
rtan
tbe
caus
eit
help
sus
unde
rsta
ndC
leop
atra
earl
yon
inth
epl
ay.
Inth
epl
ay, M
enas
.w
hois
api
rate
,sa
ysth
isab
out
the
mar
riag
e:“I
thin
kth
epo
licy
ofth
atpu
rpos
em
ade
mor
ein
the
mar
riag
eth
anth
elo
veof
the
patti
es”
(2.6
.115
—6)
.
The
film
and
vide
oin
dust
ryca
tego
ryca
nsp
ecif
ical
lybe
brok
endo
wn
into
subs
eque
ntin
dust
ries
ofm
otio
npi
ctur
ean
dvi
deot
ape
prod
ucti
on,
mot
ion
pict
ure
and
vide
otap
edi
stri
buti
on,
mov
ieho
uses
,an
dca
ble
and
othe
r pay
-te
levi
sion
serv
ices
.
Som
eof
AO
LT
ime
War
ner’
sm
ajor
med
iaco
mpe
titor
sin
clud
eN
ews
Cor
pora
tion
Ltd
.w
hich
isa
glob
alm
edia
and
ente
rtai
nmen
tm
ed
iapow
er
loca
ted
inA
ustr
alia
,an
dV
iaco
mIn
c.,w
hich
isba
sed
inth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
and
ison
eof
the
wor
ld’s
lead
ing
med
iaco
mpa
nies
.
Do
you
see
any
patt
erns
inth
ere
visi
ons?
The
re’s
ahe
fty
redu
ctio
nin
the
tota
lnu
mbe
ro
fw
ords
.A
bout
70pe
rcen
tof
the
wor
dsin
the
orig
inal
pass
ages
have
been
elim
inat
ed.
But
how
does
one
deci
dew
hat
tocu
t?H
ere
are
som
eo
fth
est
ruct
ural
chan
ges
that
mak
eth
ese
revi
sion
sm
ore
conc
ise:
the
verb
sha
vego
tten
stro
nger
(few
erli
nkin
gve
rbs
and
less
pass
ive
voic
e,an
dm
ore
acti
veve
rbs
inth
eac
tive
voic
e);
adje
ctiv
eph
rase
san
dcl
ause
sha
vebe
enpu
shed
into
shor
tad
ject
ives
that
prec
ede
noun
s;so
me
adve
rbs
have
been
cut;
repe
titi
vew
ords
and
phra
ses
have
been
sque
ezed
toge
ther
wit
htr
icks
like
para
llel
ism
;an
da
diff
icul
tquo
tati
onha
sbe
enpa
raph
rase
d.T
hese
stru
ctur
alch
ange
sha
vem
oved
the
wri
ting
away
from
the
pom
pous
styl
ean
dto
war
da
mor
eco
ncis
e,vig
or
ous,
verb
-cen
tere
dst
yle.
Lat
erw
e’ll
look
clos
erat
som
eof
thes
ete
chni
ques
.F
orno
w,
let’
sfo
cus
onga
inin
gth
esk
ill
and
conf
iden
ceto
pluc
kou
tem
pty
mod
ifie
rs.
The
pom
pous
styl
epr
efer
sde
scri
ptio
nov
erac
tion
,so
itbr
istl
esw
ith
adje
ctiv
esan
dad
verb
s.A
usef
ulst
epin
unle
arni
ngth
epo
mpo
usst
yle
isto
hunt
for
mod
ifie
rsth
atad
dli
ttle
orno
thin
g:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
Cap
italis
mis
acco
mpa
nied
byth
eid
ealo
ffre
edom
asco
me
thin
gto
beat
tain
ed.
An
idea
lis
,by
defi
niti
on,
som
ethi
ngto
beat
tain
ed.
But
som
etim
esa
stud
ent
resi
sts
cutt
ing
empt
yw
ords
beca
use
they
seem
toad
dim
port
ant
info
rmat
ion.
Wha
tdo
you
thin
kab
out
the
foll
ow
ing
cut?
Rev
isio
n
The
Fed
eral
ist
Pape
rsw
ere
the
firs
tfu
llfo
rmul
atio
nof
fede
ral
ism
asa
theo
ry.
Poli
tica
l-in
stit
uti
onal
isth
eki
ndof
clap
trap
that
mak
esth
epo
mpo
usst
yle
sote
mpt
ing
for
inex
peri
ence
dw
rite
rs.
Itso
unds
wei
ghty
but
adds
noth
ing.
The
“poi
ntof
view
,”w
hate
ver
that
mea
nshe
re,
isob
viou
sfr
omth
eco
nten
tof
the
sent
ence
—es
peci
ally
ifw
ere
mem
ber
that
this
sen
tenc
ew
illbe
read
init
sco
ntex
t,as
part
ofan
expl
orat
ion
ofth
eto
pic.
Moth
erex
ampl
e:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
Thi
sea
rly
scen
ehe
lps
usun
der
stan
dC
leop
atra
.
The
pira
teM
enas
dism
isse
sth
em
arri
age
asa
polit
ical
arra
nge
men
t.
The
film
and
vide
oin
dust
tyca
tego
ryco
nsis
tsof
prod
uctio
n,dis
trib
utio
n,m
ovie
hous
es,
and
cabl
ean
dot
her
pay-
tele
visi
onse
rvic
es.
AO
L‘T
ime
War
ner’
sm
ajor
glob
alm
edia
com
petit
ors
incl
ude
Aus
tral
ia-b
ased
New
sC
orp
ora
tion
Ltd
and
U.S
-bas
edV
iaco
mIn
c.
Wom
enhe
ldan
impo
rtan
t pla
cein
soci
also
ciet
y.W
omen
held
anim
port
ant
plac
ein
soci
ety.
Cap
italis
mis
acco
mpa
nied
byth
eid
eal
offr
eedo
m.
From
apo
liti
cal
inst
itut
iona
lp
oin
tof
i’ieu
’,th
eF
eder
alis
tPa
pers
wer
eth
efi
rst
full
form
ula
tion
offe
dera
lism
asa
theo
ry.
The
sear
eth
epr
actic
alco
ntin
gene
y-m
anft
gem
ent i
mpl
icat
ions
:T
hese
are
the
prac
tical
impl
ica
tions
:
6I
Conc
ision
7
Ifw
eim
agin
eth
eco
ntex
t,pl
ainl
yth
isse
nten
ceoc
curs
wit
hin
ala
rger
disc
ussi
onin
whi
chth
eto
pic,
cont
inge
ncy
man
agem
ent,
has
alre
ady
been
intr
oduc
ed(o
ther
wis
eth
eus
eof
the
phra
sein
this
sent
ence
wou
ldm
ake
nose
nse)
.T
heto
pic’
sre
peti
tion
here
blun
tsth
een
ergy
ofa
stur
dylit
tlese
nten
ce.
Whe
na
stu
den
tis
wis
een
ough
tous
ea
good
verb
,in
tensi
fyin
gad
verb
sof
ten
back
fire
:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
The
sead
verb
sad
dno
thin
gto
the
alre
ady
stro
ngve
rbs.
The
yar
eju
sttr
aces
ofth
epo
mpo
usst
yle
inot
herw
ise
good
sent
ence
s.K
eep
inm
ind
Mar
kT
wai
n’s
advi
ce:
“Sub
stit
ute
dam
nev
ery
tim
eyo
u’re
incl
ined
tow
rite
very
;yo
ured
itor
will
dele
tehan
dth
ew
riti
ngw
ill
beju
stas
itsh
ould
be?’
Sin
cead
ver
bs
oft
enpr
opup
wea
kve
rbs,
som
etim
escu
ttin
gan
adve
rbw
ill
push
the
wri
ter
toch
oose
ast
rong
erve
rb:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
Ant
ony
play
son
the
crow
d’s
emot
ions
and
succ
essf
ully
obta
ins
thei
rsu
ppor
t.
Her
eth
ew
rite
r,tr
ying
tofix
the
prob
lem
ofan
unhe
lpfu
lm
odif
ier,
real
ized
that
the
solu
tion
was
topu
tth
ese
nten
ce’s
key
acti
onin
toits
verb
:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
Socr
ates
conv
inci
ngly
expl
ains
his
posi
tion
toO
ho
.
Soc
rate
sco
nvin
ces
Ci-
itoby
itse
lfw
ould
bea
bit
abru
pt,
soth
ew
rite
r’s
next
step
was
tode
cide
how
toad
den
ough
valu
eto
the
sent
ence
tom
ake
itre
adw
ell.
Tw
opo
ssib
ilit
ies
are
show
n.
Wor
dine
ss,
asw
e’ve
seen
,is
ofte
nti
edto
othe
rpr
oble
ms,
and
the
effo
rtto
mak
eon
e’s
wri
ting
conc
ise
ofte
nbr
ings
abou
tot
her
impr
ovem
ents
.
Con
side
rth
isop
enin
gpa
ragr
aph
ofa
stud
ent
essa
yab
out
the
Ital
ian
Ren
aiss
ance
poli
tica
lth
inke
rM
achi
avel
li:
Mac
hiav
elli
best
supp
orts
repu
blic
sin
The
Dis
cour
ses.
His
favo
rite
repu
blic
isan
cien
tR
ome.
He
expl
ains
and
supp
orts
his
adm
irat
ion
inth
isw
ork.
The
two
maj
oras
pect
sth
atM
achi
avel
lidi
scus
ses
are
that
the
Rom
ans
wer
ea
grea
tem
pire
and
that
they
had
apo
wer
ful
arm
y.(4
4w
ords
)
Rig
htaw
ayth
ere
ader
stum
bles
over
best
supp
orts
.W
hat
does
itm
ean
tosa
yth
atM
achi
avel
lisu
ppor
tsre
publ
ics?
And
why
say
best
,a
wor
dth
atim
plie
sa
com
pari
son?
As
isof
ten
true
ofun
clea
rw
riti
ng,
itsw
rite
rha
sgo
odid
eas
but
hasn
’tye
tsu
ccee
ded
inar
ticu
lati
ngth
em.
The
firs
tof
thes
eis
that
Mac
hiav
elli
prai
ses
repu
blic
sin
abo
oken
titl
edT
heD
isco
urs
es.
The
revis
ion
wil
lbuil
don
this
pla
iner
verb
,pra
ises
.T
hew
rite
r’s
seco
ndid
ea,
only
hint
edat
inth
atdi
stra
ctin
gw
ord
best
.,is
that
Mac
hiav
elli
’spr
aise
ofre
publ
ics
inT
heD
isco
urse
sdi
ffer
sfr
omhi
sper
spec
tive
inhi
sot
her
fam
ous
book
,T
heP
rinc
e,w
here
hese
ems
topr
efer
mon
arch
ies.
(We’
don
lykn
owth
isin
cont
ext,
soto
spea
k—if
we
wer
eal
ong
for
the
ride
wit
hth
atst
uden
t—bu
tbe
arw
ith
inc.
)M
ulli
ngov
erw
ays
tobr
ing
out
this
seco
ndpo
int,
the
wri
ter
real
izes
she
can
skip
itbe
caus
eit’
sno
tth
epo
int
ofhe
res
say:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
IM
achi
avel
libe
stsu
p-M
achi
avel
libe
stM
achi
avel
lipr
aise
spo
rts
repu
blic
sin
The
prai
ses
repu
blic
sin
repu
blic
sin
The
Dis
Dis
cour
ser.
The
Dis
cour
ses.
cour
ses.
The
re’s
stil
lw
ork
todo
.L
ook
back
atth
eor
igin
alpa
ragr
aph.
The
tran
siti
ons
betw
een
sent
ence
sar
ew
eak,
and
the
thir
dse
nten
cead
dsli
ttle
toth
efi
rst.
Her
e’s
the
revi
sed
para
grap
h:
Mac
hiav
elli
prai
ses
repu
blic
sin
The
Dis
cour
ses.
Abo
veal
lhe
prai
ses
the
Rom
anre
publ
ic, b
ecau
seit
had
apo
wer
ful
arm
y,an
dco
nque
red
and
held
ava
stem
pire
.(2
6w
ords
)
The
revis
ion
is40
perc
ent
shor
ter.
Itke
eps
the
sam
eid
eas
(exc
ept
for
cutt
ing
the
abor
tive
cont
rast
wit
hT
heP
rince
)bu
tex
pres
ses
them
with
stro
ngve
rbs
(pra
ises
,ha
d,co
nque
red,
and
held
)an
dgo
odli
nks
(Abo
veal
lan
dbe
caus
e).
Eut
hyph
roco
ntin
ues
tofu
rthe
rju
stif
yhi
sac
tions
.
The
play
ease
l ally
exam
ines
the
diso
rder
brou
ght
byci
vil
war
.
Eut
hyph
roco
ntin
ues
toju
stif
yhi
sac
tions
.
The
play
exam
ines
the
diso
rder
brou
ght b
yci
vil
war
.
Ant
ony
play
son
the
crow
d’s
emot
ions
and
win
sth
eir
supp
ort.
Socr
ates
conv
ince
sC
rito
that
itw
ould
beun
just
tofle
e.IE
vent
ual
ly,
Socr
ates
conv
ince
sC
rito
.
Rev
isio
n2
B
Fin
ally
,no
teth
atth
ere
visi
onor
ders
and
expa
nds
the
argu
men
t.T
heor
igin
alve
rsio
nli
sted
asm
ajor
aspe
cts
(wha
teve
rth
atm
eans
)th
atR
ome
was
anem
pire
and
had
ast
rong
arm
y.T
here
visi
onre
vers
esth
eor
der
ofth
ese
item
s,si
nce
ast
rong
arm
yis
wha
tal
low
edR
ome
toga
init
sem
pire
.A
ndw
hile
the
orig
inal
says
mer
ely
that
the
Rom
ans
wer
ea
grea
tem
pire
,th
ere
visi
ontu
rns
this
iden
tity
into
acti
ons,
conq
uere
dan
dhe
lcL
Her
e’s
ast
uden
ttr
ying
tocr
amto
om
any
idea
sin
toto
osm
all
asp
ace:
Alie
n3
isa
fast
-pac
ed, e
mot
iona
llyte
nse
film
com
pose
dof
ava
star
ray
of
sym
bols
and
mea
ning
sw
hich
refl
ect
the
poli
tica
lde
bate
sco
ncer
ning
wom
en’s
repr
oduc
tive
righ
tsin
1990
sA
mer
ica.
(29
wor
ds)
The
idea
isa
good
one,
but
the
sent
ence
,ru
nnin
gw
itho
uta
paus
e,is
too
long
for
easy
read
ing
(pau
ses
help
read
ers
mak
eit
thro
ugh
long
sen
tenc
es).
And
som
eof
the
ver
bia
ge
veer
sin
topom
posi
ty—
aw
indy
,ha
ckne
yed
phra
selik
eva
star
ray
shou
ldbe
are
dfl
ag. T
heso
luti
onis
tocu
tto
the
core
ofth
ear
gum
ent:
Alie
n3
isa
pow
erfu
lal
lego
ryof
the
1990
sA
mer
ican
deba
teab
out
wom
en’s
repr
oduc
tive
righ
ts.
(IS
wor
ds)
The
revi
sion
isha
lfas
long
.N
ote
how
the
win
dyco
mpo
sed
of
ava
star
ray
of
sym
bols
and
mea
ning
sis
capt
ured
and
even
shar
pene
din
asi
ngle
wel
l-ch
osen
wor
d,al
lego
ry.
Em
otio
nall
yte
nse
com
esfr
omth
esa
me
pom
pous
-sty
lete
nden
cy:
tens
ion
isem
otio
nal
byde
fini
tion
,so
emot
iona
lly
tens
eis
redu
ndan
t,Po
wer
ful,
the
revi
sion
’sch
oice
ofad
jec
tive,
isva
guer
and
broa
der
than
fast
-pac
edan
dte
nse,
but
that
’sa
good
choi
cehe
re,
whe
rew
ew
ant
tofo
cus
the
read
er’s
atte
ntio
non
that
key
wor
dal
lego
ry.
Not
eth
em
ock
prof
undi
tyof
this
exam
ple
from
am
arke
ting
pape
r:
The
com
pany
uses
spec
ific
dete
rmin
atio
nm
etho
dsto
mak
edi
stin
ctio
nsbe
twee
ncu
stom
erse
gm
ents
.(1
2w
ords
)
Spec
ific
,as
used
abov
e,is
afa
vori
tepo
mpo
us-s
tyle
wor
d,a
vagu
ete
rmm
asqu
erad
ing
asa
conc
rete
one.
And
the
gass
yus
essp
ecif
icd
eter
min
atio
nm
etho
dsto
mak
edi
stin
ctio
nsca
nbe
com
pres
sed
into
one
wor
d:
Con
dsio
n9
Thi
sis
muc
hbe
tter
,bu
tth
ere
visi
onis
n’t
com
plet
e.It
feel
sba
rean
dov
erly
gene
ral.
The
wri
ter
shou
ldpr
ovid
em
ore
info
rmat
ion
tom
ake
the
sent
ence
feel
full
enou
gh:
The
com
pany
dist
ingu
ishe
sb
etw
een
thre
ecu
stom
erse
gm
ents
.(7
wor
ds)
Tha
t’s
mor
eli
keit.
The
sent
ence
goes
from
vapi
dto
info
rmat
ive—
ago
odle
sson
that
conc
isio
nis
mor
eth
anm
any
wor
dsve
rsus
few
,or
long
vers
ussh
ort.
Her
e,as
soof
ten,
the
chal
leng
eto
beco
ncis
eco
mpe
lsth
ew
rite
rto
say
som
ethi
ngco
ncre
tean
din
form
ativ
e.N
owle
t’s
look
ata
sent
ence
that
repl
aces
aty
pica
lpo
mpo
us-s
tyle
verb
-sw
addl
ew
ith
ast
rong
verb
:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
This
secr
ecy
beco
mes
very
dam
-T
his
secr
ecy
crip
ples
Ham
let.
agin
gto
Ham
let.
Man
yst
uden
tsar
eun
easy
wit
hch
ange
sof
this
kind
.T
hey
seen
ito
obo
ld.
Bec
omes
very
dam
agin
gha
sa
safe
clin
ical
soun
d,w
hile
crip
ple
sso
unds
alm
ost
rude
tost
uden
tssc
hool
edin
the
pom
pous
styl
e.B
utfo
ran
yone
wit
han
ear
for
Eng
lish
,th
ere
visi
onis
bett
er.
Itca
nst
and
byit
self
orse
rve
asa
fram
eon
whi
chto
add
nuan
ce:
This
secr
ecy
crip
ples
Ham
let b
yde
stro
ying
his
abili
tyto
trust
.
Som
em
aypro
test
that
this
kind
of
revi
sion
chan
ges
the
mea
ning
.1
wou
ldan
swer
that
the
orig
inal
sent
ence
had
alre
ady
chan
ged
the
mea
nin
g—it
took
wha
tw
asa
good
idea
onth
ew
rite
r’s
part
,an
dsu
cked
the
life
out
ofit.
Conci
sion,
tosu
mup
.m
ayst
art
out
sim
ple
—cu
tth
efa
t!—
but
itbe
com
esm
ore
com
plic
ated
asw
ew
ork
deep
erin
toou
rpr
ose.
Con
cisi
onre
pres
ents
aca
refu
l,pa
tien
tpr
oces
sof
revi
sion
inw
hich
we
wei
ghev
ery
wor
dan
dph
rase
and
thin
kha
rdab
out
how
we
can
bett
erde
velo
p,org
ani
ze,
arti
cula
te,
and
refi
neou
rid
eas.
Mos
tw
rite
rspr
oduc
ew
ordy
firs
tdr
afts
.G
ood
wri
ters
real
ize
that
sad
fact
and
are
wil
ling
tosp
end
tim
eti
ghte
ning
thei
rpr
ose.
Con
cisi
on,
inot
her
wor
ds,
ism
ore
asi
gnof
per
spir
atio
nth
anin
spir
atio
n.A
sP
asca
lw
rote
in16
56,
“Thi
sle
tter
islo
ngbe
caus
eI
didn
’tha
veti
me
tom
ake
itsh
orte
r.”
I.
The
com
pany
dist
ingu
ishe
sbe
twee
ncu
stom
erse
gmen
ts.
aori
tyII
2C
lari
ty
MO
STO
FUS
thin
kou
rw
ritin
gis
clea
rer
than
itre
ally
is.
We
know
wha
tw
em
ean,
SOw
ese
eit
inw
hat
we
wri
te.
But
good
wri
ters
see
thei
rw
ords
from
the
read
er’s
pers
pect
ive,
beca
use
clar
ity,
like
beau
ty,
isin
the
eye
ofth
ebe
hold
er.
Goo
dw
rite
rsas
k,“D
oes
my
read
erun
ders
tand
the
wor
dsI’
mus
ing,
inth
ew
ayI’
mus
ing
them
?H
ave
Iex
plai
ned
enou
ghso
that
she
know
sw
hat
I’m
talk
ing
abou
t?Is
my
evid
ence
pers
uasi
ve?
Hav
eI
thou
ght
abou
tpo
ssib
leob
ject
ions
?Is
ther
ea
logi
cal
arra
ngem
ent
tom
yar
gum
ent
that
wil
lhe
lpth
ere
ader
foll
owit
?H
ave
Ius
edgo
odli
nks
and
tran
siti
ons
toke
ephe
rpo
inte
din
the
righ
tdi
rect
ion?
”O
nepr
oble
min
answ
erin
gth
ese
ques
tion
sis
that
read
ers
diff
er,
soth
ere’
sno
one
stan
dar
dof
clea
rw
riti
ng.
Agen
eral
audie
nce
,fo
rin
stan
ce,
need
sm
ore
back
grou
ndan
dex
plan
atio
nth
ana
scho
larl
yon
e.U
nles
syo
ukn
owyo
urau
dien
ce,
it’s
impo
ssib
leto
beas
sure
dth
atw
hat
you’
rew
riti
ngw
ill
bew
ell-
rece
ived
.M
ost
unde
rgra
duat
ees
says
shou
ldhe
aim
edat
anau
dien
ceof
one’
sbe
tter
clas
smat
esun
less
ate
ache
rsa
ysot
herw
ise.
Suc
ha
stan
dard
wil
lhe
lpyo
ude
cide
how
muc
hto
expl
ain,
wha
tte
rms
tode
fine
,an
dw
hat
tone
tost
rike
:co
mpe
tent
,di
scip
line
dpl
ainn
ess.
Peo
ple
tend
tope
rcei
vea
sent
ence
ascl
ear
whe
nit
s“n
arra
tive
”—ge
nera
lly,
the
stor
yit
tell
sor
the
rela
tion
ship
itde
scri
bes—
corr
espo
nds
toit
sgr
amm
atic
alst
ruct
ure.
Inot
her
wor
ds,
ifyo
uw
ish
tow
rite
clea
rly,
begi
nby
mak
ing
your
narr
ativ
e’s
char
acte
rsth
esu
bjec
tsof
sent
ence
s,an
dth
eir
acti
ons
and
iden
titi
esth
epr
edic
ates
.S
ome
exam
ples
:
Thi
spr
oces
sis
calle
dco
ntin
enta
ldr
ift.
Ove
rtim
eit
has
resh
aped
the
sur
face
ofth
eea
rth.
Lav
oisi
erga
veP
ties
tley
’s“d
ephl
ogis
t.ica
ted
air”
itsm
odem
scie
ntif
icna
me,
oxyg
en.
On
Dec
embe
r11
,20
01,
Chi
nafo
rmal
lyjo
ined
the
Wor
ldT
rade
Org
aniz
aLi
on.
Ear
lyin
his
care
erSh
akes
pear
ew
rote
two
narr
ativ
epo
ems.
His
tori
cally
,m
ost
patr
iarc
hies
have
inst
itut
iona
lize
dfo
rce
thro
ugh
thei
rle
gal
syst
ems.
(Kat
eM
ilieu
,Sex
ual P
oliti
cs)
The
basi
cpat
tern
isw
ho(o
rw
hat
)do
esw
hat.
Logic
alac
tors
like
Lav
oisi
erC
hina
,S
hake
spea
re,
and
pat
riar
chie
sar
em
ade
gram
mat
ical
subj
ects
.(I
nth
efi
rst
exam
ple
apr
onou
n,it,
poin
tsba
ckto
cont
inen
tal
drif
t.)A
ctio
ns—
resh
aped
,ga
ve,
join
ed,
wro
te,
have
inst
iwti
onal
&ed
—ar
eex
pres
sed
asve
rbs.
The
sese
nten
ces
are
clea
rbe
caus
eth
eir
gram
mar
mat
ches
thei
rna
rrat
ive.
Whe
na
wri
ter
does
n’t
doth
isth
ere
sult
isli
kely
tost
rike
usas
con
fusi
ng—
and
som
etim
esev
enco
mic
al,
asin
this
pass
age
from
anacci
dent
repo
rtfi
led
wit
han
insu
ranc
eco
mpa
ny:
The
tele
phon
epo
lew
asap
proa
chin
g.I
was
atte
mpt
ing
tosw
erve
out
ofits
way
.whe
nit
suuc
km
yfr
onten
i
Try
ing
tofi
ndso
met
hin
gel
seto
bla
me
for
his
one-
car
acci
dent
,th
ew
rite
rgi
ves
the
tele
phon
epo
lea
life
ofit
sow
n.H
ow?
By
mak
ing
itth
egr
amm
atic
alsu
bjec
to
ftw
oac
tive
verb
s,w
asap
proa
chin
gan
dst
ruck
.N
ote
that
you
can’
tch
alk
this
upto
lack
ofsk
ill,
but
toa
clev
er,
ifunsu
cce
ssfu
l,at
tem
ptto
hide
behi
ndw
ords
.T
hequ
esti
onof
who
did
wha
tis
know
nas
agcn
cy.
We
tend
toex
pres
sou
rsel
ves
clea
rly
whe
nag
ency
isre
flec
ted
ingr
amm
ar:
that
is,
whe
nw
eex
pres
sag
ents
assu
bjec
tso
fse
nten
ces.
Mud
dyin
gup
the
ques
tion
ofag
ency
isth
ero
ot
caus
eof
mos
tun
clea
rst
uden
tw
riti
ng.
Con
side
rth
ispa
ssag
efr
oman
essa
yab
out
aco
urt
case
:
Am
otio
nw
asre
ques
ted
byth
ede
fend
ant
for
the
case
tobe
dism
isse
don
the
grou
nds
that
ther
ew
asa
failu
reon
the
part
ofth
epr
osec
utio
nto
esta
blis
hth
efa
cts.
Thi
sw
asac
cept
edby
the
judg
e,an
ddi
smis
sal
ofth
eca
sew
asor
dere
d.(4
4w
ords
)
Tru
e,th
epas
sage
des
crib
esac
tio
ns
and
iden
tifi
esth
eac
tors
.B
utit
scl
unky
desi
gnm
akes
itha
rdto
figu
reou
tw
ho’s
doin
gw
hat.
