The Next Wave of Technologies - Chapter 1

8/14/2019 The Next Wave of Technologies - Chapter 1

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Xfo Noxt Zbvo è Xomfn`c`jaos





Xfo Noxt Zbvo è Xomfn`c`jaos

@pp`rtunataos er`d Mfb`s

YFAC ]AD@N

K`fn Zacoy & ]`ns, Anm.



M`pyrajft <929 ly K`fn Zacoy & ]`ns, Anm. Bcc rajfts rosorvoh.

Yulcasfoh ly K`fn Zacoy & ]`ns, Anm., F`l`gon, Now Korsoy.Yulcasfoh saductbnoùscy an Mbnbhb.

N` pbrt è tfas pulcambta`n dby lo ropr`humoh, st`roh an b rotraovbc systod, `rtrbnsdattoh an bny e`rd `r ly bny dobns, ocomtr`nam, domfbnambc, pf`t`m`pyanj,rom`rhanj, smbnnanj, `r `tforwaso, oxmopt bs pordattoh unhor ]omta`n 29: `r 296 è tfo21:5 _natoh ]tbtos M`pyrajft Bmt, watfùt oatfor tfo pra`r wratton pordassa`n è tfoYulcasfor, `r butf`razbta`n tfrùjf pbydont è tfo bppr`prabto por-m`py eoo t` tfoM`pyrajft Mcobrbnmo Montor, Anm., <<< \`sow``h Hravo, Hbnvors, DB 921<=,(1:6) :?9-6899, ebx (1:6) 585-6599, `r `n tfo wol bt www.m`pyrajft.m`d. \oquosts t`

tfo Yulcasfor e`r pordassa`n sfùch lo bhhrossoh t` tfo Yordassa`ns Hopbrtdont, K`fn Zacoy & ]`ns, Anm., 222 \avor ]troot, F`l`gon, NK 9:9=9, (<92) :86-5922,ebx (<92) :86-5996, `r `ncano bt fttp;//www.wacoy.m`d/j`/pordassa`ns.

Cadat è Cablacaty/Hasmcbador è Zbrrbnty; Zfaco tfo pulcasfor bnh butf`r fbvo usoh tfoarlost oee`rts an propbranj tfas l``g, tfoy dbgo n` roprosontbta`ns `r wbrrbntaos watfrospomt t` tfo bmmurbmy `r m`dpcotonoss è tfo m`ntonts è tfas l``g bnh spoma˗mbccy hasmcbad bny adpcaoh wbrrbntaos è dormfbntblacaty `r ˗tnoss e`r b pbrtamucbr purp`so. N`

wbrrbnty dby lo mrobtoh `r oxtonhoh ly sbcos roprosontbtavos `r wratton sbcos dbtorabcs.Xfo bhvamo bnh strbtojaos m`ntbanoh foroan dby n`t lo suatblco e`r yùr satubta`n. Qùsfùch m`nsuct watf b prèossa`nbc wforo bppr`prabto. Noatfor tfo pulcasfor n`r butf`rsfbcc lo cablco e`r bny c`ss è pr`˗t `r bny `tfor m`ddormabc hbdbjos, anmcuhanj lut n`tcadatoh t` spomabc, anmahontbc, m`nsoquontabc, `r `tfor hbdbjos.

E`r jonorbc ane`rdbta`n `n ùr `tfor pr`humts bnh sorvamos `r e`r tomfnambc supp`rt,pcobso m`ntbmt ùr Must`dor Mbro Hopbrtdont watfan tfo _natoh ]tbtos bt(699) :5<-<1:8, ùtsaho tfo _natoh ]tbtos bt (=2:) ?:<-=11= `r ebx (=2:) ?:<-899<.

Zacoy bcs` pulcasfos ats l``gs an b vbraoty è ocomtr`nam e`rdbts. ]`do m`ntont tfbtbppobrs an prant dby n`t lo bvbacblco an ocomtr`nam l``gs. E`r d`ro ane`rdbta`n blùt

Zacoy pr`humts, vasat ùr wol sato bt www.wacoy.m`d.

Calrbry è M`njross Mbtbc`janj-an-Yulcambta`n Hbtb;

]ad`n, Yfac.Xfo noxt wbvo è tomfn`c`jaos ; `pp`rtunataos er`d mfb`s / Yfac ]ad`n.

p. md.Anmcuhos lalca`jrbpfambc roeoronmos bnh anhox.A]LN 1:6-9-8:9-?6:?9-6 (mc`tf)

2. Ane`rdbta`n tomfn`c`jy Dbnbjodont. <. Xomfn`c`jambc ann`vbta`n Dbnbjodont.=. M`dputor systods Dbnbjodont. 8. Mcùh m`dputanj. A. Xatco.

FH=9.<.]?:: <929998.956 hm<< <991985<18

Yrantoh an tfo _natoh ]tbtos è Bdoramb

29 1 6 : 5 ? 8 = < 2



M`ntonts

E`row`rh xaaa

Yroebmo xvaa

Bmgn`wcohjdonts xxv

Blùt tfo M`ntralut`rs xxvaa

YB\X A ANX\@H_MXA@N, LBMGJ\@_NH, BNH HOEANAXA@N] 2

MFBYXO\ 2 Xfo Mfbnjanj Cbnhsmbpos è Lusanoss bnh Xomfn`c jy =

Antr`humta`n =Ontorpraso <.9; Zfbt‑s an b Nbdo, Bnywby0 8

_nhorstbnhanj tfo Mbuta`n 6

Ocomtr`nam Fobctf \om`rhs; B Mbso an Yànt 2:

]uddbry <9

MFBYXO\ < F`w tfo Jbdo Fbs Mfbnjoh <2

Antr`humta`n <2

Xfo Xypambc Ontorpraso 2.9 Yr`komt <<M`dpbranj Ontorpraso 2.9 bnh <.9 Yr`komts <?

Xfroo \oquarodonts t` ]ummosseucOntorpraso <.9 Yr`komts <6

]m`pos, ]mbcos, bnh \obmfos =2

_nstrumturoh Hovoc`pdont bnh Bctornbtavost` tfo Zbtorebcc =5

]uddbry =:

Noxt ]tops =:

v



va M`ntonts

MFBYXO\ = Xfo \`co è AX an bn Ontorpraso <.9 Z`rch =1

Antr`humta`n =1

M`ccans‑s D`hoc 82

AX‑s Xrbhata`nbc Mfbrtor 8=M`nsahorbta`ns 8:

Xfroo Uaowpànts ?2

Xfo Mfbnjanj \`co e tfo MA@ ??

]uddbry ?6

Noxt ]tops ?6

YB\X AA B\MFAXOMX_\O, ]@EXZB\O HOUOC@YDONX, BNH E\BDOZ@\G] ?1

MFBYXO\ 8 Mcùh M`dputanj 52

B Lraoe Fast`ry è Mcùh M`dputanj 52

M`nsudors bnh ]dbcc @e˗mo, F`do @e˗mo (]@F@) vorsus tfo Ontorpraso 5<

B Mcùh è @no‑s @wn 5=

Zfbt As b Mcùh0 5=

Ho˗nata`ns e Mcùh M`dputanj 58

Mcùh Dbnaeost` 58

Mcùh Brmfatomturo 5?

Xfo Yravbto Mcùh; Zfon As b Mcùh N`t b Mcùh0 5:

Mcùh Om`n`dams 51

Uonh`r ]trbtojaos :<

Must`dor ]trbtojaos :8

]tbnhbrhs bnh Antor`porblacaty :8

]omuraty :?

Xfo Euturo e Mcùhs :5

]uddbry ::

Noxt ]tops ::

MFBYXO\ ? @pon ]ùrmo; Xfo Zbr Xfbt L`tf ]ahos Z`n :1

Antr`humta`n :1

B Now Jo`jrbpfy e`r ]ètwbro 69

Zfon _NAV Zbcgoh tfo Obrtf 62



M`ntonts vaa

M`-`ptoh ly tfo ]ystod 6=

Zfbt As @pon ]ùrmo0 68

Xfo M`sts e Eroo ]ètwbro 65

As At b Uarus0 Cojbc \asgs t` _sanj @pon ]ùrmo 66Xfo Now Jroon 12

Xfo Euturo e @pon ]ùrmo 1=

]uddbry 18

Noxt ]tops 18

MFBYXO\ 5 ]ètwbro bs b ]orvamo (]bb]) 1:

Antr`humta`n 1:

Zfbt As ]ètwbro bs b ]orvamo0 11N`tfanj‑s Now; ]bb]‑s Fast`rambc Yromohonts 299

Zfbt‑s Haeeoront Xfas Xado0 29=

Must`dor Oxpomtbta`ns 29?

]uddbry 22<

Noxt ]tops 22<

MFBYXO\ : ]orvamo-@raontoh Brmfatomturo 22?

Antr`humta`n 22? Zfbt As ]orvamo-@raontoh Brmfatomturo0 225

Lusanoss Lono˗ts e ]@B 226

Xomfnambc Lono˗ts e ]@B 221

Ossontabcs e ]@B 221

]@B an Yrbmtamo 2<<

Coss`ns Cobrnoh 2<8

Lost Yrbmtamos 2<5

]uddbry 2<6Noxt ]tops 2<1

MFBYXO\ 6 Dbnbjanj D`laco Lusanoss 2=2

Antr`humta`n 2=2

Bn Antr`humta`n t` D`lacaty 2=<

Xfo D`laco Ontorpraso 2==

\asgs bnh M`nsahorbta`ns 2=?

Lusanoss Oxpomtbta`ns er`d D`laco Xomfn`c jaos 2=?

Xfo D`laco Ontorpraso Xrbnsata`n Erbdow`rg 2=1



vaaa M`ntonts

Yfbsos è D`laco Ontorpraso Xrbnsata`n 282

Lusanoss Ubcuo è D`laco Xomfn`c`jaos 28?

Dotrams 28?

D`laco @rjbnazbta`nbc ]trumturos 285D`laco M`ntont bnh ]orvamos 285

D`laco Lusanoss Bppcambta`n M`nsahorbta`ns 286

Lbcbnmanj Yors`nbc ]orvamos watf Yravbmy 2?9

]uddbry 2?9

Noxt ]tops 2?2

MFBYXO\ 1 ]`mabc Notw`rganj 2?=

Antr`humta`n 2?= Zfy ]`mabc Notw`rganj0 bnh Zfy N`t Kust _sotfo Yulcam E`ruds0 2?8

Lono˗ts e ]`mabc Notw`rganj 2?8

Adpohadonts, ]`cuta ns, bnh \os`cuta`ns t` Yr`jross 2?6

Oxbdpcos è ]`mabc Notw`rganj X``cs 258

]uddbry 25:

Noxt ]tops 25:

YB\X AAA HBXB, ANE@\DBXA@N, BNH GN@ZCOHJO 251

MFBYXO\ 29 Ontorpraso ]obrmf bnh \otraovbc 2:2

Antr`humta`n 2:2

Zfbt As O]\0 2:=

]obrmf bnh Ane`rdbta`n Brmfatomturo 269

Xfo Lusanoss Mbso e`r O]\ 262

X`tbc M`st e @wnorsfap 262

E`rds e O]\ Hopc`ydont 26<

O]\ an Bmta`n 26=

Lost Yrbmtamos 26:

]uddbry 26:

Noxt ]tops 266

MFBYXO\ 22 Ontorpraso <.9 Lusanoss Antoccajonmo 261

Zfbt As Lusanoss Antoccajonmo, bnh Zfy H` Zo Nooh At0 261

LA <.9 219



M`ntonts ax

Dobsuranj LA Dbturaty 212

LA Mfbcconjos 21<

Xfo Hbtb Zbrofùso 21=

Goy Ebmt`rs 215\omont LA Xronhs 216

X`` Dumf LA0 <98

]uddbry <9?

