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Please do not destroy or throw away this publication. If you have no further use for it write to the Geological Survey at Washington and ask for a frank to return it
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director
Water-Supply Paper 773 E
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JULY 1935
BY
HOLLISTER JOHNSON
Prepared in cooperation with the Water Power and Control Commissionof the Conservation Department and the Department of
Public Works, State of New York
Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1936 (Pages 233-268)
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1936
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. -------- Price 15 cents
CONTENTS
PageIntroduction......................................................... 233Acknowledgments...................................................... 234Rainfall,............................................................ 235
Causes.......................................................... 235General features................................................ 236Rainfall records................................................ 237
Flood discharges..................................................... 246General features................................................ 246Field work...................................................... 249Office preparation of field data................................ 250Assumptions and computations.................................... 251Flood-discharge records......................................... 255Storage reservoirs.............................................. 264
Damage............................................................... 264Storms and floods in the Suaquehanna River Basin in the vicinity of
Binghamton, N. Y........................................... 265
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page Plate 22. Isohyetal map of New York State showing total rainfall
observed for July 7-8, 1935............................. 23823. A, Salmon Creek at Myers, N. Y., showing force of the
flood waters; B, Inundation from Chenango River, Binghamton, N. Y........................................ 246
24. Slope-area reach on Glen Creek near Townsend, N. Y........ 25225. Slope-area reach on Glen Creek near Watkins Glen, N. Y.... 25226. Map, profile, and sections of slope-area reach on Glen
Creek at Watkins Glen, N. Y............................. 25227. A, B, Typical channels with "n" assumed for each.......... 25228. A, B, Typical channels with "n" assumed for each.......... 25229. Map of New York State showing location of flood
determinations.......................................... 25430. A, Charles Beckwith farm south of Oxford, N. Y., showing
typical damage by stones and gravel transported by smallstreams; B, Stone House farm, near Norwich, N. Y.,showing typical debris carried by small streams......... 264
31. A, Washout of roadbed, Lehigh Valley Railroad; B, New York Central Railroad at Watkins Glen, N. Y., showing high bridge over Glen Creek destroyed during the flood....... 264
32. A, Erie Railroad at Hornell, N. Y., showing roundhouse and equipment buried under flood waters; B, Lackawanna Rail road near Bath, N. Y., showing typical flood conditions. 264
33. A, Taughannock Falls State Park, N. Y., showing destruc tion of road due to inadequacy of bridge to carry flood waters; B, Destruction wrought by flood along Taughan nock Boulevard, Ithaca, N. Y............................ 264
34. A, Cars and trucks marooned and abandoned on floodedhighway, Kanona, N. Y.; B, Road destroyed by gullying, Norwich, N. Y........................................... 264
35. A, Chenango Forks, N. Y*, at junction of Tioughnioga River and Chenango River, showing inadequacy of bridge over Tioughnioga River to carry flood waters; B, Inadequacy of Seneca Street Bridge over Canacadea Creek, Hornell, N. Y., to carry flood debris............................ 264
ill
iv CONTENTS
Plate 36. A, O'Day bouse on Front Street, Binghamton, N. Y., toppling into the flood waters of Chenango River} B, Typical sight wherever the flood struck.............. 264
37. A, Inundation of homes and buildings, Hornell, N. Y.jB, Telephone pole driven through side wall and ceilinginto the second floor of a home on River Street,Hornell, N. Y........................................... 264
38. A, Inoculation of residents against typhoid fever, Hornell, N. Y.; B, Hazardous situation from which three people providentially escaped, Smithville Flats, N. Y.......... 264
Figure 20. Hydrographs of discharge at points in the SusquehannaRiver and Chemung River Basins, N. Y.................... 247
21. Hydrographs of discharge at points in the take Ontario, Delaware River, Esopus Creek, and Schoharie Creek Basins, N. Y............................................ 248
22. Map, profile, and sections of slope-area reach on GlenCreek near Townsend, N. Y............................... 252
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JULY 1935
By Hollister Johnson
INTRODUCTION
A vivid impression of the tragic flood that swept over southern
and central New York July 7 and 8, 1935, is furnished in the following
quotation from the Albany Evening News for December 26, 1935, in which the
outstanding news items of the year were summarized:
Floods leading Empire State news during 1935
As headlines that flashed across front pages in 1935 recede into memory with the passing year, one New York State news story stands out above all others the disastrous July flood in the Southern Tier. Great est news event of the year, it also was one of the biggest stories in' Empire State history-
On Sunday, July 7, sullen clouds hovered motionless above a populace mindful only of vacation plans and escape from oppressive heat. Without warning came torrents of rain sheets of flowing water down grassy hillsides.
Governor Lehman began a tour of the flood zone the following Thursday. The water had receded and he found:
Dead, 43; homeless, hundreds; estimated damage, $25,000,000; devastated, a farm belt 200 miles long, from Hornell to the Gatskill Mountains, 50 to 75 miles wide, from Pennsylvania border to the Mohawk Valley.
State and local health officials quickly controlled a mosquito plague in the wake of the flood; prevented a dreaded outbreak of disease. Trying to undo the damage presented a problem that still remains for 1936 to solve rich farm lands in Southern Tier counties buried under rock and gravel, highways ruined, homes destroyed.
The Geological Survey has no means of checking the accuracy of
the item of estimated damage, but it is evident that this and the other
recorded results mark this flood as a major disaster. Such a disaster can
probably never be completely prevented, but by appropriate control and
protective measures the resulting losses can be greatly reduced. This re
port records information about the very unusual precipitation and the con
sequent flood discharges, which were the most Intense in the history of
the State. The record of rates of flood discharge actually attained
should furnish a basis for more intelligently determining the. magnitude
of floods to be guarded against, both in the region in which these floods
233
234 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936
occurred and In other regions where the Information may be applicable, and
thus tend to reduce flood losses.
A flood-control survey of the flood areas in southern and cen
tral New York has been made under the direction of the Corps of Engineers,
IT. S. Army, and It Is expected that their findings and recommendations on
the problem of flood control In these areas will be presented soon for the
consideration of Congress.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This report was prepared as a part of the regular stream-gaging
work In New York, which is conducted under the direction of Arthur W.
Harrlngton, district engineer, Albany, N. Y., and In cooperation with the
Water Power and Control Commission of the Conservation Department, LIthgow
Osborne, chairman, and Friend P. Williams, secretary, and the Department
of Public Works, Frederick Stuart Greene, superintendent.
The writer was In immediate charge of the collection of field
data, office computations, and the preparation of this report and was
assisted by the members of the district office of the United States
Geological Survey at Albany. The final preparation of the data for the
report was made with the advice and guidance of R. W. Davenport, chief of
the division of water utilization.
Field assistants were furnished by the Flood Control Survey,
Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Capt. Lester W. Rhodes, In charge, and
the New York State Department of Public Works, Hornell division, W. 0.
Dempster, division engineer.
The chapter on the causes of the storm was written by C. L.
MItchell, principal meteorologist, United States Weather Bureau, Washing
ton, D. C.
The discussion of the general features of the storm was written
by John C. Fisher, meteorologist, United States Weather Bureau, Ithaca.
The section on storms and floods in the Susquehanna River Basin
In the vicinity of Blnghamton was abstracted from an unpublished article
by T. E. Reed, meteorologist In charge, and H. K. Gold, observer, United
States Weather Bureau, Binghamton.
Wherever special data have been used, individual acknowledgments
are given at appropriate places in the report.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JOLY 1935 235
RAINFALL
Causes
By C. L. Mitchell
The heavy rains were due, not to any single cause, but to a com
bination of causes. At 8 p.m. July 3 a well-defined disturbance was mov
ing eastward over the Hudson Bay region, and an ill-defined, slow-moving
disturbance over the Rocky Mountain region and the Plains States. At the
same time a mass of polar air had begun to move southward over northern
Canada. During the next 24 hours the northern disturbance had moved
rapidly east-southeastward to the lower St. Lawrence Valley, the western
disturbance had assumed more definite form and was central over South
Dakota, and the polar continental air had overspread the Hudson Bay
region. By the morning of July 5 the center of the northeastern disturb
ance was over the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Dakota disturbance was
over Minnesota and extreme western Ontario, moving northeastward. How
ever, its further advance in that direction was blocked by a wedge of the
polar continental air that had by this time pushed southeastward over
James Bay and northern Ontario. With the center of the northern high-
pressure area still west of Hudson Bay, the disturbance was not merely
blocked in its northeastward movement but was carried along by the
general drift of the upper air toward the east-southeast until the morn
ing of July 7, when the center was near Buffalo, N. Y. Meanwhile the
front of the polar continental air mass, which had reached northern New
England and extreme northern New York by the evening of the 5th, pushed
southward and southwestward, and at 8 p.m. of the 7th this cold front
extended from a point a short distance south of New Haven, Conn., north
westward to Lake Ontario, through or very close to the area over which
excessive rain was then falling and continued to fall through the night.