Her
e’s
acl
eare
rre
visi
on:
The
defe
ndan
t mov
edto
dism
iss
the
case
onth
egr
ound
sth
atth
epr
osec
utio
nha
dno
tes
tabl
ishe
dth
efa
cts.
The
judg
eag
reed
and
dism
isse
dth
eca
se.
(25
wor
ds)
The
revi
sion
isab
out
40pe
rcen
tsh
orte
r.
I0
2Q
arity
13
who
the
defe
ndan
tth
epr
osec
utio
nth
eju
dge
did
filed
had
not
esta
blis
hed
agre
edan
ddi
smis
sed
wha
tam
otio
nfa
cts
thec
ase
Toan
swer
the
ques
tion
Who
did
wha
t?yo
u’d
have
tota
keap
art t
heori
gi
nal
and
rear
rang
eits
piec
es.
The
gra
mm
arof
the
revi
sion
,by
cont
rast
,m
akes
answ
erin
gth
isqu
esti
ona
bree
ze.
The
revi
sion
show
sth
ree
tech
niqu
esfo
rac
hiev
ing
grea
ter
clar
ity:
(1)
choo
seve
rbs
over
no
min
aliz
aLi
ons,
(2)
choo
seac
tive
verb
sov
erli
nkin
gve
rbs,
and
(3)
choo
seth
eac
tive
voic
eov
erth
epa
ssiv
evo
ice
(see
Dia
gram
1fo
rhe
lpw
ith
thes
ete
rms)
.
Non
eof
thes
ete
chni
ques
shou
ldbe
cons
ider
edan
abso
lute
rule
. The
rear
em
any
tim
esa
good
wri
ter
uses
nom
inal
izat
ions
, lin
king
verb
s,an
dth
epa
ssiv
evo
ice.
But
sinc
eth
ose
thre
eel
emen
tsco
nsti
tute
the
stru
ctur
alco
reof
the
pom
pous
styl
e,an
dar
eha
bitu
ally
over
used
byco
lleg
est
uden
ts, i
t’s
best
tovi
ewth
emsk
epti
call
yan
dkn
owho
wto
avoi
dth
em.
I.C
hoose
Ver
bso
ver
Nom
inal
izat
ions
Ano
min
aliz
atio
nis
anac
tion
expr
esse
das
ano
unra
ther
than
ave
rb,
like
anal
ysis
oras
sess
men
tra
ther
than
anal
yze
oras
sess
(som
ew
ords
inE
ngli
sh,
espe
cial
lysh
ort
wor
dsli
keta
lkor
wor
k,lo
okth
esa
me
asve
rbs
and
noun
s;it’
sth
eir
func
tion
that
coun
ts).
Nom
inal
izat
ions
ofte
nen
din
-tio
nor
-ion
:
Ver
bN
omin
aliz
atio
nV
erb
Nom
inal
izat
ion
act
actio
nex
amin
eex
amin
atio
n
anal
yze
anal
ysis
expl
ain
expl
anat
ion
argu
ear
gum
ent
fail
failu
re
beha
vebe
havi
orin
vest
igat
ein
vest
igat
ion
desc
ribe
desc
ript
ion
nom
inal
ize
nom
inal
izat
ion
dism
iss
dism
issa
lpe
rfor
mpe
rfon
nanc
e
dist
ort
dist
ortio
nre
veal
,sh
owre
vela
tion
The
com
mon
-ion
endi
ngs
mak
eit
easy
tofi
ndno
min
aliz
atio
nsin
wri
tin
g,an
don
ceyo
ust
art
look
ing
for
them
you’
llfi
nda
101,
espe
cial
lyin
form
alw
riti
ng—
asH
.W
.F
owle
rla
men
ted
year
sag
o:
Tur
gid
flab
byE
nglis
his
full
ofab
stra
ctno
uns;
the
com
mon
est
endi
ngof
abst
ract
noun
sis
-tio
n,an
dto
coun
tth
e-io
nw
ords
inw
hat
one
has
wri
tte
n.
.is
one
ofth
esi
mpl
est
and
mos
tef
fect
ive
mea
nsof
mak
ing
ones
elf
less
unre
adab
le.
(198
3,64
0)
By
chan
ging
acti
ons
into
noun
s,no
min
aliz
atio
nsle
tyo
uw
rite
sent
ence
sth
atdo
n’t
mak
ecl
ear
who
does
wha
t.“A
naly
sis,
”fo
rin
stan
ce,
does
n’t
spec
ify
who
’sdo
ing
the
anal
yzin
g.S
omet
imes
that
’sok
ay.
Con
side
rth
efo
llow
ing:
Act
ion
inV
erb
Act
ion
inN
omin
aliz
atio
nId
idal
lI
coul
d.A
full
com
plem
ent o
fact
ions
was
unde
rtak
en.
2
Act
ive
voic
eTh
esu
bjec
tpeit
actio
n..1
cow
star
ted
tL,
BALI
Gat
esfo
unde
dt.
The
pres
iden
tm
ade
a
Apr
oper
tyof
you
expr
ess
act
erf
orm
lno
)
Tra
nsit
ive
yME
xpre
ssac
tion
uf
The
do”:
She V
Pas
sive
voic
eTh
esu
bjec
tr‘
sth
eac
tion.
Th
ejir
e’re
dby
aco
w.
MIt
,M
ist
Ire
mad
e.
tom
toho
w,4ith
the
subj
ect
-ly
ing
the
actio
n.
Intr
ansi
tiv
ever
bs
Exp
ress
‘—
‘1U
ta
dire
ctob
ject
.R
Ø--
”,..
iugh
the
open
wtn
dow
.in
stil
faile
d..
vac4
xw*
drop
ped
inth
em
utt
Lin
king
ver
bs
Ex
pre
ssa
.)oin
gori
den
tity
.Th
eC
r.._
.Lw
asa
failu
re.
Ii2s
alie
nate
d.(i
okpm
mis
ing.
Dia
gram
l.A
Ver
bF
amil
yT
ree
42
We
are
care
fully
anal
yzin
gth
eA
syst
emat
ican
alys
isof
the
data
isun
derw
ay.
Inse
nten
ces
like
thes
e,w
hich
repo
rton
the
scie
ntif
icm
etho
d,nom
inal
izat
ions
(and
thei
rpa
rtne
rth
epa
ssiv
evo
ice)
are
com
mon
ly—
and
sen
sibl
y—us
ed,
beca
use
ther
eis
nore
aldo
ubt
abou
tw
hois
doin
gth
eac
tion
s(s
cien
tist
sw
rite
upth
eir
own
find
ings
).B
utw
hen
agen
cyis
unce
rtai
n,th
enno
min
aliz
atio
nste
ndto
mak
epr
ose
seem
conf
usin
gor
clun
ky,
asin
the
foll
owin
gex
ampl
es:
The
love
Ant
ony
has
for
Cle
opa
inis
muc
hgr
eate
rth
anan
ylo
vehe
has
for
his
wif
e.
Ass
essm
ent
ofhi
ste
stpe
rfor
-H
epa
ssed
the
test
.tn
ance
show
edsa
tisfa
ctor
yac
hiev
emen
t.
Ano
ther
exam
ple:
Toda
y,so
ciet
yw
itnes
ses
wom
en’s
stea
dypr
ogre
ssto
war
deq
ualit
y.M
ovin
gbe
yond
the
lim
itsof
the
hom
e,w
omen
are
clai
min
gne
wan
din
crea
sing
auth
ority
ingo
vern
men
t,b
usi
ness
,an
dot
her
trad
ition
ally
mal
e-do
min
ated
area
s.
Thi
sre
visi
ondi
vide
sth
elo
ngst
ring
ofw
ords
into
two
sent
ence
s,w
hich
alre
ady
mak
esit
easi
erto
foll
ow.
ital
soal
igns
the
char
acte
rw
ith
the
gram
mat
ical
subj
ect,
bym
akin
gw
omen
the
subj
ect
ofth
eve
rbin
the
seco
ndse
nten
ce.
Tru
e,th
ere
visi
onis
long
er,
but
itsne
wre
adab
ilit
ym
ore
than
mak
esup
for
the
adde
dle
ngth
.C
onci
sion
isn’
tan
end
init
self
, but
am
eans
tocl
arity
.
Cian
ty15
2.C
hoose
Act
ive
Ver
bsover
Lin
king
Ver
bs
Not
all
verb
sw
ork
the
sam
ew
ay.
Act
ive
verb
sco
nvey
acti
on—
hera
n,sh
esp
oke,
the
pati
ent
suff
ered
are
laps
e.L
inki
ngve
rbs
conv
eyst
ates
ofbe
ing
orde
scri
ptio
n—m
yfri
end
isin
Lon
don,
she
seem
ssm
art,
isw
illbe
diff
icul
t.It
’snat
ura
lto
use
linkin
gve
rbs
whe
nyo
u’re
defi
ning
orde
scri
bing
thin
gs:
Acc
ordi
ngto
lCtth
ler-
Ros
sth
ere
are
live
stag
esof
grie
for
dyin
g.Po
land
’sSo
lidar
ityw
asth
efi
rst
inde
pend
ent
trad
eun
ion
inth
eSo
viet
bloc
.
Mac
hiav
elli’
scy
nici
smse
ems
utte
rly
cont
empo
rary
.
So
far
sogo
od.
But
whe
nth
isgr
amm
arof
iden
tity
isus
edto
conv
eyac
tion
s,th
ings
get
ugly
.W
hen
Bil
lC
lint
onw
asbe
ing
sued
for
sexu
alha
rass
men
t by
Pau
laJo
nes,
his
atto
rney
told
the
judg
ein
the
case
that
the
pres
iden
tkn
ewof
anaf
fida
vit
(fal
se,
asit
turn
edou
t)by
Mon
ica
Lew
insk
y,w
hich
affi
rmed
,as
the
atto
rney
put
it,th
at“t
here
isab
solu
tely
nose
xof
any
kind
”w
ith
the
pres
iden
t.T
heli
nkin
g-ve
rbco
nstr
ucti
onm
ight
soun
dcl
umsy
,bu
tit
clev
erly
trea
ted
sex
impe
rson
ally
.T
heat
torn
ey—
clea
rly
am
aste
rof
the
pom
pous
styl
e—di
dal
lhe
coul
dto
avoi
dco
nju
rin
gan
yim
age
ofth
epr
esid
ent
infl
agra
nte
delic
ro.T
hein
ert
link
ing
verb
also
fine
ssed
the
issu
eof
lim
ing
(pas
tor
pres
ent?
).P
resi
dent
Cli
nton
late
rtr
ied
tore
but
anac
cusa
tion
ofpei
ury
byhi
ding
behi
ndth
eva
guen
ess
ofth
ispa
rtic
ular
link
ing
verb
:“I
t dep
ends
onw
hat
the
mea
ning
ofth
ew
ord
‘is’
is”
(“T
heP
resi
dent
’sT
esti
mon
y:’
1998
,B
3).
Tha
t’s
ano
tori
ous
exam
ple
from
swor
nte
stim
ony,
but
link
ing-
verb
cons
truc
tion
sm
ake
ital
lto
oea
syto
obsc
ure
acti
ons
inev
eryd
aysp
eech
.li
the
acti
onis
n’t
init
sna
tura
lpl
ace—
the
verb
—w
here
isit?
As
you
prob
ably
susp
ect,
ina
nom
inal
izat
ion.
Lin
king
verb
san
dn
om
inal
iza
tion
soc
cur
toge
ther
asel
emen
tsof
the
pom
pous
styl
e,so
repl
acin
gth
emin
tand
emte
nds
tore
sult
inm
ore
dyna
mic
sent
ence
s:
*T
hefo
rms
ofto
bein
stat
emen
tslik
esh
ew
asru
nn
ing
orm
yfr
iend
isst
udyi
ngin
Lon
don
are
not
link
ing
verb
s,bu
tau
xili
arie
sth
atar
epa
rtof
com
poun
dve
rbs
(the
othe
rpa
rtis
apa
rtic
iple
:th
e-i
ngfo
rms
here
are
pres
ent
par
ticip
les)
.
data
. Nom
inal
ized
Ori
gina
lC
lear
erR
evis
ion
The
play
isan
exam
inat
ion
ofth
eco
nflic
tth
eco
nspi
rato
rsfa
ceaf
ter
the
assa
ssin
atio
nof
Juliu
sC
aesa
r.
The
play
exam
ines
the
conf
lict
the
cons
pira
tors
face
afte
rth
eyas
sass
inat
eJu
lius
Cae
sar.
Ant
ony
love
sC
leop
atra
mor
eth
anhe
love
shi
sw
ife.
Nom
iria
lized
Ori
gina
lC
lear
erR
evis
ion
Toda
y,so
ciet
yw
itnes
ses
the
stea
dypr
ogre
ssof
wom
ento
war
deq
ualit
yw
ithth
eir
incr
easi
ngpr
esen
cein
the
wor
king
wor
ldan
din
gove
rnm
ent
and
thei
rgr
adua
lm
ove
outs
ide
the
hom
e.
Gor
ky17
Link
ing-
Ver
bO
rigi
nal
Act
ive-
Ver
bR
evis
ion
The
poem
’sla
ngua
gean
dim
agcr
yev
oke
am
ood
ofam
biva
lenc
e.
The
acco
untin
gfir
mfa
iled
toex
amin
eth
eco
mpa
ny’s
tran
sac
tions
care
fully
.
The
thir
dex
ampl
esh
ows
aco
mm
ontr
ait
ofli
nkin
g-ve
rbse
nten
ces—
ach
ain
ofpr
epos
itio
nal
phra
ses
that
mak
esfo
ra
plod
ding
,m
onot
onou
srh
ythm
:
The
rew
asa
failu
reon
the
part
ina
thor
ough
exam
inat
ion
ofth
etr
ansa
ctio
nsof
the
com
pany
.
Sin
ceth
epo
mpo
usst
yle
pref
ers
noun
sto
verb
s,it
tend
sto
over
use
the
pre
posi
tional
phra
se,
that
hand
yde
vice
for
stap
ling
noun
sin
tose
nte
nces
.W
hen
you
buil
dse
nten
ces
onac
tive
verb
sra
ther
than
nom
inal
izat
ions
and
link
ing
verb
s,yo
u’ll
use
few
erpr
epos
itio
nal
phra
ses.
Now
let’
stu
rnto
the
thir
dte
chni
que
for
wri
ting
clea
rly.
3.C
hoose
the
Act
ive
Voi
ceover
the
Pas
sive
Voi
ce
Sen
tenc
esw
ritt
enin
the
pass
ive
voic
etu
rnth
eus
ual
narr
ativ
epa
tter
nup
side
dow
n.T
hesu
bjec
tdo
esn’
tdo
anyt
hing
—it
isac
ted
upon
:A
car
was
stol
en.
The
doer
ofth
eac
tion
ofte
ndr
ops
out
alto
geth
er.
Bef
ore
look
ing
atab
uses
of
the
pass
ive
voic
e,co
nsi
der
som
eex
ampl
esth
atm
ake
good
use
ofit:
The
docu
men
twas
foun
din
the
gove
rnor
’spe
rson
allib
rary
.H
amle
twas
wri
tten
arou
nd16
00.
The
part
icle
’sra
teof
deca
yw
asm
easu
red.
Inal
lth
ree
ofth
ese
sent
ence
sth
epa
ssiv
evo
ice
wor
ksw
ell
(tho
ugh
tode
cide
for
sure
we’
dw
ant
tose
eth
eco
ntex
tan
dkn
owth
ew
rite
r’s
inte
ntio
n).
Inge
nera
l,th
epa
ssiv
evo
ice
mak
esse
nse
whe
nyo
uw
ant
toem
pha
size
anac
tion
orit
sre
cipi
ent
and
don’
tca
reab
out
the
agen
t.If
you
dow
ant
toid
enti
fyth
eag
ent
inth
epa
ssiv
evo
ice,
use
apr
epos
itio
nal
phra
sebe
ginn
ing
wit
hl:
Ham
let
was
wri
tten
byS
hake
spea
reat
vund
1600
.Y
ouca
nal
sous
eth
epa
ssiv
evo
ice
togi
vea
sent
ence
mor
epi
zzaz
zby
iden
tify
ing
the
agen
tat
the
end
ofth
ese
nten
ce.
Inth
efo
llow
ing
two-
sent
ence
sequ
ence
,fo
rin
stan
ce,
the
wri
ter
uses
the
acti
vevo
ice
and
then
the
pass
ive,
acco
rdin
gto
his
purp
ose
inea
chse
nten
ce:
Hor
ses,
mam
mot
hs,
rein
deer
,bi
son,
mou
ntai
ngo
ats,
lions
,an
da
host
ofot
her
mam
mal
sca
scad
ein
imag
eal
ong
the
cave
wal
lsov
era
dist
ance
ofal
mos
ta
hund
red
yard
s,ov
erth
ree
hund
red
depi
ctio
nsin
all,
Del
icat
ely
exec
uted
and
met
icul
ousl
yob
serv
ed, t
hese
vari
edan
dov
erla
ppin
gim
ages
wer
em
ade
bype
ople
ofth
ela
teIc
eA
ge,p
erha
psth
irte
enth
ousa
ndye
ars
ago.
(Ian
Tat
ters
all,
Bec
omin
gH
uman
)
The
firs
tse
nten
ce,
wit
hit
sac
tive
voic
ean
dst
rong
verb
(cas
cade)
.em
phas
izes
the
live
lyen
ergy
ofth
epa
inti
ngs.
The
seco
ndse
nten
ceus
esth
epa
ssiv
evo
ice
and
aby
phra
seto
iden
tify
the
agen
tat
the
end.
Tha
tle
tsth
ese
cond
sent
ence
star
tw
here
the
firs
tle
aves
off.
Ifth
ese
cond
sent
ence
wer
ere
cast
inth
eac
tive
voic
e—sa
y,P
eopl
eof
the
late
Ice
Age
mad
eth
ese
vari
edan
dov
erla
ppin
gim
ages
,per
hap
sth
irte
enth
ousa
ndye
ars
ago—
the
pass
age
wou
ldlo
sem
uch
ofit
sin
tere
st(t
houg
hno
neof
its
mea
ning
).A
clas
sic
use
ofth
epa
ssiv
evo
ice
com
esfr
omP
resi
dent
Fra
nkli
nD
elan
oR
oose
velt
’sad
dre
ssto
Congre
ssth
eda
yaf
ter
the
Japa
nese
atta
ckon
Pea
rlH
arbo
r:
Yes
terd
ay,
Dec
embe
r7,
1941
—a
date
whi
chw
illliv
ein
infa
my—
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esof
Am
eric
aw
assu
dden
lyan
dde
liber
atel
yat
tack
edby
nava
lan
dai
rfo
rces
ofth
eE
mpi
reof
Japa
n.
2
Am
ood
ofam
biva
lenc
eis
the
mai
nef
fect
ofth
epo
em’s
lan
guag
ean
dim
ager
y.
Mot
ion
tow
ard
alig
htso
urce
isa
beha
vior
ofE
ugle
na.
asi
ngle
-ce
lled
orga
nism
.
The
rew
asa
failu
reon
the
part
ofth
eac
coun
ting
firm
toen
gage
ina
thor
ough
exam
inat
ion
ofth
etr
ansa
ctio
nsof
the
com
pany
.
Eug
lena
.a
sing
le-c
elle
dor
gan
ism
,w
illm
ove
tow
ard
alig
htso
urce
.
ofth
eac
coun
ting
firm
toen
gage
82
Clar
ity19
Why
the
pass
ive
voic
ehe
re?
To
rein
forc
eF
DR
’sar
gum
ent
that
Am
eric
aM
ista
kes
wer
em
ade
here
bype
ople
who
eith
erdi
dit
delib
erat
ely
orm
ad-
had
done
noth
ing
topro
voke
the
atta
ck.
Lat
er,
the
pre
siden
tuse
sth
eve
rten
tly.
Now
, oth
ers—
it’s
upto
othe
rsto
deci
dew
heth
erth
ose
mis
take
sac
tive
voic
ein
ast
rong
para
llel
seri
esto
emph
asiz
eJa
pan’
sac
tive
perf
idy:
wer
em
ade
delib
erat
ely
orin
adve
rten
tly.
Bill
Clin
ton.
pres
sco
nfer
ence
(Jan
uary
2&19
97)
Yes
terd
ay,
the
Japa
nese
gove
rnm
ent
also
laun
ched
anat
tack
agai
nst
Mal
aya.
Mis
take
sw
ere
mad
eth
atco
stm
yso
n’s
life
and
all
Ica
nsa
yis
I.’m
soL
ast
nigh
t.Ja
pane
sefo
rces
atta
cked
Hon
gK
ong.
sorr
yfo
rw
hat h
appe
ned.
Las
tni
ght.
Japa
nese
forc
esat
tack
edG
uam
.B
rian
Pet
erso
n,on
tria
lw
ithhi
sgi
rlfr
iend
for
killi
ngL
ast n
ight
,Ja
pane
sefo
rces
atta
cked
the
Phili
ppin
eIs
land
s.L
ast
nigh
t,th
eJa
pane
seat
tack
edW
ake
Isla
nd.
thei
rin
fant
son,
inco
urt
test
imon
y(J
uly
8.19
98)
Thi
sm
orni
ng,
the
Japa
nese
atta
cked
Mid
way
isla
nd.
Ifin
hind
sigh
tw
e-
-.di
scov
erth
atm
ista
kes
may
have
been
mad
eas
rega
rds
prom
ptre
mov
alof
prie
sts
and
assi
stan
ceto
vict
ims.
Iam
deep
lyA
tth
een
d,no
tw
anti
ngto
leav
ehi
sli
sten
ers
wit
ha
mes
sage
ofth
eir
solT
y.co
untr
y’s
pass
ivit
y,R
oose
velt
agai
nus
esth
eac
tive
voic
e—th
isti
me
toE
dwar
dC
ardi
nalE
gan,
Arc
hbis
hop
ofN
ewY
ork,
lett
erto
pari
shio
ners
onas
sert
Am
eric
a’s
unbr
oken
reso
lve:
‘lie
Am
eric
anpe
ople
inth
eir
righ
-th
eC
atho
licC
hurc
h’s
pedo
phil
iasc
anda
l(A
pril
2U—
.l,20
02)
teou
sm
ight
wil
lw
inth
roug
hto
abso
lute
vict
ory?
’in
sum
,w
hen
Roo
seve
ltw
ante
dto
emph
asiz
ein
noce
nce
heus
edth
eA
tle
ast
the
spea
kers
ofth
ese
grud
ging
adm
issi
ons
chos
eth
eir
wor
dspa
ssiv
evo
ice.
Whe
nhe
wan
ted
toem
phas
ize
acti
onhe
used
the
acti
veca
refu
lly
and,
ina
narr
owse
nse,
skil
lful
ly.
But
stud
ents
tend
tous
eth
evo
ice.
His
mas
terl
yus
eof
voic
eis
the
esse
nce
ofgo
odst
yle:
whe
nho
wk
pass
ive
voic
em
erel
yas
aba
dha
bit,
part
ofth
epo
mpo
usst
yle.
The
usua
lw
esa
yso
met
hing
suit
sw
hat
we
say.
jre
sult
?T
hrgi
dpr
ose:
The
pass
ive
voic
eha
sit
sus
es,
asR
oose
velt
’sfa
mou
ssp
eech
show
s.B
utPa
ssiv
eV
oice
Act
ive
Voi
cem
ost
ofth
eti
me
whe
ngo
odw
rite
rste
ll,de
scri
be,
orex
plor
e,th
eyre
ach
The
Taf
t-H
artle
yA
ctw
asal
soT
heC
ourt
also
cite
dth
eTa
ft-fo
rth
eac
tive
voic
e.If
the
pass
ive
voic
edo
min
ates
som
eone
’sst
yle,
it’s
used
tosu
ppor
tth
eC
ourt
’sde
ci-
Har
tley
Act
.a
fair
assu
mpt
ion
that
heor
she
ism
ore
inte
rest
edin
obsc
urin
gor
duck
-5
10
!).
ing
ques
tion
sof
resp
onsi
bili
tyth
anin
fran
kex
pres
sion
.In
deed
,po
liti
-w
ne
real
ing
Mill
’s“O
nL
ib-
In“O
nLi
berty
,”M
illdi
scus
ses
cian
san
doth
ers
eager
toap
pea
rco
ntr
ite
wit
hout
actu
ally
takin
ger
ty,”
the
conc
epto
fpe
rson
alth
eco
ncep
tof
pers
onal
free
dom
.re
spon
sibi
lity
cher
ish
one
par
ticu
lar
pass
ive
cons
truc
tion
:M
ista
kes
wer
efr
eedo
mw
asdi
scus
sed.
mad
e.H
ere
are
som
epr
izew
inne
rs:
The
view
ofth
em
othe
ris
dis-
Gar
land
says
his
mot
her
“did
n’t
play
edw
hen
Gar
land
wri
tes,
wan
t to
leav
eou
rho
me
and
mov
eD
eng:
Why
isth
ere
still
such
abi
gno
ise
bein
gm
ade
abou
t Wat
erga
te?
She
didn
’tw
ant
tole
ave
our
wes
t?’
Kis
sing
er:
Tha
tis
ase
ries
ofal
mos
tin
com
preh
ensi
ble
even
ts..
..it
has
hom
ean
dm
ove
wes
t?’
itsro
ots
inth
efa
ctth
atso
me
mis
take
sw
ere
mad
e,bu
tal
so,
whe
nyo
uch
ange
man
ypo
licie
s,yo
um
ake
man
y,m
any
enem
ies.
Itw
asdi
scus
sed
inth
isre
adin
gSm
ithar
gues
that
itis
impo
rtan
tth
atit
isim
port
ant f
orus
toto
unde
rsta
ndth
epe
ople
we
Secr
etar
yof
Stat
eH
enry
Kis
sing
ersp
eaki
ngw
ithun
ders
tand
the
peop
lew
ithw
ork
with
.C
hine
seV
ice
Pre
mie
rD
eng
Xia
opin
g(A
pril
14,
1974
)w
hom
we
wor
k.T
heex
ecut
ion
ofth
ese
polic
ies
was
flaw
edan
dm
ista
kes
wer
em
ade.
Let
me
just
say
itw
asno
tm
yin
tent
todo
busi
ness
wit
hK
hom
eini
,to
trad
eIn
the
nove
l’s
earl
ych
apte
rs,
aT
heno
vels
earl
ych
apte
rsw
eapo
nsfo
rho
stag
es, n
orto
unde
rcut
our
polic
yof
antit
etro
rism
.la
rge
emph
asis
ispl
aced
upon
his
emph
asiz
ehi
spn
de.
prid
e.R
onal
dR
eaga
n,ra
dio
broa
dcas
t(D
ecem
ber
6.19
86)
202
Gor
iy21
Cla
rity
and
Hones
ty
The
thre
ete
chni
ques
we’
vedi
scus
sed
for
wri
ting
clea
rer
pros
ew
ork
wel
lm
ost
ofth
eti
me
and
wil
lhe
lpyo
ude
velo
pa
live
lyst
yle.