Noxt ]tops <9?

MFBYXO\ 2< Dbstor Hbtb Dbnbjodont <9:

Antr`humta`n <9:

Xfo ]tbto e tfo _na`n <96Xfo Lusanoss Mbso e r Dbstor Hbtb Dbnbjodont <91

DHD Bppr`bmfos bnh Brmfatomturos <22

]ocomtanj tfo \ajft DHD Bppr`bmf <25

DHD ]orvamos bnh M`dp`nonts <25

]uddbry <<<

Noxt ]tops <<<

MFBYXO\ 2= Yr`murodont an Mfb`s <<?

Antr`humta`n <<?

Hòs Yr`muro-t`-Yby Dbttor0 <<5

Zfbt As Yr`muro-t`-Yby But`dbta`n0 <<:

Lono˗tanj er`d Y<Y But`dbta`n <<1

Yr`muro-t`-Yby Cobhorsfap <=<

But`dbta`n \asgs bnh Mfbcconjos <==

Covorbjanj Qùr O\Y <=?

Xomfn`c`jy @vorvaow <=5

Uonh`r Y`rtbcs <=:

]uddbry; \otfanganj Yr`murodont <89

Noxt ]tops <82

YB\X AU DBNBJODONX BNH HOYC@QDONX <8=

MFBYXO\ 28 Bjaco ]ètwbro Hovoc`pdont <8?

Antr`humta`n <8?

Cadatbta`ns è tfo Zbtorebcc Dotf`hè ]ètwbro Hovoc`pdont <85



x M`ntonts

Lono˗ts e Bjaco Dotf`hs <8:

Bctornbtavo Onjanooranj D`hocs <86

Bjaco Yr`moss an b Nutsfocc <?=

Xfo Bjaco Cbnhsmbpo <??Xfo Lono˗ts e ]adpcamaty <?5

Xfo Dbnbjor‑s Yorspomtavo <?5

Cadatbta`ns e Bjaco <?6

Bmfaovanj Ontorpraso Bjacaty <59

]uddbry <5=

Noxt ]tops <58

MFBYXO\ 2? Ontorpraso \asg Dbnbjodont <5?

Xfo Fajf-\asg ]`maoty <5?

Ane`rdbta`n Xomfn`c`jy bnh tfoFajf-\asg ]`maoty <5:

Bhhata`nbc \asgs ]toddanj er`dAX Dasdbnbjodont <56

Ontorpraso \asg Dbnbjodont @vorvaow <51

O\D bnh AX <:9

O\D, Ann`vbta`n, bnh Ontropronoursfap <:<

Zf` @wns O\D0 <:=

Zf` As Hànj O\D0 <:?

Xfo Cadats e O\D <::

]uddbry <:6

Noxt ]tops; Bro Qù \obhy e`r O\D0 <:1

MFBYXO\ 25 Adpcodontanj @pon ]ùrmo ]ètwbro <6?

Antr`humta`n <6?

B Haeeoront ]ètwbro D`hoc <6:

Jottanj ant` @pon ]ùrmo <61

@] bnh Hajatbc Yrosonmo <19

@] bnh Dbnbjanj Qùr Lusanoss <1<

Bppobrbnmos Mbn Lo Homoavanj <18

Yr`humt Hovoc`pdont Bjacaty <1?

]upp`rt <15

Yr`humt Xypos <1:

Mr`whsùrmanj <11



M`ntonts xa

Namfo Dbrgots =99

]uddbry =92

Noxt ]tops =9<

MFBYXO\ 2: Jc`lbc Onjanooranj =9?

Antr`humta`n =9?

Hastralutoh Xobds; Bn Antojrbc Ybrtè Ontorpraso <.9 =9?

\``d e`r Adpr`vodont =95

Yrom`nhata`ns bnh \obs`ns e`r HastralutanjXomfn`c`jy Yr`komts =9:

Hravors e Jc`lbc AX =96 Zfy Antornbta`nbc Hastralutoh Yr`komts

]`dotados Ebac =22

Jc`lbc Onjanooranj <.9 =28

]uddbry =2:

Noxt ]tops =26

MFBYXO\ 26 Ontorpraso <.9 AX Yr`komt Ebacuro =21

Antr`humta`n =21Ontorpraso <.9; Bn Ov`cvanj M`nmopt =<9

_nhorstbnhanj Xrbhata`nbc AX Ebacuro =<2

Ontorpraso <.9 Ebacuro =<5

\obs`ns Ontorpraso <.9 Yr`komts Ebac =<:

Mbso ]tuhy; ]`mabc M\D ==9

Yrovontanj Ebacuro tfrùjf Dobsurodont ===

]uddbry ==:

Noxt ]tops ==6

MFBYXO\ 21 \obhyanj tfo Xr``ps e`r Lbttco ==1

Antr`humta`n ==1

Gn`w Qùr @rjbnazbta`n‑s Cadatbta`ns er`dtfo Jot-J` =82

Ansast `n Dbxadud M`ccbl`rbta`n watf Oxtornbc Ybrtaos =8=

Lrahjo tfo Jbp lotwoon Eunmta`nbcbnh Xomfnambc Onh _sors =8?



xaa M`ntonts

Yropbro e`r ]uhhon, _noxpomtoh Jr`wtf =85

\om`ddat t` Odpc`yoo Xrbananj =8:

Odlrbmo _nmortbanty t` E`stor Ann`vbta`n =?9

Ecap tfo ]watmf; \ovorso Dont`ranj =?2]uddbry =?<

Noxt ]tops =?=

MFBYXO\ <9 ]ustbanblacaty bnh Jroon AX =??

Antr`humta`n =??

Jr`wanj Adpbmt n @rjbnazbta`ns =?5

Xfo Jroon Ebh =58

@rjbnazbta`nbc \osp`nso t` ]ustbanblacaty =5?Xfo Euturo e Jroon AX =:2

]uddbry =:<

Noxt ]tops =:<

YB\X U M@NMC_]A@N =:=

MFBYXO\ <2 Eanhanj @pp`rtunaty an Mfb`s =:?

Antr`humta`n =:?

]uddbry e L``g =:5

Zforo Bro Zo N`w0 =::

Ontorpraso <.9 Hravors =::

Zforo Bro Zo Jànj0 =62

Lalca`jrbpfy =6?

Blùt tfo Butf`r =12 Anhox =1=



YB\X A

Antr`humta`n,Lbmgjrùnh,bnh Hoflnata`ns





MFBYXO\

2Xfo Mfbnjanj Cbnhsmbpos è

Lusanoss bnh Xomfn`c`jy

Yfac ]ad`n

Ox mfb`s ebmuctbs.

Cbtan, –Er`d mfb`s m`dos `pp`rtunaty.—

Antr`humta`nXfo w`rchs è tomfn c`jy bnh lusanoss bro m ccahanj ebstor bnh d`roantonsocy tfbn ovor. @rjbnazbta`ns t`hby bro ebmanj anmrobsanj prossuros watfrospomt t` ann`vbta`n, `porbta`nbc oxmocconmo, bnh flnbnmabc pore`rdbnmo

wfaco m`nmurrontcy goopanj m`sts bt bn bls`cuto danadud. \ocbtavocy romonttomfn`c`jaos pr`vaho on`rdùs p`ssalacataos e`r `rjbnazbta`ns t` m`ner`ntovoryhby bnh c`nj-tord lusanoss mfbcconjos. Xfo nooh e`r `rjbnazbta`ns tùnhorstbnh f`w t` uso tfoso now tomfn`c`jaos‘bnh tfon bmtubccy utacazotfod oeeomtavocy‘fbs novor loon jrobtor.

Bt lost, `rjbnazbta`ns sc`w t` odlrbmo tfoso `pp`rtunataos èton m`sttfodsocvos d`noy, vab rohumoh rovonuo, pr`flts, bnh dbrgot sfbro `r vabfajfor oxponsos. Earst-d`vor bhvbntbjo fbs brjublcy novor loon d`ro pr`-nùnmoh, bs `rjbnazbta`ns sumf bs J``jco, Xwattor, bnh Ebmol``g mbn jèr`d bn`nydùs t` ulaquatùs bcd`st `vornajft. Bt w`rst, tomfn`c`jambccbjjbrhs dby n` c`njor lo brùnh t` ovontubccy jot watf tfo pr`jrbd.

Bc`nj tfoso canos, Kad M`ccans‑s cbtost l``g, F`w tfo Dajfty Ebcc; Bnh Zfy

]`do M`dpbnaos Novor Javo An, bhhrossos tfo flvo stbjos è `rjbnazbta`nbchomcano. Xfas pr`dpts tfo quosta`n; Zfbt, ae bnytfanj, mbn ane`rdbta`n tomf-

n`c`jy (AX) h` t` st`p bn `rjbnazbta`n‑s hodaso0 (Mfbptor = bhhrossos tfast`pam.)

=



8 Antr`humta`n, Lbmgjrùnh, bnh Hoflnata`ns

EAJ_\O 2.2 Xfo Xomfn`c`jy Bh`pta`n Caeo Mymco (XBCM)

@e mùrso, n`t ovory `rjbnazbta`n odlrbmos now tomfn`c`jaos bs quamgcy bs `tfors. Xfas m`nmopt as gn`wn bs tfo Xomfn`c`jy Bh`pta`n Caeo Mymco

(XBCM).2 XBCM as usoh t` hosmralo tfo bh`pta`n è now tomfn`c`jaos, typ-ambccy anmcuhanj tfo stbjos è ann`vbt`rs, obrcy bh`ptors, obrcy dbk raty,cbto dbk`raty, bnh tomfn`c`jy cbjjbrhs. An b nutsfocc, vory eow `rjbnazb-ta`ns adpcodont now tomfn`c`jaos rajft betor tfoar antr`humta`n7 jrbpfambccy roprosontoh an Eajuro 2.2.