For the second time the disturbance was blocked, and it made no further
eastward progressj but its center drifted slowly southward during the
next 24 hours and merged with another disturbance that moved northeast
ward from Georgia to the New Jersey coast, where it was centered the
evening of July 8. Owing to this unusual meteorologlc situation a mass
of warm and very moist tropical maritime air moved north-northwestward
over eastern and central New York, while at the same time a mass of
236 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936
polar continental air was moving southeastward over the Lake region and
its front had reached eastern Lake Erie by 8 p.m. of the 7th. The inevi
table result was that for a period of many hours, by the physical pro
cesses of convergence and forced convection, the continuous stream of
tropical maritime air was lifted rapidly} and heavy and prolonged rainfall
occurred over a considerable area, of which Cortland appeared to be the
center. Wherever the tropical maritime air mass was forced to rise over
elevated areas the rainfall was naturally even heavier than over other
sections where the wind was not up-slope.
General features
By John C. Fisher
Past records show that the maximum 1-, 2-, and 3-day rainfalls
for stations in south-central Hew York have been rather evenly divided
between those caused by general fall storms and those caused by summer
thunderstorms.
During the period July 6 to 9, 1935, heavy thunderstorms oc
curred over an area extending from northern Steuben County eastward to
northern Delaware County, and previous records for 24-, 48-, and 72-hour
precipitation were exceeded at all stations.
The records of the Weather Bureau station at Ithaca indicate
that two thunderstorms were observed on the 6th, seven on the 7th, and two
on the 8th. Commonly but one heavy thunderstorm passes over a given lo
cality during a rain period; occasionally a second storm follows closely
the course of the first, before run-off has taken place, and then local
damage frequently occurs. But when a succession of storms continues for
many hours, then great destruction is a foregone conclusion.
As indicated by the isohyetal map, the distribution of rainfall
was unusually uniform for thunderstorm precipitation, but naturally there
was considerable variation in amount. Observations throughout this area
indicate that although a few sections escaped serious damage, in others
the rainfall was undoubtedly much heavier than recorded by any of the
standard gages.
The only tipping-bucket rain gage in the area of maximum rain
fall is located at Ithaca. The record of this gage, which shows the time
of fall of each 0.01 inch, is therefore of considerable interest.
THE HEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JULY 1935 237
Previous records of severe thunderstorms show greater Intensities for all
periods from 5 minutes to 2 hoursj If this record is Indicative of condi
tions throughout the area, the rainfalls were not of the type commonly
characterized as "cloudbursts"; In other words, although the amount of
precipitation falling in 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours exceeded all
previous records, the rate of fall was at no time unprecedented.
Comparison of greatest recorded precipitation, In Inches, for
24-, 48-, and 72-hour periods, at stations In south-central New York
(Prepared by TJ. S. Weather Bureau, Ithaca, N. Y.)
Station
IthacaCortlandNorwichDelhiHasklnvllleOneontaBurdettOvidHammondsport
Length of
record (years)
775729223641333
24-hour
1935
7.907.676.108.523.355.248.507.616.10
Previous
4.705.804.045.712.805.09
_--
48-hour
1935
9.2510.589.078.686.706.71
10.509.848.00
Previous
5.886.474.946.443.615.18
---
72-hour
1935
9.5011.159.569.436.766.94
11.1010.618.47
Previous
5.967.825.256.494.255.26
---
Rainfall records
The dally weather maps of the United States Weather Bureau are
available for those who may wish to study carefully the development and
progress of the July storm. In this report rainfall Is the only meteoro-
loglc feature of the storm that will be presented. The Information con
tained herein has been compiled from sources that are believed to be
reliable, and it Is assembled as a means of preserving a record of this
outstanding storm.
No official records were made of the greatest and most intense
rainfall that occurred. The heaviest rainfall was apparently centered
along an approximately east-west line extending from a point near Hornell,
in Steuben County, to a point near Delhi, in Delaware County. There were
also heavy rains in other more or less isolated sections of the State, as
In the Mohawk Valleyj near Chaumont, Jefferson County; near Glens Falls;
and in certain portions of the Catsklll Mountains.
238 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936
Records of precipitation have been obtained from tlie United
States Weather Bureau and other indicated sources and are shown in the
table of "Daily and maximum 2-day rainfall, in inches." The figures are
the amounts as reported by the observers and are not strictly comparable,
as the times of the observations at the various stations were not simul
taneous. The amount as recorded usually represents the rainfall for the
24-hour period preceding the time of observation. Rainfall measured in
the morning may be recorded under the date of measurement or under the
date of the preceding day. Rainfall occurring during the daylight hours
will probably be recorded under the date of occurrence at a station where
observations are made in the late afternoon but may be recorded under the
date of occurrence or under the date of the following day at a station
where observations are made in the early morning.
The records at the stations having automatic rain gages indi
cate that most of the precipitation that caused the flood occurred during
a 24-hour period commencing generally in the late afternoon of July 7.
Because of variations in the methods of the observers in recording their
measurements, and the fact that the period of the storm covered parts of
two observation periods, it is believed that the recorded maximum 2-day
rainfall represents very closely the rainfall which generally caused the
flood and a large part of which probably occurred within a period of
about 24 hours. The isohyetal map on plate 22, prepared by John 0.
Fisher, meteorologist, United States Weather Bureau, Ithaca, shows the
total rainfall recorded under the dates of July 7 and 8 at stations re
porting to the United States Weather Bureau at Ithaca. Supplemental
measurements of the rainfall made after the storm indicate that a much
heavier precipitation than that shown on the map probably occurred over
a large area.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL ST7EVBT
60°
WATEB-StJPPLY PAPEB 773 PLATE 22
79 78° 77°76
ISOHYETAL MAP OF NEW YORK STATE SHOWING TOTAL RAINFALL OBSERVED FOR JULY 7-8, 1935.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JULY 1935 239
Daily and maximum 2-day rainfall, in inches
Station
Western Plateau
AlfredAllegany State ParkAnd overAngelicaArnot (a)Caneadea DamElmiraFranklinvilleHaskinvilleLost Nation Brook (b)OleanScioWoodhull
Great Lakes
BrockportBuffaloFredoniaHerringsJamestownLewis tonLinden ( c )LockportOswegoRochesterSouth WalesStaffordWatertown
Central Lakes
AuburnAvonBaldwinsville (c)Brewerton (c)Bristol Springs (d)Burdett (d)Canastota (d)C ayuga ( c )Cleveland (c)Clyde (c)DansvilleFulton (c)GenevaHammond sport (d)HemlockIthacaLetchworth ParkLocke ( d )Macedon (c)Mays Point (c)Newark ( c )New London (c)Ovid (d)Penn YanShortsvllleSkaneatelesSyracuseWaterloo (c)Williamstown (d)
County
AlleganyCattaraugusAlleganyAlleganySchuylerAlleganyChemungCattaraugusSteubenAlleganyC attaraugusAlleganySteuben
MonroeErieChautauquaJeffersonChautauquaNiagaraGeneseeNiagaraOswegoMonroeErieGeneseeJefferson
CayugaLivings tonOnondagaOnondagaOntarioSchuylerMadisonCayugaOswegoWayneLivings tonOswegoOntarioSteubenLivings tonTompkinaWyomingCayugaWayneSenecaWayneOneidaSenecaYatesOntarioOnondagaOnondagaSenecaOswego
July
6
_-0.02.26--.30-.06----
_T_.40.-__.31.13__.47
.15T__-.60.22_.06_
1.11-.16__
1.12___..02____.20.19_-
7
0.16.80
3.38.72.40.24.10.97*1.19-.10.42
.17__
1.70-.20
1.25.38.55
2.13.35.73.84
.44
.25
.12
.211.292.001.79.08
2.30.14
1.00.09.82
1.90.75
3.62.25
1.232.30.16.98.60
2.231.252.00.84
2.05.25.27
8
5.58.11
2.693.391.98.87.56.33
6.70.08
1.933.851.55
.04
.28
.09
.12
.33
.021.08.12.63.08_.91.09
.90
.052.906.823.708.501.14.98.48
1.183.692.801.416.10.38
4.60.51
3.47.70.87
1.093.057.614.08.64.63
1.251.541.73
9
0.24-.28
1.691.14.75
1.00.10_.28.09.69.38
__.35TT_.01.58.08.08_.15
.29
.15
.35
.461.20.60.42
1.23.12.74.68.15.07.47.07.26
1.30.78_.70.20
1.42.77_
2.181.36.13.85.29
10
0.66-.51_.47.07.11.28.95.02.24_.11
__.01_-__-_-_.24
.011.87.07.06.04-.05.22_.76_.12.22.28.02.04.15.60.04.26.01.20.23.10.03.01T.04.09
Maximum 2-day
5.82.91
6.075.083.121.621.561.306.701.282.024.541.97
.21
.28
.092.10.33.22
2.33.50
1.212.34.35
1.641.51
1.342.023.257.284.99
10.502.932.212.781.924.692.952.238.001.138.221.814.703.001.572.074.479.845.332.821.993.302.392.02
a Record furnished by IT. S. Soil Conservation Service.b Record furnished by TJ. S. Geological Survey.c Record furnished by New York State Department of Public Works.d Record furnished by Oswego River Watershed Co.
