THE NUSTAR MISSIONTHE NUSTAR MISSION

GRAZING INCIDENCE ANGLE

where ρ is density (g/cm3) and E in keV

For example even for Pt (ρ=21 g/cm3) at 30 keV is ≈ 0.18 deg, whereas at 5 keV is ≈ 1.1 deg

A eff f2 x α2 x R2

Valid for Wolter I optics, where f focal length and R reflectivity (de Korte 1988)

THE CHALLENGE OF FOCUSING THE CHALLENGE OF FOCUSING HARD X-RAYSHARD X-RAYS

E

69

Multi-layers:

grazing incidence

+ Bragg reflection

N layers of heavy element/ light elements

(high/low refractive index as W/Si or Pt/C)

with spacing d which is a function of depth

(e.g, Christensen et al. 1991)

THE CHALLENGE OF FOCUSING THE CHALLENGE OF FOCUSING HARD X-RAYSHARD X-RAYS

Balloon-borne hard X-ray focusing telescope have already flown (InFOCuS in Japan …

… HERO, Ramsey+02, …

Cyg-X1, 20-45 keV

THE CHALLENGE OF FOCUSING THE CHALLENGE OF FOCUSING HARD X-RAYSHARD X-RAYS

… and mainly the precursor of NuSTAR, HEFT (Harrison+05)

THE CHALLENGE OF FOCUSING THE CHALLENGE OF FOCUSING HARD X-RAYSHARD X-RAYS

THE CHALLENGE OF FOCUSING THE CHALLENGE OF FOCUSING HARD X-RAYSHARD X-RAYS

NUSTAR FACT SHEETNUSTAR FACT SHEET

NUSTAR FACT SHEETNUSTAR FACT SHEET

DEPLOYABLE MASTDEPLOYABLE MAST

THE 10m MAST IS A SCALED DOWN VERSION

OF THE 60m ONE ALREADY USED FOR THE

SRTM WHICH FLEW IN 2000 ON ENDEAVOR

LAUNCH VEHICLELAUNCH VEHICLE

PEGASUS XL ROCKET LAUNCHED BY AIRCRAFT

AT 12000 Km

SCIENCESCIENCE

BY FLYING FIRST IT WILL OPEN THE DISCOVERY SPACE IN THE FOCUSING HARD X-RAY FIELD:

• BLACK HOLE PHYSICS AND CENSUS, BY BEGINNING TO RESOLVE A CONSISTENT FRACTION OF OBSCURED AGN AT THE PEAK OF THE CXB

• ACCELERATION MECHANISMS IN SN REMNANT, BLAZARS, PWN, ETC.

SCIENCE WHICH MAKES ME SCIENCE WHICH MAKES ME CURIOUSCURIOUS

SCIENCE WHICH MAKES ME SCIENCE WHICH MAKES ME CURIOUSCURIOUS

SCIENCE WE HAVE TO DOSCIENCE WE HAVE TO DODO I HAVE TO SAY IT ?

HARD TAILS IN CLUSTERS

FERRARI (2010)

HARD TAILS IN CLUSTERSHARD TAILS IN CLUSTERS

A2256 RELIC

SAX PDS

FUSCO-FEMIANO 2000

CONTROVERSIAL TO SAY THE LEAST

(FF+99, R&M 04, FF+07 … R&M 14, FF+14 …)

HARD TAILS IN CLUSTERSHARD TAILS IN CLUSTERS

PROBLEMS W/ NON FOCUSING INSTRUMENTS:

• SENSITIVITY

• BACKGROUND

• POINT SOURCE CONFUSION

• FOV

HARD TAILS IN CLUSTERSHARD TAILS IN CLUSTERS

ARNAUD (2008)

HARD TAILS IN CLUSTERSHARD TAILS IN CLUSTERS

ARNAUD (2008)

SOMETHING ELSE ?SOMETHING ELSE ?

• CONTENT OF BUBBLES IN THE ICM (PARTICULARLY IN LOW T CLUSTERS & GROUPS) ?

BLANTON+03

SOMETHING ELSE ?SOMETHING ELSE ?

• SHOCKS ?

• FE ABUNDANCE ?