Vio
lati
ngth
emin
disc
rim
inat
ely
wil
lsa
ddle
your
read
ers
wit
hli
fele
ss,
shap
eles
sse
nten
ces
litt
ered
wit
hpr
epos
itio
nsan
dug
ly,
bori
ngno
uns
(as
nom
inal
izat
ions
—ev
enth
ena
me
isug
ly—
usua
lly
are)
.T
hrow
inbi
gw
ords
,an
dyo
u’ve
got
the
full
-blo
wn
pom
pous
styl
e.S
ome
peop
lein
stin
ctiv
ely
turn
toth
epo
mpo
usst
yle
whe
nth
ings
get
roug
h.C
onsi
der
anex
ampl
efr
omth
eB
ible
,w
hen
Mos
esre
turn
sto
the
Isra
elit
esaf
ter
heha
ssp
ent
fort
yda
yson
the
mou
ntai
ntop
.H
e’s
brin
ging
the
Ten
Com
man
dmen
ts,
but
whi
lehe
’sbe
engo
neal
lhe
llha
sbr
oken
loos
e.T
heis
rael
ites
,fe
elin
gab
ando
ned
inth
ew
ilde
rnes
s,ha
vebe
gun
wor
ship
ping
ane
wid
olth
atM
oses
’br
othe
r,A
aron
,m
ade:
ago
lden
calL
Fur
ious
,M
oses
smas
hes
the
Ten
Com
man
dmen
tsan
dtu
rns
toA
aron
,w
how
assu
ppos
edto
have
been
inch
arge
duri
nghi
sab
senc
e.W
hath
appe
ned?
,he
wan
tsto
know
.W
here
did
the
gold
enca
lfco
me
from
?A
aron
does
n’t
flat
-out
lie,
but h
etr
ies
tow
ease
lou
tof
his
role
inth
ede
bacl
e:
And
Isa
idun
toth
em,W
hoso
ever
hath
any
gold
,le
tth
embr
eak
itof
f.So
they
gave
itm
e:th
enI
cast
itin
toth
efi
re,
and
ther
eca
me
out
this
calf
.(E
xod.
32:2
3)
The
reca
me
out
this
calf
I’ve
alw
ays
won
dere
dw
hat
look
Mos
esga
veA
aron
afte
rhe
arin
gth
is.
(The
Bib
ledo
esn’
tsa
y.)
Am
ore
rece
ntex
ampl
eof
usin
gla
ngua
geth
ew
ease
lw
ayco
mes
from
Kos
ovo,
1999
.A
youn
gS
erbi
anm
ansa
idth
isto
anA
mer
ican
repo
rter
:
We
have
toac
cept
the
fact
s.V
ery
bad
thin
gsha
ppen
edin
Kos
ovo,
and
we
are
goin
gto
pay
for
that
.(B
ooth
1999
, 85)
The
stat
emen
tst
arts
off
wit
ha
seem
ingly
fort
hri
ght
acce
pta
nce
ofre
spon
sibi
lity
.N
owco
mes
the
wea
seli
ng,
star
ting
wit
hth
eno
-age
ntag
ency
ofve
ryba
dth
ings
happ
ened
.B
utth
ere’
sm
ore:
byrh
etor
ical
lyse
para
ting
thos
eba
dth
ings
that
happ
ened
from
we—
Ser
bian
spre
sum
ably
—th
ese
nten
ceca
lls
into
ques
tion
the
legi
tim
acy
ofho
ldin
gth
atbl
urry
we
resp
onsi
ble.
By
the
end
ofth
est
atem
ent
the
Ser
bsin
Kos
ovo
emer
geno
tas
vict
imiz
ers
but
vict
ims.
Hum
anri
ghts
orga
niza
tion
ste
llus
that
inC
hina
(to
take
anot
her
exam
ple
not
onou
rdo
orst
ep),
inve
stig
ator
sro
utin
ely
tort
ure
susp
ects
duri
ngin
terr
ogat
ion
sess
ions
.C
hine
seau
thor
itie
sdo
n’t
like
toad
mit
this
.O
ffic
ial
tran
scri
pts
ofin
terr
ogat
ion
sess
ions
inC
hina
thus
requ
ire
som
ere
adin
gbe
twee
nth
eli
nes:
Edu
catio
nta
kes
plac
e.(R
osen
thal
2(X
),A
lO)
Thi
sbl
and,
chil
ling
stat
emen
t cou
ldbe
Exh
ibit
Ain
how
tous
ew
ords
toco
ncea
lan
dev
ade.
No
mat
ter
the
tech
niqu
efo
rdo
ing
so,
wri
ting
clea
rly
isin
the
end
not
just
am
atte
rof
tech
niqu
eor
skill
but
ofw
ill.
“The
grea
ten
emy
ofcl
ear
lang
uage
TO
rwel
lsa
id,
“is
insi
ncer
ity”
(196
8,13
7).
Cla
rity
isan
ethi
cal
impe
rati
ve.
ItLa
kes
hone
sty
tosa
yw
hat
we
see
and
thin
k,an
dco
urag
eto
tell
the
trut
h.T
heet
hics
ofcl
arit
yho
ldfo
rco
lleg
est
uden
tsno
less
than
for
dipl
omat
s,po
lice
,so
ldie
rs,
poli
tici
ans,
and
CE
Os.
How
you
choo
seto
spea
kan
dw
rite
insc
hool
shap
esho
wyo
uw
il.!
act—
and
wha
tyo
uw
ill
beco
me—
late
rin
life.
Flew
23
3F
low
AN
ESS
AY
ism
ade
ofpas
sages
,an
da
pass
age,
asit
sna
me
impl
ies,
invo
lves
mot
ion—
mov
emen
tfr
ompo
intA
topo
int
B.A
read
eris
thus
aki
ndof
trav
eler
.If
the
wri
ter
has
done
his
job,
the
trav
elw
ill
prov
ew
orth
whi
lean
dm
aybe
even
ente
rtai
ning
.O
nra
reoc
casi
ons
the
trav
eler
may
even
feel
mag
ical
lytr
ansp
orte
dby
the
grac
eof
wha
tsh
e’s
read
ing.
Thi
sfe
elin
gco
mes
from
hard
wor
kon
the
wri
ter’
spa
rt,
yet
ther
ear
etr
icks
for
gett
ing
are
ader
from
Ato
B(o
rZ
for
that
mat
ter)
,fo
rac
hie
vin
gw
riti
ngth
atse
ems
tofl
ow.
Con
side
rth
efo
llow
ing:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
Den
ial,
ange
r,ba
rgai
ning
,de
pres
sion
,an
dac
cept
ance
are
amon
gth
efiv
est
ages
ofth
epro
cess
ofgr
ief,
said
aps
ychi
atri
stna
med
Elis
abet
hK
Ubl
er-R
oss
inhe
rbo
ok,
On
Dea
than
dD
ying
.M
any
peop
lew
elt
infl
uenc
edby
the
book
,w
hich
was
publ
ishe
din
1969
and
was
abe
stse
ller
.A
refu
sal
toac
cept
the
outc
ome
com
men
ces
the
pro
cess
....
The
orig
inal
’sun
gain
lyfi
rst
sent
ence
list
ste
nns
befo
reof
feri
ngan
yex
plan
atio
nor
back
grou
nd.
Am
ong
impl
ies
apa
rtia
lli
st,
and
the
read
erm
aysk
ipba
ckan
dco
unt
the
term
s(w
ew
ant
the
read
erm
ovin
gfo
rwar
d,no
tba
ckw
ard)
.In
stea
dof
buil
ding
abr
idge
from
the
list
toth
ela
stse
nte
nce
byre
peat
ing
the
term
sde
nial
and
stag
e,th
eor
igin
alpa
ssag
eus
esdi
ffer
ent
wor
ds;
its
refu
sal
toac
cept
inpl
ace
ofden
ial
isa
dist
ract
ing
echo
ofa
diff
eren
tte
rm.
The
orig
inal
’sse
cond
sent
ence
,on
the
book
’sin
flue
nce,
take
sup
too
muc
hsp
ace
and
dive
rts
atte
ntio
nfr
omth
ep
ara
grap
h’s
mai
nfu
ncti
on,
intr
oduc
ing
Kub
ler-
Ros
s’id
eas.
The
revi
sion
divi
des
the
long
firs
tse
nten
cein
two,
shap
ing
the
flow
oin
form
atio
nan
dal
low
ing
apa
use
afte
rin
trod
ucto
rym
ater
ial.
Its
sen
tenc
esen
dem
phat
ical
ly.
The
revi
sion
dist
ills
the
orig
inal
seco
ndse
nte
nce
into
one
wor
d,popula
rize
d.
Its
thir
dse
nte
nce
buil
dsli
nks
by
repe
atin
gim
port
ant
term
s,st
age
and
deni
al.
All
ofth
ishe
lps
spee
dth
ere
ader
on.
Inth
isch
apte
rw
e’ll
look
atfo
urte
chni
ques
for
achi
evin
gfl
owin
your
wri
ting
:(1
)de
ploy
ing
cons
iste
ntan
dlo
gica
lch
arac
ters
,(2
)us
ing
pron
ouns
and
othe
rpo
inte
rs,
(3)
desi
gnin
gse
nten
ces
wit
hpu
nch
line
s,an
d(4
)si
gnal
ing
logi
cal
step
sin
your
argu
men
tw
ith
conj
unct
ions
and
othe
rli
nkin
gw
ords
.T
hese
four
tech
niqu
esw
ill
help
you
wri
tepr
ose
that
isea
sier
tore
adan
dun
ders
tand
.
I.U
seC
onsi
sten
tC
har
acte
rs
Goo
des
says
unfo
ldli
kest
orie
s—--
not
inth
ese
nse
ofbe
ing
dram
atic
orex
citi
ng,
but
inth
ese
nse
of
show
ing
char
acte
rsdo
ing
thin
gsor
bein
gde
scri
bed.
Her
eis
apa
ssag
eab
out
the
Am
eric
anpo
liti
cal
syst
cmin
the
19th
cent
ury:
The
Am
eric
ansy
stem
Bry
cew
asde
scri
bing
was
one
who
sere
gula
tions
wer
efe
w,
who
sere
sour
ces
wer
em
any,
and
who
sece
ntra
lgo
vern
men
tw
asun
obtr
usiv
e.It
was
asy
stem
idea
llysu
ited
for
cong
ress
iona
lgo
vern
men
t.(T
heod
ore
Low
i,Th
eE
ndof
Lib
eral
ism
)
Am
eric
ansy
stem
bind
sth
ispa
ssag
eto
geth
er,
not
just
beca
use
itis
the
subj
ect
ofbo
thse
nten
ces,
but
beca
use
of
thos
eli
ttle
wor
dsli
keon
e,w
hose
,an
dit
that
poin
tba
ckto
it.N
ote
too
how
the
pass
age
ends
byha
ndin
gof
f,as
itw
ere,
toa
new
char
acte
r:co
ngre
ssio
nal g
over
nmen
tT
hele
sson
isth
atyo
une
edto
cont
rol
how
your
read
erm
oves
from
one
char
acte
rto
the
next
.T
hene
xtex
ampl
efa
ilsto
doth
at.
Itpr
esen
tsa
jum
ble
ofch
arac
ters
,br
ingi
ngth
ere
ader
’sth
inki
ngto
aha
ltas
hest
rug
gles
tofi
gure
out
who
isdo
ing
wha
t:
Ori
gina
lM
achi
avel
li’s
view
ofC
hris
tian
ity
com
esfr
oma
polit
ical
stan
dpoi
nt.
Mor
ality
ista
ken
into
little
cons
ider
atio
nw
hen
relig
ion
isdi
scus
sed
inhi
sw
orks
.
Eve
nth
ough
itst
icks
toa
sing
leto
pic,
the
pass
age
feel
sch
oppy
.T
here
visi
onad
dres
ses
the
prof
usio
nof
char
acte
rsby
buil
ding
upon
one,
Mac
hiav
elli
:
InO
nD
eath
and
Dyi
ng(1
969)
,th
eSw
iss
psyc
hiat
rist
Elis
abet
hK
ilbie
r-R
oss
popu
lari
zed
the
notio
nof
grie
fas
apr
oces
s.A
ccor
ding
toK
uble
r-R
oss
ther
ear
efiv
est
ages
ofgr
ief:
deni
al,
ange
r,ba
rgai
ning
,dep
ress
ion,
and
acce
ptan
ce.
Inth
efir
stst
age,
deni
al.
22
243
lRo
w25
Rev
isio
nM
achi
avel
liju
dges
reli
gion
from
apo
liti
cal
stan
dpoi
nt.
He
virt
uall
yig
nore
sth
em
oral
teac
hing
sof
Chr
istia
nity
.
Her
e’s
anot
her
exam
ple
ofho
wth
inki
ngab
out
char
acte
rsca
nm
ake
apa
ssag
eea
sier
tore
ad.
We’
llgo
thro
ugh
seve
ral
revi
sion
s,to
see
how
wri
ting
can
impr
ove
step
byst
ep:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
IT
heid
eafr
omM
acgr
egor
’sbo
okth
atst
ands
out
isth
efa
ctth
atth
ere
isse
lf-c
ontr
olan
dse
lf-
dire
ctio
n.
The
revi
sion
mak
esM
acgr
egor
the
char
acte
r—a
muc
hbet
ter
choi
ceth
anan
abst
ract
char
acte
rlik
eid
eaor
fact
.B
utm
ore
revi
sion
isca
lled
for.
Sin
ceit
isn’
tcl
ear
who
sese
lf-c
ontr
olan
dse
lf-d
irec
tion
Mac
greg
orm
eans
,th
ew
rite
rid
enti
fies
anot
her
impo
rtan
tch
arac
ter:
Rev
isio
n2
Mac
greg
orem
phas
izes
self
-con
trol
and
self
-dir
ecti
onon
the
part
ofem
ploy
ees.
Bet
ter,
but
self
-con
trol
and
self
-dir
ecti
onon
the
par
tof
empl
oyee
sis
ungai
nly
,so
the
wri
ter
seek
sa
bet
ter
term
and
consi
der
sm
akin
gem
ploy
ees
am
ore
acti
vech
arac
ter.
Thi
spr
ompt
sfu
rthe
rth
inki
ng,
and
thc
wri
ter
deci
des
topr
ovid
em
ore
deta
ilab
out
wha
tem
ploy
ees
feel
and
why
itm
atte
rs:
Rev
isio
n3
Mac
greg
orar
gues
that
empl
oyee
sw
hofe
ela
sens
eof
auto
nom
yw
illha
vehi
gher
mot
ivat
ion
and
prod
uctiv
ity.
Exp
lori
nga
sing
leto
pic
ofte
nm
eans
trea
tin
gse
vera
ldi
ffer
ent
char
acte
rs.
An
essa
yab
out
cont
inen
tal
drif
t,fo
rin
stan
ce,
need
sto
expl
ain
the
proc
ess
byco
nsi
der
ing
the
stru
ctu
res
and
dy
nam
ics
of
the
eart
h’s
sur
face
and
inte
rior
.It
sse
quen
ceof
char
acte
rsm
ight
look
like
this
:
the
eart
h’s
surf
ace
—*
part
sof
the
surf
ace
(oce
ans
and
cont
inen
ts)
—+
con
tinen
tal
drif
t—
4fo
rces
driv
ing
cont
inen
tal
drif
t—
+th
eea
rth’
sm
antle
—*
the
eart
h’s
crus
t—
*pl
ates
We
mig
hten
coun
ter
thes
ech
arac
ters
ina
pass
age
like
this
:
The
eart
hlo
oks
unch
angi
ng,
but
itis
not.
The
Atl
anti
cO
cean
,fo
rin
stan
ce,
issp
read
ing
byab
out
two
cent
imet
ers
aye
ar.
The
cont
inen
tof
Afr
ica
isbe
ing
slow
lyto
rnap
art
dow
nits
mid
dle,
atth
eG
reat
Rif
t Val
ley.
Indi
ais
grad
ually
cras
hing
into
Asi
a,a
pile
upth
atcr
eate
dan
dis
still
lift
ing
the
Him
alay
as.
The
who
lesu
rfac
eof
the
eart
his
influ
x,as
the
cont
ine
nts
cras
hto
geth
eran
dpu
llap
art.
Thi
spr
oces
s,lo
ngdi
smis
sed
asa
fant
asy
but
conf
irm
edin
rece
ntde
cade
s,is
calle
dco
ntin
enta
ldr
ift.
Ove
rhu
ndre
dsof
mill
ions
ofye
ars
itha
sre
shap
edth
esu
rfac
eof
the
eart
h.C
ontin
enta
ldr
ift
isca
used
byth
em
otio
nof
conv
ectio
ncu
rren
tsin
the
eart
h’s
man
tle,
ala
yer o
fmol
ten
rock
that
lies
bene
ath
the
crus
t.T
hecr
ust
itsel
fis
not
solid
, but
cons
ists
ofri
gid
stab
sor
plat
es..
inth
efo
llow
ing
pass
age
from
anec
onom
ics
pape
r,th
est
uden
tth
ough
tsh
ew
asst
ickm
gto
one
topi
c,th
ebe
nefi
tsof
fore
ign
trad
ebu
tth
epa
ssag
ela
cks
flow
beca
use
ittr
eats
char
acte
rssl
oppi
ly.
Itbe
gins
and
ends
wit
hon
ech
arac
ter,
Chi
na,
but
swit
ches
inth
em
iddl
eto
anot
her,
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
(den
oted
wit
han
adje
ctiv
ean
dan
unac
ader
nic
we)
:
Chi
nast
ands
toga
infr
omin
crea
sing
trad
e.T
hrou
ghou
t the
I990
s,3(1
per
cent
ofA
mer
ican
econ
omic
grow
thca
me
from
fore
ign
trad
e(G
arte
n23
j.W
ithth
eop
enin
gof
Chi
na’s
mar
kets
,w
est
and
toha
veev
enm
ore
eco
nom
icgr
owth
from
over
seas
,w
hile
Chi
naw
illal
sobe
nefi
t gre
atly
.
Eit
her
char
acte
r,C
hina
orth
eU
nite
dS
tate
s,m
aybe
the
appr
opri
ate
one
tofo
cus
on,
depe
ndin
gon
the
wri
ter’
sin
tent
ions
—or
both
,pe
rhap
s,in
succ
essi
vepa
ragr
aphs
orse
ctio
ns.
The
key
isto
sele
ctan
dm
ove
amon
gch
arac
ters
acco
rdin
gto
ase
nsib
lede
sign
.
2.U
seP
ronouns
and
Oth
er
Poin
ters
Inex
peri
ence
dw
rite
rste
ndto
pref
erbi
gw
ords
toli
ttle
ones
.B
utex
per
ien
ced
wri
ters
,le
ssan
xiou
sto
show
off
thei
rle
arni
ngw
ith
ever
yw
ord,
mak
efr
equen
tus
eof
som
eof
the
short
est
and
hum
ble
stw
ords
inE
ngli
sh—
defi
nite
pron
ouns
,po
sses
sive
adje
ctiv
es,
rela
tive
pron
ouns
,an
dre
lati
ve
adje
ctiv
es.
Thes
eli
ttle
word
spoin
t(o
rre
late
),in
thei
rre
spec
tive
way
s,to
som
ethi
ngal
read
yna
med
orkn
own
(an
ante
cede
nt).
Mac
greg
orem
phas
izes
self-
cont
rol
and
self
-dir
ectio
n,
263
Flow
27
The
poin
ter
mig
htfu
ncti
onas
asu
bjec
tof
its
clau
se(e
.g.,
I,yo
u,he
,sh
e,it,
we,
you,
they
,w
ho,
that
,w
hich
,th
is,
that
)or
asits
obje
ct(e
.g.,
me,
you,
him
,he
r,it,
us,
you,
them
,w
hom
,th
is,
that
).T
hepo
inte
rca
nre
fer
toth
ean
tece
dent
init
sow
nii
ght
orm
erel
yin
itsca
paci
tyas
apo
sses
sor
ofso
met
hing
(e.g
.,m
y,yo
ur,
his,
her,
its,
our,
your
,th
eir,
who
se).
The
beau
tyof
thes
eli
ttle
wor
dsis
that
they
elim
inat
eth
ene
edto
repe
atth
ean
tece
dent
;th
eyal
low
you
tofo
cus
atte
ntio
non
the
ante
cede
nt’s
qu
ali
ties
orac
tion
s:
As
Mah
ayan
aB
uddh
ism
spre
adac
ross
Asi
a.it
cain
ein
toco
ntac
tw
ithpe
ople
sof
man
ydi
ffer
ent
cultu
res
and
men
talit
ies
who
inte
rpre
ted
the
Bud
dha’
sdo
ctri
nefr
om
thei
row
npo
int
ofv
iew
,el
abor
atin
gm
any
ofits
subt
lepo
ints
ingr
eat
deta
ilan
dad
ding
thei
row
nor
igin
alid
eas.
Inth
isw
ayth
eyke
ptB
uddh
ism
aliv
eov
erth
ece
ntur
ies
and
deve
lope
dhi
ghly
soph
istic
ated
philo
soph
ies
with
prof
ound
psyc
holo
gica
lin
sigh
ts.
(Fri
ljof
Cap
ra,
The
Tao
ofPh
ysic
sem
phas
isad
ded)
Rum
ble
pron
ouns
and
othe
rpo
inte
rsp
erm
itpo
wer
ful
effe
cts.
The
his
tori
anW
illi
amM
anch
este
r,fo
rin
stan
ce,
concl
udes
ade
nse
and
det
aile
dp
arag
rap
hon
Euro
pea
npo
wer
po
liti
csin
the
1930
sw
ith
ast
rong
sent
ence
buil
ton
are
lati
vepr
onou
n:“T
his
was
the
fina
lbl
owto
appe
asem
ent.”
Inex
peri
ence
dw
rite
rste
ndno
tto
trus
tth
epo
wer
ofsu
chsi
mpl
eef
fect
s,ev
engo
ing
out
ofth
eir
way
toav
oid
them
:
Orig
inal
Ham
let
wre
stle
sw
ithhi
sid
enti
tyw
hile
tryi
ngto
fulf
illth
egh
ost’
sde
man
dfo
rre
veng
e.H
amle
tlo
ves
tole
arn
and
asks
ques
tions
abou
tev
eryt
hing
.B
utH
amle
t’s
sear
chfo
rkno
wle
dge
conf
licts
with
his
sens
eof
tilia
ldu
ty.
Lit
tle
wor
dsm
ake
the
revi
sion
mor
efl
owin
gan
dm
ore
soph
isti
cate
d:
Rev
isio
nH
amle
tw
rest
les
wit
hhi
sid
enti
tyw
hile
tryi
ngto
fulf
illth
egh
ost’
sde
man
dfo
rre
veng
e.H
elo
ves
tole
arn
and
asks
ques
tions
abou
tev
ery
thin
g.B
uthi
sse
arch
for
know
ledg
eco
nffi
cts
with
his
sens
eof
filia
ldu
ty.
Apr
onou
nm
ust
mat
chits
ante
cede
nt.
Fai
ling
todo
this
isa
com
mon
but
easy
-to-
fix
mis
take
.H
ere,
the
pron
oun
they
does
n’t
mat
chth
ean
tece
dent
:
Mac
hiav
elli
feel
sth
atPa
gani
smfa
vore
dfr
eedo
m. T
hey
prai
sed
glor
yan
dw
ar,
unlik
eC
hris
tians
.M
ore
incl
ined
tofi
ght
fier
cely
,th
eyw
ere
bette
rab
leto
defe
ndfr
eedo
ni
The
wri
ter
assu
med
that
refe
rrin
gto
Pag
anis
mes
tabl
ishe
dth
eid
eaof
Pag
ans
the
impl
ied
ante
cede
ntfo
rth
eyB
utth
isw
ont
doT
houg
hit
isn’
tes
peci
ally
diff
icul
t,re
ader
sfo
rced
tom
ake
this
litt
lele
apfo
rth
emse
lves
are
like
lyto
bea
tad
irri
tate
d.R
evis
ion
issi
mpl
e:
Mac
hiav
elli
feel
sth
atPa
gani
sm. f
avor
edfr
eedo
m.
Paga
ns,
unlik
eC
hris
tians
.pr
aise
dgl
ory
and
war
,M
ore
incl
ined
tofi
ght
fier
cely
,th
eyw
ere
bette
rab
leto
defe
ndth
eir
free
dom
,
Aco
mpl
icat
ion
aris
es:
Whe
nm
ust
you
repe
atyo
urno
un,
and
whe
nis
itok
ayto
cont
inue
tous
epr
onou
ns?
The
answ
eris
that
you
shou
ldre
turn
toth
eor
igin
alno
unan
yti
me
anin
terv
enin
gno
unm
aycr
eate
conf
usio
n(c
hri
stia
ns
abov
ew
ould
n’t
conf
use
anyo
ne).
Inth
eor
igin
albe
low
,it’
sun
clea
rto
who
mhe
refe
rs,
soth
ere
visi
onna
mes
the
pers
on:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
As
ast
ylis
tic
mat
ter,
expe
ctto
use
pron
ouns
mos
tly
wit
hin
logi
cal
unit
s,an
dto
retu
rnto
thei
ran
tece
dent
noun
sat
natu
ral
emph
asis
poin
ts—
the
begi
nnin
gsan
den
dsof
para
grap
hs,
for
inst
ance
.
3.U
seP
unch
Lin
es
The
sam
ete
chni
que
aco
med
ian
uses
tom
ake
peop
lela
ugh—
care
ful
setu
pan
dgo
odpu
nch
line
—ca
nhe
lpyo
uw
rite
sent
ence
spe
ople
like
tore
ad.
Sta
rtw
ith
mat
eria
lth
atis
fam
ilia
r,sc
ene-
sett
ing,
orun
surp
risi
ng,
and
end
wit
hm
ater
ial
that
isne
wor
deta
iled
orsu
rpri
sing
(see
also
Wil
liam
s19
94,
116—
20).
Her
ear
etw
oex
ampl
es,
one
ofw
hich
uses
the
InFl
oren
ce,
Leo
nard
ost
udie
din
the
fam
edw
orks
hop
ofA
ndre
adc
lV
erro
chio
.H
eha
dbe
entr
aine
das
ago
ldsm
ith,
and
this
prov
edto
bea
maj
orin
flue
nce
onL
eona
rdo’
sw
ork.
tnFl
oren
ce,
Leo
nard
ost
udie
din
the
fam
edw
orks
hop
ofA
ndre
ade
l Ver
roch
io.V
erro
chio
had
been
trai
ned
asa
gold
smith
,an
dth
ispr
oved
tobe
am
ajor
infl
uen
ceon
Leo
nard
o’s
wor
k.