240 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936
Daily and maximum 2-day rainfall, in inches Continued
Station
Eastern Plateau
BalribridgeBinghamtonCold Spring Brook (b)Coopers townCortlandDelhiDeRuyter ( o )Franklin (e)Honk FallsJeffersonvilleLeonardsville (b)Mat amor as, Pa.MorrisvilleNorwichOneontaPort JervisRoxburySage Brook (b)Shackham Brook (b)Sharon Springs (2)SherburneSusquehanna, Fa.Warwick
Mohawk Valley
C ana joharle ( c )DeltaDolgevilleEphratah (f)Frankfort ( c )GloversvilleHinckley (c)Inghams Mills (f)Jacks onburg (c)Little Falls (l)Little Falls (2)Pecks Pond (f)SalisburySchenectady (g)Scotia (c)Sharon Springs (1)Sprite (f)Stewart's Landing (f)TabergTrenton FallsTribes HillUticaVerf Klll((h)
Northern Plateau
Beaver FallsBennett's Bridge (i)Big Moos*BonaparteBoonvilleColtonCopenhagenEagle Falls
County
ChenangoBroomeDelawareOtsegoCortlandDelawareMadisonDelawareUlsterSullivanMadisonPikeMadisonChenangoOtsegoOrangeDelawareChenangoCortlandSchoharieChenangoSusquehannaOrange
MontgomeryOne IdaHerkimerFultonHerkimerFultonOne IdaHerkimerHerkimerHerkimerHerkimerFultonHerkimerSchenectadySchenectadySchoharieFultonFultonOne IdaOne IdaMontgomeryOne IdaSchenectady
LewisOswegoHerkimerLewisOn* IdaSt. LawrenceLewlaLewis
July
6
..0.27.07-_T.T___-.02.11-.25.09.31
1.39.22---
_____T__-____-_.12_..02.46__.38
-.41__.05-T
7
«0.071.48.84
1.70_.98.69
5.10.04.69-
3.042.971.47.40.87
2.122.252.50.32-.11
.59
.25
.80
.37
.621.90.74.31.21.82.21-
2.05.49
2.503.21.53.79.01
1.85.96.06
1.80
1.251.40.80.64.25.01
4.022.13
8
4.101.021.704.497.678.522.256.501.00.53
2.05.08
2.506.105.242.291.854.552.101.653.56.58-
2.423.154.872.762.652.101.604.232.843.354.025.993.202.01T.96
4.105.962.501.453.633.28.64
1.00.61.76
2.051.851.90.17
1.19
9
1.25.31.57.13
1.78.16.86
1.27.31.86
1.312.86.17.49.23.75.34.22.46.09
1.022.22.19
.402.101.62.11.82.16.96
1.58.90.20
1.90.18.16.56.59.07
1.373.03.30.22.30.15.16
.16
.12
.36
.51
.55
.65
.07
.20
10
0.21.22.02
1.06.39.75_.37.05.42.51.28.43.11.18.06.53.09.08.74.19.40.11
_.21-.19.29.31.59.26.29.52.33.14.34.34.36.67.13.17.18.12.20.04-
.031.61--.30.37
.49
Maximum 2-day
5.351.383.595.339.458.683.237.776.101.393.363.145.549.076.713.042.726.804.944.154.582.80.30
3.015.256.493.133.474.002.565.813.744.175.926.175.252.572.504.295.478.992.803.304.593.432.44
2.252.011.562.692.402.554.193.32
b Record furnished by U. S. Geological Surveyc Record furnished by New York State Department of Public Works.e Record furnished by Arthur Bennettf Record furnished by New York Light and Power do.g Record furnished by Sanitary Engineer, City of Schenectady, N. Y.h Record furnished by Malcolm L. Fisher, Scotia, N. Y.1 Record furnished by Niagara-Hudson Corporation.
THE MEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1935 241
Dally and maximum 2-day rainfall, in inches Continued
Station
Northern Plateau-Cont.
GabrielsHoffmeisterHopeIndian LakeLake Placid GlutLowvilleLyons Pal laMeKeeverNorth LakeRaquette LakeSabattlsSouth EdwardsSperryvilleStillwater ReservoirTupper LakeWanakena
Hudson Valley
Adams, Mass, (f)AlbanyBedford HillsBoyd 1 s CornersCairoCarmelConklingvilleFeeder Dam (f)GlenhamGreenfleld CenterHigh FallsJohns onville (f)MechanicvilleMohonk LakeMount McGregorNorth Creek (f )Oak Hill (h)PoughkeepsieRiftonSchaghticoke (f)Schuylerville (c)Southeast ReservoirSpier FallsVoorheesvilleWaldenWapplngers FallsWarrensburg (f)West Point
Atlantic Coast
BridgehamptonCutchogueFlushingHickavilleMount VernonNew York CityScarsdaleSetauket
County
FranklinHamiltonHamiltonHamiltonEssexLewisLewisHerkimerHerkimerHamiltonHamiltonSt. LawrenceLewisHerkimerFranklinSt . Lawrence
BerkshireAlbanyWestchesterPutnamGreenePutnamSaratogaSaratogaPut chessSaratogaUlsterRensselaerSaratogaUlsterSaratogaWarrenGreeneDutches sUlsterRennsselaerSaratogaPutnamSaratogaAlbanyOrangeDutches sWarrenOrange
SuffolkSuffolkQueensNassauWestchesterNew YorkWestchesterSuffolk
July
6
___
1.00.10.50....10.20_
1.20_...61.48
.01T_.40-.28_
1.61______.43_»_._ .06...36-
1.45T-.05
_--____-
7
0.092.32.58.54.52
1.821.19.58.96.50.36
2.Y9.77
1.29.80
1.21
1.032.08_.42
2.48.18
4.731.37_
2.801.951.37.95.30
4.YO.98
2.35.33.40
1.504.53.16
5.10-.06.01
3.40T
_-T__T.-
8
0.141.002.301.03.70.06
1,811.461.37,70.60.01
1.82.90.13.13
2.59.59.38.17
3.52.18.70
5.00.10
2.00.20
1.741.89.58
2.871.00.35.25.34
1.67.24.35
2.952.39.25.09
3.53.24
.01
.01-_.12.03.05.02
9
0.271.141.091.30.11.26.28.94.13.12.33.50.10.23.33.12
.05
.06
.32
.48
.28
.28
.151.57.22.05.10_.27.43.85
1.33.95.23.10_.08.25.24.55.21.36
2.02.30
.881.25.36.18.48.62.26.60
10
0.11.24.18.14_.06.45.45.33.18__
1.16.21.03.05
.06
.46
.47
.06
.05
.01_.19.30.30-.06.29.01.42.17.12-.07.10T.04.34.32<-T.15.28
T-.12.19.43.30.37-
Maximum 2-day
0.413.323.392.331.222.323.002.402.331.20.96
3.992.592.191.411.69
3.622.67.79.82
6.00.46
5.436.67.52
4.802.163.112.841.017.572.332.70.68.74
3.174.77.60
8.052.941.51.45
6.93.58
.891.26.48.37.91.92.63.62
b Record furnished by U. S. Geological Surrey.c Record furnished by New York State Department of Public Works.f Record furnished by New York Light and Power Co.
242 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936
Daily and maximum 2-day rainfall, in inches Continued
Station
Champlain Valley
Ashley (f)ChazyDannemoraPort Henry (f)Smith's Basin (c)Whitehall (c)Willaboro
St. Lawrence Valley
Alexandria BayCantonChasm PallsLawrencevilleOgdensburg
County
WashingtonClintonClintonEssexWashingtonWashingtonEssex
JeffersonSt . LawrenceFranklinSt . LawrenceSt. Lawrence
July
6
0.40-__
1.11.95-
__.04_-
7
0.68--.10
4.093.72.13
1.081.32.60
1.36.64
8
3.42.05.35.93
1.58.23
1.07
.03
.41
.20
.08
.18
9
0.23.34.30.68.02.05.08
.26
.49
.02
.32
.23
10
0.12T.05.64--.13
1.18T.35.02.18
Maximum 2-day
4.10.39.65
1.615.674.671.20
1.441.73.80
1.44.82
c Record furnished by New York State Department of Public Works, f Record furnished by New York Light and Power Co.
The table of "Hourly rainfall, in inches" shows the rainfall
aa recorded by automatic rain gages at nine stations in or near the main
storm area. Unfortunately, none of these gages were within the area of
the most intense precipitation, and therefore they did not furnish in
formation on what actually took place in that area. That at least 12
to 14 inches of rain fell in 12 to 16 hours is indicated by the amounts
of rainfall measured in open receptacles after the storm.
Hourly rainfall.in inches
Arnot, N. Y.
tion Service
U. S. Geol. Surrey
IT. S. Weather Bureau
IT. S. Geol. Surrey
Truxton, B. T. U. S. Seol. Surrey
U. S. Weather Bureau
Sebuyler 6
8 9
8 9
8 9
8 9
7
8
7 8 9
7 8 9
1
.10
.01
.03
.17
1.20 .01
.01
*.81
*.04 .12 .03
.10
.02
2
0.21 .01
.01
.01
1.12 T
T
*.80
*.03 .12 .03
.07
.03
3
0.03 .03
T
.03
.45
.01
T 08
*.66
*.05 .08 .03
.06
4
0.03 .06
.01T
.39
.25 I
.01
.24
*.03 .08 .02
.10
5
0.03
T T
.02
.32 T
-
.26
*.03 .12 .02
.04
A
6
0.25
T .01
.03
.04
.03
-
*.03 .08 .01
.04
H.