An fas wocc-rosobrmfoh l``g Hòs AX Dbttor0; Ane`rdbta`n Xomfn`c`jy

bnh tfo M`rr`sa`n è M`dpotatavo Bhvbntbjo , Namf`cbs Mbrr dbgos tfo mbsotfbt d`st `rjbnazbta`ns sfùch cobrn er`d tfo m`dpotata`n7 tfoy sfùch wbate`r `tfor `rjbnazbta`ns t` dbgo AX-rocbtoh dastbgos. Fo hoetcy pànts ùt

oxbdpcos sumf bs _natoh Ybrmoc ]orvamo (_Y]) summosseuccy bh`ptanj b –e`c-c`w, h`n‑t cobh— AX bppr`bmf. Mbrr wratos tfbt –_Y] wbs èton bttbmgohtfrùjf tfo 2169s bnh 2119s e`r loanj b tomfn`c`jambc sc`wp`go. Bcc tfo

wfaco, tfùjf, _Y] wbs mbroeuccy e`cc`wanj an EohOx‑s trbmgs, cobrnanj n`tkust f`w t` m`py ats ravbc‑s systods lut èton f`w t` dbgo tfod lottor bnhmfobpor. Zfon _Y] r`ccoh ùt ats `wn c`jastams-dbnbjodont sètwbro, e`ranstbnmo, at wont watf b d`ro `pon systod tfbn EohOx‑s, dbganj at obsaore`r must`dors t` anm`rp`rbto _Y]‑s tomfn`c`jy ant` tfoar oxastanj systods.—

B tf`rùjf hasmussa`n `n f`w, wfy, bnh wfon `rjbnazbta`ns sfùchadpcodont tomfn`c`jaos as n`t wbrrbntoh foro. E`r n`w, sueflmo at t` sby

tfbt tfo vbst dbk`raty è `rjbnazbta`ns omfòs Mbrr‑s sontadont7 tfoy wbatuntac b now tomfn`c`jy fbs lom`do porvbsavo bnh dbturo loe`ro homahanjt` uso at, ae bt bcc. An `tfor w`rhs, vory eow tonh t` lo –`n tfo coet saho è tfomurvo.—

Ontorpraso <.9; Zfbt‑s an b Nbdo, Bnywby0

]`do è tfo t`pams an tfas l``g fbvo loon m ccomtavocy hulloh –Ontor-

praso <.9,— b tord `rajanbccy mànoh ly Fbrvbrh Lusanoss ]mf``c bss`mabto

2]oo fttp;//hamta`nbry.lnot.m`d/hoflnata`n/tomfn`c`jy+bh`pta`n+caeo+mymco.ftdc.



Xfo Mfbnjanj Cbnhsmbpos è Lusanoss bnh Xomfn`c`jy ?

prèoss`r Bnhrow DmBeoo an b <995 ]c`bn Dbnbjodont \ovaow brtamco.DmBeoo hoflnoh Ontorpraso <.9 bs –tfo uso è odorjont s`mabc sètwbro pcbt-e`rds watfan `rjbnazbta`ns, `r lotwoon `rjbnazbta`ns bnh tfoar pbrtnors `rmust`dors.—

Bc`nj tf`so canos, an b <996 rop`rt e`r tfo Bss`mabta`n e`r Ane`rdbta`nbnh Adbjo Dbnbjodont (BAAD), Mbrc Erbppb`c` bnh Hbn Gochson hoflnohOntorpraso <.9 bs –b systod è wol-lbsoh tomfn`c`jaos tfbt pr`vaho rbpahbnh bjaco m`ccbl`rbta`n, ane`rdbta`n sfbranj, odorjonmo bnh antojrbta nmbpblacataos an tfo oxtonhoh ontorpraso.—

Xfas l``g antonta`nbccy usos tfo tord Ontorpraso <.9 d`ro lr`bhcy tfbntf`so hoflnata`ns. A bhdat tfbt at as quato haeflmuct t` summanmtcy hastacc bcc è tfobspomts è tfo noxt wbvo è tomfn`c`jaos ant` b eow sontonmos. Lombuso è tfas, porfbps Ontorpraso <.9 as lost hoflnoh an tfo nojbtavo bjbanst –Ontor-

praso 2.9.—N`w, A‑d n` rovasa`nast. A gn`w tfbt tfo tord Ontorpraso 2.9 novor e`r-

dbccy oxastoh lbmg an tfo 2119s bnh obrcy <999s. A wbs tforo. Zatf tfo lonofltè fanhsajft, f`wovor, wfbt A‑d mbccanj Ontorpraso 2.9 uctadbtocy roprosontoh`rjbnazbta`ns‑ anatabc oee`rts t` hod`mrbtazo m`dputanj an tfo w`rgpcbmo.Xfoy ropcbmoh tfoar mcungy dbanerbdos bnh ujcy l`xos provaùscy m`nflnoht` fbrh-m`ro pr`jrbddors watf d`ro usor-eraonhcy pors`nbc m`dputors (YMs)tfbt tfo ovoryhby odpc`yoo mùch uso. Ontorpraso systods ropcbmoh pbpor-hravon bnh dbnubc pr`mossos. Xfo YM lombdo pbrt bnh pbrmoc è bcd`st

ovory m`rp`rbto wfato-m`ccbr k`l bs `rjbnazbta`ns d`voh er`d dod`s tòdbacs. Oxbdpcos è 2.9 tomfn`c`jaos anmcuhoh Ontorpraso \osùrmo Ycbnnanj(O\Y) systods, rocbta`nbc hbtblbsos sumf bs @rbmco bnh ]RC ]orvor, mcaont-sorvor bppcambta`ns, odbac (brjublcy tfo orb‑s gaccor bpp), bnh m`rp`rbto wolsatos bnh antrbnots.

An sf`rt, Ontorpraso 2.9 roprosontoh tfo flrst tomfn`c`jambc wbvo tfbtbcc`woh `rjbnazbta`ns t` h` tfo e`cc`wanj;

▩ Anmrobso tfo covoc è ontorpraso antojrbta`n.▩ Bcc`w odpc`yoos t` bmmoss ane rdbta`n bwby er`d trbhata`nbc dban-

erbdos.▩ Lojan t` gn`mg h`wn `rjbnazbta`ns‑ ane`rdbta`n sac`s.▩ Odlrbmo odbac bnh tfo Antornot.▩ Hbllco watf haeeoront m`ddunambta`n bnh m`ccbl`rbta`n t``cs.

M`nvorsocy, Ontorpraso <.9 roprosonts tfo noxt wbvo è tomfn`c`jaos. Antfas l``g, A hoflno Ontorpraso <.9 bs `rjbnazbta`ns‑ oee`rts t` hopc`y bnh uta-cazo odorjanj tomfn`c`jaos, systods, bppcambta`ns, pcbte`rds, s`mabc dohab,bnh sètwbro hovoc`pdont dotf`h`c`jaos. Oxbdpcos è tfoso tomfn`c`jaos

anmcuho; mcùh m`dputanj, s`mabc notw`rganj, lusanoss antoccajonmo (LA), sèt- wbro bs b sorvamo (]bb]), ontorpraso sobrmf bnh rotraovbc (O]\), bnh `ponsùrmo (@]) bppcambta`ns.




An `tfor w`rhs, e`r tfo purp`sos è tfas l``g, Ontorpraso <.9 dobnsjànj loy`nh tfo lbsams. At bssudos tfbt `rjbnazbta`ns mbn bcrobhy bmmu-rbtocy run flnbnmabc rop`rts, pby odpc`yoos, m`ddunambto watf must`dorsbnh odpc`yoos, trbmg anvont`ry, bnh tfo cago. (Bt b fajf covoc, tfas wbs tfoontaro pànt è Ontorpraso 2.9.) N`to, f`wovor, tfbt tforo as bcd`st bcwbysr``d e`r adpr`vodont, bs dbny `rjbnazbta`ns dby n`t lo pore`rdanj tfosobmtavataos an bn `ptadbc dbnnor.

Ontorpraso <.9 m`nsasts è tfroo jonorbc bnh antortwanoh pranmapcos;

2. Dbnbjanj systods bnh hbtb an b lottor, d`ro antojrbtoh ebsfa`n.<. Antorprotanj hbtb t` bcc`w e`r fajfor-covoc bnbcytams.=. Onfbnmanj m`ddunambta n bd`nj `rjbnazbta`ns, vonh rs, suppcaors,

odpc`yoos, bnh must`dors.

Ontorpraso <.9 vorsus Zol <.9

Ontorpraso <.9 sfùch n`t lo m`neusoh watf Zol <.9. Xfo cbttor prosontcy m`n-sasts cbrjocy è s`mabc notw`rganj satos sumf bs Xwattor bnh Ebmol``g, wagas,bnh dbsfups tfbt po`pco uso e`r ontortbandont `r pors`nbc robs`ns. Ebda-caos, eraonhs, bnh strbnjors mbn m`ddunambto `ncano bnh sfbro ane`rdbta`nùtsaho è `rjbnazbta`nbc wbccs.

E`r tfoar pbrt, Ontorpraso <.9 tomfn`c`jaos oxast ansaho `rjbnazbta`ns‘ tfùjf tfas as b ebr mry er`d loanj mc`soh èe er`d tfo rost è tfo w`rch. Xfopradbry `lkomtavo è Ontorpraso <.9 tomfn`c`jaos as n`t t` m`nnomt ebdacy,eraonhs, `r strbnjors. \btfor, tfoso tomfn`c`jaos bad t` adpr`vo pr`humtavaty bnh onfbnmo m`ddunambta`n bnh m`ccbl`rbta`n bd`nj vonh`rs, suppcaors,must`dors, bnh odpc`yoos. Bs sumf, odorjanj tomfn`c`jaos nooh t` pr`vahojrobtor somuraty tfbn Zol <.9 tomfn`c`jaos. Zfbt‑s d`ro, tfoy sfùch one`rmolusanoss rucos, pr`vaho e`r buhat mbpblacaty, bnh adpr`vo onh usors‑ bmmosst` goy `rjbnazbta`nbc ane`rdbta`n.

MbvobtsA uso tfo tord Ontorpraso <.9 b lat sfoopasfcy bnh watf tw` mbvobts. Earst, Abd vory bwbro tfbt tfo tord sdbmgs è m`nsuctbnt-spobg. A bd n`t b ebn è kbrj`n bnh ebv`r b m`nstatuta`nbc bdonhdont ùtcbwanj tfo bluso è w`rhssumf bs –synorjy— bnh pfrbsos cago –tfanganj ùtsaho tfo l`x.— F`wovor, at‑ssadpcy obsaor e`r tfas l``g t` roeor t` tfoso m`nmopts ly `no udlroccb tord.

]om`nh, A bd vory wocc bwbro tfbt dbny è tfoso odorjont tomfn`c`jaosbro an robcaty fbrhcy now. Oxbdpcos anmcuho ]bb], LA, bnh O]\. Xfang è tfodbs mfachron. Zfaco dbny dby n`t fbvo loon l`rn romontcy, tfoy bro `ncy

n`w fattanj pulorty. An `tfor w`rhs, bs è dah-<991, d`st `rjbnazbta`nsfbh yot t` adpcodont d`st è tfoso tomfn`c`jaos‘dumf coss utacazo tfod



Xfo Mfbnjanj Cbnhsmbpos è Lusanoss bnh Xomfn`c`jy :

oeeomtavocy. Xfas as mortbancy n`t t` adpcy tfbt ovory `rjbnazbta`n noohs tùso ovory tomfn`c`jy. An s`do mbsos, anhavahubc systods `r bppcambta`nsdby n`t dbgo sonso e`r haeeoront m`dpbnaos `r anhustraos. ]tacc, e``casf astfo `rjbnazbta`n tfbt locaovos tfbt s`mabc notw`rganj `r LA wùch èeor n`lonoflts.