28.3
punc
h-li
nete
chni
que
tose
tup
ajo
ke,
and
the
othe
rto
deli
ver
am
emora
ble
phra
se:
In18
90,
ara
ilroa
dm
anfr
omC
inci
nnat
ina
med
Hen
ryC
.B
agle
yca
me
toth
ispa
rtof
Geo
rgia
,sa
wth
est
atel
yw
hite
pine
san
dpo
plar
s,an
dw
asso
mov
edby
thei
rto
wer
ing
maj
esty
and
abun
danc
eth
athe
dec
ided
toch
opth
emal
ldo
wn.
(Bill
Bry
son,
AW
alk
inth
eW
oods
)In
brie
f,th
ein
terp
retiv
edi
ffic
ultie
ssu
rrou
ndin
gth
eFo
unde
r com
eto
this
:th
eim
age
sim
ulta
neou
sly
embo
dies
anal
mos
tsa
nctim
onio
uspi
ety
and
am
urde
rous
crue
lty,
both
reve
renc
ean
dm
ayhe
m.
(Han
naPi
tkin
,Fo
rtun
eIs
aW
oman
)
Min
dyo
u,I’
mno
tsu
gges
ting
that
ever
yse
nten
cesh
ould
have
this
old-
new
stru
ctur
e,bu
tit’
sa
rem
arka
bly
com
mon
patt
ern:
Mos
t phy
sici
sts
belie
veth
atm
atte
ris
com
pose
dof
part
icle
sca
lled
ferm
ions
.It
has
been
said
that
the
Am
eric
anC
onst
itut
ion
isa
syst
emde
sign
edby
geni
uses
tobe
run
byid
iots
.
Wha
tst
ands
out
inth
eac
coun
tof
Inca
relig
ion
isth
edi
vine
mis
sion
ofth
eru
ler.
The
punc
h-li
nete
chni
que
isev
enm
ore
usef
ulin
wea
ving
sepa
rate
sen
tenc
esto
geth
er.
Let
’slo
okba
ckat
the
exam
ple
that
open
edth
isch
apte
r:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
Fir
stth
eor
igin
alre
els
off
its
list
,an
dth
enit
star
tsca
tchi
ngth
ere
ader
upw
ith
the
info
rmat
ion
nee
ded
tom
ake
sens
eof
that
list
.T
here
visi
on’s
two
sente
nce
s,by
contr
ast,
star
tw
ith
scen
e-se
ttin
gm
ater
ial
and
end
wit
hne
wid
eas
(gri
efas
apro
cess
and
five
stag
esof
gri
ef).
Not
eth
atev
enth
ear
rang
emen
tof
thos
etw
one
wid
eas
foll
ows
the
sam
elo
gic—
firs
tw
ele
arn
abo
ut
gri
efas
apm
cess
,th
enw
ele
arn
that
this
pro
cess
cons
ists
off
ive
stag
es.
Flow
29
When
this
punch
-lin
ete
chniq
ue
isuse
dto
bin
da
par
agra
ph,
it’s
call
eda
chai
nst
ruct
ure.
Her
e’s
anot
her
exam
ple:
Our
bodi
esar
eco
mpo
sed
ofce
lls.T
hece
llsea
chha
vein
them
anu
cleu
s.W
ithin
the
nucl
eus
are
twen
ty-t
hree
pair
sof
chro
mos
omes
.In
each
pair
,on
ech
rom
osom
eca
me
from
the
gene
ticm
othe
ran
don
efr
omth
ege
netic
fath
er. L
ocat
edon
the
chro
mos
omes
are
the
gene
s,th
eba
sic
units
ofhe
red
ity,c
ompo
sed
ofa
kind
ofpr
otei
nca
lled
DN
A.
Any
part
icul
arge
neof
apa
rent
may
orm
ayno
t be
pass
edto
ach
ild. A
gene
pass
edon
may
orm
ayno
tbe
‘exp
ress
ed”—
that
is,a
child
with
the
gene
may
orm
ayno
tha
veth
ech
arac
teri
stic
.A
chitd
can
cany
erie
pare
nt’s
gene
for
blue
eyes
,an
dye
tha
vebr
own
eyes
.(B
arba
raK
atz
Rot
hina
n,R
ecre
atin
gM
othe
rhoo
d)
Thi
sst
ruct
ure
help
sth
ere
ader
abso
rba
lot
of
info
rmat
ion
wit
hout
feel
ing
over
whe
lmed
.
Intr
oduc
tory
Phr
ases
Are
late
dte
chni
que
isto
begi
na
sent
ence
wit
han
intr
oduc
tory
pre
posi
tion
alph
rase
.S
uch
phra
ses
ofte
nda
teor
plac
eth
cm
ain
stat
emen
t:
By
the
mid
dle
ofth
esi
xth
cent
ury
B.C
.&,
the
wav
eof
colo
nial
expa
nsio
nw
asov
er
Fro
mth
etu
rnof
the
cent
ury
toth
el9
60s,
expe
rim
enta
lps
ycho
logi
sts
trea
ted
the
min
das
abl
ank
slat
e.
Inhe
ryo
uth
Vir
gini
aW
oolf
chaf
edat
the
patr
iarc
hal
boun
dari
esof
hcr
fath
er’s
wor
ld.
Wal
eth
athe
reth
epr
onou
nm
aypr
eced
eth
ean
tece
dent
-I
InFr
ance
the
situ
atio
nw
asm
uch
diff
eren
t.
Inth
ese
area
s,pe
ople
embr
aced
Shan
gci
viliz
atio
nbu
tm
aint
aine
dpoli
tica
lau
tono
my.
Or
anin
trod
ucto
ryph
rase
may
prov
ide
othe
rki
nds
of
cont
extu
alin
for
mat
ion:
Inth
isle
tter
tohi
sol
dfr
iend
,Je
ffer
son
seem
stir
edan
dpe
ssim
istic
.
Beh
ind
the
scen
esth
ere
was
conf
usio
nab
out
how
tore
spon
d.
Inpr
acti
ce,
how
ever
,th
epr
esid
ent’
spo
wer
wax
esan
dw
anes
with
the
elec
tion
cycl
e.
Den
ial,
ange
r,ba
rgai
ning
,de
pres
sion
,an
dac
cept
ance
are
amon
gth
efi
vest
ages
ofth
epro
cess
ofgr
ief,
said
aps
ychi
atri
stna
med
Eui
sabe
thK
iible
r-R
oss
ina
book
title
dO
nD
eath
and
Dyi
ng.
inO
nD
eath
and
Dyi
ng(1
969)
,th
eSw
iss
psyc
hiat
rist
Elis
abet
hK
Ubl
er-R
oss
popu
lari
zed
the
notio
nof
grie
f as
apr
oces
s.A
ccor
ding
toK
uble
r-R
oss
ther
ear
efi
vest
ages
ofgr
ief.
.-.
303
Flow
31
Acc
ordi
ngto
Lac
an,
ther
eis
anac
tive
ling
uist
icre
lati
onsh
ipbe
twee
nan
alys
tan
dpa
tien
t
Thi
sla
stph
rase
,ac
cord
ing
tox,
isan
espe
cial
lyus
eful
tech
niqu
ein
aca
dem
icw
riti
ng,
whe
reon
eof
the
mai
nch
alle
nges
issy
nthe
sizi
ngot
hers
’w
ords
and
idea
sw
itho
uten
dors
ing
them
asyo
urow
n.In
gene
ral,
thes
eop
enin
gph
rase
sm
ake
roo
mfo
rco
ntex
tual
info
rmat
ion,
soth
atby
the
nine
yo
ure
ach
your
mai
npoin
tyour
read
erget
sit
.In
wri
tin
g,
asin
joke
-tel
ling
,ti
min
gm
atte
rs.
4.U
seC
on
jun
ctio
ns
and
Oth
erL
inki
ngW
ord
s
Intr
oduc
tory
prep
osit
iona
lph
rase
sle
adna
tura
lly
toou
rfo
urth
and
fina
lte
chni
que
for
enha
ncin
gfl
ow:
conj
unct
ions
and
othe
rlo
gica
lli
nkin
gw
ords
.W
e’ll
cons
ider
two
sim
ilar
kind
sof
link
s,co
njun
ctio
nsan
dcon
junc
tive
adve
rbs.
Con
junc
tion
s__e
veiy
thy
wor
dsli
kean
d,bu
t,an
dor
—sh
owre
lati
on
sbet
wee
nw
ord
s,p
hra
ses,
orcl
ause
s.C
on
jun
ctiv
ead
verb
s—&
essy
acad
emic
wor
dslik
e flu
-the
rmor
e,al
thou
gh,
onth
eot
her
hand
,an
din
conc
lusi
on—
tend
tota
keup
mor
esp
ace
and
thaw
mor
eat
tent
ion
toth
emse
lves
.B
oth
are
part
ofan
essa
y’s
met
a-di
scou
rse—
mes
sage
sto
the
read
erab
out
wha
t dir
ecti
onth
ear
gum
ent
ista
king
.T
hey
help
pros
efe
elco
nnec
ted
from
sent
ence
tose
nten
ce.
Wri
ters
who
don’
tkn
owho
wto
use
link
sw
ell
use
only
the
sim
ples
t,li
keal
so:
Als
o,T
ouch
ston
etr
ies
toge
tou
to
fm
arry
ing
Aud
rey.
Or
they
repe
atke
yte
rms
from
one
sent
ence
toth
ene
xt,
whi
chis
like
lyto
give
pros
ea
plod
ding
feel
.C
on
side
rth
efo
llow
ing
pape
rfr
oma
busi
ness
clas
s.H
avin
gju
stli
sted
aco
mpa
ny’s
stre
ngth
s,th
ew
rite
rno
wtu
rns
toits
wea
knes
ses;
Als
ois
apo
orch
oice
,si
nce
itdo
esn’
tfi
tth
elo
gica
ltu
rnth
ees
say
ista
king
(the
revi
sion
’sD
espi
teis
muc
hm
ore
help
ful)
.T
heor
igin
alli
nks
its
two
sent
ence
sby
repe
atin
ga
keyw
ord,
wea
knes
ses.
By
cont
rast
,th
ere
visi
onus
esa
conj
unct
ive
adve
rb,
Fir
st,
and
tnts
tsth
ere
ader
tore
mem
ber
the
topi
c(n
ote
asw
ell
the
othe
rch
ange
sth
atm
ake
the
revi
sion
mor
eco
ncis
ean
dac
tive
).In
expe
rien
ced
wri
ters
tend
toov
erus
eva
gue
link
s:
Ear
lier
itw
asm
entio
ned
that.
..
asco
mm
ente
don
earl
ier.
..
asst
ated
earl
ier.
..
asst
ated
bef
ore
.,,
asI
wro
tebef
ore
...
Ina
shor
tes
say
thes
ere
tros
pect
ive
phra
ses
are
abou
tas
usef
ulas
sta
plin
gon
esh
eet
ofpa
per.
(If
you
feel
you
real
lyne
edsu
cha
link
—sa
y,in
alo
ngis
hte
rmpa
per—
bett
erch
oice
sm
ight
beas
note
dab
ove,
asw
e’ve
seen
,or
asw
e’ve
sugg
este
d.)
Now
let’
slo
okat
mor
eef
fect
ive
way
sof
link
ing
wit
hco
njun
ctio
nsan
dco
njun
ctiv
ead
verb
s.In
prac
tice
we’
reno
tm
uch
inte
rest
edin
the
dist
inct
ion
betw
een
thes
ety
pes
of
link
seaept
inso
tar
asyo
ukn
owho
wto
use
and
punc
tuat
eea
chte
rm.*
It’s
mor
eim
port
ant
toha
vea
sens
eof
the
kind
sof
turn
san
argu
men
tca
nta
ke,
and
the
link
sth
atm
aybe
used
tosi
gnal
them
Her
eis
are
ason
ably
com
ple
ttli
stof
logi
cal
turn
san
dli
nks
1.C
onti
nuit
yor
ampl
ific
atio
n(a
lso,
an4
besi
des.
furt
her
mor
e,in
addi
tion
,in
the
sam
ew
ay,
like
wis
e,m
oreo
ver,
not
only
..
.bu
tal
so,
sim
ilar
ly,
too)
Rec
ent
Bri
tish
nove
ls,
too,
have
been
inte
rest
edin
the
hist
ory
ofth
ecr
eatu
res
aspa
rtof
our
natu
ral
hist
ory.
(A.
S.B
yatt,
On
His
tori
esan
dS
tori
es)
The
king
,m
oreo
ver,
had
little
reas
onto
call
Parl
iam
ent
into
ses
sion
aslo
ngas
heco
uld
rais
efu
nds
thro
ugh
othe
rm
eans
.O
rigi
nal
Rev
isio
nA
lso,
Dis
ney
has
itssh
are
ofw
eakn
esse
s.O
neof
Dis
ney’
spo
tent
ial
wea
knes
ses
isth
eid
eath
atth
eco
mpa
nym
aybe
faci
ngth
ene
edfo
ra
new
CE
Oin
the
next
coup
leof
year
s.
*G
ram
mat
ical
ly,
conj
unct
ions
can
bear
som
eof
the
wei
ght
ofjo
inin
gcl
ause
sto
geth
er,
and
ofte
nw
ork
with
com
mas
,B
utco
njun
ctiv
ead
verb
sre
quir
ea
hill
stop
(like
ape
riod
orse
mic
olon
)be
twee
ncl
ause
s.A
com
mon
mis
take
isto
trea
tco
njun
ctiv
ead
verb
slik
eco
njun
ctio
nsan
dat
tach
them
with
aco
mm
a:Th
efi
ndin
gsw
eren
tco
nclu
sive
,ho
wev
erth
eydo
sugg
est
that
the
docu
men
tw
asal
tere
&T
his
need
sa
sem
icol
onbe
fore
ho
wev
er(a
nda
com
ma
afte
rwar
d,m
ost
auth
oriti
esw
ould
advi
se).
Des
pite
thes
est
reng
ths,
Dis
ney
does
have
itssh
are
ofw
eak
ness
es.
Firs
t,th
eco
mpa
nym
ayso
onne
eda
new
CE
O.
323
Flow
33
2.C
ontr
ast
(aga
inst
,al
thou
gh,
bu4
byco
ntra
st,
conv
erse
ly,
desp
ite,
how
ever
;in
cont
rast
,in
stea
cLne
vert
hele
ss,
nonet
he
less
,on
the
cont
rary
,on
the
oth
erha
nd,
othe
rwis
e,st
ill,
thou
gh,
yet)
But
ifin
som
ew
ays
Are
ndt
stan
dsw
ithth
eF
rank
furt
Scho
ol’s
criti
que
ofm
oder
nity
,sh
eis
sim
ulta
neou
sly
inth
eot
her
cam
pas
wel
l..
..(M
arga
ret
Can
ovan
,H
anna
hA
rend
i)D
espi
teth
ese
setb
acks
,M
ao’s
pow
ergr
ewst
eadi
ly.
Paga
nbe
liefs
and
prac
tices
neve
rthe
less
pers
iste
din
rura
lar
eas.
The
find
ings
wer
eno
tco
nclu
sive
;th
eydo
sugg
est,
how
ever
,th
atth
edo
cum
ent
was
alte
red.
Non
spec
ialis
tsw
illha
vetr
oubl
ew
ithth
iste
xt,
how
ever
.
3.C
ondit
ional
ity
(if)
Ifon
eim
agin
eson
esel
fin
Cla
udiu
s’po
siti
on,
one
real
izes
that
heis
just
asm
uch
apr
ison
erof
Els
inor
eas
Ham
let i
s.4.
Tim
ean
dfr
equen
cy(a
fter
;af
terw
ard,
atth
esa
me
time,
befo
re,
duri
ngth
istim
e,ea
rlie
r;ev
entu
ally
,la
zer
mea
nwhi
le.
now
,su
bseq
uent
ly,
then
;at
times
,fre
quen
tly,
ofte
n,on
ce,
once
agai
n,so
met
imes
,ra
rely
)T
hedu
ke’s
posi
tion
was
now
unte
nabl
e.
5.L
ogic
alord
er(f
inal
ly,
firs
t,fi
rst
ofal
l,la
st,
last
ofal
l,le
ssob
viou
sly,
mor
eim
port
antly
,pr
imar
ily,
seco
nd,
seco
ndof
all)
Firs
tof
all,
we
shou
ldas
kw
hyth
ein
divi
dual
need
sa
cogn
itive
map
ofhi
sor
her
city
.
6.E
xam
ple
(for
exam
ple,
for
inst
ance
,in
part
icul
ar)
Ben
Jons
on,
for
inst
ance
,ex
tens
ivel
yre
vise
dhi
sm
anus
crip
tsbe
fore
publ
icat
ion.
7.R
eali
tych
eck
(act
ually
,ap
pare
ntly
,in
deed
,in
fact
,ost
ensi
bly,
supp
osed
ly,
tobe
sure
)In
fact
ther
eis
little
evid
ence
tosu
ppor
t her
inte
rpre
tatio
n.O
sten
sibl
y,th
eyne
ver d
iscu
ssed
the
law
suit
duri
ngth
ese
mee
tings
.8.
Cau
se(a
s,be
caus
e,fo
r;fo
rth
isre
ason
,si
nce)
9.C
onse
quen
ce(a
ccor
ding
ly,
asa
resu
lt,as
this
sugg
ests
.by
this
mea
ns,
cons
eque
ntly
,he
nce,
here
,in
this
man
ner,
so,
then
,th
ereb
y,th
eref
ore,
thus
)
Non
eof
Pyth
agor
as’
wri
tings
have
surv
ived
.C
onse
quen
tly,
we
only
know
ofhi
mat
seco
ndha
nd.
Cul
tura
law
aren
ess,
thus
,is
avi
tal
man
agem
ent
skill
,
10.
Con
clus
ion
(all
inal
l,an
dso
,as
age
nera
lru
le,f
inal
ly,
gen
eral
ly,
inbr
ief
inco
nclu
sion
,in
fine
,in
othe
rw
ords
,in
shor
t,in
sum
,in
the
end,
so,
then
,to
conc
lude
,to
sum
up)
Insu
m,
ther
ese
ems
tobe
alo
ng-s
tand
ing
cons
ensu
sin
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esth
atio
bdi
scri
min
atio
nis
wro
ng.
Clin
ton’
spr
esid
ency
,in
shor
t,ha
dbe
encr
itica
llyw
eake
ned.
As
you
can
see,
ther
ear
em
any
way
sto
depl
oyli
nks—
too
man
yto
let
usbo
ilth
ete
chni
que
dow
nto
afe
wru
les.
Bey
ond
thes
eex
ampl
es,
the
best
way
tole
arn
isto
read
and
read
and
read
:se
eho
wgo
odw
rite
rscr
eate
flow
ing
pros
e.
Sinc
eno
neof
Pyth
agor
as’
wri
tings
have
surv
ived
, we
only
know
ofhi
mat
seco
ndha
nd.
Gra
cefu
lnes
s47
5G
race
fuln
ess
ON
EO
FT
HE
GR
EA
Tpa
rado
xes
ofw
riti
ngis
that
cont
ent
isin
sepa
rabl
efr
omst
yle,
even
ifw
em
ight
form
ally
dist
ingu
ish
the
two.
The
reis
nosu
chth
ing
as“p
ure”
cont
ent,
asqu
alit
ativ
ely
neut
ral
asa
stri
ngof
num
bers
.W
hat
we
say,
inot
her
wor
ds,
isin
tim
atel
yti
edto
how
we
say
it.“A
crow
dha
sa
gene
rali
zed
stin
k,”
said
the
poet
W.
H.
Aud
en.
“The
publ
icis
odor
less
.”A
tev
ery
turn
,a
wri
ter
face
sa
dizz
ying
arra
yof
choi
ces
abou
tw
hich
wor
dsto
use
and
how
tous
eth
em.
We
may
seem
tobe
sett
ing
out
onfi
rmgr
ound
,ar
med
wit
ha
defi
nite
mes
sage
and
hard
and
fast
rule
sof
gram
mar
and
synt
ax,
yet
we
soon
find
ours
elve
sre
lyin
gat
leas
tas
muc
hon
our
own
feel
for
how
best
topu
tth
atm
es
sage
toan
ygi
ven
audi
ence
.W
ords
mat
ter.
Tha
tis
why
ever
ygo
odw
rite
rsh
ould
have
som
eun
ders
tand
ing
ofho
wto
wri
tegr
acef
ully
—an
dho
wto
use
rhet
oric
to-
doso
.In
com
mon
parl
ance
,rh
etor
icm
eans
bom
bast
ic,
exag
gera
ted,
orem
pty
lang
uage
.B
utfo
rth
ose
who
thin
kab
out
wri
ting
and
com
muni
cati
on,
itm
eans
som
ethi
ngm
ore
spec
ific
:th
esc
ienc
eor
art
ofper
sua
sion
bym
eans
ofst
ylis
tic
orst
ruct
ural
tech
niqu
es.
Rhe
tori
cha
sa
long
and
chec
ker
edhi
stor
y.In
his
sati
reC
loud
s,th
ean
cien
tG
reek
pla
yw
righ
tA
rist
opha
nes
asso
ciat
edrh
etor
icw
ith
mak
ing
the
wea
ker
arg
um
ent
app
ear
the
stro
ng
er—
anas
soci
atio
nit
carr
ies
toth
isda
y.B
utrh
etor
icha
sal
soha
dits
cham
pion
s,li
keth
ean
cien
tR
oman
stat
esm
anC
icer
o,fo
rex
ampl
e,a
grea
tpr
acti
tion
eran
dth
eore
tici
anof
the
art.
Lik
eit
orno
t,al
lw
rite
rsus
erh
etor
ic;
give
nth
ena
ture
ofla
ngua
ge,
they
have
noal
tern
ativ
e.E
ven
sim
plic
ity,
whi
chap
pear
sco
nsci
ousl
yno
arhe
tori
cal,
isit
self
arh
etor
ical
choi
ce.
InE
ngli
shli
tera
ture
,si
mpl
icit
yis
mos
tof
ten
asso
ciat
edw
ith
the
so-c
alle
dpl
ain
styl
e,a
styl
epe
rfec
ted
inth
e17
thce
ntur
yan
dde
ploy
edin
oppo
siti
onto
fanc
ier—
and
byim
plic
atio
nde
cade
nt—
styl
es.
Geo
rge
Orw
ell,
am
aste
rof
the
20th
-cen
tury
plai
nst
yle,
adap
ted
this
styl
eto
bril
lian
tef
fect
inhi
spo
liti
cal
journ
alis
man
dno
vels
like
1984
and
Ani
mal
Far
m.
Orw
ell’
sba
re-b
one
plai
nnes
sgi
ves
his
wri
ting
anim
med
iacy
and
auth
enti
city
perf
ectl
ysu
ited
tohi
sm
aste
rth
eme
of
indi
vidu
alag
ains
tth
esy
stem
.T
heco
ntem
pora
rypl
ain
styl
eI’
vebe
enad
voca
ting
isno
less
rhet
oric
alan
dno
less
suit
edto
wri
ting
effe
ctiv
ely
and
grac
eful
lyin
the
21st
cent
ury.
Thi
sch
apte
rpr
esen
tsse
vera
lte
ch
niqu
esfo
rm
akin
gac
adem
icpr
ose
plai
ner
and
mor
egr
acef
ul:
(I)
the
hist
oric
alpr
esen
t,(2
)ap
posi
tive
s,(3
)pa
rall
elis
m,
(4)
tric
olon
,(5
)con
cess
ion,
and
(6)
qual
ific
atio
n(i
fyo
uw
ant
tost
udy
rhet
oric
mor
eth
or
ough
ly,
see
Cor
bett
&C
onno
rs19
98).
IT
he
His
tori
cal
Pre
sent
Sho
uld
you
disc
uss
ate
xtin
the
pres
ent
orpa
stte
nse?
At
firs
tbl
ush
itse
ems
natu
ral
tofr
ame
the
disc
ussi
onin
the
past
tens
e,bu
tm
ost
text
ual
anal
ysis
and
com
men
tary
isw
ritt
enin
afo
rmof
the
pres
ent
tens
eca
lled
the
hist
oric
alpr
esen
t(o
rli
tera
rypr
esen
t):
Plat
oas
ksw
hyon
ew
ould
choo
seto
bego
odif
ther
ew
ere
nori
skin
bein
gw
icke
d.
Ham
let
tells
Oph
eia
hene
ver
love
dhe
r
flon
nefr
eque
ntly
chal
leng
eshi
sre
ader
’sex
pect
atio
nsab
out
text
ual
inte
grity
.
Sout
hey
unde
rmin
esth
em
eani
ngof
this
“fam
ous
vict
ory:
’so
that
byth
een
dof
the
poem
the
child
ren
seem
wis
erth
anth
em
an,
who
just
echo
esco
nven
tiona
lop
inio
n.N
otth
eba
ttle
but
the
child
ren’
sun
answ
ered
qu
estio
n—”B
utw
hat
good
cam
eof
itat
last
?”—
isw
hat
the
poem
wan
tsus
tore
mem
ber.
And
just
toco
mpl
icat
em
atte
rs,
the
hist
oric
alpr
esen
tis
n’t
the
only
tens
eus
edto
disc
uss
aw
ork.
Whe
npr
esen
ting
fact
sab
out
its
com
posi
tion—
part
icul
arly
ifth
ese
incl
ude
ada
teor
tim
ere
fere
nce—
use
the
past
tens
e.In
both
ofth
efo
llow
ing
exam
ples
the
auth
or’s
acti
onis
tied
toa
spec
ific
tim
e,an
dth
usth
ep
ast
tens
eis
appr
opri
ate:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
Mac
hiav
elli
wro
teTh
ePr
ince
in15
13.
Mac
hiav
elli
wri
tes
The
Prin
cein
1513
.
46
485
Gm
cefls
ines
s49
Eff
orts
tode
fine
and
prot
ect
Eff
orts
tode
fine
and
prot
ect
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
indi
vidu
allib
erty
have
alo
ngin
divi
dual
libe
rty
have
alo
ngH
uyge
nsw
ason
eof
the
mos
tH
uyge
ns,
one
ofth
em
ost
hist
ory.
Ace
ntur
ybe
fore
the
hist
ory.