7
0.11 .02
.06
.01
.01
.02
.01-ft!
-
.04
*.03 .03 .02
.01T
8
0.10
..04
.02
.10
.04
.m
-
.02
*.02 .02 .02
.02T
9
-
0.18 .04
.38
.05
.-
-
.26
.03
.01
.01T
10
0.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.15
-
.12
.03
T .03 T
11
0.15 .16
T
.06
.01
.24
-
.05
.05
.04
-
12
0.15
.14
.02
.12
.01
.14
.02
.05
.24
.04
.02
1
0.01
T T
.10
.03
2.09
.07
.04
.03
.10T
2
-
T
.01
.17
T
*.24
.06
.64 T T
3
0.02
.01
T
-
*.56
.04
.25
.03T
4
0.09
.01
.02
T .02
.05
.16
-
-
.25
.06
.03
.97 TT
5
0.01
.01
T .07
.02
T
-
*.16 .40 .02
.07
.03
.01
P.
6
.47
.01
T .02
.04
.12
-
*.12 .20 .03
.01
.17
.02
H.
7
0.11 .01
.07
.02
.04
.12
-
*.06 .06 .01
.18
.01
8
.03
.03
.13T
DO
.01
«iz
.07
-
*.28 .10 .01
T .10 .01
9
0.05
.09
38
-
.01 i'
-
* 83-
*.28 .06 .01
T .08 .01
10
.11
.04
T
-
.03
*.28 .04 .01
T .04 .01
11
0.22
.12
.30
T
.16
*.28 .06 .01
T .02 .01
12
0.06
.02
.05
.17
.01
.18
*.28 .04 .01
.07 T I
* Estimated, gage sticking. Total oaten during estimated periods is correct.
244 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936
Field observations of results of erosion and washouts indicate
that amounts of rainfall as great as those indicated in the following
table, if not greater, may have occurred over a considerably larger area
than is covered by these all too few but very significant measurements.
Rainfall measured in open receptacles after the storm
(Furnished by U. S. Soil Conservation Service, Bath, N. Y.)
Location
Latitude42°31'00"42°18'30"42018 '30"42021' 30"42°22»45n
42°21'45n42033' 45"42031' 30"42019' 00"42025«20n
42030 '15"
42038*00"42036 '00n42024' 45"42030 «00n42021 '30n42°18'15n42ol7i30n42017 1 34"
Longitude77028 '20"77°30 '40"77°25'18"77°29 '20"77017 «oo"77°18'45"77022 '30"77021 '25"77024 '45"77034'00"
77029 '30"
77°33 '20"77031 «30»77°13»30"77°31»45"77023'45"77°23'30"77°24'00"77022 '55"
Res ident ' s name
J. SchultzMrs. McKinleyHerbert FordMr. WagnerNew York StateFish Hatchery
H. W. HobbsJ. F. ClelandB. F. EdmondsS. DobbinHaskinville Station,W. G. CollinsSoil ConservationWarehouse, Cohocton
Mr. BaileyMr. GibsonHammondsportB. Van VlakeMr. ChamberlainR. DobbinsT. W. MillerEd Pent on
Rainfall, July 7-8, 1935
Inches
78.212±8±9.5
6,1±8±7.0
14±6.Y
6.7
86.58.099.512 ±11 ±14±
Time (hours)
1412123616
14*16161216
16
2424161216161616
The measurements in the above table were all made in the
vicinity of Bath. The following few miscellaneous measurements of preci
pitation in open receptacles indicate that the storm was probably equally
intense in other localities.
Hector, N. Y. - "The total fall observed from 5 p.m. Saturday, July 6, to 7 a.m. Monday, July 8, was 14.23 inches. Ten inches of this amount fell during the 12-hour period ending at 7 a.m. Monday, July 8. **# About a mile east of Hector and at an elevation of about 300 to 400 feet higher I found a reliable farmer who was astonished to find that more than 10 inches of rain was contained in his chicken-feed pail, which he was accustomed to set out on the ground in an open spot between the barn and house after feeding in the evening Just before dark. This was on the morning of Monday, July 8." This quotation is from a letter by T. B. Reed, meteorologist. United States Weather Bureau, Binghamton, who was spending his vacation at Hector at the time of the storm.
Watkins Glen, N. Y. - About 6 miles northwest, near Hallos Corners, a farmer left a straight-sided cream pail in an open place in .his yard about noon on Sunday, .July 7, and on Monday morning he noted that it was filled with water up to the rivets fastening the handles on the pail. The writer measured this depth to be 7 inches, which the .farmer stated was caught between noon July 7 and 9 a.m. July 8.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JULY 1935 245
Ithaca, N. Y. - "At one place about 6 miles west and 5 miles north from Ithaca a can with straight sides showed a rainfall of approxi mately 9 inches for the Sunday night rain previous to the peak of the flood. At a point about a mile west of the south end of Cayuta Lake a farmer told me that a IQ-quart pail which was empty the night before was full and overflowing the next morning. Near Odessa another man had a milk bottle out which was full of water." From letter of J. P. Wells, consult ing engineer, Rochester, N. Y.
Freeville, N. Y. - Albert B. Genung states that a straight-sided 5-gallon paint pail used to water his flowers was left empty In the garden on Sunday and found overflowing on Monday morning.
Rochester was the only automatic rain-gage station to have
record-breaking Intensities for periods less than 2 hours. In the hour
ending at 1 p.m. July 7 the gage recorded 0.91 Inch In 10 minutes, 1.25
Inches in 15 minutes and 1.98 Inches in 30 minutes. The maximum amounts
previously recorded were 0.78 Inch In 10 minutes, 0.99 Inch In 15 minutes,
and 1.70 Inches In 30 minutes.
The following notes extracted from reports of cooperative ob
servers of the United States Weather Bureau tell In the observers' own
words the unusual Intensity of this storm;
Alfred, N. Y. - J. Nelson Norwood, president Alfred University: "The terrific rain (Indicated 5.58 Inches) came during the night of July 7 and the morning of July 8. *## The heaviest came between midnight and 7 o'clock in the morning, with Intervals of little or no rain. Between 8 o'clock on Sunday evening and 8 o'clock on Monday morning the rain had amounted to 5.2 Inches. The heaviest rains previously recorded here were In July 1920, when In the course of a regular tornado 3i inches of rain came In 4 hours, and the other was In 1890, when a 24-hour rain amounted to 4.34 Inches. The streams at this height in the foothills of the Allegheny Mountains are mere creeks and most of the time have little or no water in them. They simply overflowed their banks and did terrific damage In the lower levels."
Gortland, N. Y. - Fred H. Crook: "Heaviest single shower In Gortland Monday, July 8, at 4:30, brought 1^- inches In less than 30 minutes."
Delhi, N. Y. - H. L. Smith: "6 p.m. Sunday, July 7, until 4 a.m. Monday morning 8.1 Inches of rain fell. It came down In torrents. I never experienced such a downpour In my life."
Ovid, N. Y. - "For the week before July 6 there had been very little rainfall. Saturday night, July 6, about 8 p.m. a heavy rain be gan and lasted about 1 hour, during which time 2.23 Inches fell. Sun day, July 7, In the afternoon there were several thundershowers, the main parts of which went around us. Sunday night, July 7, there were thunder- showers all night. The greatest amount of rain fell between 3:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. of Monday. During this time about 6 Inches fell. Between 3:00 a.m. and 4:00 a.m. the rain fell In virtual sheets a cloudburst. I would estimate that during this hour about 5 inches fell."
Sharon Springs, N. Y. - W. M. Kllng: "Fury of storm so great Sunday that rain dashing horizontally makes It certain that rainfall much greater than measurement." 3.21 Inches of rainfall'was recorded between 6:30 and 7:20 p.m. on Sunday, July 7.
246 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936
FLOOD DISCHARGES
General features
A series of extraordinarily severe thunderstorms during the night
of July 7 and the morning of July 8, 1935, speedily brought many small
streams to destructive heights before the inhabitants could realize the
seriousness of the situation in which they were caught. Consequently, many
people were drowned or narrowly escaped with their lives, and there was
generally no time for the protection of property, where that would have
been possible.
The most Intense run-off occurred along an east-west line extend
ing from Hornell, on the Canisteo River, to Oxford, on the Chenango River,
or generally along the boundary between the Susquehanna River Basin and the
Finger Lakes or Oswego River Basin. There were notable floods of less in
tensity near Chaumont, Jefferson County; in certain portions of the Mohawk
Valley; on upper Schoharie Creek; on the Saw Kill near Kingston; on upper
Esopus Creek; on the West Branch of the Delaware River near Delhi and
Walton; and on Ouleout Creek in Delaware County.