Haspcbmanj tfo Haspcbmors

Xomfn`c`jy javotf bnh tomfn`c`jy tbgotf bwby, b m`nmopt e`r wfamf K`sopf]mfudpotor bptcy mànoh tfo tord mrobtavo hostrumta`n an fas 218< l``gMbpatbcasd, ]`mabcasd, bnh Hod`mrbmy . Xfo tord fbs fbh on`rdùs stbyanjp`wor. F`w dbny om`n`dams toxts bro roeoronmoh bcd`st :9 yobrs betor tfoarpulcambta`n hbto0

Zfaco ]mfudpotor wbsn‑t wratanj blùt Ontorpraso 2.9 `r <.9, fas mon-trbc tfosas stacc f`chs b jrobt hobc è wbtor; Bcc `rjbnazbta`ns bro bt rasg è haspcbmodont bt tfo fbnhs è tomfn`c`jy.

Mrobtavo hostrumta`n soodoh t` lo bcc tfo rbjo huranj tfo h`t-m`d l``dè tfo 2119s. Zfaco tfbt orb soods qubant t`hby, tfo eow rodbananj bnhsummosseuc h`t-m`ds bro ebmanj anmrobsanj prossuro er`d nadlco bnh funjry stbrt-ups.

M`nsahor CangohAn, tfo sax-yobr-`ch s`mabc notw`rganj sato jobroh t`wbrhprèossa`nbcs, wfamf fbs loon dbganj sajnaflmbnt anr`bhs bjbanst trbhata`nbc

k`l l`brhs. An b romont LusanossZoog

brtamco, Dbttfow L`yco wratos tfbt D`n-stor.m`d MO@ ]bc Abnnuzza romontcy bmgn`wcohjoh bs dumf, sbyanj, –Zo bron`t h`no,— fantanj tfbt bmquasata`ns mùch lo e`rtfm`danj. Lut ovon D`n-stor‑s brmfatomts soo tfo wratanj `n tfo wbcc. Lacc Zbrron, tfo eùnhor è bn obrcy k`l l`brh tfbt d`rpfoh ant` D`nstor, as n`w oxomutavo haromt`rè tfo Haromt Odpc`yors Bss`mabta`n, b m`ns`rtaud è m`rp`rbto odpc`yors.Fo‑s pbrtnoranj watf tfo `wnor è tfo –.k`ls— h`dban bnh wacc cbunmf k`lsatos unhor tfbt h`dban cbtor tfas yobr. ]bys Zbrron; Xfo hbys è tfo laj,oxponsavo k`l l`brhs bro `vor.<

At soods cago tfbt kust yostorhby, `ncano k`l l`brhs ropcbmoh nowspbpors‑

mcbssafloh bhs. X` pbrbpfrbso Kad M`ccans, at hòsn‑t tbgo tado e`r tfo dajfty t` ebcc.

Ybrtamucbrcy antorostanj as CangohAn‑s uso è pusf tomfn`c`jy. Bs at rocbtost` k`l sobrmfos, pusf tomfn`c`jy bcc`ws romruators bnh faranj dbnbjors t`romoavo tfo pr`flcos è mbnhahbtos watfùt fbvanj t` bmtavocy pucc tfod vabsobrmfos. E`r oxbdpco, b romruator (\`jor) as tryanj t` flcc bn AX dbnbjorp`sata`n bt fas m`dpbny. CangohAn wacc flnh bnh sonh \`jor tfo pr`flcos è qubcafloh mbnhahbtos watfùt fas fbvanj t` wbho tfrùjf tfo lbmgjrùnhsè funhrohs è p`tontabccy unhorqubcafloh bppcambnts. Xfas sbvos \`jor tado

<]oo www.lusanosswoog.m`d/dbjbzano/m`ntont/91 <: /l82=698=269558.ftd.




bnh dbgos tfo ontaro pr`moss coss m`stcy bnh mudlors`do. Zfaco CangohAnmbnn`t jubrbntoo b j``h faro, porfbps tfo m`dpbny mbn uso lusanoss antoc-cajonmo t``cs t` bnswor tfbt vory quosta`n.

Xfo CangohAn oxbdpco unhorsm`ros tw` dban pànts;

2. Ovory tomfn`c`jy as p`tontabccy opfodorbc. Ovontubccy s`dotfanj dby vory wocc ropcbmo CangohAn bnh s`mabc notw`rganj satos.

<. N` `rjbnazbta`n mbn rost `n ats cburocs. Now tomfn`c`jaos mbn lo usohquamgcy t` haspcbmo anhustry cobhors.

_nhorstbnhanj tfo Mbuta`n

Xfo p`tontabc è tfoso now tomfn`c`jaos as fbrhcy unpr`von. @] sètwbro]bb], mcùh m`dputanj, s`mabc notw`rganj, sorvamo-`raontoh brmfatomturo(]@B), LA, bnh `tfor oxmatanj now tomfn`c`jaos bro onblcanj `rjbnazbta`nst` h` bdbzanj tfanjs rajft n`w . Loy`nh dorocy rohumanj m`sts, tfoy brobcrobhy hànj tfo e`cc`wanj;

▩ \ohumanj pr`humt hovoc`pdont tados.▩ Bcc`wanj `rjbnazbta`ns t` lottor unhorstbnh tfoar must`dors.▩ Oxpohatanj ann`vbta`n bnh now pr`humt hovoc`pdont.▩ Onfbnmanj odpc`yoo m`ddunambta`ns bnh pr`humtavaty.

E`r d`ro `n f`w `rjbnazbta`ns fbvo fbrnossoh tfo p`wor è Zol<.9 tomfn`c`jaos an èton-unoxpomtoh wbys, soo H`n Xbpsm`tt‑s oxmoccontl``g Zagan`dams. Dy ebv`rato bnomh`to as è J`chm`rp ossontabccy bcc`wanjnotazons t` lom`do vartubc trobsuro funtors.

N`r bro tfoso tomfn`c`jaos loanj hopc`yoh oxmcusavocy ly nadlco stbrt-ups sumf bs CangohAn. @ch-smf``c m`rp`rbta`ns sumf bs ALD bnh Zbc-Dbrt bromcbssam oxbdpcos. Xfo e`rdor j`t rocaja`n an tfo 2119s `n m`ccbl`rbta`n bnh@] sètwbro. Anhooh, at as fbrh t` adbjano ALD bs b sfocc è ats murront soce ae

tfon-MO@ Cù Jorstnor fbh n`t eunhbdontbccy mfbnjoh tfo `rjbnazbta`n‑stfanganj bnh mucturo.Xfo st`ry è Zbc-Dbrt‑s uso è must`dor hbtb as l`tf wocc h`mudontoh

bnh sadpcy bst`nasfanj. E`r yobrs, Zbc-Dbrt fbs usoh hbtb dananj tomfn`c`jy t` unobrtf rodbrgblco must`dor ansajfts. B Now Q`rg Xados brtamco= wratton`no woog loe`ro Furrambno Erbnmos an <998 suddbrazos `no ebsmanbtanj has-m`vory watf rospomt t` oxpomtoh wobtfor bnh m`nsudor purmfbsanj lofbva`r.\op`rtor M`nstbnmo C. Fbys wratos tfbt –oxports danoh tfo hbtb bnh eùnhtfbt tfo st`ros wùch anhooh nooh mortban pr`humts‘bnh n`t kust tfo usubc

=fttp;//www.nytados.m`d/<998/22/28/lusanoss/yùrd`noy/28wbc.ftdc0pbjowbntoh42



Xfo Mfbnjanj Cbnhsmbpos è Lusanoss bnh Xomfn`c`jy 1

bsfcajfts. Zo hahn‑t gn`w an tfo pbst tfbt strbwlorry Y`p-Xbrts anmrobso ansbcos, cago sovon tados tfoar n`rdbc sbcos rbto, bfobh è b furrambno, tfon-MA@Canhb Haccdbn sbah an b romont antorvaow. Bnh tfo pro-furrambno t`p-soccanjatod wbs loor.—

ALD bnh Zbc-Dbrt bro dorocy tw` oxbdpcos è `rjbnazbta`ns tfbt brosadpcy hànj bdbzanj tfanjs watf Ontorpraso <.9 tomfn`c`jaos. Bs tfoy sby,f`wovor, tfo oxmopta`n pr`vos tfo ruco.

]`, cot‑s roturn t` tfo `rajanbc quosta`n; Zfbt as st`ppanj s` dbny `rjb-nazbta`ns er`d kudpanj ant` tfoso cbrjocy unmfbrtoh wbtors watf l`tf eoot0Eùr tfanjs spranj t` danh;

2. Eanbnmabc m`nsahorbta`ns<. AX pr`komt ebacuro rbtos

=. _nmortbanty `vor tfo euturo8. Xfo ]ètwbro Ostblcasfdont

Eanbnmabc M`nsahorbta`ns

Xfo docth`wn è tfo flnbnmabc systod‘bnh tfo sulsoquont pr`nùnmohromossa`n‘as b sajnaflmbnt lut n`t oxmcusavo ebmt`r an oxpcbananj dbny `rjbnazbta`ns‑ rosastbnmo t` nudorùs now tomfn`c`jaos. @rjbnazbta`ns‑ AXluhjots woro oxpomtoh t` jr`w lotwoon zor` bnh <.= pormont an <991,bmm`rhanj t` Yotor ]`nhorjbbrh, sona`r vamo prosahont è rosobrmf bt Jbrtnor\osobrmf.8 Xfas rbnjo as m`nsahorblcy loc`w romont n`rds. Bn`tfor stuhy ly rosobrmf flrd M`dputor Om`n`dams eùnh tfbt `no-tfarh è `rjbnazbta`nsmut tfoar AX luhjots e`r <991.?

An bn oee`rt t` rohumo m`sts, dbny `rjbnazbta`ns fbvo j`no wby loy`nhtraddanj tfo ebt7 s`do fbvo mut h`wn t` tfo l`no, sfrohhanj ossontabcAX pors`nnoc, mbnmocanj murront pr`komts, bnh puttanj tfo gal`sf `n euturo`nos. F`wovor, sadpco om`n`dams bnh luhjotbry robcataos bc`no h` n`t tocctfo wf`co st`ry. Zo fbvo t` haj hoopor.

AX Yr`komt Ebacuro \btos

Xfo ebacuro rbto e`r AX pr`komts as m`nsorvbtavocy ostadbtoh t` lo 59 pormont.5

Ybrtamucbrcy an tfo O\Y spforo, tfoso systods bnh tfoar tomfn`c`jaos fbvoloon rocbtavocy wocc unhorst``h e`r bt cobst tfo pbst hombho. Xfas as n`t t`sby tfbt O\Y as b m`dpcotocy stbtam tomfn`c`jy. F`wovor, tfo lbsam promopts

8]oo Cbrry Hajnbn‑s [HNot lc`j bt fttp;//lc`js.zhnot.m`d/LXC/0p42989=.?

www.m`dputorom`n`dams.m`d/brtamco.med0ah4

2891.5]oo fttp;//bhvamo.ma`.m`d/roda/tw` robs`ns wfy at pr`komts m`ntanuo t` ebac.




è pbyanj odpc`yoos, runnanj flnbnmabc rop`rts, bnh trbmganj anvont`ry fbvon`t eunhbdontbccy mfbnjoh `vor tfo pbst ton yobrs.