Ace
ntur
ybe
fore
the
rem
arka
ble
Dut
chpe
rson
ages
ofre
mar
kabl
eD
utch
pers
onag
esof
Am
eric
anC
onst
itut
ion,
the
Am
eric
anC
onst
itutio
n,th
eth
e17
thce
ntur
y.H
uyge
nsvi
site
dth
e17
thce
ntur
y,vi
site
dth
eE
nglis
hph
ilos
ophe
rJo
hnL
ocke
Eng
lish
phil
osop
her J
ohn
Loc
keth
eyo
ung
Rem
bran
dtin
1626
.yo
ung
Rem
bran
dtin
t626
.ar
ticul
ates
avi
sion
oflib
eral
arti
cula
ted
avi
sion
oflib
eral
gove
rnm
ent
inhi
sSe
cond
Tre
a-go
vern
men
t in
his
Seco
ndfl
ea-
Slav
ery
was
alre
ady
avi
tal
part
Slav
ery,
alre
ady
avi
tal
part
ofth
eris
eof
Gov
ernm
ent.
tire
ofG
over
nmen
t.of
the
econ
omy
and
cultu
reof
the
econ
omy
ofth
eR
epub
lic,
can-
Rep
ublic
. It c
anno
t be
blam
edfo
rno
t be
blam
edfo
rth
esu
bseq
uent
Let
’sco
nti
nue
wit
hth
atse
cond
exam
ple.
ifyo
uw
ent
onto
dis
cuss
the
subs
eque
ntde
clin
eof
the
decl
ine
ofth
eR
oman
Em
pire
.L
ocke
’sS
econ
dT
reat
ise,
you
wou
ldpr
obab
lyw
ish
tosw
itch
toth
ehi
s-R
oman
Em
pire
.to
rica
lpr
esen
taf
ter
the
init
ial
men
tion
:R
ight
-hem
isph
ere
dam
age
can
Rig
ht-h
emis
pher
eda
mag
eca
nle
ave
the
indi
vidu
alla
ckin
ga
key
leav
eth
ein
divi
dual
lack
ing
ake
yE
ffor
tsto
safe
guar
din
divi
dual
libe
rty
have
alo
nghi
stor
y.A
cent
ury
part
ofw
hatm
akes
ushu
man
,pa
rtof
wha
tm
akes
ushu
man
—be
fore
the
Am
eric
anC
onst
itut
ion
was
wri
tten
,th
eE
ngli
shph
ilos
ophe
rT
his
isth
eab
ility
toun
ders
tand
the
abili
tyto
unde
rsta
ndot
hers
’Jo
hnL
ocke
artic
ulat
eda
visi
onof
liber
algo
vem
men
t in
his
Seco
ndT
rea-
othe
rs’
feel
ings
,fe
elin
gs.
rise
ofG
over
nmen
t.in
this
fam
ous
wor
k,L
ocke
loca
tes
the
orig
ins
ofgo
vern
men
tin
the
desi
reto
prot
ect
indi
vidu
als
and
thei
rpr
oper
tyfr
omIn
the
thir
din
stan
ce,
note
that
the
appo
siti
veli
nks
back
not
sim
ply
toth
eth
evi
olen
cean
din
secu
rity
ofth
est
ate
ofn
ature
...,
wor
dhu
man
,bu
tto
the
who
leph
rase
,a
key
par
t.A
ppos
itiv
esca
nbe
link
edto
geth
er:
Cle
arly
, jud
gmen
tis
call
edfo
r.T
helo
nger
you
disc
uss
ate
xt,
the
like
lier
you
shou
lddo
soin
the
hist
oric
alpr
esen
t.T
hebri
efer
the
disc
ussi
onA
ngel
ou’s
nove
len
dsw
itha
retu
rnto
Gha
na,
apo
wer
ful
sym
bol
for
(sup
pose
for
inst
ance
that
inth
epa
ssag
eab
ove,
you
fini
shed
with
Loc
keA
fric
an-A
mer
ican
s—th
efir
stA
fric
anna
tion
toth
row
oIl
Bri
tish
cob
and
now
turn
edto
anot
her
wor
k),
the
like
lier
the
past
tens
ew
ill
stri
keni
alpo
wer
.th
ere
ader
asap
prop
riat
e.
An
appo
siti
veca
nal
sose
rve
tona
rrow
orre
fine
your
focu
s:
But
whe
nlo
w-s
tatu
sem
ploy
ees,
espe
cial
lyw
omen
,fil
egr
ieva
nces
,th
e2.
Apposi
tives
resu
ltsar
equ
itedi
ffer
ent.
It’s
ofte
nus
eful
toco
nden
setw
oin
depe
nden
tcl
ause
sin
toon
e.W
hen
App
osit
ives
serv
eto
iden
tify
sour
ces
eleg
antl
yan
dec
onom
ical
ly:
the
two
clau
ses
shar
ea
com
mon
noun
and
one
ofth
ecl
ause
sm
erel
yQ
rin
alR
evis
ion
iden
tifi
esth
atno
un,
you
can
grac
eful
lyco
nden
seth
etw
ocl
ause
sby
Geo
rge
Gam
oww
asa
note
dph
ys-
Geo
rge
Gan
iow
,th
eno
ted
phys
iw
ayof
anap
posi
tive
.A
nap
posi
tive
isa
noun
ph
rase
used
toid
enti
fyic
ist a
ndco
smol
ogis
t.H
ew
ason
eci
stan
dco
smol
ogis
t,w
ason
eof
anot
her
noun
;it
lets
you
inse
rtan
iden
tify
ing
clau
sest
ripp
edof
any
ofth
eea
rly
prop
onen
tsof
the
big-
the
earl
ypr
opon
ents
ofth
ebi
g-li
nkin
gve
rbin
toa
sent
ence
buil
tup
ona
mor
ein
tere
stin
gve
rb.
Dev
otin
gba
ngth
eory
. He
argu
edth
at..
.,ba
ngth
eory
.H
ear
gued
that
.-
.-
anen
tire
sent
ence
toid
enti
fyin
ga
pers
onor
conc
ept,
afte
ral
l,ta
kes
upM
attD
rudg
eis
aco
ntro
vers
ial
Acc
ordi
ngto
Man
Dru
dge,
the
spac
e.A
nd,
asw
e’ve
seen
,se
nten
ces
buil
tup
onli
nkin
gve
rbs
ofte
nin
tern
etjo
urna
list.
He
says
thes
eco
ntro
vers
ial
tnte
rnet
jour
nalis
t,m
ake
for
dull
pros
eno
mat
ter
how
inte
rest
ing
thei
rco
nten
t.A
ppos
itiv
esco
ncer
nsar
egr
ound
less
.th
ese
conc
erns
are
grou
ndle
ss.
help
mak
eyo
urw
riti
ngti
ghte
ran
dm
ore
inte
rest
ing.
so5
Gra
cefu
lnes
s5!
Wh
enan
app
osi
tive
suppli
esin
form
atio
nth
atis
not
esse
nti
alto
the
InM
achi
avel
li’s
wor
ld,
Shel
don
Wol
inob
serv
es,
mor
alen
dsha
vebe
enm
eanin
go
fth
ese
nte
nce
,it
must
be
set
off
by
eith
erco
mm
asor
repl
aced
byir
onie
s;an
swer
sha
vebe
enre
plac
edby
ques
tions
.da
shes
.(U
seda
shes
ifth
eap
posi
tive
cons
ists
ofa
list
ofth
ree
orm
ore
The
char
acte
rsar
eal
lw
atch
ing
one
anot
her,
tbrr
ning
theo
ries
abou
ton
eit
ems.
)N
on
eof
the
app
osi
tiv
esdis
cuss
edso
far
inth
isse
ctio
nis
anot
her,
liste
ning
, contr
ivin
g....
esse
nti
alto
mea
ning
;th
us,
all
are
set
off
bypunct
uat
ion.
One
side
sees
Lin
coln
asa
bold
and
shre
wd
lead
er,
sinc
erel
yco
mm
itted
Ifan
appo
siti
ve
ises
senti
alto
mea
ning
,it
should
not
bese
to
ffby
toab
olis
hing
slav
ery;
the
othe
rse
eshi
mas
anop
port
unis
tic
poli
tici
an,
punc
tuat
ion:
conc
erne
don
lyto
defe
ndth
eun
ion
inan
yw
aypo
ssib
le.
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
We
take
little
note
ofth
eth
ousa
nds
ofpe
ople
who
are
poli
te,
plea
sant
,or
Pres
iden
tK
enne
dyha
da
brot
her
Pres
iden
tK
enne
dy’s
brot
her
atle
ast p
redi
ctab
le;
but
we
rem
embe
ran
dac
cent
uate
our
enco
unte
rsw
ithth
ose
who
are
rude
,di
sagr
eeab
le,
orst
nnge
(Edw
ard
Kru
pat,
Peop
lein
nam
edR
ober
t.R
ober
tse
rved
asR
ober
tser
ved
asA
ttorn
eyG
enA
ttorn
eyG
ener
al.
eral
.C
ities
)
We
may
fina
llyde
fine
juri
spru
denc
eas
the
shin
ing
but
unfu
lfil
led
drea
mT
heap
posi
tive
Rober
tis
esse
nti
alb
ecau
seit
iden
tifi
esw
hich
bro
ther
ofa
wor
ldgo
vern
edby
reas
on.
For
som
eit
lies
buri
edin
asy
stem
,th
ese
rved
asA
ttor
ney
Gen
eral
.H
adth
epr
esid
ent
had
only
one
brot
her,
you
deta
ilsof
whi
chth
eydo
not
know
.Fo
rso
me,
fam
iliar
with
the
deta
ilsof
wou
ldpu
tco
mm
asar
ound
Rob
ert.
the
syst
em,
itlie
sin
the
dept
hof
anun
read
liter
atur
e.Fo
rot
hers
,fa
mil
iar
with
this
lite
ratu
re,
itlie
sin
the
hope
ofa
futu
reen
ligh
tenm
ent.
Fur
all,
itli
esju
star
ound
the
corn
er.
(Thu
rman
Arn
old,
The
Sym
bols
ofG
over
nmen
t)3.
Par
alle
lism
-F
ault
ypa
rall
elis
mis
aco
mm
onpr
oble
m,
due
mai
nly
toca
rele
ssne
ss.
InO
neof
the
mo
stfl
exib
lean
du
sefu
lof
rhet
ori
cal
dev
ices
,par
alle
lism
the
foll
owin
gex
ampl
esth
epa
rall
elel
emen
tsin
the
revi
sion
sar
eit
ali
refe
rsto
the
org
aniz
ing
of
sim
ilar
gra
mm
atic
alel
emen
tsw
ithi
nso
me
cize
dto
mak
eth
emea
syto
see:
larg
erve
rbal
stru
ctur
eso
asto
high
ligh
tth
esi
mil
arit
yo
fth
ose
elem
ents
.S
uch
sim
ilar
ity
can
rela
teto
any
num
ber
ofgr
amm
atic
alfe
atur
es.
The
seO
rigi
nal
Rev
isio
nm
ight
incl
ude
num
ber
(sin
gula
ror
plur
al);
part
so
fsp
eech
(nou
n,ve
rb,
Som
eone
acqu
irin
gkn
owle
dge
isA
cqui
ring
know
ledg
eis
sim
ilar
adje
ctiv
e,ad
ver
b,
pre
posi
tion,
inte
rjec
tion,
conju
nct
ion);
ten
se(e
.g.,
sim
ilar
tofi
ndin
ga
new
path
ina
tofi
ndin
ga
new
path
ina
dens
ede
nse
fore
st,
fore
stpr
esen
tor
past
);m
ood
(e.g
.,in
dica
tive
orsu
bjun
ctiv
e);
voic
e(a
ctiv
eor
pass
ive)
;pe
rson
(e,g
.,fi
rst
orth
ird)
,an
dso
fort
h.A
chie
ving
para
llel
ism
Mac
hiav
elli
advo
cate
sre
lyin
gon
Mac
hiav
elli
advo
cate
sre
lyin
gon
ina
sente
nce
orpar
agra
ph
requir
esco
nsc
iou
sly
craf
ting
key
wor
ds,
one’
sow
nst
reng
th,
leav
ing
aslit
-on
e’s
own
stre
ngth
,le
avin
gas
lit-
phra
ses,
oren
tire
clau
ses
insu
cha
way
that
they
may
beorg
aniz
edin
tIeto
chan
ceas
poss
ible
,an
dth
etie
toch
ance
aspo
ssib
le,
and
rid-
para
llel
fash
ion.
You
mig
htth
ink
of
par
alle
lism
asin
volv
ing
aki
ndo
fne
edto
get r
idof
sent
imen
tal
ding
ones
elfo
fse
ntim
enta
lat
tach
men
ts,
atta
chm
ents
.rh
etor
ical
alge
bra;
asth
ese
ttin
gup
ofa
prop
orti
onor
the
com
bini
ngof
like
term
sin
anal
gebr
aic
expr
essi
onm
akes
aneq
uati
onea
sier
toso
lve,
Tou
chst
one
satir
izes
cour
tlyT
ouch
ston
esa
tiriz
esco
urtly
para
llel
ism
mak
esa
sent
ence
easi
erto
unde
rsta
nd.
Par
alle
lism
mak
esm
anne
rs,
woo
sA
udre
y,an
dhe
man
ners
,w
oos
Aud
rey,
and
trie
sw
riti
ngm
ore
com
preh
ensi
ble,
grac
eful
,an
dm
emor
able
.tri
e-s
toav
oid
mar
riag
eto
avoi
dm
arri
age.
The
prin
ce’s
stre
ngth
isal
sohi
sw
eakn
ess;
his
self
-rel
ianc
eis
also
isol
a-A
noth
erco
mm
onpr
oble
m,
this
one
styl
isti
cra
ther
than
gram
mat
ical
,is
lion.
repe
atin
gto
om
uch
inth
epa
rall
elel
emen
ts:
52I
Gra
cefts
lnes
s53
Whe
nyo
uar
rang
epa
rall
elel
emen
ts,
you
can
eleg
antl
yde
lete
repe
ated
wor
ds,
leav
ing
only
the
wor
dsth
atdo
not
repe
at.
Inth
efo
llow
ing
exam
ples
,th
ose
wor
dsth
ere
spec
tive
wri
ters
left
out
have
been
stru
ckth
roug
h:
Aug
ustu
sw
ishe
dto
dece
ive
the
peop
leby
anim
age
ofci
vil
liber
ty,
and
bew
isbe
d-te
-dee
eive
-te
arm
ies
byan
imag
eof
civi
lgo
vern
men
t(E
dwar
dG
ibbo
n,Th
eD
eclin
ean
dFa
llof
the
Rom
anE
mpi
re)
Ele
phan
tsh
rew
sac
hiev
ese
xual
mat
urit
yin
abou
tfi
vew
eeks
,te
nrec
sac
hiev
ese
xual
mat
urity
intw
om
onth
s.
Par
alle
lism
can
beem
ploy
edin
man
ydi
ffer
ent
way
s.O
nete
chni
que
isch
iasi
nus,
orin
vers
ion
of
para
llel
elem
ents
.A
fam
ous
exam
ple
com
esfr
omP
resi
dent
John
F.K
enn
edy
’s19
61in
augu
ral
addr
ess:
Ask
not
wha
tyo
urco
untr
yca
ndo
for
you—
ask
wha
tyo
uca
ndo
for
your
coun
try.
Co
lleg
ees
says,
of
cou
rse,
ofte
nde
velo
par
gu
men
tsby
pre
senti
ng
cont
rast
ing
view
s.In
such
case
s,pa
rall
elis
mof
fers
ana
tura
lst
rate
gyfo
ror
gani
zing
the
flow
ofw
ords
,in
the
foll
owin
gex
ampl
e,th
ew
rite
rid
en
tifi
esa
par
ticu
lar
deb
ate,
then
uses
par
alle
lse
nte
nce
sto
pre
sen
tea
chsi
dein
the
deba
te:
Thi
sra
llysp
arke
da
fier
cede
bate
onW
all
Stre
etab
out
whe
ther
asp
ecul
am
ebu
bble
was
emer
ging
,an
dno
tjus
tin
Inte
rnet
stoc
ksbu
tin
the
mar
ket
atla
rge.
On
one
side
wer
eth
etr
adit
iona
list
s,w
hobe
liev
edth
atst
ock
pric
esha
dal
read
yri
sen
wel
lbe
yond
leve
lsth
atco
uld
beju
stif
ied
onth
eec
onom
icfu
ndam
enta
l&O
nth
eot
her
side
wer
eth
eN
ewE
cono
my
enth
usi
asts
,w
hoar
gued
that
the
tim
e-ho
nore
dm
etho
dsof
valu
ing
stoc
ksno
long
erw
orke
dan
dsh
ould
bedi
scar
ded.
(Joh
nC
assi
dy,
“Str
ikin
gIt
Ric
h”)
Rep
etit
ion
of
aw
ord
isa
rela
ted
tech
niq
ue.
Her
ed
iffe
ren
tfo
rms
of
aw
ord
are
used
tocr
eate
ase
nse
of
refl
exiv
ity:
Tra
gedy
expl
ores
the
dam
age
ada
mag
edm
ind
can
do.
(Rut
hP
adel
,W
hom
God
sD
estr
oy)
4.T
rico
lon
Tri
colo
nis
apa
rtic
ular
kind
ofpa
rall
elis
m.
The
idea
issi
mpl
e:li
sts
tend
tofe
elba
lanc
edan
dco
mpl
ete
whe
nth
eyco
ntai
nth
ree
item
s.(P
eopl
ew
hoth
ink
about
how
we
pro
cess
info
rmat
ion,
both
vis
ual
and
verb
al,
have
long
real
ized
that
thre
eis
apo
wer
ful
and
reso
nant
num
ber
for
patt
ern
rec
ogni
tion
.)O
fco
urse
that
does
n’t
mea
nyo
ush
ould
wre
nch
your
mat
eria
lou
tof
itsna
tura
lar
rang
emen
tto
mak
eit
fita
trip
arti
tesc
hem
e.S
omet
imes
you’
llw
ant
two.
four
,or
mor
eit
ems
ina
list
.B
utw
hen
you
have
flex
ibil
ity
inw
hat
tosa
y,tr
icol
onis
ofte
nef
fect
ive
atm
akin
ga
list
feel
com
plet
e:
Tri
bal
orlo
cal
hero
es,
such
asth
eem
pero
rl-l
uang
15.
Mos
es, o
rth
eA
ztec
Tez
catl
ipoc
a,co
mm
itth
eir
boon
sto
asi
ngle
folk
;un
iver
sal
hero
es—
Moh
amm
ed,
Jesu
s,G
auta
ma
Bud
dha—
brin
ga
mes
sage
for
the
enti
rew
orld
.(J
osep
hC
ampb
ell,
The
Her
ow
itha
Tho
usan
dFa
ces)
Age
nera
tion
ago
mos
tsc
hola
rsbe
liev
edth
atan
over
arch
ing
worl
dvi
ew—
cons
erva
tive
,de
eply
Chr
isti
an,
and
esse
ntia
lly
med
ieva
lin
itsco
mm
itmen
tto
orde
ran
dhi
erar
chy—
shap
edth
eco
ncer
nsan
dde
fine
dth
ein
telle
ctua
llim
itsof
Shak
espe
are
and
othe
rE
lizab
etha
ndr
amat
ists
.
The
setw
oex
ampl
esco
ntai
nli
sts
ofno
uns
and
adje
ctiv
es,
but
tric
olon
may
also
beus
edfo
rar
rang
ing
othe
rel
emen
ts,
like
clau
ses:
Cor
iola
nus
does
n’t
hide
his
cont
empt
for
the
com
mon
ers;
hedo
esn’
tfl
atte
rth
em;
hedo
esn’
ttr
yto
soft
enhi
sim
age.
Or
sent
ence
s:
Lik
eth
efo
olof
Shak
espe
aria
ndr
ama,
she
faw
nsan
dfl
atte
rs,r
eser
ving
tohe
rsel
fth
eri
ghtt
osp
eak
diff
icul
ttr
uths
that
herd
emea
nor
and
role
appe
arto
belie
.L
ike
the
tric
kste
rof
Afr
o-A
mer
ican
folk
cultu
re,
she
spea
ksw
itha
doub
leto
ngue
.L
ike
the
exile
,sh
ere
-cre
ates
her
own
prev
ious
life
asa
func
tion
ofhe
rno
stal
gia.
(Eliz
abet
hFo
x-G
enov
ese,
“My
Stat
ue,
Mys
elf:
Aut
obio
grap
hica
lWri
tings
ofA
fro-
Am
eric
anW
omen
”)
5.C
on
cess
ion
Arg
um
ents
are
rare
lyai
rtig
ht.
Mos
tad
mit
of
ob
ject
ion
s—b
ased
on,
for
exam
ple
,th
ein
con
clu
siv
enat
ure
of
evid
ence
cite
d(a
nd
thus
the
Soc
rate
sle
da
priv
ate
life,
asop
pose
dto
apu
blic
life.
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
Socr
ates
led
apr
ivat
era
ther
than
apu
blic
life.
54S
IG
mce
fiuln
ess
55
poss
ibil
ity
ofal
tern
ativ
ein
terp
reta
tion
s)or
the
exis
tenc
eof
con
trav
enin
gev
iden
ce.
Inex
per
ience
dw
rite
rste
nd
tosw
eep
such
inco
nve
nien
ces
unde
rth
eru
gou
tof
fear
that
call
ing
atte
ntio
nto
them
mig
htw
eake
nth
eir
argu
men
t.B
utsu
cha
sele
ctiv
eap
proa
chto
repr
esen
ting
evid
ence
isn’
tal
way
sw
ise—
espec
iall
yif
obje
ctio
nsto
anar
gum
ent
are
obvi
ous
orw
ell-
know
n.S
omet
imes
byco
nced
ing
the
lim
itat
ions
ofon
e’s
argu
men
t,a
wri
ter
actu
ally
stre
ngth
ens
it:
Adm
itte
dly,
ther
eis
nodi
rect
evid
ence
that
Sha
kesp
eare
read
Mac
hia
velli
.
Cle
arly
, jud
ged
bym
odem
stan
dard
s,Je
ffer
son
wou
ldbe
call
eda
raci
st.
The
wri
ter
wou
ldpre
sent
the
obje
ctio
nin
suff
icie
ntde
tail
tofi
tth
ees
say’
sde
pth
ofan
alys
is.
The
nth
ew
rite
rw
ould
coun
ter
the
obje
ctio
n,fo
rin
stan
ceal
ong
thes
eli
nes:
But
we
know
that
man
yof
Sha
kesp
eare
’sfe
llow
play
wri
ghts
did,
that
Sha
kesp
eare
read
atle
ast
som
eIt
alia
n,an
dth
atm
any
ofM
achi
avel
li’s
wor
ksw
ere
easi
lyav
aila
ble
inL
ondo
n.
Mor
epu
rely
rhet
oric
alco
nces
sion
s,w
hich
have
less
todo
wit
hco
nten
tan
dm
ore
wit
hst
yle
and
form
,ar
eal
sous
eful
.H
ere
the
wri
ter
uses
aco
nces
sion
asan
eleg
ant
star
ting
poin
tfo
ran
essa
y:
itm
ayat
firs
tse
empa
rado
xica
lto
sugg
est
that
aco
mpa
nyca
nin
crea
seits
prof
itsby
putti
ngm
oral
valu
esab
ove
fina
ncia
l res
ults
.H
owca
nit
noth
urt
reve
nues
togi
vew
orke
rsm
ore
fam
ily
leav
ean
din
crea
sesp
endi
ngon
empl
oyee
bene
fits
?
Her
ea
wri
ter
crit
iciz
esA
mer
ican
-led
NA
TO
bom
bing
of
Yug
osla
via
in19
99fo
rca
usin
gm
assi
veen
viro
nmen
tal
harm
.A
pre
dic
table
obje
cti
onto
her
argu
men
tw
ould
beth
atY
ugos
lavi
a’s
envi
ronm
ent
had
been
dam
aged
long
befo
reth
ebo
mbi
ng,
due
tode
cade
so
fca
rele
ssin
dust
rial
izat
ion.
infa
ctth
atob
ject
ion
isla
rgel
ytr
ue,
and
she
conf
ront
sit
head
on:
Infa
irne
ss,
ever
yin
tern
atio
nal
team
doin
gen
viro
nmen
tal
asse
ssm
ents
inY
ugos
lavi
aha
sha
ddi
ffic
ulty
dist
ingu
ishi
ngpr
eexi
stin
gda
mag
eto
soil
and
wat
ersy
stem
sfr
omne
wto
xins
link
edto
the
war
.L
ong
befo
reth
ebo
mbi
ng,
the
Dan
ube’
svi
abili
tyw
asun
der
sieg
efr
ombo
thin
dust
rial
po1-
lute
rsto
the
nort
han
d50
year
sof
lax
envi
ronm
enta
lov
ersi
ght
inY
ugo
slav
iaan
dth
efo
rmer
Eas
tern
Blo
cna
tion
s.S
cien
tist
sta
king
core
sedi
men
tsa
mpl
esaf
ter
the
war
have
foun
dto
xins
datin
gfr
omth
e‘S
Os,
‘70s
and
‘SO
s—in
clud
ing
cont
amin
ants
rela
ted
toth
e19
86C
hern
obyl
nucl
ear
acci
dent
But
the
NA
TO
bom
bing
unqu
estio
nabl
ym
ade
the
situ
ado
nw
orse
.Pr
eexi
stin
gpo
llutio
nis
nore
ason
todi
smis
sth
een
viro
nmen
talf
allo
utfr
omth
ew
ar;
iton
lym
akes
the
case
for
acl
eanu
pm
ore
urge
nt.
(Mitr
ic20
00,
B4)
Man
yle
sssk
ille
dw
ntur
sw
ould
sim
ply
have
avoi
ded
sofu
ndam
enta
lan
ob
ject
ion
toth
eir
argu
men
t,ho
ping
the
read
erw
ould
n’t
know
of
itor
thin
kab
out
it.In
stea
d,th
isw
rite
rco
nced
esth
epo
int
that
muc
ho
fth
epr
oble
mpr
edat
esth
eev
ents
she
crit
iciz
es.
She
even
note
sth
eda
tath
atch
alle
nge
her
posi
tion
.B
utw
atch
how
she
turn
sth
ere
ader
back
tohe
rar
gum
ent
byth
row
ing
the
wei
ght
ofth
eob
ject
ion
behi
ndhe
rpl
eafo
ren
vir
onm
enta
lcl
eanu
p.W
ith
jud
o-l
ike
grac
esh
etu
rns
anap
par
ent
wea
knes
sin
toa
stre
ngth
.
6.Q
ual
ific
atio
n
Are
late
dst
rate
gyfo
rst
reng
then
ing
anar
gum
ent
isto
qual
ify,
orre
duce
the
scop
eof
,a
give
ncl
aim
.Q
uali
fica
tion
can
mak
ean
argu
men
tm
ore
prec
ise,
mor
eac
cura
te,
and
mor
epe
rsua
sive
byna
rrow
ing
the
scop
eo
fob
ject
ions
that
can
bem
ade
toit.
Inan
essa
yab
out
glob
alw
arm
ing,
for
inst
ance
,th
ew
rite
rin
itia
lly
mad
ea
very
broa
dcl
aim
:“G
loba
lw
arm
ing
isba
dfo
rev
eryb
ody.
”A
ssh
ed
evel
op
edher
idea
s,sh
ech
ose
am
ore
qual
ifie
dar
gum
int
Not
that
glob
alw
arm
ing
will
beba
dfo
rev
eryb
ody
ever
ywhe
re.
Inso
me
part
sof
the
wor
ld—
Sca
ndin
avia
,R
ussi
a,N
orth
Am
eric
a—in
crea
ses
inav
erag
ete
mpe
ratu
res
are
likel
yto
mak
em
ote
land
avai
labl
efo
rag
rtcu
ltu
re.