Fortunately, the storm was confined to a comparatively narrow
strip, which cut generally across the upper sources of main streams in
stead of extending longitudinally along any of them, as seemingly might
have been possible. Had the latter occurred it is a matter of conjecture
as to what greater heights the main streams might have reached. The addi
tional damage would undoubtedly have been enormous.
The precipitous hillsides characteristic of many drainage basins,
the steep slopes of the small streams, the narrowness of the valleys, the
inability of the soil to absorb and store the rainfall, and the severity
of the thunderstorms all contributed to the very rapid concentration and
intensity of the run-off and to the severity of the destruction wrought by
the small streams. Evidence of the almost incredible force of the rushing
waters of these smaller streams is shown in plate 23,A.
On the larger streams the flatter slopes and broader valleys
caused the flood waters to assume less destructive velocities and to over
flow the banks, thus causing less spectacular but very real loss by inun
dation as shown in plate 23,B.
Figures 20 and 21 show the flood hydrographs based upon records
of stage at principal gaging stations in the flood area.
TJ. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPEE 773 PLATE 23
A. SALMON CREEK AT MYERS. N. Y., SHOWING FORCE OF THE FLOOD WATERS.
Courtesy of "The News, New York's picture newspaper."
B. INUNDATION FROM C11ENANGO RIVER, RINGHAMTON, N. Y.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1935
160,000
140,000
July 8 July 9 July 10 July 11 July 12 July 13
Figure 20.-Hydrographs of discharge at points in the Susquehanna River and Chenung River Basins, N. Y.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936
25,000
20,000
§ 15,000
10,000
5,000
g 15,000
10,000
ra 5,000
25,000
20,000
a 15,000
10,000
5,000
Schoharie Creek at Prattaville, N.Y.
236 sq. mi.
Schoharie Creek at Middleburg, H.Y
532 sq. mi.
July 7 July 8 July 9 July 10 July 11 July 12 figure SI.-Hydrographs of discharge at points in the Lake Ontario, Delaware River, Esopus Creek, and Schoharie Creek Basins, H. Y.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JULY 1935 249
Unfortunately, within the areas of extraordinarily intense flood
run-off there were no regular gaging stations at which intense discharges
were recorded. Consequently, it has been necessary to obtain information
of these discharges largely from special field surveys. The results ob
tained are valuable, but, no matter how painstakingly obtained in the field
and how carefully interpreted, they cannot approach in accuracy and com
pleteness the data that might have been obtained at regularly established
stream-gaging stations.
As the most intense discharges occurred largely on the smaller
streams in a widespread area, it was desirable to make many determinations
of the flood discharges by the best available methods in order to insure
comprehensive information over the flood area.
Field work
Obstacles met in obtaining funds for the work delayed the start
of the field activity until September 18. The writer, with an official
car, was detailed from the district office of the United States Geological
Survey at Albany, N. Y., to the field work, which was completed November 1.
Field assistants were furnished by the Flood Control Survey, Corps of Engi
neers, U. S. Army, and by the New York State Department of Public Works.
A thorough reconnaissance of the flood area was first made by
driving over the roads, walking up and down the streams where necessary,
and selecting places on the streams at which it was believed satisfactory
determinations of the flood discharge could be made from the evidence of
the stages of the water surface, slopes, and other pertinent data. Suffi
cient data were obtained in the field to allow the computation of the
flood discharge by one or more methods dependent upon established hy
draulic formulas and experience in their application. From these data
were made 55 determinations of flood discharge 26 by the slope-area
method, 22 over dams, 3 over falls, 1 through drops, and 3 through culverts.
In selecting a reach of channel at which a slope-area determina
tion of discharge was to be made, the following factors were considered
and the best possible selection made:
Stralghtness of channel.Length of reach.Uniformity of cross section and slope.Absence of trees, brush, and other obstructions.Permanence of channel during flood.Approach and get-away conditions.Quality and quantity of high-water marks.
56635 O 36 2
250 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936
At each site of a slope-area measurement a stadia survey was made,
locating high-water marks on each bank for a considerable distance above
and below the reach. Cross sections were taken across the flood channel at
each end of the reach} on certain streams an additional cross section was
taken near the center of the reach. Great care was exercised in the selec
tion of the high-water marks, to insure that they represented the water sur
face and not an energy grade line of the stream, as indicated by the height
to which waves had washed or drift had been thrown. For this reason high-
water marks on the ground, where wave action and run-up were believed to
be a minimum, were generally selected in preference to high-water marks on
trees and bushes as defined by debris, which may have been carried up by
wave action or by the velocity of the current to a level above the prevail
ing water surface.
In selecting dams, falls, drops, or culverts only those were con
sidered whose crests, profiles, and cross sections were sufficiently regu
lar to allow their characteristics of discharge to be satisfactorily de
fined by formulas and coefficients whose applicability to similar struc
tures had been determined by previous investigations. At such sites suffi
cient high-water marks were taken nearby to define the head on the crests
or openings. The structures were measured, and sufficient data were ob
tained for determining profiles and cross sections at the highest flood
stage. The presence of possible backwater or submergence from below was
investigated. Notes on conditions affecting the velocity of approach
were made.
Photographs were generally taken at each point of measurement,
and notes were made as to the character of the bed and banks of the chan
nels and any other conditions that might be pertinent to a particular
measurement.
Office preparation of field data
The data obtained in the field were plotted, and for most
measurements the following sheets of data were made and checked!
1. A map or sketch to scale, showing layout of channels, structures, etc., with relative location of high-water marks.
2. A longitudinal profile showing the location of the high- water marks from which was determined the water-surface slope of the stream or the head on the structures.
THE HEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1935 251
3* Cross sections of the channels and of the structures through or over which the water flowed.
4. For the slope-area measurements, sheets with the computation of the area and hydraulic radius of each section.
Assumptions and computations
The application of formulas and coefficients used in the computa
tion of the flood flows was made with a full appreciation of the limita
tions of scientific knowledge of the behavior of streams under unusually
extreme conditions, such as those of the July flood, and is believed to be
consistent with good engineering judgment. Many of the streams undoubtedly
carried enormous quantities of debris. The effect of this debris upon the
applicability of the laws and formulas generally accepted as governing the
flow of water is problematic. The same statement applies to the effects
of sediment, entrained air, turbulence, excessive slopes and velocities,
and other factors, which occurred in a degree far outside the field of
ordinary experiment and experience. In an unpublished manuscript Harold
C. Troxell, associate engineer, United States Geological Survey, describes
the enormous debris movement that occurred during the flood of January 1,
'1934, in La Canada Valley, near Los Angeles, Calif. There the debris ap
parently moved downstream in a succession of waves, at velocities much
slower than the water velocities, first filling up the stream channel and
then being scoured out, creating unstable channel conditions that made it
almost impossible to determine the discharge of water with any degree of
accuracy. The field investigations in the New York flood area disclosed
no evidence that the debris movements during the flood of July 1935 were
generally similar to those described by Mr. Troxell. Consequently it is
believed that, through the reaches selected for the determination of flood
discharge, the debris moved downstream in such a manner as to cause very
little if any reduction in apparent area or water capacity of the channels.
For the purposes of this report it has been assumed that the water surface
of the streams was represented by the high-water marks indicated on the
banks, that the channels as surveyed had remained substantially unchanged
throughout the flood, and that the flow conformed to the laws of the flow
of water expressed by the formulas selected for the determination of the
particular flood discharge. The results thus obtained are believed to be
in the most useful form and of such value in the planning of flood-
252 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HXDROLOSY, 1936
101.5
98B '°
95,5 94.7 93.8 Section B J --
-98-r-
0 20 40 60 80 100 Feet
Elevation of high-water marks shown, in feet, 105.0
Sketch Hap
H O if»
H O P3
100 200 300 Feet along center of channel
Profile of high-water marks
400
106
Section A
0^--^, 94.7 T\
92.6 14~~~~-
88.6 25 3( W^ 5§~
Water surf
3 36T wm i
ace 94.7
42 5 567E WT
J&792 «
3 56JS S776
- ^^8^
3 93.6.0
A= 387WP= 76
R= 5.1
- -"^9°
95.6
sq. ft. ft.
.0 ft.
100
Section B
Figure 22.-Map, profile, and sections of slope-area reach on Glen Creek near Townsend, N. Y.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 24
SLOPE-AREA REACH ON GLEN CREEK NEAR TOWNSEND, N. Y.
Looking upstream. Section B was taken about 50 feet above the falls, and section A was taken upstream, above the highway bridge. The bed of the creek at section A was com posed chiefly of coarse gravel with a short section of ledge rock. At section B the bed of the creek was flat, smooth shale. The right bank of the creek was shale of fairly regular section. The left bank was coarse stone and dirt and fairly uniform. Both banks contained brush and trees, which were generally above the high-water line. The falls shown in the picture were 8 to 10 feet high and were not submerged from below during the flood. The channel through the section has a slight curvature to the left.