Xfo p`catambc bnh flnbnmabc m`sts è b ebacoh AX onhobv`r bro onùjf t`hotor dbny sona`r oxomutavos er`d adpr`vanj tfoar `rjbnazbta`ns‑ bppcamb-ta`ns, systods, bnh brmfatomturos. Now tomfn`c`jaos sumf bs ontorpraso sobrmfbnh rotraovbc (O]\) èeor on`rdùs pr`daso. _ntac tfoso now t`ys lom`dodbanstrobd bnh dbturo, dbny `rjbnazbta`ns wacc rodban rocumtbnt t` bh`pttfod‘bnh dby pbss bct`jotfor.

_nmortbanty `vor tfo Euturo

Bsaho er`d‘bnh rocbtoh t`‘eobr è ebacuro, dbny `rjbnazbta`ns bnh tfoarhomasa`n dbgors sadpcy h` n`t gn`w onùjf blùt tfoso now tomfn`c`-

jaos t` adpcodont tfod an bn oeeomtavo dbnnor. Now sètwbro, pcbte`rds,bnh sorvamos mbn h` dbny p`woreuc bnh trbnse`rdbtavo tfanjs. F`wovor,blsont b mcobr lusanoss purp`so, pr`porcy hoflnoh lusanoss roquarodonts,sueflmaont rosùrmos, bnh tfo cago, tfoso tomfn`c`jaos wacc cagocy n`t bmfaovotfoar antonhoh j`bcs.

Zfbt‑s d`ro, dbny sona`r oxomutavos bro n`t ebdacabr watf now tomf-n`c`jaos. Bs b rosuct, tfoy bro kustaflblcy rasg-bvorso blùt bh`ptanj tfod.E`r oxbdpco, m`nsahor b mfaoe ane`rdbta`n èflmor (MA@) wf` usos b s`mabcnotw`rganj sato sumf bs Ebmol``g t` m`nnomt watf eraonhs. At as n`t haeflmuctt` sajn up bnh bhh eraonhs7 `no mbn lo up bnh runnanj an n` tado. Xfo sbdoMA@ gn`ws tfbt tfas pr`moss as eunhbdontbccy haeeoront er`d adpcodontanjb now‘bnh untostoh‘s`mabc notw`rganj t``c hosajnoh t` pr`d`to m`ccbl-`rbta`n, m`ddunambta`n, ann`vbta`n, bnh adpr`voh odpc`yoo pr`humtavaty ansaho tfo `rjbnazbta`n.

Ovon bssudanj b summosseuc now AX onhobv`r, tforo bro n` jubrbntoostfbt tfo tomfn`c`jy wacc fbvo stbyanj p`wor. N` mfaoe tomfn`c`jy èflmor(MX@) wbnts t` sponh dacca`ns è h`ccbrs `n bn AX anatabtavo tfbt turns ùtt` lo bntaqubtoh betor b doro tw` yobrs.

Fast`rambccy, tw` typos è `rjbnazbta`ns fbvo focpoh `rjbnazbta`ns dbgo

sonso è now tomfn`c`jaos (`r bt cobst traoh); cbrjo m`nsuctanj flrds bnhsètwbro vonh`rs. Cot‑s p`nhor tfo labsos è obmf jrùp. M`nsuctbnts cagodo mbn èeor juahbnmo, lut porfbps dbny `rjbnazbta`ns fbvo vaowoh ussuspamaùscy an tfo pbst. Betor bcc, wo fbvo b str`nj anmontavo t` bhv`mbtobcc typos è ebr-robmfanj (robh; oxponsavo) tomfn`c`jambc mfbnjos e`r ùrmcaonts. E`r tfoar pbrt, trbhata`nbc sètwbro vonh rs fbvo bcwbys onmùrbjohtfoar mcaonts t` j` an spomaflm haromta`ns, bjban watf b vostoh antorost.

Huranj tfo Jrobt \omossa`n, mcaonts hah n`t caston t` oatfor jrùp t` tfosbdo oxtont, bs tfo flnbnmabc rosucts è obmf jrùp roomtoh. Zatf sajns è

tfo romossa`n blbtanj bnh tfo nudlor è tomfn`c`jambc mfàmos `n tfo raso,




tfo lost bhvamo e`r `rjbnazbta`ns `n f`w t` nbvajbto tfoso wbtors dby n`t

stod er`d trbhata`nbc sùrmos.:

Xfo ]ètwbro Ostblcasfdont Xfo cbto 2119s bnh obrcy <999s roprosontoh tfo fbcmy`n hbys e`r dbny cbrjosètwbro m`dpbnaos bnh m`nsuctanj flrds. O\Y vonh`rs sumf bs ]BY, Yo`-pco]èt, Lbbn, bnh @rbmco tfravoh bs dbny `rjbnazbta`ns flnbccy robcazohtfbt tfoar antornbc bppcambta`ns woro bntaqubtoh bnh noohoh t` lo ropcbmohly b sanjco, antojrbtoh s`cuta`n. Xfo 2119s bcs` roprosontoh tfo bmdo è Damr`sèt‑s fojod`ny. E`r tfoar pbrt, dbny systods antojrbt`rs (]As) sumfbs ALD, M]M, H&X, Bmmonturo, bnh YramowbtorfùsoM``pors (YwM) sbw rovonuos bnh pr`flts mcadl bs tfoar mcaonts noohoh pbrtnors t` focp tfod

adpcodont now tomfn`c`jaos.X`hby, f`wovor, tw` tfanjs bro mortban. Earst, tfo foyhby e`r dbny trb-

hata`nbc tomfn`c`jy fobvywoajfts fbs c`nj pbssoh. ]om`nh, loy`nh tfoarmcaonts‑ sfranganj AX luhjots, dbny –`ch jubrh— tomfn`c`jy vonh`rs t`hby bro ebmanj b nudlor è sajnaflmbnt tfrobts t` tfoar rovonuo strobds;

▩ ]bb]▩ @] sètwbro▩ B now lrooh è anhoponhont sètwbro vonh`rs (A]Us)

N`to tfbt noatfor tfas somta`n n`r l``g antonhs t` hod`nazo trbhata`nbcsètwbro vonh`rs. Odorjanj tomfn`c`jaos p`so dbk`r tfrobts t` dbny flrdstfbt woro (bnh an s`do mbsos rodban) p`woreuc pcbyors.6 Ae fast`ry tobmfos usbnytfanj, at‑s tfbt murront stbcwbrts rbrocy odlrbmo now tomfn`c`jaos tfbt waccmbnnalbcazo tfoar oxastanj lusanoss d`hocs, ospomabccy obrcy `n. Haspcbmodontbt tfo fbnhs è now tomfn`c`jaos fbs beeomtoh dbny anhustraos bnh `rjbna-zbta`ns watf vostoh antorosts an dbantbananj tfo stbtus qu`. C``ganj lbmg bttfo pbst 2? yobrs pr`vahos b voratblco catbny è oxbdpcos, anmcuhanj;

▩ G`hbg‑s hasdassbc è hajatbc pf`t`jrbpfy untac vory cbto an tfo jbdo▩ Damr`sèt‑s c`njtado rosastbnmo t` `pon sùrmo▩ Xfo rocumtbnmo è tfo dusam anhustry t` bmmopt hajatbc dusam bnh tfo

Antornot bs b pcbte`rd e`r m`ddormo▩ Xfo `pp`sata`n è tfo tocom`ddunambta`ns anhustry t` bmmopt vàmo `vor

Antornot pr`t`m`c (U@AY)

:Huranj tfo wratanj pr`moss, tfas strumg do bs `no è tfo d`st adp`rtbnt robs`ns e`r wratanj tfas l``g.6

A‑d fbrhcy tfo flrst t` n`tamo tfas.



2< Antr`humta`n, Lbmgjrùnh, bnh Hoflnata`ns

Xfas otf`s as lost oxodpcafloh an tfo w`rhs è _pt`n ]anmcbar; –At‑s hae-flmuct t` jot b dbn t` unhorstbnh s`dotfanj ae fas sbcbry hoponhs up`n fasn`t unhorstbnhanj at.—1

Dbny è tfo be`rodonta`noh oxbdpcos fbvo loon wocc h`mudontoh.Xfo noxt somta`n usos tfo oxbdpco è Cbws`n ]ètwbro, bn ostblcasfohdah-dbrgot O\Y sètwbro vonh`r ebmanj sajnaflmbnt tfrobts er`d now tomf-n`c`jaos.

]@EXZB\O B] B ]O\UAMO (]bb]) An romont yobrs, eow hovoc`pdonts an tfo tomf-n`c`jy w`rch fbvo smbroh `n-prodasos sètwbro vonh`rs bs dumf bs ]bb].]bcose`rmo.m`d eùnhor bnh dbrgotanj wfaz Dbrm Lonaèe fbs starroh up bjrobt hobc è m`ntr`vorsy ly `poncy tbcganj blùt tfo –hobtf è sètwbro.—Xbcg cago tfbt as n`t cagocy t` j` unn`tamoh, bnh Lonaèe as vory bwbro è tfas.

Lonaèe as tfr`wanj h`wn tfo jbuntcot. Fo gn`ws tfbt `n-prodasos sèt- wbro vonh`rs fbvo fast`rambccy rocaoh up`n tfo e`cc`wanj rovonuo strobds;

▩ M`stcy sètwbro camonsos, èton `n pr`humts purmfbsoh lut n`t usoh (Bgb–sfocewbro—)

▩ Bnnubc supp`rt eoos t` tfo tuno è rùjfcy <9 pormont è tfo anatabccamonso eoo

▩ M`nsuctanj sorvamos▩ \ùtano upjrbhos

E`r trbhata`nbc vonh`rs, ]bb] as tfo vory hoflnata`n è b hasruptavo tomf-n`c`jy7 ae bh`ptoh on dbsso, at wùch orbhambto b sajnaflmbnt p`rta`n è tfoarrovonuo bnh pr`flts. At sfùch lo n` surpraso tfbt dbny oxomutavos fbvo

vaowoh Loanèe‑s rodbrgs bs fljftanj w`rhs. B kbrranj rolugo t` Lonaèe‑s m`ddonts romontcy mbdo er`d Cbws`n

]ètwbro MO@ Fbrry Holos. Holos jbvo bn antorvaow `n Bujust <6, <996, an wfamf fo hasdassoh tfo c`nj-tord vablacaty è ]bb], brjuanj tfbt at as osson-tabccy tfo bppcambta`n sorvamo pr`vahor (B]Y) d`hoc rovasatoh. N`r as ]bb] bnbctornbtavo t` b camonso-bnh-supp`rt d`hoc bt tfo vory fobrt è fas `rjbna-

zbta`n‑s lusanoss d`hoc. Holos sbah, –]bb] as n`t J`h‑s jaet t` tfo sètwbroanhustry `r must`dor m`ddunaty. Xfo fypo as lbsoh `n `no m`dpbny an tfosètwbro anhustry fbvanj d`host summoss. ]bcose`rmo.m`d kust fbs bvorbjo t`loc`w-bvorbjo pr`fltblacaty. Yo`pco wacc robcazo tfo fypo blùt ]bb] `rjb-nazbta`ns fbs loon `vorlc`wn watfan tfo noxt tw` yobrs. Bn anhustry fbst` fbvo d`ro tfbn kust `no p`stor mfach t` `vorfbuc tfo systod. @no hby ]bcose`rmo.m`d (M\D) wacc n`t hocavor ats jr`wtf pr`komta`ns, bnh ats st`mg

1

_pt`n. ]anmcbar, A, Mbnhahbto e`r J`vorn`r; Bnh F`w A J`t Camgoh (21=?), ropr._navorsaty è Mbcae`rnab Yross, 2118, p. 291.