A20
02U
nite
dN
atio
nsre
port
sugg
ests
that
agri
cultu
ral
prod
uctio
nin
thes
ere
gion
sis
likel
yto
incr
ease
subs
tant
ially
.B
utas
the
sam
erc
port
mak
escl
ear,
whi
leth
ese
rela
tive
lyri
char
eas
may
bene
fit,
poor
coun
trie
s—an
dbi
llion
sof
peop
le—
will
suff
ergr
eatly
from
clim
ate
chan
ge.
By
nar
row
ing
her
clai
m,
the
wri
ter
focu
ses
atte
nti
on
onth
est
ron
ges
tp
art
ofhe
rar
gum
ent.
686
Rou
ssea
u’s
conc
epto
f“fr
eedo
m”
Rou
ssea
u’s
conc
ept o
ffre
edom
is7
Par
agra
phs
isdi
ffic
ult f
orA
mer
ican
sto
corn
-di
ffic
ult
for
Am
eric
ans
toco
mpr
ehen
d.pr
ehen
d.
Use
quot
atio
nm
arks
tofl
agw
ords
used
sard
onic
ally
orir
onic
ally
:T
hus
FAR
we
have
cons
ider
edes
says
mai
nly
atth
ele
vel
ofin
divi
dual
wor
dsan
dse
nten
ces
(tho
ugh
inC
hapt
er3
we
cons
ider
edfl
owfr
omon
eT
he“i
mpa
rtia
l”ju
ryto
okle
ssth
antw
enty
min
utes
tofin
dth
ede
fend
ant
sent
ence
toth
ene
xt).
Now
we
turn
our
atte
ntio
nto
larg
erst
ruct
ural
tile
guilt
y.m
ents
,st
arti
ngw
ith
para
grap
hs.
Adj
ecti
ves
like
supp
osed
,so
-cal
led,
wou
ld-b
e,os
tens
ible
,an
dpu
tati
ve(o
rth
eir
adve
rbia
lfo
rms)
mak
esu
chqu
otat
ion
mar
ksun
nece
ssar
y:
The
Funct
ion
of
Par
agra
phs
Wro
ng
Rig
htT
heos
tcns
ibly
“im
part
ial”
jury
The
oste
nsib
lyim
part
ialj
ury
Wha
tar
epa
ragr
aphs
?In
esse
nce,
afo
rmof
punc
tuat
ion—
and
like
othe
rto
okle
ssth
antw
enty
min
utes
toto
okle
ssth
antw
enty
min
utes
to-
--
find
the
defe
ndan
tgu
ilty-
find
the
defe
ndan
tgu
ilty,
form
sof
punc
tuat
ion,
they
are
mea
ntto
mak
ew
ritt
enm
ater
ial
easi
erto
read
.V
isua
lly,
para
grap
hsar
ebl
ocks
of
text
mar
ked
wit
han
inde
nted
Use
quot
atio
nm
arks
for
tran
slat
ions
offo
reig
nw
orth
:fi
rst
line
(usu
ally
aha
lf-i
nch
inde
nt;
for
coll
ege
essa
ysit
’sbe
tter
toin
dent
than
use
abl
ank
line
).F
unct
iona
lly,
para
grap
hsre
pres
ent
piec
esL
egen
dha
sit
that
asth
ese
vent
y-ye
ar-o
ldG
alile
oro
sefr
omhi
skn
ees,
heof
anar
gum
ent.
Lin
coln
’sG
etty
sbur
gA
ddre
ss,
for
inst
ance
,co
nsis
tsof
mut
tere
dun
derh
isbr
eath
,“E
ppur
esi
muo
ve”
(“Y
etitm
oves
”).
just
thre
esh
ort
par
agra
phs:
the
firs
tab
out
the
pas
t,th
ese
cond
the
pres
ent,
and
the
thir
dth
efu
ture
.L
inco
ln,
agr
eat
com
mun
icat
or,
chos
eC
erta
insc
hola
rly
disc
ipli
nes,
nota
bly
phil
osop
hy,
use
sing
lequ
otat
ion
this
sim
ple
stru
ctur
eto
rein
forc
ehi
ssp
eech
’sin
tent
ion.
He
wis
hed
tom
arks
tode
note
ate
rmus
edas
ate
rmev
oke
mth
em
inds
ofhi
sau
dien
cean
emot
iona
lli
nkbe
twee
nA
tner
ica
sfo
undi
ng,
the
pres
ent
conf
lict
,an
dth
een
duri
ngva
lues
for
whi
chhe
said
‘Fre
edom
’is
anam
bigu
ous
term
.A
mer
ican
sw
ere
figh
ting
.T
heha
rmon
yof
the
desi
gnhe
lped
mak
eth
isth
em
ost
fam
ous
spee
chin
our
nati
ons
hist
ory
Of
cour
seth
ere
are
coun
tles
sw
ays
tost
ruct
ure
argu
men
ts,
and
thus
countl
ess
way
sto
arra
nge
anes
say
into
par
agra
phs.
But
any
soun
dar
rang
emen
tre
quir
esth
ew
ritc
rto
doth
ree
thin
gs(I
)un
dtrs
tand
your
own
argu
men
t(W
hat
doI
wis
hto
say
toth
ere
ader
?);
(2)
deci
deon
ase
nsib
lew
ayto
lay
out
this
argu
men
t(F
rom
the
read
er’s
pers
pect
ive,
wha
t pie
ce-b
y-pi
ece
arra
ngem
ent
of
supp
orti
ngan
dex
plan
ator
ym
ate
rial
will
best
illu
min
ate
the
argu
men
t?);
and
(3)
have
the
disc
ipli
neto
stic
kto
this
stru
ctur
e(D
oes
each
para
grap
h—an
dea
chse
nten
ce—
fit
with
my
plan
?).
(In
prac
tice
ther
e’s
afo
urth
requ
irem
ent—
wil
ling
ness
tom
odif
yyo
urde
sign
asth
ene
edar
ises
.)T
hem
ost
impo
rtan
tth
ing
tore
mem
ber
isth
atpar
agra
phs
are
ther
efo
ryo
urre
ader
’sbe
nefi
t,no
tbe
caus
eof
som
eab
stra
ctru
leof
com
posi
tion
.
69
707
Para
grap
hs7’
Isth
ere
anop
tim
alle
ngth
for
para
grap
hs?
Inon
ese
nse,
no.
Whe
ther
we
coun
tby
wor
ds,
line
s,or
sent
ence
s,th
ere
isco
nsid
erab
leva
riat
ion
ingo
odw
riti
ng,
depe
ndin
gon
seve
ral
fact
ors:
the
natu
reof
the
wri
tten
text
,th
eac
adem
icdi
scip
line
,th
ew
rite
r’s
pred
ilec
tion
s,an
dth
esh
ifti
ngne
eds
ofth
ear
gum
ent
for
mor
eor
less
deta
ilan
dde
velo
pmen
t.B
utif
we
keep
inm
ind
that
text
sar
edi
vide
din
topa
ragr
aphs
for
the
conve
nien
ceof
the
read
er,
and
that
read
ers
find
grea
tun
diff
eren
tiat
edbl
ocks
ofte
xthi
ghly
inco
nven
ient
and
inac
cess
ible
,w
ebe
gin
toge
ta
sens
eof
the
ordi
nary
“rig
ht”
leng
th.
Par
agra
phs
that
typi
call
yex
ceed
apa
gear
en’t
doin
gm
uch
tom
ake
ate
xtea
sier
tore
ad.
Ittu
rns
out
that
good
acad
emic
wri
ters
typi
call
ydi
vide
apa
geof
text
into
two
tofo
urpar
agr
aphs
.(S
ome
wri
ters
use
the
visu
albr
eaks
crea
ted
byse
t-of
fqu
otat
ions
som
ewha
tli
kepa
ragr
aph
mar
ks.
New
para
grap
hsm
aybe
less
freq
uent
,bu
tth
ere
wil
lst
ill
tend
tobe
two
tofo
urbl
ocks
ofte
xtpe
rpa
ge.)
Inun
derg
radu
ate
wri
ting
,th
ism
eans
that
typi
cal
para
grap
hsar
eli
kely
tohe
som
ewhe
rein
the
neig
hbor
hood
of10
0to
200
wor
ds,
or8
to15
lines
,lo
ng.
(For
refe
renc
e,an
aver
age
doub
le-s
pace
dpa
geof
12-p
oint
text
has
abou
t30
0to
350
wor
ds,
and
arou
nd23
line
s.)
But
divi
ding
text
into
two
tofo
urpa
ragr
aphs
per
page
won
’the
lpth
ere
ader
muc
hif
thes
edi
visi
ons
appe
arar
bitr
ary.
Par
agra
phs
brea
kup
not
only
the
look
ofa
text
;th
eyal
sobr
eak
upth
ear
gum
ent
into
ase
ries
ofto
pic
sor
step
s.P
arag
raphs
hel
pus
see
anar
gum
ent
asa
logic
alse
quen
ceof
step
s.F
rom
the
wri
ter’
spe
rspe
ctiv
eit
isbe
tter
topa
yat
ten
tion
toth
isse
quen
ceth
anto
the
leng
thof
any
give
nst
ep.
As
H.
W.
Fow
ler
obse
rved
,“T
hepa
ragr
aph
ises
sent
iall
ya
unit
ofth
ough
t,no
tof
leng
th”
(198
3,43
4).
Wha
t,th
en,
cons
titu
tes
a“u
nit
ofth
ough
t”?
Itde
pend
son
the
assi
gn
men
t,on
the
topi
c,on
the
step
-by-
step
unfo
ldin
gof
the
argu
men
t.O
cca
sion
ally
aun
itof
thou
ght
may
beex
pres
sed
ina
sing
lese
nten
ce.
Her
e,fo
rin
stan
ce,
the
accl
aim
edne
urol
ogis
tan
dw
rite
rO
live
rS
acks
uses
aon
e-se
nten
cepa
ragr
aph,
assi
mpl
ean
dgr
acef
ulas
anel
egy,
toen
dhi
sdi
scus
sion
ofa
youn
gau
tist
icm
an’s
expe
rien
ces
wit
hm
usic
:
Itw
asas
if,fo
ra
brie
ftim
e,be
had
beco
me
tnily
aliv
e.
Mor
ety
pica
lly,
the
form
ulai
cfi
ve-p
arag
raph
essa
yon
whi
chm
any
high
-sc
hool
stud
ents
cut
thei
rte
eth
has
ast
urdy
“uni
tof
thou
ght”
para
grap
hst
ruct
ure:
anin
trod
ucto
rypa
ragr
aph
wit
ha
thes
isst
atem
ent,
thre
ebo
dy
para
grap
hsth
atea
chpr
ovid
eon
epi
ece
of
supp
orti
ngm
ater
ial,
and
aco
nclu
ding
para
grap
h.C
olle
gew
riti
ngad
dsde
tail
and
com
plex
ity
but
keep
sth
isba
sic
desi
gn.
The
open
ing
and
conc
ludi
ngse
ctio
nsof
acol
lege
essa
yar
eli
kely
toex
pand
into
mor
eth
anon
epa
ragr
aph
each
(and
ina
thes
isor
aboot
they
beco
me
who
lech
apte
rs).
The
thre
e-pa
ragr
aph
body
grow
sin
toa
mor
eco
mpl
exst
ruct
ure,
beca
use
you
cove
rm
ore
mat
eria
lor
explo
reit
ingre
ater
dep
th(o
rboth
).Y
our
argum
ent
wil
lgr
owto
incl
ude
mor
eel
emen
ts,
such
asa
consi
der
atio
nof
cont
rary
view
poin
ts(w
ith
are
butt
alor
conc
essi
onor
both
).Y
ouw
ill
delv
ein
tose
cond
ary
sour
ces.
Bri
efsu
mm
arie
sbr
oade
nin
tom
ore
nuan
ced,
cri
tica
lly
info
rmed
disc
ussi
ons.
The
upsh
otis
that
inco
lleg
eyo
um
ayta
ckle
the
sam
eto
pic
you
once
disp
atch
edin
atw
o-pa
ge,
five
-par
agra
phes
say,
but
now
itm
ayta
keyo
utw
enty
page
san
dfi
fty
orso
para
grap
hs.
Open
ing
Sen
tence
s
An
open
ing
sent
ence
tell
sth
ere
ader
wha
ta
para
grap
his
abou
t.T
heop
enin
gse
nten
ceis
also
usua
lly
the
topi
cse
nten
ce,
orth
ese
nten
ceth
atsu
mm
ariz
esth
epa
ragr
aph,
but
ther
eis
noru
leth
atsa
yspa
ragr
aphs
mus
tha
veto
pic
sent
ence
s,or
that
they
mus
tco
me
atth
ebe
ginn
ing.
Still
,th
ebe
ginn
ing
isth
ena
tura
lpl
ace
tole
arn
whe
rea
para
grap
his
go.in
g:
Whe
nw
ese
ea
play
,w
hat i
sit
that
we
see?
Apo
pula
rau
dien
cefo
rsc
ienc
e,an
dfo
rte
chno
logy
,bl
osso
med
inE
urop
ean
dA
mer
ica
inth
e19
thce
ntur
y.T
hepr
oces
sof
grow
than
dch
ange
inev
olut
ion
isch
aotic
and
Jilte
dw
ithco
nflic
t.
His
tori
ans
have
judg
edth
e“O
ctob
erD
ays”
asth
esi
ngle
mos
tsi
gnif
ican
tac
tivity
unde
rtak
enby
wom
endu
ring
the
Rev
olut
ion.
(Mar
ilyn
Yal
om,
Blo
od
Sist
ers)
Som
etim
esa
topi
cis
depl
oyed
acro
sstw
ose
nten
ces:
The
thir
dan
dfi
nal
area
ofT
heba
nex
pans
ion
was
byse
ain
the
Aeg
ean.
Her
eag
ain
the
enem
yw
asA
then
s,
The
open
ing
sente
nce
isal
sow
here
the
read
erca
nse
eho
wth
epara
gra
ph
connec
tsto
wha
tha
sco
me
befo
re.
Som
eof
the
tech
niq
ues
we
727
1Pa
ragr
aphs
73
stud
ied
inC
hap
ter
3—in
part
icul
ar,
char
acte
rs,
poin
ters
,an
dco
nju
nc
lion
s—m
erit
ase
cond
look
atth
ispo
int.
The
yca
nhe
lppr
oduc
eop
enin
gse
nte
nce
sth
atfi
tw
ell
toge
ther
.F
irst
,le
t’s
look
atco
nsi
sten
tchara
cte
rs—
inth
isex
ampl
e,m
odel
:
The
mod
elof
the
itera
ted
Pris
oner
’sD
ilem
ma
ism
uch
less
rest
rict
edth
anit
may
atfi
rst
appe
ar.
.-
.¶
The
mod
eldo
esas
sum
eth
atth
ech
oice
sar
em
ade
sim
ulta
neou
sly
and
with
disc
rete
time
inte
rval
s.-
..
(Rob
ert
Axe
lro
d,Th
eE
volu
tion
ofC
oope
ratio
n)
Inth
ene
xtex
ampl
e,w
elo
okat
eigh
tsu
cces
sive
open
ing
sent
ence
s(a
llhu
tth
efi
rst
are
also
topi
cse
nten
ces)
.T
here
peti
tion
of
ake
yte
rm,
con
stan
cy,
lets
the
read
erfo
llow
the
deve
lopi
ngar
gum
ent:
‘Wer
em
anbu
tco
nsta
nt,
hew
ere
perf
ect.”
...
¶C
onst
ancy
isa
supe
rhu
man
vim
ie, p
ossi
ble
only
inth
eun
deca
ying
real
ms
abov
eth
em
oon...
.¶
Con
stan
cyis
cent
ral
toS
hake
spea
re’s
visi
onof
hum
anha
nnon
y.
..¶
Thi
sno
tion
isfu
ndam
enta
lto
all
ofth
epl
ays.
.¶
The
idea
l of
cons
tanc
yfu
ncti
ons
inth
eco
med
ies
asa
mor
alst
anda
rd..
..¶
Con
stan
cyis
rare
inde
edin
actu
alit
y..
..¶
Juli
a’s
cons
tanc
yis
cast
inth
eG
rise
lde
mol
d.-
-.‘
Con
stan
cyis
mag
ical
, how
ever
, onl
yin
fem
ale
char
acte
rs.
(Mar
ilyn
Fren
ch,
Sha
kesp
eare
’sD
ivis
ion
ofE
xper
ienc
e)
Ase
cond
way
toli
nkpa
ragr
aphs
isto
use
poin
ting
wort
hsu
chas
rel
aliv
ead
ject
ives
inth
ene
wpa
ragr
aph’
sop
enin
gse
nten
ce:
Thi
sou
tcom
ese
ems
tosu
ppor
tK
uhn’
sar
gum
ent.
Lin
coln
was
very
care
ful
infr
amin
gth
ese
para
llels
.(G
arry
Will
s,L
inco
lnat
Get
tysb
urg)
Pro
noun
s,ho
wev
er,
are
one
kind
ofpo
inti
ngw
ord
not
soof
ten
used
inop
enin
gse
nten
ces.
Goo
dw
rite
rsof
ten
rest
ate
anan
tece
dent
noun
inan
open
ing
sent
ence
,fo
rem
phas
isan
dcl
arit
y:
Ori
gina
lH
ene
ver
forg
otth
isle
sson
.R
evis
ion
Mar
low
ene
ver
forg
otth
isle
sson
.
The
thir
dco
mm
onte
chni
que
for
open
ing
sent
ence
sth
athe
lpco
nnec
ta
par
agra
ph
toth
epr
evio
uspar
agra
ph
isto
use
conju
nct
ions
and
con
junc
tive
adve
rbs,
inal
lth
eva
riet
ies
list
edin
Cha
pter
3:
War
fare
was
basi
cto
the
Hel
leni
stic
wor
ld,
intw
ow
ays.
Firs
t,th
ele
giti
mac
yof
the
Hel
leni
stic
king
rest
edin
part
onhi
sm
ilita
rypr
estig
e..
..
4Se
cond
ly,
the
scop
eof
war
fare
was
grea
tlyen
larg
ed.
..
.(T
heO
xfor
dH
isto
ryof
the
Cla
ssic
alW
orld
)
Still
. Gre
enle
afbe
lieve
dhi
svi
sion
ofet
hica
lle
ader
ship
was
prac
tical
.T
hesl
aves
also
turn
edth
eir
satir
eag
ains
tth
emse
lves
.(E
ugen
eG
enov
ese.
Rol
l,Jo
rdan
,R
oll)
Let
’slo
okat
one
exte
nded
exam
ple
.H
ere
isa
sequen
ce(f
rom
Rob
inD
unba
r’s
The
Tro
uble
with
Sci
ence
)th
atsh
ows
how
ten
succ
essi
vepara
grap
hsbe
gin:
1.4
The
busi
ness
ofhy
poth
esis
-tes
ting
isne
ither
easy
nor
stra
ight
forw
ard....
2.¶
Wha
t,th
en,
defi
nes
ago
odth
eory
?In
his
book
The
Rat
iona
lity
ofS
cien
ce,
the
phil
osop
her
Wil
liam
New
ton-
Sm
ith
list
sei
ght
key
feat
ures
.
3.¶
New
ton-
Sm
ith
issp
ecif
ical
lyco
ncer
ned
toco
unte
rth
ean
ti-ra
tion
alis
tvi
ews
advo
cate
dby
Kuh
nan
dF
eyer
aben
d..
4.¶
New
ton-
Smith
argu
esth
atth
ean
ti-ra
tiona
lists
are
tryi
ngto
fois
tm
uch
too
gran
da
goal
onto
scie
nce.
5.¶
On
the
othe
rha
nd,
New
ton-
Smith
iseq
ually
criti
cal
ofra
tion
alis
tslik
ePo
pper
and
Lak
atos
,ar
guin
gth
atth
eyha
veal
sota
ken
too
stri
cta
view
ofsc
ient
ists
atw
ork
6.¶
Thi
spr
agm
atic
line
has,
infa
ct,
been
argu
edby
othe
rph
iloso
pher
sof
scie
nce
7.¶
Res
cher
argu
esth
atth
isis
the
only
rati
onal
way
topr
ocee
dif
we
wis
hto
live
and
surv
ive
inth
ere
alw
orld
,
8.¶l
’he
philo
soph
erN
icho
las
Max
wel
lw
ants
togo
furt
her
byin
sist
ing
that
ther
ear
eev
enst
rong
ergr
ound
sfo
rjus
tify
ing
mod
ern
scic
ntif
icpra
ctic
e....
9.¶
Max
wel
lca
llsth
is“a
im-o
rien
ted
empi
rici
sm”
and
cont
rast
sit
with
the
“sta
ndar
dem
piri
cism
”of
conv
entio
nal
philo
soph
yof
scie
nce.
10.
¶T
heon
lypo
ssib
lere
cour
seop
ento
are
lativ
ist
atth
ispo
int
isto
argu
eth
atth
esu
cces
sof
ath
eory
does
not
guar
ante
eits
trut
h
How
man
yli
nks
can
you
find
?I
coun
tat
leas
ttw
enty
.
747
1Pa
ragr
aphs
75
Des
ignin
gP
arag
raphs
Rem
embe
rth
atpa
ragr
aphs
repr
esen
tun
its
of
thou
ght
wit
hin
anar
gu
men
t.S
uch
unit
sof
thought
mig
ht
incl
ude
expla
nat
ion,
exam
ple
.de
scri
ptio
n,na
rrat
ion,
defi
niti
on,
com
pari
son,
cont
rast
,or
anal
ysis
(see
also
Wes
ton
2000
).A
good
wri
ter
wil
lde
sign
apa
ragr
aph
tom
atch
itsfu
ncti
on.
Apa
ragr
aph
ofex
ampl
es,
for
inst
ance
,is
basi
call
ya
list,
wit
hev
eryt
hing
that
impl
ies
abou
tsy
mm
etry
and
para
llel
ism
.A
desc
ript
ion
shou
ldbe
com
pose
din
am
anne
rth
atac
cord
sw
ith
wha
tyo
u’re
des
crib
ing—
for
inst
ance
,w
ork
thro
ugh
avi
sual
desc
ript
ion
wit
hso
me
sort
ofsp
atia
lor
der,
say
from
left
tori
ght
orfo
regr
ound
toba
ckgr
ound
.N
arra
tion,
natu
rall
y,te
nds
toun
fold
chro
nolo
gica
lly.
Fai
ling
tom
atch
form
tofu
ncti
onis
one
of
the
mor
eco
mm
onw
eakn
esse
sof
studen
tw
riti
ng.
Let
’slo
okat
som
eex
ampl
esof
how
para
grap
hssh
ould
mat
chfo
rmto
func
tion
.
Exa
mpl
e.O
neof
the
mos
tco
mm
onpu
rpos
esfo
rpa
ragr
aphs
isto
offe
rev
iden
ceby
way
ofex
ample
s.A
par
agra
ph
may
focu
son
asi
ngle
deta
iled
exam
ple.
Or,
ashe
re,
aw
rite
rm
aypr
ovid
em
ulti
ple
exam
ples
:
Ane
wdi
visi
onof
labo
rbe
twee
nsu
pplie
rsan
dcu
stom
ers
isre
inve
ntin
gin
dust
hes,
InSp
aria
nbur
g,fo
rex
ampl
e,Sy
mte
chSy
stem
san
dT
echn
olog
yno
long
ersi
mpl
yse
llseq
uipm
ent
toits
man
ufac
turi
ngcu
stom
ers.
Itde
sign
san
dov
erse
esth
eir
man
ufac
turi
ngpr
oces
ses
asth
eyus
eth
eeq
uip
men
t.In
Abe
rdee
n,Sc
otla
nd,
oil
com
pany
cust
omer
ssu
chas
BP
(Bri
tish
Pet
role
um)
and
Con
oco
wor
kw
ithsu
ppli
ers
such
asen
gine
erin
gfi
rmB
row
n&
Roo
tto
reth
ink
the
supp
lych
ain.
.(R
osab
eth
Mos
sK
ante
r,W
orld
Cki
ss)
Oft
enpl
ace-
nam
esar
ise
from
mis
hear
ings
orm
isun
ders
tand
ings
—no
tabl
yth
eW
est
Indi
es,
whi
chof
cour
seha
veno
thin
gto
dow
ithIn
dia.
The
ysi
mpl
yre
flec
tC
olum
bus’
star
tling
inab
ility
tode
term
ine
whi
chhem
isp
here
hew
asin
.Y
ucat
anin
Mex
ico
mea
ns“W
hat?
”or
“Wha
tar
eyo
usa
ying
?”—
the
repl
ygi
ven
byth
ena
tives
toth
efir
stSp
anis
hco
nqui
sta
dors
tofe
tch
upon
thei
rsh
ores
.T
hete
rmD
utch
issi
mila
rly
base
don
ato
tal
mis
appr
ehen
sion
.It
com
esfr
omD
euts
ch,
orG
erm
an,
and
the
erro
rha
sbe
enpe
rpet
uate
din
the
expr
essi
onP
enns
ylva
nia
Dut
ch—
who
are
gene
rally
not
Dut
chat
all
but
Ger
man
.(B
illB
ryso
n,Th
eM
othe
rT
ongu
e)
Des
crip
tion.
Incr
afti
nga
desc
ript
ion
ofso
met
hing
—a
pict
ure,
abuil
din
g,a
scen
e,an
even
t,or
anyt
hing
else
—yo
uha
velo
tsof
choi
ces.
Ifth
e
thin
gto
bede
scri
bed
isco
mpl
ex,
it’s
impo
rtan
tto
desc
ribe
itin
aw
ayth
athe
lps
the
read
erpu
tth
epi
eces
toge
ther
:ri
ght
tole
ft,
bott
omto
top,
firs
tto
last
,bi
gto
smal
lfo
regr
ound
toba
ckgr
ound
orw
hate
vts
patt
ern
fits
the
mat
eria
l,yo
urpu
rpos
e,an
dth
ere
ader
’sex
pect
atio
ns(u
nles
ssu
rpr
ise
ispa
rtof
your
desi
gn).
Ago
odw
rite
rar
rang
esm
ater
ial
ina
way
that
suit
shi
sth
eme,
Her
e,fo
rin
stan
ce,
Pau
lF
usse
llde
scri
bes
Wor
ldW
arIt
rench
es
The
rew
ere
norm
ally
thre
elin
esof
tren
ches
.T
hefr
ont-
line
tren
chw
asan
ywhe
refr
omfi
fty
yard
sor
soto
am
ilefr
omits
enem
yco
unte
rpar
t.Se
vera
lhu
ndre
dya
rds
behi
ndit
was
the
supp
ort
tren
chlin
e.A
ndse
vera
lhu
ndre
dya
rds
behi
ndth
atw
asth
ere
serv
elin
e.T
here
wer
eth
ree
kind
sof
tren
ches
:fi
ring
tren
ches
,li
keth
ese;
com
mun
icat
ion
tren
ches
,ru
nnin
gro
ughl
ype
rpen
dicu
lar
toth
elin
ean
dco
nnec
ting
the
thre
eli
nes,
and
“sap
s,”
shal
low
erdi
tche
sth
rust
out i
nto
No
Man
’sL
and,
prov
idin
gac
cess
tofo
rwar
dob
serv
atio
npo
sts,
liste
ning
post
s.gr
enad
e-th
row
ing
post
s,an
dm
achi
negu
npo
sitio
ns.