IT. g. GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATK 25
SLOPE-AREA REACH ON GLEN CREEK NEAR WATKINS GLEN, N. Y.Looking downstream. Section A was taken in the foreground of the picture. Section B was
taken at the bend wr aere the man is standing. Section C was taken near the end of the bare rock showing on the right bank. The bed of the creek was smooth, flat shale covered in spots by medium-sized gravel. Both banks were rock, steep, and, although rough, rela tively uniform. There were no trees below the high-water line. About 75 feet below section C there was a falls 10 to 12 feet high. There was no indication of submergence of the falls from below during the flood.
tT. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 778 PLATE 26
105.8
Section A - JS* 4
95.2otion
102.9 96.0
100200
98.5
104.5
Elevation of high-water marks shown In feet, 104.5
300 |* "~~""" ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ "" f~
105.3 105.2 (104.0
-f-400
Glen Creek
500 600
__ . H - 1200 p 15001^ .140^-4 " "-00 I *'-!{,,w°° _ - """" ,""""" ~"~ wi - ^-.
__ _ 91.2i
700 800
Section B -»| 99.6
0 20 40 60 80 100 Feet
Sketch Map
80
105
Section A 900 1000 Feet along center of channel Profile of High VZater Marks
1100
100
90
A= 1136 sq.ft WP= 95 ft. R= 12.0 ft
80
70
Water Surface 93.4 _ __ '1300
Section B Section C
A= 1293 sq.ft. WP- 110 ft. R= 11.7 ft.
GLEH CREEK AT WATKINS GLElf, H, Y. Lat. 42°-22.0 f Long. 76°-54.4'
MAP, PROFILE, AND SECTIONS OF SLOPE-AREA REACH ON GLEN CREEK AT WATKINS GLEN, N. Y.
104
100
88
__ 84 1400
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPEE 773 PLATE 27
TYPICAL CHANNELS WITH ASSUMED FOR EACH.
In A "n" assumed 0.30; reach extended from large elm on left bank lo barn on right bank. In B "n" assumed 0.030 for main channel and overflow on right bank, 0.100 for wooded section on left bank.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 28
TYPICAL CHANNELS WITH "n" ASSUMED FOR EACH.
In A "n" assumed 0.035 for main channel, 0.100 for wooded flat shown at left of main channel."n" assumed 0.040 to 0.045.
In £!
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1935 253
protection measures as to warrant their publication as the most reliable
data that can be supplied. However, any user of the data is cautioned to
keep in mind the method of derivation and to make such allowance therefor
aa may seem appropriate.
For the consideration of engineers who may wish to analyze criti
cally the results showing outstandingly excessive rates of flow, there Is
shown on figure 22 and plates 24, 25, and 26 the basic information for two
determinations of the flood flow of Glen Creek near Townsend. and at Watkins
Glen. Similar data for other determinations are on file and available to
the public at the district office of the Geological Survey In Albany.
In computing the flood discharge by the slope-area method the
average velocity was determined from the Manning equation
V = 1^86 r2/3 sl/2 n
In which V = average velocity in the cross section
n = coefficient of roughness
r = hydraulic radius
s « surface slope
On plates 27 and 28 are shown pictures of typical channel sec
tions with the assumed value of "n", the coefficient of roughness, for
each. The values of "n" were selected and checked from the background of
the Geological Survey's experience In such matters. Careful study was made
of the pertinent data In a report by Ramser.* As the flow in most sections
was not uniform, it was necessary to consider velocity head and to correct
"s" to a value representing the energy grade line. Where there was a re
covery of energy head, it was assumed that the actual recovery was 50 per
cent of the theoretical recovery. Where the flow was confined to one
channel, the correction was easily made. Where a section was considered
to be composed of two or more channels with different "n" and different
"r", the weighted velocity head for the section was determined by an adap
tation of the following equation given by O'Brien and Johnson**:
V3 A
* Ramser, C. E., Flow of water In drainage channels; the results of ex periments to determine the roughness coefficient "n" In Kutter's formulas U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 129, November 1929.
** O'Brien, M. P., and Johnson, J. Wv, Velocity head corrections for hy draulic flow: Eng. News-Record, August 16, 1935.
254 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936
in which oc, = ratio of weighted velocity head to velocity liead
determined from the average velocity in the
entire section.
V = average velocity in any channel into which the
entire section may be subdivided,
da = area of any channel into which the entire section
may be subdivided.
ZV^da = summation of the product of V3 and da for the
channels into which the entire section may be
subdivided.
Vm = average velocity in the entire section.
A = area of the entire section.
The flow over dams was computed by the formula
Q = OLE3/2 (1 + 0.56 S£) d2
in which C = coefficient depending largely on the shape of the crest.
Values of C were selected from data in Horton, R. E.,
Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas, 2d ed.:
U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 200, 1907.
L = length, in feet, of the crest.
H - head, in feet, on the crest of the dam.
d = depth, in feet, of the approach channel.
Where necessary, allowance was made for submergence of the
crest by water below the dam.
The flow over highway embankments was considered analogous to
that over dams, and values for the coefficient C were selected from ex
perimental data by Yarnell and Nagler.*
The flow over falls was computed by the following .formula**:
Q = 5.67 LH 1 ' 5
The results from this method were not very satisfactory. The
steep slopes of the water surface in the channels above the falls
caused velocities greater than the critical velocity at the falls section
and thus made the fall section ineffective as a control.
* Yarnell, D. L., and Nagler, P. A., Flow of flood water over railway and highway embankments: Public Roads, April 1930.
** King, H. W., Handbook of hydraulics, 2d ed., p. 333, 1929.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY WATEB.-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 29
MAP SHOWING POINTS WHERE FLOOD DISCHARGES WERE DETERMINED
SCAL.E.IN MILESO SO 3O «
/S NUMERALS INDICATE
REFERENCE NUMBERS IN TABLE OF FLOOD DISCHARGE IN STREAMS IN NEW YORK STATE
MAP OF NEW YORK. STATE SHOWING LOCATION OF FLOOD DETERMINATIONS.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1935 255
The flow through drops was computed by the following formula*:
Q = 3.62 LH i- 47 (1 + 0.44 £ )A^
in which a = cross-sectional area of the drop or notch.
A = cross-sectional area of the approach channel.
The flow through culverts was computed by assuming that the
available head was used in overcoming frictional losses in the culvert
and in creating velocity.
All notes, photographs, plans, profiles, cross sections, and
computations have been bound and are being kept as a permanent record.
Flood-discharge records
The table "Flood discharges of the streams in New York State"
shows the results of the determination of the flood flows at the gaging
stations and other points on streams. Previous maximum recorded floods
are included, for comparison. The locations of the points at which these
flood determinations were made are shown on plate 29 and may be identi
fied by the corresponding number in the table. Many determinations are
shown for streams that did not reach their previously recorded flood
flows In July, in order to compare the unprecedented flood flows occur
ring at that time with the flood flows previously recorded throughout
the State.
The time of occurrence of the maximum discharges is not shown
for many of the determinations. Most people were too busy seeking
safety or trying to protect their property to record the time of the
occurrence except roughly as the night of July 7 or the morning of July 8.
*King, H. W., Handbook of hydraulics, 1st ed., p. 143, 1918.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO
HYDROLOGY, 1936
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West Canada CreeK
East Canada Creek
Sohoharle Creek
Schoharie Creek
Poesten Kill
Kinderhook Creek
Catskill Creek
Esopus Creek
Saw Kill
Saw Kill
Bondout Creek
Eondout Creek
wallkill River
Wallkill Eiver
Wappinger Creek
Croton Eiver
Croton Eiver
Bird Brook
Below Delta Dam, H.Y.
Hear little Falls, H.Y.
Cohoes, H.T.
Hinokley, H.T.
East Bridge, H.T.
Dolgeville, H.Y.
Prattsville, H.Y.
Middlelrarg, H.Y.
Hear troy, H.Y.
Bossman, H.Y.
Oakhill, H.T.
Coldbrook, H.T.
Hear Shady, H.T.
Hear Bearsville, H.Y.
Hear Lackawack, H.T.
Bosendale, H.Y.
Pellets Island Mountain, H.T.
Gardiner, H.Y.
Hear Wappinger Falls, H.T.
Cornell Dam near Croton, H.T.
Quaker Bridge, near Croton, H.T.
Quaker Bridge, near Croton, H.Y.