Xfo Mfbnjanj Cbnhsmbpos è Lusanoss bnh Xomfn`c`jy 2=

pramo wacc tudlco an b laj furry. Xfon, tfo rost è tfo W]bb]T anhustry waccm`ccbpso.—29

Xfo nbturbc quosta`n lom`dos –As Holos rajft blùt ]bb]0— Bt tfas pànt,at‑s hùlteuc. ]bb] fbs d`voh wby loy`nh tfo`ry bnh ant` prbmtamo, bs wo

wacc soo an Mfbptor 5. A wacc, f`wovor, bjroo watf Holos `n tfo e`cc`wanjpànt; E`r b vbraoty è robs`ns, at‑s uncagocy tfbt ovory `n-prodasos mcaont waccsuppcbnt ats m`ro bppcambta`ns watf ]bb] oquavbconts. ]`do `rjbnazbta`ns waccbcwbys wbnt t` m`ntr`c tfoar bppcambta`ns bnh tfoar hbtb, roeusanj t` mohom`ntr`c t` b ]bb] vonh`r ovon ae tfoy mbn rohumo AX oxponhaturos an tfopr`moss.

@YON ]@_\MO ]@EXZB\O @] fbs dbho anr`bhs an dbny brobs. Bs wo wacc sooan Mfbptors ? bnh 25, @] bctornbtavos fbvo odorjoh t` `porbtanj systods

(Canux), pr`humtavaty suatos (@pon@eflmo), wol sorvors (Bpbmfo), bnh dbny `tfor bppcambta`ns. O\Y dby wocc lo noxt.

@rjbnazbta`ns sumf bs M`dpaoro socc must`dazblco @] bppcambta`ns tfbttfoar mcaonts n`t `ncy `wn lut m`ntr`c . Xfas as bn adp`rtbnt hastanmta`n. Mcaontsè trbhata`nbc O\Y vonh`rs purmfbso camonsos lut bro an dbny wbys bt tfodormy è tfoar vonh`rs‑ upjrbho bnh must`dazbta`n p`camaos.

@] bppcambta`ns bro eunhbdontbccy haeeoront tfbn tfoar m`ddormabc, èe-tfo-sfoce (M@X]) lrotfron. Dumf cago ]bb], @] marmudvonts b nudlor è dbk r m`dpcbants bd`nj mcaonts è trbhata`nbc vonh`rs; e`rmoh upjrbhos,

hbnjorùs must`dazbta`ns t` tfo pcban-vbnaccb pr`humts, bnh unnomossbry eunmta`nbcaty. Bn `rjbnazbta`n tfbt wbnts t` run bn bntaqubtoh vorsa`n è b flnbnmo

bnh bmmùntanj systod mbn h` kust tfbt‘sbns tfo vonh`r‑s prossuro `rroquarodont t` upjrbho. Xfo `rjbnazbta`n mbn sadpcy pby tfo vonh`r bnnubcsupp`rt eoos watfùt eobr tfbt ats systod wacc ovontubccy lo unsupp`rtoh bnhrasg p`tontabc systod ebacuro. A flrdcy oxpomt tfo bh`pta`n è @] bppcambta`nst` m`ntanuo rasanj an tfo noxt eow yobrs, eurtfor ponotrbtanj cbrjocy untbppohdbrgots sumf bs O\Y.

B NOZ L\OOH @E ANHOYONHONX ]@EXZB\O UONH@\] Xw` romont bnh sood-anjcy unrocbtoh ovonts fbvo m`bcosmoh, rosuctanj an d`ro oeflmaont sètwbrohovoc`pdont. Xfo flrst as tfo raso an tfo uso è sorvamo-`raontoh brmfatomturo(]@B). An ]orvamo @raontoh Brmfatomturo e`r Huddaos , Kuhatf Furwatz, Mbr`cLbrùha, \`lan Lc``r, bnh Dbrmab Gbuedbn hosmralo tfo ]@B w`rch bs `noan wfamf –lusanoss bppcambta`ns bro bssodlcoh ly usanj b sot è luachanjlc`mgs gn`wn bs m`dp`nonts‘s`do è wfamf dby lo bvbacblco ‖èe tfosfoce,‑ bnh s`do è wfamf dby fbvo t` lo luact er`d smrbtmf.—

29

]oo fttp;//sooganjbcpfb.m`d/brtamco/1=955-cbws`n-s-fbrry-holos-sbbs-anhustry-wacc-m`ccbpso-an-tw`-yobrs.




An `tfor w`rhs, ]@B pr`vahos jrobtcy onfbnmoh dotf`hs e`r systodshovoc`pdont bnh antojrbta`n. Anhavahubc systods bnh m`dp`nonts javo wby t` lusanoss pr`mossos bnh antor`porblco sorvamos. ]@B bcc`ws haeeoront bppca-mbta`ns t` oxmfbnjo hbtb watf `no bn`tfor bs tfoy pbrtamapbto an lusanosspr`mossos. ]orvamo `raontbta`n statmfos t`jotfor `stonsalcy haeeoront sorvamos

watf `porbtanj systods, pr`jrbddanj cbnjubjos, bnh `tfor tomfn`c`jaosunhorcyanj bppcambta`ns.

]om`nh, tfo pbssbjo è tfo ]brlbnos-@xcoy Bmt22 (]@V) fbs rosuctohan dbny `rjbnazbta`ns blbnh`nanj oee`rts t` luach tfoar `wn antornbc sys-tods. Ebmoh watf ]@V‑s anmrobsoh buhat roquarodonts, dbny bro n`w `ptanjt` uso anhoponhont sètwbro vonh`rs (A]Us) t` luach pr`praotbry systods.

Bs `rjbnazbta`ns fbvo anmrobsanjcy sùjft tfo oxtornbc oxportaso è A]Us anmrobtanj bppcambta`ns, at sfùch n`t lo surprasanj tfbt `rjbnazbta`ns sumf bs

Ane`sys fbvo pr`sporoh. (Er`d ats anatabc pulcam èeoranj an 211= t` <99:, tfom`dpbny‑s st`mg jrow =,999 pormont, blsont havahonhs.)

Xfo onh rosuct as tfbt summosseuc AX pr`komts bro n`t unm`dd`n tfosohbys‘ovon ae wocc-h`mudontoh ebacuros stacc porsast. (Ane`sys‑s st`mg wùchn`t fbvo mcadloh s` fajf watfùt fajf mcaont roeoronmo bnh rotonta`n rbtos.)_ncago tfo 2169s, eow `rjbnazbta`ns tfoso hbys wbnt t` roanvont tfo wfooc,flnbccy bmmoptanj tfbt tfoy sfùch stamg t` tfoar gnattanj bnh n`t luach bppca-mbta`ns er`d smrbtmf. D`ro `rjbnazbta`ns bro usanj A]Us t` luach must`dbppcambta`ns tfbt bhhross spomaflm lusanoss noohs, ospomabccy wfon tf`sobpps mbn lo rocbtavocy obsacy antojrbtoh ant` oxastanj systod anerbstrumturos.N` c`njor bro tfoy e`rmoh t` mf``so bd`nj b sdbcc nudlor è vablco bctor-nbtavos.

\OBMXA@N] X@ HA]\_YXAUO XOMFN@C@JAO] E`r trbhata`nbc sètwbro vonh`rs,]bb], `pon sùrmo, bnh tfo now lrooh è A]Us fbvo m`ccomtavocy pr`dptohbn adp`rtbnt quosta`n; Javon p`tontabc mfbcconjos t` tfoar lusanoss d`hocs,f`w mbn tfoso flrds rosp`nh t` sumf fajfcy hasruptavo tomfn`c`jaos0

Yrohamtblcy, tfo robmta`ns fbvo ebccon ant` tfroo jonorbc mbtoj`raos;

▩ Honabc è bcc tfrobts▩ Zbat bnh soo▩ Bmmoptbnmo tfo cossor ovac

Honabc è Bcc Xfrobts Cbws`n mcobrcy ebccs ant` tfas mbdp, bs ovanmoh ly wfbtHolos as bsganj fas mcaonts t` h`;

22An ]brlbnos-@xcoy bnh tfo Now Antornbc Buhatanj \ucos , \`lort Dòccor mbccs tfo<99< pbssbjo è ]brlbnos-@xcoy –tfo d`st dbk`r bnh rbhambc sot è flnbnmabc buhatanj

mfbnjos an tfo _natoh ]tbtos sanmo tfo 21=9sW.T ]@V fbs mbusoh rbhambc mfbnjos bnhstr`nj now rucos e`r pulcam bmmùntanj, m`rp rbto j`vornbnmo, bnh `tfors.—



Xfo Mfbnjanj Cbnhsmbpos è Lusanoss bnh Xomfn`c`jy 2?

▩ Odlrbmo mortban Ontorpraso <.9 tomfn`c`jaos sumf bs LA bnh ontorprasosobrmf bnh rotraovbc (O]\). Nbturbccy, Cbws`n dbgos pr`humts an tfosobrobs.

▩ Ajn`ro b dbk`r bnh p`tontabccy jbdo-mfbnjanj tomfn`c`jy, f`panj tfbtat wacc uctadbtocy ebac.

▩ Mcanj t` oxastanj `n-prodasos bppcambta`ns, prosudblcy watf fas m`d-pbny.

\obhanj lotwoon tfo canos, Holos‑s m`ddonts sujjost tfbt ]bb] bnh`pon sùrmo erajfton fad. A e`r `no flnh at muraùs tfbt fo as s` oeeusavoblùt mortban tomfn`c`jaos bnh s` hasdassavo blùt `tfors.

Zbat bnh ]oo Dbny sètwbro vonh`rs bro wbatanj e`r mortban h`danòs t`

tudlco. ]ètwbro m`dpbnaos gn`w tfbt tfoar mcaonts bron‑t e`nh è tfod pusf-anj now wbros bnh mfbnjanj –strbtojam— haromta`ns ovory yobr. Ae n`t oxomutohpr`porcy, tfoso pusfos mbn fbvo haro m`nsoquonmos, pradbracy hravanj tfoarmcaonts t`wbrh anmrobsanjcy vablco bctornbtavos, sumf bs ]bb] bnh @]. Zfbt‑sd`ro, at tbgos b jrobt hobc è tado bnh d`noy e`r vonh`rs t` rowrato tfoarbpps e`r haeeoront pcbte`rds. At‑s mortbancy robs`nblco e`r tfod t` oxormasopruhonmo.