The
end
ofa
sap
was
usua
llyno
tm
anne
dal
lth
etim
e:ni
ght
was
the
favo
rite
time
for
goin
gou
t.C
omin
gup
from
the
rear
,on
ere
ache
dth
etr
ench
esby
foll
owin
ga
com
mun
icat
ion
tren
chso
me
times
am
ileor
mor
elo
ng.
Itof
ten
bega
nin
ato
wn
and
grad
ually
dee
pen
ed.
By
the
time
pede
stri
ans
reac
hed
the
rese
rve
line,
they
wer
ew
ell
belo
wgr
ound
leve
l.(P
aul F
usse
lt,Th
eG
reat
War
and
Mod
ern
Mem
ory)
The
para
grap
hbe
gins
wit
hde
scri
ptio
nof
ast
atic
scen
ean
dth
ensh
ifts
toa
mor
edynam
icdes
crip
tion
that
inco
rpora
tes
movem
ent
and
peop
le.
Fuss
ell
arra
nges
his
des
crip
tion
spat
iall
yin
two
way
sat
leas
tfi
rst
hera
nges
acro
ssth
epa
rall
elan
dper
pen
dic
ula
rli
nes
ofth
etr
ench
es;
then
heim
agin
esap
proa
chin
gan
dde
scen
ding
into
the
tren
ches
.D
escr
ipti
onbe
gins
wit
han
alys
is,
orth
ebr
eaki
ngof
aw
hole
into
con
stit
uent
piec
esA
good
wntc
rar
rang
esth
epi
eces
soth
atth
ere
ader
can
see
how
they
fit
and
“mov
e.”
Inhi
ghly
desc
ript
ive
fiel
dslik
ear
thi
stor
y,th
iski
ndof
wri
ting
isan
art
unto
itsel
f:
The
Cru
cifi
xion
(fig
.17
2)is
shor
nof
alle
lem
ents
ofpa
inan
dte
rror
,sa
veon
lyfo
rth
egr
ief
ofth
ean
gels
. The
still
figu
reon
the
Cro
sslo
oks
alm
ost
pity
ingl
yat
Mar
yan
dS
tJo
hnse
ated
onth
egr
ound
belo
w. T
hecu
rves
ofth
eir
bodi
es,
follo
win
gth
ose
ofth
equ
atre
foil,
are
com
plet
edby
thos
eof
the
ange
ls. A
llth
ecu
rves
are
subs
umed
inth
eco
ncav
elin
esof
Chr
ist’
sar
ms.
Aty
pica
llyO
hibe
rtia
nco
mpo
sitio
nal
way
ssh
ows
aco
unte
rpot
seof
the
com
posi
tiona
lel
emen
tsan
dth
edi
rect
iona
lflo
wof
rhyt
hms
that
pro-
767
1Pa
ragr
aphs
77
duce
sa
perf
ect
and
abst
ract
unit
y.In
the
case
ofth
eC
ruci
fixi
on,
the
oppo
siti
onan
dsw
ing
ofth
erh
ythm
sra
ise
this
unit
yto
the
leve
lof
anun
eart
hly
harm
ony
arou
ndth
esa
crif
iced
Chr
ist.
(Fre
deri
ckH
artt
,His
tory
ofIt
alia
nR
enai
ssan
ceA
rt)
Nar
rati
on.
Nar
rati
onde
scri
bes
acti
ons
unfo
ldin
gov
erti
me.
Cle
arnar
rati
onus
uall
yfo
llow
sch
ron
olo
gic
alor
der.
Her
e,th
ew
rite
rna
rrat
esa
seri
esof
even
tsan
dth
endr
aws
age
nera
lco
nclu
sion
:
Bri
tain
firs
ttr
ied
tore
vers
eits
decl
ine
and
deca
yby
depe
ndin
gpr
imar
ilyon
wha
tax
eca
lled
dem
and-
side
mea
sure
s,to
noav
ail.
The
nit
join
edth
eE
urop
ean
Eco
nom
icC
omm
unity
,to
noav
ail.
The
nit
switc
hed
tow
hata
reca
lled
supp
ly-s
ide
mea
sure
s,ag
ain
tono
avai
l.N
om
atte
rw
hatB
rita
inha
str
ied,
itha
sco
ntin
ued
inth
egr
ipof
unre
lent
ing
decl
ine,
muc
hlik
ean
yot
her
fade
d,fa
bled
empi
reof
the
dist
ant
past
befo
repe
ople
had
econ
omic
theo
ries
and
inst
ruct
ions
and
stat
istic
sto
guid
eth
ent
(Jan
eJa
cobs
.C
ities
and
the
Wea
lthof
Nat
ions
)
Def
init
ion
.T
here
are
agr
eat
man
yw
ays
tode
fine
thin
gs.
But
one
ofth
efi
rst
thin
gsco
lleg
est
uden
tsar
eex
pect
edto
lear
nis
that
term
san
did
eas
are
ofte
nno
tam
enab
leto
conc
lusi
vede
fini
tion
.A
defi
niti
onth
atse
ems
sati
sfac
tory
solo
ng
asyo
ud
on
’tth
ink
abo
ut
ito
ften
turn
sout
tobe
prob
lem
atic
whe
nyo
ust
art
aski
ngqu
esti
ons
(bla
me
iton
Soc
rate
s).
To
the
sim
ple
ques
tion,
“Wh
atis
lead
ersh
ip?,
”fo
rin
stan
ce,
ittu
rns
out
ther
eis
noag
reed
-upon
answ
er.
An
acad
emic
wri
ter,
nev
erth
eles
s,is
expe
cted
totr
yto
brin
gso
me
mea
sure
of
orde
rto
com
plex
mat
eria
l:
Wha
tis
lead
ersh
ip?
The
reis
noun
iver
sal
defi
nitio
n.Sc
hola
rsha
veso
ught
toan
swer
this
ques
tion
inse
vera
ldi
ffer
ent
way
s:by
focu
sing
onle
ader
s’tr
aits
orbe
havi
ors,
byan
alyz
ing
the
diff
eren
t kin
dsof
task
sle
ader
sper
form
,by
look
ing
atth
ere
lati
onsh
ipbe
twee
nle
ader
san
dfo
llow
ers,
and
byse
eing
whe
ther
lead
ersh
ipdi
ffer
sac
ross
diff
eren
tcu
lture
s.
Her
e,in
am
uch
mor
eso
phis
tica
ted
exam
ple,
aw
rite
rex
plor
esan
ever
yda
yphen
om
enon,
soth
ata
sim
ple
ques
tion
—”W
hat
isco
lor?
”—’n
olo
nger
seem
ssi
mpl
eat
all:
Col
oris
not
atr
ivia
lsu
bjec
tbu
ton
eth
atha
sco
mpe
lled,
for
hund
reds
ofye
ars,
apa
ssio
nate
curi
osity
inth
egr
eate
star
tists
, phi
loso
pher
s,an
dna
ils
ral
scie
ntis
ts.
The
youn
gS
pino
zaw
rote
his
firs
ttr
eatis
eon
the
rain
bow
;
the
youn
gN
ewto
n’s
mos
tjoy
ous
disc
over
yw
asth
eco
mpo
sitio
nof
whi
teli
ght;
Goe
the’
sgr
eat
colo
rw
ork,
like
New
ton’
s,st
arte
dw
itha
pris
m;
Scho
penh
auer
,You
ng,
Hel
mho
ltz,
and
Max
wel
l,in
the
last
cent
ury,
wer
eal
lta
ntal
ized
byth
epr
oble
mof
colo
r;an
dW
ittge
nste
in’s
last
wor
kw
ashi
sR
emar
kson
Col
our
And
yet
mos
tof
us,
mos
tof
the
tim
e,ov
erlo
okits
grea
tm
yste
ry.
Thr
ough
such
aca
seas
Mr.
l’s
we
can
trac
eno
ton
lyth
eun
derl
ying
cere
bral
mec
hani
sms
orph
ysio
logy
but
the
phen
omen
olog
yof
colo
ran
dth
ede
pth
ofit
sre
sona
nce
and
mea
ning
for
the
indi
vidu
al.
(Oliv
erSa
cks,
“The
Cas
eof
the
Col
orbl
ind
Pai
nter
”)
Sec
tions
Som
ear
gum
ents
lend
them
selv
esto
bein
gbr
oken
into
larg
erun
its
than
para
grap
hs.
Suc
hse
ctio
nsm
aybe
mar
ked
inse
vera
lw
ays:
wit
hnum
bers
oras
teri
sks
cent
ered
abov
eea
chse
ctio
n,w
ith
whi
tesp
ace,
orw
ithhe
adin
gs.A
void
brea
king
shor
tes
says
into
sect
ions
.
Segi
nnin
gsan
dEn
ding
s79
8B
egin
ning
san
d
End
ings
INE
AR
LIE
RC
HA
PTE
RS
we
focu
sed
onw
ords
and
sent
ence
s;in
Cha
pter
7w
etu
rned
topa
ragr
aphs
.N
oww
ecl
ose
wit
hth
ough
tson
the
essa
yas
aw
hole
.A
who
le,
Ari
stot
lesa
idin
his
Poet
ics,
“is
that
whi
chha
sa
beg
inni
ng,
am
iddl
e,an
dan
end.
”A
rist
otle
hit
onso
met
hing
basi
c.A
sth
est
ylis
tS
heri
dan
Bak
erpu
tit
afe
wye
ars
ago,
“Bui
ldyo
ures
say
inth
ree
past
s.T
here
real
lyis
noot
her
way
”(1
966,
27).
An
essa
ytr
ies
tom
ake
are
ader
care
abou
t,ac
cept
,an
dre
mem
ber
your
argu
men
t.T
hebe
ginn
ing
grab
sth
ere
ader
’sat
tent
ion,
prep
ares
aco
ntex
t,an
dst
ates
the
argu
men
t.T
hem
iddl
e(o
rbo
dy)
wor
ksth
roug
hth
ear
gum
ent
step
byst
ep:
givi
ngex
ampl
es,
conn
ecti
ngth
ege
nera
lan
dth
epa
rtic
ular
,un
fold
ing
caus
alre
lati
onsh
ips,
and
usin
ggo
odsu
ppor
ting
mat
eria
ls.
The
endi
ng(o
rco
ncl
usio
n)re
peat
ske
ypo
ints
and
send
the
read
erof
ffe
elin
gth
atsh
e’s
lear
ned
som
ethi
ngw
orth
whi
le.
Beg
inni
ngs
The
appr
opri
ate
leng
thfo
ra
begi
nnin
gva
ries
bydi
scip
line
,as
sign
men
t,an
dto
pic,
but
asa
rule
ofth
umb
we
can
expe
cta
good
begi
nnin
gto
rang
efr
oma
sing
lepa
ragr
aph
for
ash
ort
essa
y,to
perh
aps
aco
uple
ofpa
ges
for
alo
nges
say
oftw
enty
totw
enty
-fiv
epa
ges.
(Abo
ok’s
intr
odu
ctio
nw
ould
bea
who
lech
apte
r)A
llgo
odbe
ginn
ings
incl
ude
ath
esis
stat
emen
t,co
ntex
t,an
da
star
ting
poin
t.A
thes
isst
atem
ent
isyo
urar
gum
ent
ina
nuts
hell
.B
yco
ntra
st,
ato
pic
isw
hat
your
essa
yis
abou
t:gl
obal
war
min
g,sa
y,or
the
War
ofJe
nkin
s’E
ar,
orA
rnaz
on.c
om.
Aco
mm
onm
ista
keis
tost
ate
ato
pic
and
leav
eit
atth
at:
Thi
ses
say
wil
llo
okat
Am
azon
.cor
n.R
eade
rsne
edm
ore
info
rm
atio
n.W
hat
are
you
goin
gto
say
abou
tyo
urto
pic?
Wha
tpr
oble
mar
eyo
ugo
ing
toin
vest
igat
e?W
hat
isyo
urar
gum
ent?
Tha
t’s
the
poin
tof
a
78
thes
isst
atem
ent:
todi
stil
lyo
urar
gum
ent
toa
sing
lese
nten
ce.
Wit
hA
maz
on,
you
mig
hten
dup
wit
ha
thes
isst
atem
ent
like
this
one:
Am
azo
nco
rnis
here
tost
ayH
ere’
san
othe
rto
pic
pres
ente
das
ifit
wer
ea
thes
isst
atem
ent:
The
reis
aco
mm
onth
eme
betw
een
Fed
eral
ist e
ssay
s10
and
51:
pow
er.
So
gene
ral
ast
atem
ent
does
litt
leto
help
the
read
er.
Itla
cks
aw
ho-d
oes-
wha
tm
essa
ge.
As
the
wri
ter
thou
ght
abou
tho
wto
turn
“pow
er”
from
ato
pic
toan
argu
men
t,sh
ere
aliz
edtw
oth
ings
.F
irst
,th
atth
em
ore
pre
cise
term
“con
flic
t”di
da
bett
erjo
bof
capt
urin
ghe
rto
pic
than
the
broa
d“p
ower
.”S
econ
d,th
atsh
ew
asth
inki
ngab
out
wha
tar
gum
ents
the
Fed
eral
ist
essa
ysm
ade
abou
tth
isto
pic.
The
sere
aliz
atio
nssh
aped
her
revi
sion
,w
hich
serv
esas
aw
ho-d
oes-
wha
tgu
ide
tohe
res
say:
Fede
ralis
t10
and
51bo
thse
eco
nflic
tas
the
grav
est
dang
erto
popu
lar
gove
rnm
ent.
But
inst
ead
oftr
ying
toel
imin
ate
orsu
ppre
ssco
nflic
t,th
eysu
gges
t way
sof
harn
essi
ngits
pow
er.
Con
text
Dep
endi
ngon
the
expe
rtis
eof
your
inte
nded
audi
ence
,yo
uar
elik
ely
toha
veto
prov
ide
aco
ntex
tfo
ryo
urar
gum
ent
Inan
essa
yab
out
Am
azon
for
inst
ance
,yo
u’d
wan
tto
mak
esu
reyo
urre
ader
knew
som
eof
the
broa
dou
tlin
esof
the
stor
yof
Am
azon
’sor
igin
s,ri
se,
and
trou
bles
—th
eri
sean
dfa
llof
the
inte
rnet
bubb
lean
dth
eco
llap
seof
man
yot
her
dot
com
s.W
itho
utgi
ving
all
the
det
ails
of
your
stor
yin
the
begi
nnin
g,cr
eate
afr
ame
wit
hin
whi
chyo
urar
gum
ent
orst
ory
mak
esse
nse.
Her
e’s
anex
ampl
e,fr
omth
ein
trod
ucti
onof
abo
okon
Isla
m:
tar
el-I
slam
,th
eH
ouse
ofIs
lam
, em
brac
esne
arly
900
nulli
onpe
ople
ofev
ery
race
,fr
omSe
nega
lto
Chi
na,
from
Nig
eria
toth
eSo
viet
Uni
on,
and
mor
eth
antw
om
illi
onA
mer
ican
sas
wel
l.A
llar
eM
uslim
s,sh
arin
gco
mm
onre
ligio
usbe
liefs
,bu
t the
yva
ryw
idel
yin
beha
vior
, Mos
tof
them
are
not
left
ists
orfa
natic
sor
revo
lutio
nari
esor
extr
emis
ts. T
hey
cann
otbe
ster
eoty
ped
inth
eim
age
ofon
era
ceor
one
kind
ofpo
litic
alor
soci
alco
ndu
ct.
Cer
tain
lyit
isab
surd
toid
entif
yIs
lam
with
Ara
bslu
xuri
atin
gin
oil
wea
lth.
The
vast
maj
ority
ofM
uslim
sar
eno
t Ara
bsan
dno
tw
ealt
hy...
.(T
hom
asW
.L
ippm
an,
Und
erst
andi
ngIs
lam
)
808
1Be
ginn
ings
and
Endi
ngs
81
Star
ting
Poin
ts
(Joo
dw
rite
rsus
uall
yst
art
anes
say
wit
hso
met
hing
smal
l—a
stor
y,a
quot
atio
n,an
exam
ple,
aqu
esti
on,
ade
tail
,or
the
like
—th
atco
nnec
tsto
som
ethi
ngbi
g,th
ear
gum
ent
tobe
purs
ued.
For
inst
ance
,Ia
nT
atte
rsal
lbe
gins
his
stud
yof
hum
anor
igin
s(i
nB
ecom
ing
Hum
an)
wit
hth
em
ost
fam
ous
imag
esfr
ompr
ehis
tory
,th
eca
vepa
inti
ngs
ofso
uthe
rnE
urop
e.R
obin
Dun
bar
begi
nsa
book
abou
tsc
ienc
ew
ith
the
foll
owin
gli
nes:
In16
32th
eIt
alia
nas
tron
omer
Gal
ileo
Gal
ilei
publ
ishe
dhi
sD
ialo
gue
Con
cern
ing
the
Two
Chi
efW
orld
Syst
ems.
Indo
ing
sohe
inad
vert
ently
set
inm
otio
non
eof
the
grea
test
revo
lutio
nsin
the
hist
ory
ofth
ehu
man
race
.(T
heTr
oubl
ew
ithSc
ienc
e)
Ros
abet
hM
oss
Kan
ter’
sW
orld
Cla
ss:
Thr
ivin
gL
ocal
lyin
the
Glo
bal
Eco
nom
y,a
book
ongl
obal
izat
ion
and
itsim
pact
onlo
cal
busi
ness
esan
dco
mm
unit
ies,
begi
nsth
us:
Afr
iend
who
lives
year
-rou
ndon
Mar
tha’
sV
iney
ard
reco
unts
the
ques
tions
his
live-
year
-old
son
aske
dhi
mw
hile
wal
king
onth
ebe
ach
one
thy:
“We
live
onan
isla
nd,
righ
t?”
Rig
htm
yM
end
repl
ied.
“We’
resu
rrou
nded
byw
ater
,ri
ght?
”
Rig
htag
ain.
Paus
e.
“Are
we
conn
ecte
dto
the
wor
ld?”
The
answ
erto
that
ques
tion
is,o
fco
urse
,ye
s,
Fin
ally
,he
reis
how
the
schola
rH
anna
Pit
kin
beg
ins
Fort
une
Isa
Wom
an,
abo
okon
Mac
hiav
elli
:
Nic
colà
Mac
hiav
elli
may
wel
lbe
the
mos
tpo
litic
alof
all
the
grea
tpo
liti
cal
theo
rist
s;an
d,lik
epo
litic
sits
elf,
Mac
hiav
elli
horr
ifie
san
dre
pels
us,
yet
also
attr
acts
and
fasc
inat
es.
We
dono
tkn
oww
hat
tom
ake
ofhi
m,
orho
wto
thin
kri
ghtl
yab
out
poli
tica
llif
e.W
ekn
owth
atpo
liti
csm
atte
rspr
ofou
ndly
,pe
rhap
sm
ore
inou
rtim
eth
anev
erbe
fore
;w
esu
spec
tth
atso
meh
oww
eha
vego
tten
itte
rrib
lyw
rong
;bu
tw
efe
elpo
wer
less
toch
ange
,or
even
fully
toun
ders
tand
our
situ
atio
n.Fo
rm
e,th
inki
ngab
out
polit
ics
and
thin
king
abou
tM
achi
avel
liha
vebe
com
ein
terc
onne
cted
ente
rpri
ses,
each
illum
inat
ing
and
obsc
urin
gth
eot
her.
Tha
tis
the
reas
onfo
rth
isbo
ok.
The
auth
orlo
cate
she
rsu
bje
ct,
rais
esth
orny
prob
lem
sab
out
poli
tics
,an
din
volv
esus
,he
rre
ader
s—our
thoughts
,our
feel
ings,
and
our
fear
s—in
her
proj
ect.
Apo
wer
ful
begi
nnin
g.T
hebe
ginn
ing
ofan
essa
yal
sogi
ves
your
read
era
firs
tim
pres
sion
ofw
hat
you
soun
dli
ke.
Inge
nera
lth
em
ost
effe
ctiv
eto
nefo
rco
lleg
ees
says
ison
eof
reas
oned
argu
men
tan
dfa
irco
nsid
erat
ion
ofop
posi
ngvi
ewpo
ints
.It
isfi
neto
argu
est
renu
ousl
y,bu
tre
mem
ber
that
the
poin
tis
rati
onal
pers
uasi
onIf
your
essa
yso
unds
one-
sidc
dor
narr
owyo
uar
ele
ssli
kely
toac
hiev
eth
atgo
al.
Con
side
rth
efo
llow
ing
two
open
ing
para
grap
hs.
The
ytr
eat t
hesa
me
topi
c,sc
hool
choi
ce(p
rogr
ams
that
pro
vide
publ
icfu
ndin
gfo
rch
ildr
ento
atte
ndpr
ivat
esc
hool
s).
The
two
ver
sion
sre
flec
tth
esa
me
posi
tion
—st
rong
oppo
siti
onto
scho
olch
oice
—bu
tm
ake
cruc
iall
ydi
ffer
ent
clai
ms.
The
orig
inal
isac
cusa
tory
,w
hile
the
revi
sion
stic
ksto
scho
olch
oice
and
its
alle
ged
effe
cts:
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
The
orig
inal
para
grap
hat
tack
sth
esi
ncer
ity
and
mot
ives
ofsc
hool
-ch
oic
ead
voca
tes.
Suc
ha
per
sonal
orad
hom
inem
atta
ck,
all
too
com
mon
inar
gum
enta
tive
wri
ting
,is
nosu
bsti
tute
for
subs
tant
ive
argu
men
t,T
here
visi
on,
byco
ntra
st,
focu
ses
onw
hat
the
auth
orth
inks
isw
rong
wit
hth
epo
licy
itse
lf.
Thi
sis
not
tosa
y,of
cour
se,
that
mot
ives
may
neve
rbe
ques
tion
ed.
But
accu
sati
ons
of
bad
fait
hor
mal
icio
us
The
scho
ol-c
hoic
em
ovem
ent i
sa
raci
stsc
hem
eto
wea
ken
publ
iced
ucat
ion.
Scho
ol-c
hoic
ead
voca
tes
don’
t car
eab
out m
inor
ities
,fa
irne
ss,
orev
ench
ildre
n.In
stea
d,th
eyw
ant t
ous
eta
xdol
lars
tosu
ppor
t con
serv
ativ
ere
ligi
ous
grou
psan
din
crea
seth
em
assi
vese
greg
atio
nof
Am
eri
can
soci
ety.
Scho
olch
oice
isno
thin
gm
ore
than
anat
tack
onde
moc
racy
and
mul
ticul
tura
lism
.
Am
ong
the
mos
t pre
dict
able
con
sequ
ence
sof
impl
emen
ting
scho
ol-c
hoic
ew
ould
beno
t apu
blic
scho
olsy
stem
stre
ngth
ened
byco
mpe
titio
n,bu
t one
fur
ther
wea
kene
dby
it.Ta
xdo
llars
wou
ldgo
tosu
ppor
tco
nser
vativ
ere
ligio
usgr
oups
and
incr
ease
the
mas
sive
segr
egat
ion
ofA
mer
ican
soci
ety.
Min
oriti
es,
fair
ness
,an
dch
ildre
nw
ould
suff
erto
o.B
utth
eul
timat
evi
ctim
sw
ould
bem
ulti
cultu
ralis
man
dde
moc
racy
itse
lf
82 mot
ive
are
hard
toes
tab
lish
;voic
edas
mer
eas
sert
ion
they
tend
toun
derm
ine
the
pers
uasi
vepo
wer
of
ane-
ssay
—--
-exc
ept
for
thos
ere
ader
sw
hoal
read
yag
ree.
Let
’slo
okat
ano
ther
beg
inn
ing
mar
red
byan
inef
fect
ive
tone
.T
hepa
ragr
aph
com
esfr
oman
essa
yth
atw
as,
onth
ew
hole
,w
ell-
wri
tten
—fu
llof
stro
ngve
rbs
and
clea
rst
atem
ents
.B
utin
this
open
ing
para
grap
hth
ew
rite
rtr
ied
soha
rdto
list
all
the
key
po
ints
that
she
forg
otab
out
verb
s.T
here
sult
isan
iner
tse
nte
nce
inth
egr
ipo
fth
epo
mpo
usst
yle.
The
revi
sion
istr
uer
toth
ere
stof
the
essa
y:
Endin
gs
inth
eea
rly
1990
sa
new
lym
dc
pend
entU
krai
ne,
seek
ing
tore
form
and
revi
veits
trou
bled
econ
omy,
emba
rked
ona
maj
orv
att
hit
ion
effo
rt. T
heef
fort
prov
edla
rgel
yun
succ
essf
ul. T
his
pape
ran
alyz
esth
epr
ivat
izat
ion
initi
ativ
esth
eU
krai
nian
gove
rn-.
men
tun
dert
ook,
and
the
reas
ons
for
thei
rfa
ilure
.
Wha
tsh
ould
anen
ding
do?
The
com
mon
answ
er—
sum
mar
ize
the
arg
um
ent—
isco
rrec
tas
far
asit
goes
.H
ere’
sa
mn
-of-
the-
mil
len
din
gth
atdo
esno
thin
gm
ore
than
sum
mar
ize:
Alth
ough
Mar
kA
nton
yse
ems
Like
anun
impo
rtan
t cha
ract
erat
the
begi
nni
ngof
Juliu
sC
aesa
r,he
deve
lops
into
anex
trem
ely
shre
wd
and
pow
erfu
lru
ler
who
succ
essf
ully
utili
zes
Mac
hiav
ellia
nst
rate
gies
such
aspl
ottin
gpo
litic
alm
oves
,ga
inin
gth
eac
cept
ance
ofth
eco
mm
onpe
ople
,an
dne
ver
defe
rrin
gw
ar.
Thi
sco
nclu
sion
isli
ttle
mor
eth
ana
list
of
the
poin
tsth
ees
say
cove
red.
Bet
ter
endi
ngs
prov
ide
am
easu
reof
ord
eran
dem
phas
is,
enco
ura
gin
gth
ere
ader
tolo
ok
bac
kon
the
wh
ole
argum
ent,
not
just
its
var
iou
spi
eces
.A
ndth
eb
est
endi
ngs
man
age
tolo
okoutw
ard—
dra
win
gso
me
Beg
inni
ngs
and
Endi
ngs
83
larg
erco
nclu
sion
and
poin
ting
toa
sign
ific
ant
impl
icat
ion
oran
op
po
rtu
nity
for
furt
her
rese
arch
.G
ood
endi
ngs
poss
ess
apa
rado
xica
lqu
alit
y:a
sens
eof
clos
ure
com
bine
dw
ith
asu
gges
tion
of
new
spac
esto
expl
ore.