One Ida
Herkimer
Albany
One Ida
Herkimer
Herkimer
Greene
Sohoharie
Bensselaer
Columbia
Greene
Ulster
Ulster
Ulster
Ulster
Ulster
Orange
Ulster
Dutches s
Wes tones ter
Westohester
Westohester
W.919-1935
1937-1935
1917-1935
1919-1935
W.905-1910 b!912-1913 b!920-1935
b!898-1935
d!902-1935
b!906-1935
1923-1935
1906-1914 1928-1935
61910-1935
d!913-1935
d!906-1935
1901-1903 1906-1913 1926-1935
1919-1935
1924-1935
1928-1935
1933-1935
1933-1935
1933-1935
Har.9,1921
Mar. 15, 1929
Mar. 16, 19 29
Apr. 12, 1922
Mar. 26. 1913
Mar. 26, 1913
Hov.16,1926
Feb.20,1909
Hor.4,1927
Jan. 22, 1910
Hov.9,1913
Aug. 24, 1933
Aug.26,1928
Aug. 27, 1928
Mar. 16, 1920
Sept. 2, 1927
Mar. 5, 1934
Mar. 5, 19 34
Mar. 5, 1934
May 3,1934
04,210
21,300
72,000
10,800
23,300
014,500
d42,300
031,600
7,030
11,000
d!2,300
d55,000
d26,715
27,300
8,350
12,900
5,950
4,010
3,940
14
151
1,348
3,456
375
556
261
236
532
89
329
98
192
d9.5
d!2.1
100
386
385
711
182
f378
g379
0.36
July 8-9
July 8,8pm
July 8,ll:30am
July 9,6pm
July 8, 4: 30pm
July 8,9pm
July 8,4am
July 10,4am
July 8,9am
July 8,l:30pm
July 10, 3: 30am
July 8,2am
July 9,2am
July 8,3:30am
July 13,10am
July ll,5:30am
July 9,5pm
July 10,3pm
July 10,3pm
Ho peak
a4,030
817,200
045,600
a5,380
aid, 300
5,870
d27,200
aS.OOO
519
2,030
1,220
d!7,100
09,180
d9,980
d2,120
12,600
1,030
1,130
75
al.9
as. 2
h
27
13
13
14
18
22
115
15
5.8
6.2
12
89
966
825
21
33
2.7
1.6
0.4
4.6
1.9
0.5
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Slope-area
Slope-area
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
Bating curve
a Materially affected byb Combined record of New
and TJ. S. Geol. Survey
storage or diversion.Tork State Engineer and Surveyor
Eecords of Hew Tork State Engineer and Surveyor, d Record furnished by Hew Tork City Board of Water Supply, e Combined record of Hew Tork City Board of Water Supply and IT. S.
f Effective drainage area 0.40 sq. mi. g Effective drainage area 1.74 s<j. mi.
Geol. Surrey h 0.19 second-foot on July 10, 3 pm
Flood discharges of streams in New York State Continued
Ho.
map
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
SO
SI
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
51
62
Stream
Delaware River Basin
Delaware River (E. Br. )
Delaware River (E. Br. )
Delaware Hirer
Beaver Kill
Little Beaver Kill
Delaware River (¥ Br. )
Wright Brook
Steele Brook
East Creek
Cold Spring Brook
Hovers ink Biver
Snsquehanna River Basin
Susquenanna River
Susquehanna River
Susquehanna River
Susquehanna River
Snsquehanna River
Susquehanna River
Oaks Creek
Cherry Valley Creek
Ouleout Creek
Point of measurement
Harvard, N.T.
Fishs Eddy, N.T.
Port Jervis, N.T.
Cooks Falls, N.T.
Near Livings ton Manor, N.T.
Bale Eddy, N.T.
Bloomville, N.T.
Near Delhi, N.T.
Hear Walton, N.T.
China, N.T.
Oakland Valley, N.T.
Oolliersville, N.T.
Oneonta, N.T.
Bainbridge, N.T.
Conklin, H.T.
Bingnamton, N.T.
Towanda, Pa.
Index, N.r.
Hear Testville, N.T.
East Sidney, H.T.
County
Delaware
Delaware
Orange
Delaware
Sullivan
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
Orange
Otsego
Otsego
Chenango
Broome
Broome
Bradford
Otsego
Otsego
Delaware
Period of
record
1934-1935
1912-1935
1904-1935
1913-1935
1924-1935
1912-1935
1928-1935
1924-1935
1907-1935
1907-1935
1912-1935
1902-1935
1892-1935
1929-1932
1930-1931
Maximum discharge previously recorded
Date
Mar. 6, 1935
Aug.24,1933
Oct. 10, 1903
Aug.24,1933
Aug.25,1928
Oct. 10, 1903
Aug.24,1933
Mar. 16, 1929
Mar. 27, 1913
Mar. 29, 1914
Mar. 28, 1913
Mar. 2, 1902
Mar. 17, 1855
Apr. 12, 1932
Apr.11,1931
Second- feet
11.100
53,300
155,000
17,800
3,420
46,000
20,000
5,190
J19.9
J21.1
52,000
Jkl9.74
188,000
1,060
1,780
Drainage area
(square miles )
443
783
3,076
241
19.8
593
11.2
5.4
23.5
1.65
222
351
2,240
7,797
103
81
101
Maximum discharge during flood of July 1935
Time
July 8,2pm
July 8,4pm
July 9,2pm
July 9,8am
July 8, M
July 8,11pm
July 9,2am
July 9,9am
July 9,2am
July 8,8am
July 8, 12: 45pm
July 9,9pm
July 9,3am
July 9,7pm
Second-feet
Total
3,080
3,360
30,000
640
44
17,000
2,370
2,850
12,790
26
1,830
a3,020
J15.7
J18.7
41,900
J17.7
150,000
458
655
116,700
Per sq. mi.
7.0
4.3
9.8
2.6
2.2
29
212
528
119
17
8.2
8.6
19
19
4.4
8.1
165
Method of
determination
Rating curve
Rating curve
Rating curve
Rating curve
Rating curve
Rating curve
Dam
Dam
Dam
Rating curve
Rating curve
Rating curve
Rating curve
Bating ourve
Rating ourve
Rating curve
Dam
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF
JULY 1935
259
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Flood discharges of streams in New York State Continued
No. on map
87
88
39
90
91
92
93
94
Si
9S
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Stream
Delaware River Basin-0 on t.
Chemung River
Oanisteo River
Canisteo River
Canisteo River
Carrington Creek
Big Creek
Canacadea Creek
Canaoadea Greek
Bennett Creek
Purdy Creak
Stephens Creek
Cohoctoc Elver
Cchocton River
Nell Creek
Tenralle Creek
Campbell Creek
Harrisburg Hollow
Harrisburg Hollow
Brook
Meads Creek
Fine Creek
Point of measurement
Chemung, N.T.
Arkport, N.T.
Canisteo, N.T.
West Camaron, N.T.
Eremont Center, N.T.
Near North Hornell, N.T.
Almond, N.T.
Horuell, H.T.
Near Canisteo, N.T.
Near Canisteo, N.T.
Near Carson, N.T.
Near Cohocton, N.T.
Near Campbell, N.T.
Bloomerville, N.T.
Above West Creek, N.T.
Near Kanona, N.T.
Near Hickory Hill, N.T.
Near Hickory Hill, N.T.
Bradford, N.T.
East Campbell, N.T.
Near Monterey, N.T.
County
Cheraung
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Sohuyler
Period of
record
1903-1935
1930-1931
1924-1929
1918-1935
Maximum discharge previously recorded
Date
Mar. 15, 1918
1902
Hay 24,1931
Nov.30,1927
Deo. 1,1927
Second- feet
67 ,000
09,570
4,000
4,610
12,900
Drainage area
(square miles )
2,530
30.4
185
344
p!3.6
16.5
49.8
59.4
71.5
21.2
7.04
44.0
472
420.8
q5.96
0.35.8
2.08
2.49
1.68
46.1
5.00
Maximum discharge during flood of July 1935
Time
July 9,10am
July 8,1pm
Second-feet
Total
83,400
4,820
025,000
35,000
p3,750
11,900
22,000
26,600
012,400
08,990
6,700
891
45,400
45,040
<ll,510
<jl4,000
2,220
2,810
1,940
30,300
3,270
Per sq. mi.
33
159
135
102
276
721
442
448
173
424
952
20
96
242
253
391
1,100
1,130
1,150
657
654
Method Of
determination
Rating curve
Slope-area
Slope-area
Slope-area
Dam
Slope-area
Slope-area
Slope-area
Slope-area
Slope-area
Dam
Dam
Rating ourve
Slope-area
Slope-area
Slope-area
Slope-area
Slope-area
Slope-area
Slope-area
Slope-area
Allegheny River Basin
106 Allegheny Hirer
Streams tributary to Lake Ontario
109 Little Tonawanda Creek
110 Oenesee Hirer
111 Oenesee Elver
112 Genesee Hirer
113 Genesee Hirer
114 Canaseraga Creels:
115 Stony Brook
116 Oswego Rirer
117 Softwater Greek
118 Glen Brook
119 Catlin Mill Creek
120 Glen Creek
121 Glen Creek
122 Creek
123 Fire Mile Creek
124 Six Mile Creek
125 Six Mile Creek
126 Casoadilla Creek
127 Ball Creek
Red Houae, N.Y.
Linden, N.T.
Scio, N.Y.
St. Helena, N.Y.
Jones Bridge neai Mount Morris, N.T.
Rochester, N.Y.
Near Dansrille, N.Y.
Stony Brook Glen, N.Y.
Oswego, N.Y.
Near Cold Springs, N.Y.
Hammondsport , N.Y.
Odessa, N.Y.
Hear lownsend, N.Y.
Watkins Glen, N.Y.
Burdett, N. Y.
Enfield, N. Y.
Potters Balls, near Ithaca, N' Y.
Tan Attas Dam, Ithaca, N. Y.
Bast Ithaca, N.Y.
Ithaca, N.T.