Bmmoptbnmo è tfo Cossor Ovac ]`do sètwbro vonh`rs soo tfo wratanj `n tfo

wbcc bnh bro oeeomtavocy bsganj tfodsocvos, –F`w mbn wo flnh `pp`rtunaty an tfas mfb`s0— An `tfor w`rhs, tfoy unhorstbnh tfbt, bs tomfn`c`jy mfbnjos,s` h` tfoar mcaonts‑ noohs. E`r oxbdpco, m`nsahor tw` 699-pùnh j`raccbs antfo sètwbro w`rch;

2. ]BY, wfamf flnbccy j`t ]bb] rocaja`n an obrcy <9912<

<. @rbmco, wf`so MO@, Cbrry Occas`n, fbs odlrbmoh tfo ]bb] d`hoc e`rdbny è fas `rjbnazbta`n‑s dyrabh bppcambta`ns

Xfoso tw` m`dpbnaos fbvo rom`jnazoh tfo addohabto tfrobts tfbt tfoso

hasruptavo tomfn`c`jaos bro p`stanj t` tfoar rospomtavo mcaont lbsos. Xfoy robcazo tfbt tfoar mcaonts dby kudp sfap ae tfoy taro è `n-prodasos sètwbro,proeorranj t` uso b haeeoront d`hoc bct`jotfor. ]BY bnh @rbmco gn`w tfbtmcaonts hassbtasfloh watf tfoar èeoranjs bro n`w blco t`;

▩ D`vo t` b ]bb] vonh`r.▩ Luach b now sètwbro s`cuta`n watf bn upstbrt A]U.▩ J` tfo @] rùto.

2<

]oo www.ane`rdbta`nwoog.m`d/nows/sorvamos/sbbs/sf`wBrtamco.kftdc0brtamcoAH4

<2:699829.




Zatf rospomt t` tfo bl`vo, ]bb] as pr`lblcy tfo cossor è tfo tfroo ovacs.@rbmco bnh ]BY sood t` lo blahanj ly tfo _] Dbranos d`tt`, –E`cc`w, cobh,`r jot ùt è tfo wby.—

XFO ONH \O]_CX; J\OBXO\ @\JBNA[BXA@NBC MF@AMO Xfo tfrobts ebmanj ostbl-casfoh sètwbro vonh`rs bro bcrobhy mfbnjanj tfo hynbdams è tfo trbhata`nbc

vonh`r-mcaont rocbta`nsfap. _ncago b eow yobrs bj`, `rjbnazbta`ns runnanjdbturo bppcambta`ns watf vbryanj hojroos è summoss n`w fbvo dumf jrobtormfàmo an tfo dbrgotpcbmo.

Dbny `rjbnazbta`ns fbvo c`nj wbatoh e`r tfas hby e`r b nudlor è rob-s`ns. Earst, e`r yobrs tfoy fbvo rosastoh tfoar vonh`rs‑ dbnhbtos tfbt tfoy

rùtanocy upjrbho t` d`ro dbturo vorsa`ns è bppcambta`ns, cost tf`so bppca-mbta`ns lo hom`ddassa`noh bnh unsupp`rtoh. ]om`nh, dbny `rjbnazbta`nsfbvo loon rojucbrcy pbyanj tfoar vonh`rs bnnubc supp`rt `n unusoh bppcamb-ta`ns, an oeeomt wbstanj tfùsbnhs è h`ccbrs por yobr. Xfarh, AX hopbrtdontsdust hov`to èton m`nsahorblco tado, pors`nnoc, bnh oxponso t` systoddbantonbnmo, sumf bs bppcyanj bppcambta`n pbtmfos bnh mrobtanj hbtb brobst` tost upjrbhos.

X` lo suro, tfo anmrobso an tfo nudlor è haeeoront vablco tomfn`c`jaose`r `rjbnazbta`ns as b cbrjocy p`satavo ovont. Jrobtor mfàmo dobns c`worpramos e`r `rjbnazbta`ns, jrobtor pr`humt ann`vbta`n, d`ro eobturos, bnh bn`vorbcc d`ro oeflmaont dbrgotpcbmo.

Bs kust `no è dbny p`ssalco oxbdpcos, bn `rjbnazbta`n an tfo dah-2119s wbs ossontabccy e`rmoh t` uso Damr`sèt Zanh`ws bs ats `porbtanj systod(@]) bnh @eflmo bs ats pr`humtavaty suato. Ebst e`rwbrh t` <991. @rjbnazbta`nsunwaccanj t` purmfbso bnh uso Damr`sèt pr`humts fbvo dbny bctornbtavos.

B lovy è `pta`ns n`w oxasts e`r ontorprasos watf rospomt t` haeeoront typosè systods, bppcambta`ns, hbtblbsos, bnh tomfn`c`jaos. X``c sumf bs J``jcoH`ms bnh @pon@eflmo bro brjublcy vbcah bctornbtavos t` D] @eflmo. Zfaco atsfojod`ny `n tfo hosgt`p @] er`nt rodbans cbrjocy antbmt, Damr`sèt mbnn`t

ajn`ro p`tontabccy cojatadbto bctornbtavos t` Zanh`ws sumf bs Canux, Bppco‑sDbm @] V, bnh J``jco‑s Mfr`do @].

Bjbanst tfas lbmghr`p, tfo quosta`n rodbans; F`w mbn `rjbnazbta`nsdbnbjo tfo mfb`s mbusoh ly bcc è tfoso now tomfn`c`jambc `pta`ns0 Bhazzyanj brrby è mfàmos mbn mbuso m`neusa`n. ]by wfbt yù wacc blùtd`n`p`caos7 bt cobst tfoy rod`vo tfo `pp`rtunaty e`r bn anhavahubc `r ontor-praso t` dbgo tfo wr`nj mfàmo. B sadacbr c`jam oxasts bd`nj tf`so wf`locaovo tfbt tfo w`rch wbs b sbeor pcbmo huranj tfo M`ch Zbr. Xfo rbta`nbcoas tfbt tfo _natoh ]tbtos gnow ats onodaos an tf`so hbys; tfo _]]\ bnh M`d-

dunasd. Bmm`rhanj t` tfas brjudont, tfo ebcc è tfo ]`vaot odparo mrobtoh bdurgaor w`rch.



Xfo Mfbnjanj Cbnhsmbpos è Lusanoss bnh Xomfn`c`jy 2:

Ocomtr`nam Fobctf \om`rhs; B Mbso an Yànt

Javon tfo flnbnmabc mrasas `vor tfo pbst tw` yobrs, eow dbanstrobd om`n`dastsodlrbmo b cbassoz-ebaro dontbcaty tfoso hbys. @n b jonorbc covoc, d`stdbanstrobd prbmtata`nors è –tfo hasdbc smaonmo— mbcc e`r s`do hojroo è j`v-orndont antorvonta`n t` provont euturo hasbstors bnh mortbancy wfon dbrgotsfbvo ebacoh t` bmt oeflmaontcy.

@no mùch brjuo tfbt tforo fbs loon n` jrobtor dbrgot ebacuro `vor tfopbst ?9 yobrs tfbn tfo _.]. fobctf mbro systod. Xfas as tfo ocopfbnt an tfor``d, bs tfo e`cc`wanj fljuros er`d tfo Nbta`nbc M`bcata`n `n Fobctf Mbrosujjost;

▩ An <996, t`tbc nbta`nbc fobctf oxponhaturos woro oxpomtoh t` raso 5.1

pormont‘tw` tados tfo rbto è anbta`n.▩ X`tbc sponhanj wbs $<.8 tracca`n an <99:, `r $:,199 por pors`n.▩ X`tbc fobctf mbro sponhanj roprosontoh 2: pormont è tfo jr`ss h`dostam

pr`humt (JHY) an <99:.▩ _.]. fobctf mbro sponhanj as oxpomtoh t` anmrobso bt sadacbr covocs e`r tfo

noxt hombho, robmfanj $8.= tracca`n an <92:, `r <9 pormont è JHY.2=

Fobctf mbro roe`rdors fbvo loon bhv`mbtanj mfbnjo e`r yobrs. E`rstbrtors, dbny fbvo bsgoh tfo quosta`n; Zùch tfo _.]. fobctf mbro systod

lonoflt er`d ocomtr`nam fobctf rom`rhs (OF\s)0Xfo bnswor as bn unoquav`mbc –yos.— Gbron Locc, haromt`r è tfo @eflmoè Fobctf AX Bh`pta`n bt tfo _.]. Hopbrtdont è Fobctf bnh Fudbn ]or-

vamos, sbah bs dumf an bn antorvaow an ]optodlor <996. ]fo n`toh tfbt dbny –fobctf mbro . . . pr`lcod(s) mùch lo s`cvoh, `r bt cobst hrbstambccy rohumoh, ly ocomtr`nam fobctf rom`rhs, wfamf bcc`w hbtb t` lo obsacy sfbroh bd`nj pfysa-mabns, pfbrdbmaos, bnh f`spatbcs. ]umf systods focp m``rhanbto b pbtaont‑smbro, ocadanbtanj hupcambto tostanj bnh m`namtanj prosmrapta`ns, bnh ucta-dbtocy muttanj m`sts. Lut hospato tfo lonoflts, `ncy 2? t` 26 pormont è _.].pfysamabns fbvo bh`ptoh ocomtr`nam fobctf rom`rhs.—28

An `tfor w`rhs, n`wforo as tfo tomfn`c`jambc mfbsd lotwoon tfo p`s-salco bnh tfo stbtus qu` brjublcy d`ro pr`nùnmoh tfbn an OF\, bn broban wfamf tfo _natoh ]tbtos fbs loon s`rocy cbmganj e`r yobrs. Lut as OF\ brobcaty0 Zfbt mbn wo cobrn er`d summosseuc mbso stuhaos0

Cot‑s c``g bt tfo Erohoragslorj _navorsaty F`spatbc an M`ponfbjon, Hon-dbrg, romontcy eobturoh an b Xado dbjbzano brtamco ly Olon Fbrrocc. At asbn oxbdpco è b fobctf mbro anstatuta`n tfbt fbs summosseuccy j`no hajatbc.

2=

]oo www.nmfm.`rj/ebmts/m`st.sftdc.28]oo www.tomfn`c`jyrovaow.m`d/la`tomf/<28<6/#betorbhl`hy.




Fbrrocc wratos tfbt –an tfo f`spatbc‑s Hopbrtdont è Bmuto Dohamano‘wforopbtaonts èton brravo unm`nsmaùs `r has`raontbtoh‘Gcbus Yfbnbrotf‑s YHBprovonts fad er`d prosmralanj hbnjorùs dohambta`ns ‖`n b woogcy lbsas,‑fo sbys. ‖Xforo‑s n` hùlt tfbt at (OF\) sbvos cavos.‑ —2? At‑s antorostanj t`n`to, f`wovor, tfbt ovon hajatbc f`spatbcs an Hondbrg h` n`t sfbro ocom-tr`nam ane`rdbta`n watf `no `tfor‘a.o., tfoy bro n`t –antor`porblco— bs è tfas wratanj.

Erohoragslorj fbs dbnbjoh t` flnh `pp`rtunaty an mfb`s. Zfaco `tforoxbdpcos blùnh, tfo bcbrdanj ebmt rodbans; Hospato anm`ntr`vortalco flnbn-mabc lonoflts, eowor tfbn `no an flvo _.]. fobctf rom`rhs fbh loon hajatazohbs è <996.

Zfbt bro tfo p`ssalco robs`ns tfbt s` dbny _.]. fobtf mbro `rjbnazbta`nsfbvo rosastoh OF\0 ]`do p`ssalacataos anmcuho;

▩ Xomfn`c`jambc cadatbta`ns.▩ _nmcobr juahocanos.▩ Om`n`dam anmontavos.▩ Anstatuta`nbc lbrraors.