The
revi
sion
ofth
eab
ove
exam
ple
reac
hes
for
such
anel
Tec
t:
Mar
kA
nton
yse
ems,
atth
ebe
ginn
ing
ofJu
lius
Cae
sar.
ash
allo
wan
dun
impo
rtan
tch
arac
ter.
But
byth
een
dof
the
play
heha
sbc
enre
veal
edas
bold
,sh
rew
d,an
dam
bitio
us,
the
play
’sm
ost
thor
ough
lyM
achi
avel
lian
char
acte
r.H
ashe
chan
ged—
orha
sSh
akes
pear
em
erel
yal
low
edus
tose
ebe
neat
hhi
sm
ask?
And
was
his
love
for
Cae
sar
genu
ine,
orop
port
unis
tic?
Shak
espe
are
pose
sth
ese
ques
tions
abou
t Ant
ony
with
out
prov
idin
gea
syan
swer
s.C
onte
mpl
atin
gA
nton
y,w
eco
me
tose
eJu
lius
Cae
sar
asa
deep
lypo
liti
cal
play
,a
play
that
chal
leng
esan
dte
ache
sus
abou
tth
ena
ture
ofpo
litic
san
dth
ete
mpt
atio
nsof
pow
er.
Clo
sing
the
Cir
cle
Thy
firm
ness
mak
esm
yci
rcle
just
,A
ndm
akes
me
end
whe
retb
egun
.
John
Don
ne(1
572—
1631
)
One
ofth
ebe
stw
ays
toen
dan
essa
yis
bycl
osin
gth
eci
rcle
,or
retu
rnin
gat
the
end
tow
here
you
bega
n.R
etur
nto
the
stor
y,ex
ampl
e,quota
tion
,or
the
like
that
you
used
inyo
urin
trod
ucti
on.
Thi
sim
part
sa
sens
eof
ord
er,
eleg
ance
,an
dco
ntr
ol
toan
essa
y.
Rem
emb
erin
gho
wyo
ust
arte
dw
hen
you
fini
shsu
gges
tsyo
u’ve
been
payi
ngcl
ose
atte
ntio
nto
yo
ur
argu
men
t:th
atm
akes
your
read
erm
ore
incl
ined
todo
the
sam
e.H
ere’
san
exam
ple
from
anes
say
onS
hake
spea
re’s
Cor
iola
nus:
Beg
inni
ng“B
oyof
tear
s;’
Auf
idiu
sta
unts
the
Rom
ange
nera
lC
orio
lanu
sne
arth
een
dof
Shak
espe
are’
spl
ay(5
.6.1
00),
and
the
vehe
men
ceof
Cor
iola
nus’
resp
onse
sugg
ests
that
Auf
idiu
sha
shi
t the
mar
k:th
ere
isso
met
hing
chil
dis
han
dsa
dab
out
this
fier
cely
prou
dw
arri
or.
End
ing
By
the
end,
Cor
iola
nus
has
thro
wn
away
not
only
his
old
iden
tity
but
his
new
one
asw
ell.
The
“boy
ofte
ars”
isle
ftw
ithon
lyhi
sim
mat
ure
fury
8
Ori
gina
lR
evis
ion
Thi
spa
per
will
seek
toan
alyz
eth
epr
ivat
izat
ion
effo
rtof
Ukr
aine
and
com
eto
aco
nclu
sion
abou
tthe
fact
ors
cont
ribu
tin
gto
the
lack
ofsu
cces
sof
the
atte
mpt
tore
form
and
revi
veth
etr
oubl
edec
onom
yo
fth
eco
untr
y.
84&
Begi
nnin
gsan
dEn
ding
sas
and
sulle
nis
olat
ion.
His
final
act
ofm
ercy
lead
sno
tto
reco
ncili
atio
nbu
tto
furt
her
suff
erin
g,lo
ss,
and
deat
h.
Ano
ther
exam
ple
com
esfr
oman
essa
yab
out
avi
sit
toan
isol
ated
Car
ibbe
anis
land
.T
hew
rite
rbe
gins
wit
ha
litt
lede
tail
that
capt
ures
the
isla
nd’s
isol
atio
nan
dsl
owpa
ce:
ata
rdy
mai
lbo
at,
whi
chth
ew
rite
rw
ill
use
toge
tto
the
isla
nd:
Beg
inni
ngT
hem
ail
boat
shou
ldha
vebe
enhe
reho
urs
ago.
From
my
stoo
lin
Bli
ndSo
nny
Llo
yd’s
tiny
wat
erfm
ntba
r,I c
anse
epa
sta
stan
dof
coco
nut p
alm
sto
the
woo
den
deck
whe
reth
ebo
atw
asto
have
pick
edm
eup
.(T
idw
ell
1999
, El)
At
the
end,
the
wri
ter
com
esba
ckto
this
open
ing
imag
e:
End
ing
As
ittu
rns
out,
I’m
the
only
pass
enge
ron
the
mai
lbo
atth
istim
e.I
stas
hm
yge
arin
atin
yca
bin
and
late
rre
call
som
ethi
ngPe
rcy
had
told
me
afte
rou
rlo
bste
rdi
veas
we
wad
edas
hore
unde
rth
ela
vish
Bah
amia
nsu
n.“T
hink
abou
tw
hat
kind
ofw
orld
we’
dha
veif
ever
yki
don
the
plan
etco
uld
grow
upon
anis
land
like
this
.T
here
’dbe
nom
ore
viol
ence
,m
on.
No
mor
eha
tred
.Jus
t lov
efo
rev
eryb
ody.
Abi
g,bi
glo
ve:’
Ifon
lyR
agge
dIs
land
coul
dgo
bble
upth
ere
stof
the
wor
ld,
inot
her
wor
ds,
inst
ead
ofsl
idin
gsl
owly
inth
eop
posi
tedi
rect
ion.
We
coul
dal
lbe
stra
nded
toge
ther
.Mar
oone
das
aw
ayof
life,
The
wor
ldas
one
big
isla
nd.
And
we
wou
ldn’
t nee
dm
ail
boat
san
ym
ore.
(Tid
wel
l19
99,
£8)
As
thes
eex
ampl
essu
gges
t,a
skil
led
wri
ter
does
n’t
mer
ely
repe
atw
hat
hesa
idat
the
beg
innin
g.
The
tric
kis
toec
hoth
ew
ords
orim
age
wit
hw
hich
you
bega
nw
hil
ead
ding
som
ethi
ngth
atpo
ints
beyo
ndth
ete
xt,
that
reac
hes
out
toth
ere
ader
’sw
orld
.
Las
tT
hought
And
sow
eco
me
toou
row
nen
ding
.I
hope
that
this
litt
lebo
okha
she
lped
you
bett
erun
ders
tand
coll
ege
wri
ting
.I
hope
that
itha
sal
sohe
lped
you
perc
eive
the
pow
eran
dth
ebe
auty
of
wor
ds.
Rem
embe
rth
is:
whe
nyo
u
wri
teso
met
hin
gw
orth
read
ing
itw
on’t
bebec
ause
you
foll
ow
edth
eru
les
and
conv
enti
ons
(as
impo
rtan
tas
thos
ear
eIf
you
wis
hto
beta
ken
seri
ousl
y).
Itw
ill
bebe
caus
eyo
uha
dso
met
hing
real
tosa
y,an
dsa
idit
wit
hcl
arit
yan
dgr
ace.
“Wor
dssi
ng,”
the
wri
ter
Leo
Ros
ten
once
sthd
“The
yhu
rt.
The
yte
ach.
The
ysa
ncti
fy.
The
yw
ere
man
’sfi
rst,
ixnm
easu
rab
lefe
atof
mag
ic:’
The
reis
inde
eda
wil
dm
agic
inw
ords
.R
each
,an
dse
eif
you
can
gras
pit.
Doc
umen
tan
dC
itatio
nFo
m,a
ts87
Appen
dix
Docu
men
tan
dC
itat
ion
For
mat
s
Thi
sap
pend
ixfu
rnis
hes
aco
ncis
eli
stof
docu
men
tan
dci
tati
onfo
rmat
sfo
rth
ree
wid
ely
used
acad
emic
styl
es:
that
ofth
eC
hica
goM
anua
lof
Sty
le(k
now
nas
CM
S,
and
com
mon
inth
ehum
anit
ies)
,th
atof
the
Mod
ern
Lan
guag
eA
ssoc
iati
on(M
LA
,co
mm
onin
lite
ratu
re),
and
that
ofth
eA
mer
ican
Psy
chol
ogic
alA
ssoc
iati
on(A
PA,
com
mon
inth
eso
cial
scie
nces
).T
heN
uts
and
Bol
tsw
ebsi
te(w
ww
.nut
sand
bolt
sgui
de.c
om)
has
muc
hm
ore
info
rmat
ion
and
exam
ples
,es
peci
ally
abou
tci
ting
from
the
Inte
rnet
and
othe
rel
ectr
onic
sour
ces.
Gen
eric
For
mat
s
Ess
ays
shou
ldbe
stap
led
orp
aper
-cli
pp
edin
the
uppe
rle
ftco
rner
.D
on’t
fold
orte
arpa
ges
toho
ldth
emto
geth
er—
that
’sli
kesh
outi
ng,
“Thi
ses
say
was
n’t
very
impo
rtan
tto
me!
”—no
ta
mes
sage
you
wan
tto
send
.M
ost
coll
ege
inst
ruct
ors
don’
tli
kebi
nder
sor
plas
ti.c
cove
rs.
Ess
ays
shou
ldbe
type
dor
prin
ted
onbl
ank
whi
te8W
’by
li’
pape
r.C
om
mon
fonts
incl
ud
e12
-poi
ntT
imes
Rom
anan
dA
nal
.P
rint
inbl
ack
ink.
Use
one-
inch
mar
gins
onal
lsi
des
(exc
ept f
orth
epa
genu
mbe
rs).
The
essa
ysh
ould
bedo
uble
-spa
ced
thro
ugho
ut(i
nclu
ding
quot
atio
ns,
note
s,an
dth
eli
stof
wor
ksci
ted,
exce
ptw
here
exce
ptio
nsar
eno
ted
belo
w),
with
nobl
ank
line
sbe
twee
npa
ragr
aphs
.T
hefi
rst
line
ofea
chne
wpar
agr
aph
has
ale
ft-i
nden
tof
aha
lf-i
nch.
Par
agra
phs
are
left
-jus
tifi
ed.
Inth
eda
ysof
type
wri
ters
and
nonp
ropo
rtio
nal
font
s,it
was
com
mon
topu
ttw
osp
aces
betw
een
sent
ence
sto
impr
ove
read
abil
ity.
But
ifyo
upr
int
from
aco
mpu
ter,
just
one
spac
ebe
twee
nse
nten
ces
(and
else
whe
re)
wil
lw
ork
wel
l(d
oa
glob
alse
arch
-and
-rep
lace
whe
nyo
u’re
done
,to
get
rid
ofth
est
ray
spac
esth
atcr
eep
in).
Page
Num
bers
Pla
cepa
genu
mbe
rsa
hal
f-in
chfr
omth
eto
por
bott
omed
geof
the
pape
r,fl
ush
wit
hth
eri
ght
mar
gin.
Typ
eyo
urla
stna
me
befo
reth
epa
genu
mbe
r,ex
cept
for
APA
styl
e,w
hich
requ
ires
asa
man
uscr
ipt
head
erth
efi
rst
coup
leof
wor
dsfr
omyo
urti
tle
plac
edbe
fore
the
page
num
ber.
Ifyo
uha
vea
titl
epa
ge,
coun
tit
for
purp
oses
ofpa
gina
tion
.D
on’t
prin
tth
epa
genu
mbe
ron
the
titl
epa
ge,
exce
ptin
APA
styl
e.W
ord
proc
esso
rsca
ndo
all
ofth
isau
tom
atic
ally
.
Italic
sor
Und
erlin
ing
Bot
hit
alic
san
dun
derl
inin
gco
nvey
emph
asis
and
are
used
for
the
titl
esof
book
s.U
seon
eor
the
othe
ran
dbe
cons
iste
nt.
(Don
’tus
ebo
ldfa
ce,
exce
ptfo
rhe
adin
gsof
sect
ions
orfi
gure
s.)
Use
ital
ics
orun
derl
inin
gfo
rfo
reig
nw
ords
orw
ords
you
are
poin
ting
toas
wor
ds:
Mac
hiav
elli
also
uses
virf
lin
itstr
aditi
onal
sens
eof
good
ness
orm
oral
ity.
Yog
aan
dyo
kede
rive
from
aco
mm
onSa
nskr
itro
ot.
Som
efo
reig
nw
ords
have
mad
eit
into
com
mon
Eng
lish
usag
ean
ddo
n’t
take
ital
ics.
Ifyo
u’re
unsu
re,
cons
ult
your
dict
iona
ry.
Usi
ngit
alic
sih
rem
phas
issh
ould
beav
oide
din
acad
emic
wri
ting
.
Titl
ean
dId
entif
icat
ion
You
res
say’
sti
tle
(usu
ally
betw
een
seve
nan
dfi
ftee
nw
ords
)sh
ould
not
beit
alic
ized
orpu
tin
quot
atio
nm
arks
(tho
ugh
ifyo
uar
egi
ving
the
titl
eof
abo
okor
essa
y,or
usin
ga
quot
atio
nin
your
titl
e,th
enfo
rmat
thos
ew
ords
acco
rdin
gly)
.T
heti
tle
shou
ldbe
mor
eth
ana
bare
-bon
esid
enti
fier
(not
“Ess
ay#1
”or
“Ess
ayon
Man
agem
ent”
).It
shou
ldsi
gnal
toth
ere
ader
wha
tyo
ures
say
isab
out:
Mys
teri
esof
Stat
e:A
nA
bsol
ute
Con
cept
and
ItsLa
teM
edie
valO
rigi
ns“H
ell
Stri
ves
with
Gra
ce”:
Ref
lect
ions
onth
eT
hem
eof
Prov
iden
cein
Mar
low
e
86
88A
ppen
dix
As
thes
eex
ampl
essh
ow,
titl
esof
ten
cons
ist
oftw
oel
emen
tsjo
ined
wit
ha
colo
n—ty
pica
lly,
one
ofth
eel
emen
tsis
gene
ral
orcr
eati
ve,
and
the
othe
ris
mor
esp
ecif
ic.
-
APA
styl
ere
quir
esa
sepa
rate
titl
epa
ge.
Oth
erfo
rmat
sle
ave
itto
the
inst
ruct
or’s
disc
reti
on.
Sho
rtpa
pers
inth
ehu
man
itie
sus
uall
ydo
n’t
have
sepa
rate
titl
epa
ges.
Cor
rect
ions
Som
etim
esyo
uw
ill
disc
over
mis
take
sin
afi
nal
draf
t,w
ith
noti
me
topr
int
out
aco
rrec
ted
vers
ion.
Insu
chca
ses,
you
shou
ldst
rike
thro
ugh
the
mis
take
and
wri
teth
eco
rrec
tion
abov
eth
elin
ein
ques
tion
,m
arki
ngth
ein
sert
ion
poin
tw
ith
aca
ret:
1945
The
Wor
ldB
ank
was
esta
blis
hed
in4A
)43
CM
S,
ML
A,a
nd
AP
AS
tyle
Gui
de
The
foll
owin
gis
ash
ort
guid
eto
the
thre
em
ost
com
mon
cita
tion
styl
esfo
res
say
wri
ters
(tho
ugh
dif
fere
nt
inst
ruct
ors
may
have
thei
row
nre
quir
emen
tsor
loca
lva
rian
ts).
CM
Sis
used
inth
ehu
man
itie
san
dhis
tory
byth
ose
who
pref
erth
etr
adit
iona
llo
okof
foot
note
sor
endn
otes
rath
erth
anin
-tex
tci
tati
ons
(tho
ugh
CM
Sal
soha
sa
pare
nthe
tica
lci
tati
onst
yle
).M
LA
isth
em
ost
com
mon
in-t
ext
cita
tion
styl
ein
the
hum
anit
ies;
AP
A,
inth
eso
cial
scie
nces
.L
iste
dar
eth
efo
rmat
sfo
rth
ein
-tex
tci
tati
onor
note
and
for
the
bibl
iogr
aphi
cre
fere
nce.
In-t
ext
cita
tion
sdi
rect
the
read
erto
anen
try
ina
list
ofre
fere
nces
.S
uch
cita
tion
sco
nsis
tof
two
elem
ents
:a
sign
alph
rase
and
apar
enth
eti
cal,
One
may
choo
seto
put
the
cita
tion
info
rmat
ion
inei
ther
elem
ent.
Exper
ience
dw
rite
rsoft
enw
eave
the
auth
or’s
nam
ein
toth
esi
gnal
phra
se:
Doc
umen
tan
dCi
tatio
nFo
rmat
s89
ML
A:
Schw
artz
char
acte
rize
sH
amle
tas
“aw
arof
mas
culin
ew
ills”
(27)
.I
Thi
sps
ycho
anal
ytic
pers
pect
ive
sees
Ham
let
as“a
war
ofm
ascu
line
will
s”(S
chw
artz
27).
Cit
ing
who
lete
xt:
Schw
artz
surv
eys
psyc
hoan
aly
ticre
adin
gsof
the
play
.A
PA:
Sch
war
tz(1
980)
char
acte
rize
sH
amle
tas
“aw
arof
mas
culi
new
ills”
(p.
27).
I Thi
sps
ycho
anal
ytic
pers
pect
ive
sees
Ham
let
as“a
war
ofm
ascu
line
will
s”(S
chw
artz
,19
80,p.
27
).
Cit
ing
who
lete
xt:
Schw
artz
(198
0)su
rvey
sps
ycho
anal
ytic
read
ings
ofth
epl
ay.
See
Cha
pter
6fo
rm
ore
onw
eavi
ngci
tati
ons
into
your
essa
y.
List
ofR
efer
ence
s
Ali
stof
refe
rence
sgat
her
sto
get
her
the
sourc
esyou’v
euse
d,
wit
hen
ough
bibl
iogr
aphi
cin
form
atio
nth
atth
ere
ader
can
retr
act.,
your
step
sT
heli
stco
mes
atth
een
dof
the
pape
r,af
ter
any
endn
otes
.T
heti
tle
ofth
eli
stis
cent
ered
atth
eto
pof
ane
wpa
ge,
cont
inui
ngth
epa
per’
spag
ina
tion
Ent
ries
are
set
off
wit
ha
hang
ing
inde
ntaf
ter
the
firs
tli
nt
subse
quen
tli
nes
of
each
entr
yar
ein
den
ted
ahal
f-in
ch(w
ord
pro
cess
ors
auto
mat
eth
ista
sk).
Don
’tpu
tbl
ank
line
sbe
twee
nen
trie
s.
CM
ST
heus
ual
title
isB
ibli
ogra
phy,
thou
ghot
hcr
title
s(e
.g.,
Wor
ksC
ited
orR
efer
ence
s)ar
epe
rmitt
ed.
Cap
italiz
eal
lsi
gnif
ican
tw
ords
inth
etit
les
ofw
orks
liste
d.
ML
AT
heus
ual
title
isW
orks
Cite
d.C
apita
lize
all
sign
ific
ant
wor
dsin
tale
s.A
PAT
heus
ualt
itle
isR
efer
ence
s.C
apita
lize
only
the
firs
tw
ord
ofea
chw
ork’
stit
le,
the
firs
t wor
daf
ter
aco
lon,
and
nam
esan
dac
rony
m&
Cit
atio
nan
dR
efer
ence
Exa
mpl
es
1.B
ook
2.Jo
urna
lArt
icle
3.T
wo
orM
ore
Wor
ksby
the
Sam
eA
utho
r4.
Edi
tor
5.W
ork
inan
Ant
holo
gy6.
Item
from
aC
olle
ctio
nof
the
Aut
hor’
sW
ork
It’s
usua
lly
okay
totu
rnin
anes
say
wit
hon
eor
two
such
corr
ecti
ons.
90A
ppen
dix
Cit
atio
nsof
Mul
tipl
eW
orks
from
anA
ntho
logy
Ano
nym
ous
Wor
kA
rtic
lefr
oman
Ano
nym
ous
Ref
eren
ceW
ork
Wor
ksby
Aut
hors
wit
hth
eS
ame
Las
tN
ame
Pre
face
,F
orew
ord,
orIn
trod
ucti
onT
rans
lati
onS
econ
dor
Sub
sequ
ent
Edi
tion
Tw
oA
utho
rsT
hree
Aut
hors
Fou
ror
Fiv
eA
utho
rsS
ixor
Mor
eA
utho
rsC
orpo
rate
Aut
hor
Mul
tivo
lum
eW
ork
One
Vol
ume
from
aM
ulti
volu
me
Wor
kB
ook
Pub
lish
edbe
fore
1900
Cla
ssic
Pro
seW
orks
Cla
ssic
Ver
seP
lays
and
Poe
ms
Poe
mD
ram
aT
heB
ible
Mag
azin
eA
rtic
leN
ewsp
aper
Art
icle
Uns
igne
dE
dito
rial
Boo
kR
evie
wP
amph
let
orB
roch
ure
Gov
ernm
ent
Pub
lica
tion
Indi
rect
Sou
rce
Mis
sing
Info
rmat
ion
Mul
tipl
eS
ourc
esin
One
Not
eA
bbre
viat
ions
for
Fre
quen
tly
Cit
edT
exts
Ele
ctro
nic
Cit
atio
ns
Doc
umen
tan
dC
itatio
nFo
rmat
s91
ML
AC
ITA
’nO
N:
(Gre
enbl
att)
IRE
FE
RE
NC
E:
Gre
enbl
att,
Ste
phen
.Sh
akes
pear
ein
Purg
ator
y.Pr
ince
ton
and
Oxf
ord:
Prin
ceto
nU
P,20
01.
AP
ACI
TATI
ON
:(C
lase
n,19
95,
p.21
3)I
RE
FE
RE
NC
E:
Cla
sen,t
F(1
995)
.Fo
reig
ntr
ade
and
inve
stm
ent:
Ale
gal
guid
e(2
nded
).C
harl
otte
svill
e,V
A:
Mic
hie
But
terw
orth
.
2.Jo
urn
alA
rtic
le(T
ake
titl
efr
omth
eta
ble
ofco
nten
ts.)
CM
SN
OTE
:Ju
liaR
einh
ard
Lup
ton,
“Cre
atur
eC
alib
an,”
Shak
espe
are
Qu
ar
terl
y51
.1(2
000)
:17
.IB
IBLI
OG
RA
PHY
:L
upto
n,Ju
liaR
einh
ard.
“Cre
atu
reC
alib
an.”
Shak
espe
are
Qua
rter
ly51
.1(2
000)
:1—
23.
ML
AC
ITA
TIO
N:
(Lup
ton
15)!
RE
FE
RE
NC
E:
Lup
ton,
Julia
Rei
nhar
d.“C
reat
ure
Cal
ibar
C’
Shak
espe
are
Qua
rter
ly51
.1(2
000)
:1—
23.
APA
CIT
ATI
ON
:(C
roni
n,20
00,
p.78
5)/
RE
FER
EN
CE
:C
roni
n,J.
E.
(200
0).
Con
verg
ence
byco
nvic
tion
:P
olit
ics
and
econ
omic
sin
the
emer
genc
eof
the
“Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
mod
el.”
Jour
nal
ofSo
cial
His
tory
,3.E
,78
1—80
4.lv
EAC
HIS
SUE
RE
STA
RT
SPA
GE
NU
MB
ERS:
Boe
ller
ing,
M.
F(1
995)
.In
ter
nati
onal
arbi
trat
iosi
unde
rU
.S.
law
and
AA
Aru
les.
Dis
pute
Res
olut
ion
Jour
nal,
50(J
anua
ry),
25—
36.
3.T
wo
or
More
Wo
rks
byth
eS
ame
Auth
or
CM
SN
OT
ES:
Ric
hard
Lev
in,
“The
Poe
tics
and
Pol
itic
sof
Bar
dici
de,’
PMLA
105
(199
0):
498.
IL
evin
,“B
ashi
ngth
eB
ourg
eois
Sub
ject
TT
extu
alP
rac
tice
3(1
989)
:79.!
Lev
in,
“Poe
tics,
”4
93
./L
evin
,“B
ashi
ng:’
82
.!81
131.1
-
OG
RA
PHy:
For
addi
tiona
lite
ms
byth
esa
me
auth
or,
type
five
unde
rsco
res
inst
ead
ofth
ena
me.
Sort
wor
ksby
title
,ig
nori
ngTh
e,A
,an
dA
n.
ML
AC
I’rA
’noN
:In
clud
eth
eci
ted
wor
k’s
nam
eto
avoi
dco
nfus
ion,
eith
erin
the
text
orin
the
cita
tion
:C
harn
es’s
crit
ique
has
prom
pted
are
butt
al
(Lev
in,
Poet
ics)
.IR
EF
ER
EN
CE
:Fo
rad
ditio
nal
item
sby
the
sam
eau
thor
,ty
peth
ree
hyph
ens
(---
)in
stea
dof
the
nam
e.So
rtby
title
,ig
nori
ngTh
e,
A,a
ndA
n.
APA
CIT
AT
ION
:If
the
wor
ksha
veth
esa
me
publ
icat
ion
year
,di
stin
guis
hth
em
with
anad
ded
lett
er(H
oell
erin
g,19
94a,
p.89
)/R
EFE
RE
NC
E:
Wor
ksw
ith
the
sam
epu
blic
atio
nye
arar
ear
rang
edal
phab
etic
ally
:H
oell
erin
g,M
.F
(l99
4a).
Wor
ldtr
ade—
toar
bitr
ate
orm
edia
te?
Dis
pute
Res
olut
ion
Jou
r
nal,
49(M
arch
),67
—69
.1H
oell
erin
g,M
.F.
(l99
4b).
The
role
ofar
bitr
ati
onin
stit
utio
nsin
man
agin
gin
tern
atio
nal
com
mer
cial
arbi
trat
ion.
Dis
pute
Res
olut
ion
Jour
nal,
49(J
une)
,12
—18
.
7. 8. 9. 10.
11.
12.
13.
14,
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20,
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
3’.
32,
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
I.B
ook
(Tak
eti
tle
from
the
tide
page
;us
ea
colo
nto
sepa
rate
title
and
subt
itle
.)
CM
SF
IRS
TN
OT
E:
Dav
idD
aich
es, M
oses
:Th
eM
anan
dH
isV
isio
n(N
ewY
ork:
Prae
ger
Publ
ishe
rs,
1975
).SU
BSE
QU
EN
TN
OT
E:
Dai
ches
,17
6.IB
nsu
ou
RA
PH
Y:
Dai
ches
,D
avid
.M
oses
:T
heM
anan
dH
isV
isio
n.N
ewY
ork:
Prae
ger
Publ
ishe
rs,
1.97
5,