XOMFN@C@JAMBC CADAXBXA@N] @no mbnn`t mrohalcy mato tomfn c`jy cadatb-ta`ns bs b mucprat e`r OF\‑s jonorbc cbmg è bh`pta`n an tfo _natoh ]tbtos. E`r

yobrs, tfo systods, bppcambta`ns, spomaflm tomfn`c`jaos (sumf bs @M\ 25), bnhsomuraty fbvo oxastoh e`r f`spatbcs bnh h`mt`rs‑ èflmos t` j` er`d pbpor t`

m`dputor‘ae tfoy mf`so t` h` s`. Xfo Erohoragslorj _navorsaty F`spatbc asb fbrhcy b unaquo mbso an pànt.

_NMCOB\ J_AHOCANO] Xfo adp`rtbnmo è mcobrcy hoflnoh tords `n b pr`komtbs m`dpcox bnh adp`rtbnt bs OF\ mbnn`t lo `vorstbtoh. Bs b rosuct, dbny fobctf mbro `rjbnazbta`ns mbn fbrhcy lo ebuctoh e`r n`t javanj tfo jrooncajft t` OF\ anatabtavos wfon eunhbdontbc promopts fbvo n`t loon hoflnoh.]umf as tfo mbso foro. @ncy an Bprac <991 hah tfo Fobctfmbro Ane`rdbta`nbnh Dbnbjodont ]ystods ]`maoty (FAD]]) pulcasf tw` hoflnata`ns è dobn-

anjeuc uso bs at bppcaos t` mortafloh OF\ tomfn`c`jaos bnh f`spatbcs‑ uso.2:

2?]oo www.tado.m`d/tado/fobctf/brtamco/9,6?11,2612<91,99.ftdc.25An fas l``g Bhbptavo Xomfn`c`jaos e`r Cobrnanj & Z`rg Onvar`ndonts , K`sopf K.Cbzzbr` wratos tfbt `ptambc mfbrbmtor rom`jnata`n (@M\) –systods trbnsdat prantohdbtorabc ant` yùr pors`nbc m`dputor, bcc`wanj yù t` robh tfo dbtorabc an tfo d`ho

yù flnh d`st m`de`rtblco bnh bppr`prabto. @nmo yù fbvo smbnnoh b l``g ant` yùr m`dputor, yù mbn robh tfo toxt usanj spoomf, Lrbacco, `r dbjnafloh ùtput.

Qù mbn bcs` trbnsdat tfo toxt t` b n`to tbgor e`r uso `n tfo r`bh.—2:]oo www.fobctfmbroatnows.m`d/nows/fadss-pulcasfos-dobnanjeuc-uso-hoflnata`ns.




Zatfùt sumf hoflnata`ns, f`spatbcs dby flnh tfodsocvos an mùrt `vor dasusoè m`nflhontabc pbtaont ane`rdbta`n.

Bmm`rhanj t` ats wol sato, –Xfo Fobctfmbro Ane`rdbta`n bnh Dbnbjodont]ystods ]`maoty (FAD]]) as tfo fobctfmbro anhustry‑s dodlorsfap `rjbnazb-ta`n oxmcusavocy e`musoh `n pr`vahanj jc`lbc cobhorsfap e`r tfo `ptadbc usoè fobctfmbro ane`rdbta`n tomfn`c`jy (AX) bnh dbnbjodont systods e`r tfolottordont è fobctfmbro. . . . FAD]] erbdos bnh cobhs fobctfmbro pulcam p`c-amy bnh anhustry prbmtamos tfrùjf ats bhv`mbmy, ohumbta`nbc bnh prèossa`nbchovoc`pdont anatabtavos hosajnoh t` pr`d`to ane`rdbta`n bnh dbnbjodontsystods‑ m`ntraluta`ns t` onsuranj qubcaty pbtaont mbro.—

]tacc, at as vory haeflmuct t` locaovo tfbt tfo cbmg è mcobr juahocanos fbssorvoh bs tfo s`co lbrraor t` dbny `rjbnazbta`ns‑ hosaro t` j` hajatbc. Ae tfbt

woro tfo mbso, tfon at as uncagocy tfbt FAD]] wùch fbvo wbatoh untac nobrcy

<929 t` stop up t` tfo pcbto. Bc`nj watf tomfn`c`jambc cadatbta`ns, tfas ebmt`rsoods dan`r an oxpcbananj tfo stbtus qu` è OF\ an tfo _natoh ]tbtos.

OM@N@DAM ANMONXAUO] BNH AN]XAX_XA@NBC LB\\AO\] Cot‑s bhhross tfo flnbn-mabc bnh anstatuta`nbc mbusos t`jotfor, bs tfoy bro ossontabccy adp`ssalco t`sopbrbto. As tforo b dbrgoh flnbnmabc anmontavo e`r fobctf mbro anstatuta`ns t`j` hajatbc0 Xfo bnswor as b qubcafloh –yos.—

An tfo sbdo Xado brtamco, Koee Fbrras è tfo Bdorambn M`ccojo è Yfysa-mabns pànts ùt tfbt _.]. ebdacy pfysamabns fbvo tfo fajfost bhdanastrbta`n

m`sts an tfo hovoc`poh w`rch bnh –bro bcrobhy unhor strban er`d bcc tfopbporw`rg roquaroh t` run bn èflmo.—Xfo om`n`dams è fobctf mbro bro d`ro nubnmoh, f`wovor. Zfaco saj-

naflmbnt flnbnmabc anmontavos oxast e`r `rjbnazbta`ns t` bh`pt OF\, dbny fbvon`t lombuso è tfo anhustry‑s unaquo om`n`dams. Yravbto ansurbnmo, j`vorn-dont pr`jrbds sumf bs Dohambro bnh Dohambah, bnh tfo rocbtavo anocbstamaty è hodbnh26 e`r fobctf mbro fbvo c`nj cossonoh dbny anstatuta`ns‑ pormoavohnooh t` mfbnjo an jonorbc‘bnh bh`pt OF\ spomaflmbccy.

D`ro`vor, tfo cbmg è summosseuc _.]. hopc`ydonts è OF\ dbgos dbny oxomutavos wbry. Bsaho er`d tfo m`st è bh`ptanj OF\, lrobmf è m`nflhontabc

pors`nbc fobctf rom`rhs soods cago b poreomtcy robs`nblco robs`n t` p`stp`noats bh`pta`n. X` tfas onh, Yrosahont @lbdb‑s $21 lacca n obrdbrg an tfo <991staducus pcbn e`r fobctf ane`rdbta`n tomfn`c`jy (FAX)21 bttodpts t` bhhrosstfo wahosprobh anstatuta`nbc rocumtbnmo è `rjbnazbta`ns t` bh`pt OF\.

26An sadpco Onjcasf, ocbstam hodbnh as vory sonsatavo t` pramo. Ae Laj Dbms lom`do t`òxponsavo, tfon must`dors wacc `mg t` Lurjor Ganj. M`nvorsocy, jbs fbs b rocbtavocy anocbstam hodbnh bnh bcwbys wacc fbvo untac ocomtram mbrs lom`do d`ro provbcont.21]oo fttp;//mos<929.hajatbcfobctfsuddat.m`d/anhox.pfp0`pta`n4m`d dylc`j&sf`w 4

]taducus-Ybmgbjo-M`ntbans-21-Lacca`n-e`r-Fobctf-Ane`rdbta`n-Xomfn`c`jy-Xocofob-ctf.ftdc&Atodah4?.



<9 Antr`humta`n, Lbmgjrùnh, bnh Hoflnata`ns

Yorfbps @lbdb‑s mbrr`t bc`nj watf pulcam prossuro t` rohumo fobctf mbrooxponhaturos (tfo stamg) wacc focp bttbmg anstatuta`nbc rosastbnmo t` mfbnjoan fobctf mbro. @no tfanj, f`wovor, as mortban; F`spatbcs bnh h`mt`rs tfbtodlrbmo OF\ wacc robcazo on`rdùs lonoflts er`d jànj hajatbc‘anmrobsohpr`flts bnh oeflmaonmaos, rohumoh m`sts bnh orr`rs, sbvoh cavos, bnh s` e`rtf.Dbny murrontcy h`n‑t unhorstbnh f`w t` summosseuccy bh`pt tfoso tomfn`c`-jaos. Xfoy h`n‑t gn`w f`w t` flnh `pp`rtunataos an tfo mfb`s.

An b nutsfocc, tfbt as tfo `lkomtavo è tfas l``g.

]uddbry

Bs b jonorbc ruco, sona`r dbnbjors an rasg-bvorso `rjbnazbta`ns locaovo tfbt

–ae at ban‑t lr`go, h`n‑t flx at.— Ovon loe`ro tfo Jrobt \omossa`n, tfosohomasa n dbgors woro cagocy t` dbantban tfoar `rjbnazbta`ns‑ cojbmy sys-tods, trbhata`nbc sètwbro brmfatomturos, bnh èton-bntaqubtoh bppcambta`nse`r tfo e`rosooblco euturo. Xfoso cbjjbrhs bvàh‘`r, bt tfo vory cobst,p`stp`no‘mfbnjo anmrobsanjcy bt tfoar `wn porac.

Bs ]bb], LA, bjaco hovoc`pdont, mcùh m`dputanj, bnh tfo cago dbturobnh lusanoss prossuros antonsaey, d`st `rjbnazbta`ns wacc n` c`njor fbvo tfocuxury è dbantbananj b wbat-bnh-soo bppr`bmf watf rojbrh t` uppanj tfoarAX bnto. Xforo bro b nudlor è robs`ns e`r tfas ovontubc sfaet;

▩ ]ona`r dbnbjors wacc n`t lo blco t` hasdass tfo mbrr`ts èeoroh ly tfosonow tomfn`c`jaos; anmrobsoh rovonuo, ann`vbta`n, bnh m`st sbvanjs.

▩ Xfo stamgs è n`t usanj tfod wacc lo t`` sajnaflmbnt t` ajn`ro; `rjbnazb-ta`nbc homcano, c`ss è dbrgot sfbro bnh pr`flts, bnh p`ssalco oxtanmta`n.

▩ Xfo obso è bh`ptanj tfod wacc nojbto nbysbyors‑ dban brjudont; –N``no ocso as hànj at.—

X`jotfor, tfoso tfroo robcataos bro bcrobhy spbrganj tfo quosta`n an dbny pr`jrossavo `rjbnazbta`ns; –]fùch wo m`nsahor usanj tfoso now tomfn`c`-

jaos0— Anmrobsanjcy, tfas quory wacc lo ropcbmoh ly b haeeoront sot è quosta`ns;

▩ Zfbt bro tfo m`sts bnh lonoflts è usanj tfod0▩ Zfbt mbn tfoy h` e`r ùr `rjbnazbta`n0▩ F`w mbn wo oeeomtavocy uso tfod0▩ F`w mbn wo bvàh dbganj tfo dastbgos tfbt `tfors fbvo dbho0

Xfas l``g onhobv`rs t` bnswor tfas cbttor sot è quosta`ns.

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The Next Wave of Technologies - Chapter 1