Cattaraugus
Oenesee
Aiiegany
Wyoming
Lirlngston
Monroe
Lirlngston
Steuben
Oswego
Steuben
Stenben
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Sohuyler
Torapkins
Torapkins
Tompkins
Tompkins
Tompkins
1903-1935
1912-1935
1916-1935
1908-1935
1903-1906 1908-19131915-1935
1904-1935
1910-1912 1915-19171919-1935
1933-1935
1925-1935
liar. 2, 1910
Apr. 22, 1916
May 22,1919
May 17,1916
May 17,1916
liar. 30, 1916
Hor.30,1927
Apr. 15, 1934
June 81,1905
Hor.16,1926
41,000
2,400
10,600
44,400
55,100
48,300
6,900
16,400
r8,500
6,290
1,690
22
309
1,017
1,419
2,467
153
18.1
5,121
2.34
4.96
7.33
2.91
21.3
12.6
18.0
45.5
47.8
12.8
124
Ally 10,4pm
Ally 8,7am
July 8,1pm
July 9,3i30am
July 9,10am
July 9,7i45pm
July 8,10am
July Il,5il5pm
July 8,9am
3,710
261
8,560
17,400
14,500
18,200
9,920
5,800
15,400
4,750
4,990
3,600
7,330
27,900
4,600
8,380
4,330
4,920
1,400
15,500
2.2
12
28
17
10
7.4
66
320
3.0
2,030
1,010
491
2,520
1,310
365
466
95
103
109
125
Bating curve
Rating curve
Rating curve
Rating curve
Rating curve
Rating curve
Rating curve
Drop and over road
Rating curve
Slope-area
Slope-area
Cnlrert-dam
Slope-area
Slope-area
Cnlrert
Dam
Dam
Dam
Dam
Rating curve
o Record furnished by William S. Lozier, Inc., Consulting Engineers, Rochester, N.Y. q Record furnished by Soil Conservation Service, Bath, K. Y.p Record furnished by Fretts, Tallamy & Senior, Consulting Engineers, Williamsvllle, N.Y. r U. S. Geol. Surrey Water-Supply Paper 162.
262CONTRIBUTIONS
TO HYDROLOGY,
1936
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THE HEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF
JULY 1935
Streams tributary to St.
Lawrence River
0
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264 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1956
The maximum intensity of discharge (presumably a momentary
peak) as determined by measurements in the field, shown on figure 22 and
plate 24, was 2,520 second-feet per square mile, from 2.91 square miles
of the Glen Creek drainage basin near Townsend, N. Y., corresponding to
a run-off rate of 3.90 inches per hour over the drainage basin. The run
off from 2.34 square miles of the Softwater Creek drainage basin near Cold
Springs, N. Y., was 2,030 second-feet per square mile, or at the rate
of 3.15 inches per hour over the drainage basin. Prom the indications
of washout damage and other evidence it seems probable that there were
numerous small streams whose intensities of discharge were equal to those
thus determined, if not greater. Unfortunately, suitable locations for
determinations of discharge were not found on theae small streams. Other
determinations of noteworthy Intensities are given in the table.
Storage reservoirs
There are few storage reservoirs within the area of the most
intense run-off. In general, at the beginning of the storm very little
capacity was available for flood storage, with the result that most of the
reservoirs quickly filled; but, though not exerting their maximum possible
effect, they modified the flows considerably. On figure 21 it is shown
that Gilboa Reservoir, on Schoharie Creek, absorbed practically all the
flood flow and reduced the flow in the creek below the reservoir to a
small portion of what it might have been. The dams at several small
reservoirs and lakes in the central part of the State failed, and the
value of these bodies of water as regulators of stream flow was destroyed
or greatly diminished.
DAMAGE
No attempt has been made here to summarize the property losses
and damages caused by the flood, as it is understood that such informa
tion is being obtained by the Flood Control Survey, Corps of Engineers,
U. S. Army, and will be available in its report.
Farm lands suffered generally from gullying, from being buried
under stones and gravel, and from inundation. On plate 30 is shown the
character of the damage wrought by the small streams that washed tons of
stones and gravel onto the farm lands.
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 30
A. CHARLES BECKWITH FARM, SOUTH OF OXFORD, N. Y., SHOWING TYPICAL DAM AGE HY STONES AND GRAVEL TRANSPORTED BY SMALL STREAMS.
It. STONE HOUSE FARM, NEAR NORWICH, N. Y., SHOWING TYPICAL DEBRIS CARRIEDBY SMALL STREAMS.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 31
A. WASHOUT OF ROADBED, LEHIGH VALLEY RAILROAD.
The wreck of a passenger train was narrowly averted at this point.
B. NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD AT WATKINS GLEN, N. Y., SHOWING HIGH BRIDGE OVER GLEN CREEK DESTROYED DURING THE FLOOD.
Courtesy of International News Photos, Inc.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 32
A. ERIE RAILROAD AT HORNEIX, N. Y., SHOWING ROUNDHOUSE AND EQUIPMENT BURIED UNDER FLOOD WATERS
Courtesy of the Gannett Newspapers.
B. LACKAWANNA RAILROAD NEAR BATH, IV Y., SHOWING TYPICAL FLOOD CONDI TIONS
TJ. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 778 PLATE 33
A. TAUGHANNOCK FALLS STATE PARK, N. Y., SHOWING DESTRUCTION OF ROAD DUE TO INADEQUACY OF BRIDGE TO CARRY FLOOD WATERS.
B. DESTRUCTION WROUGHT BY FLOOD ALONG TAUGHANNOCK BOULEVARD,ITHACA, N. Y.
This scene was typical of many others.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPEB 773 PLATE 34
A. CARS AND TRUCKS MAROONED AND ABANDONED ON FLOODED HIGHWAY, KANONA, N. Y.
B. ROAD DESTROYED BY GULLYING, NORWICH, N. Y.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 35
A. CHENANGO FORKS, N. Y., AT JUNCTION OF TIOUGHNIOGA AND CHENANGO RIVERS, SHOWING INADEQUACY OF BRIDGE OVER TIOUGHNIOGA RIVER TO CARRY FLOOD WATERS.
B. INADEQUACY OF SENECA STREET BRIDGE OVER CANACADEA CREEK, HORNELL, N. Y., TO CARRY FLOOD DEBRIS.
TT. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE
A. O'DAY HOUSE ON FRONT STREET, BINGHAMTON, N. Y., TOPPLING INTOTHE FLOOD WATERS OF CHENANGO RIVER.
Courtesy of the Binghamton Press.
D. TYPICAL SIGHT WHEREVER THE FLOOD STRUCK.
TJ. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 37
A. INUNDATION OF HOMES AND BUILDINGS, HORNELL, N. Y.
Courtesy of the Gannett Newspapers.
B. TELEPHONE POLE DRIVEN THROUGH SIDE WALL AND CEILING INTO THK SECOND FLOOR OF A HOMK ON RIVER STREET, HORNELL, N. Y.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATEK-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 38
A. INOCULATION OF RESIDENTS AGAINST TYPHOID FEVER, HORNELL, N. Y.
Courtesy of the Gannett Newspapers.
B. HAZARDOUS SITUATION FROM WHICH THREE PEOPLE PROVIDENTIALLY ESCAPED, SMITHVILLE FLATS, N. Y.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1956 265
Railroad operations were suspended by the destruction of road
beds and bridges and inundation of property and equipment. Plates 31 and
32 show the type of damage to the railroads.
Miles of highways were rendered impassable by the destruction
of the pavements, bridges, and culverts and by the inadequacy of the
structures to pass the flood waters. Plates 33 to 35 show some of the
various types of damages to the highways.
Buildings, automobiles, and private property of many kinds were
destroyed, wrecked, buried, and inundated to the great loss of the owners.
Plates 36 and 37 show some of the damages to private property.
A menace to health and life was created by the flood. Water
supplies were contaminated and destroyed. People were caught and swept
away by the flood waters. Plate 38 shows one of the steps taken to safe
guard health by inoculation against typhoid fever and a hazardous situa
tion from which three people providentially escaped with their lives.
STORMS AND FLOODS IN THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN
IN THE VICINITY OF BINGHAMTON, N. Y.
Considerable information regarding historic and recent floods
in the vicinity of Binghamton, N. Y., has been collected in an unpub
lished article, "Floods in the Binghamton district of the Susquehanna
River watershed", by Thomas E. Reed, meteorologist, and H. K. Gold,
observer,. United States Weather Bureau, Binghamton. The following notes
on the storms and floods in this vicinity have been taken from their
article:
Prior to about 1901 no systematic records were kept of the
flood heights along the rivers, and the information of storms and
floods has necessarily been derived largely from newspaper accounts of
the events. The following quotations are extracts from current news
paper accounts:
August, 1794. "Pumpkin freshet. So called because it swept through tne fields of ripening grain and over the farm lands, ruining crops and carrying down hundreds of pumpkins. A famine threatened."
May 1833. "The late flood. Uncommonly destructive throughout the State." In the Chenango Valley "the smaller bridges generally gone, the banks of the streams cut up and torn away to a surprising extent, and the roads otherwise much injured. We have heard of no further loss of life. *#* On the Chenango, several cattle were drowned. *#* On the Susquehanna the fields of grain on the flats were much injured." Much damage was also done in Tioga County and to the Chemung Canal.
56635 O 36 3
266 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936
May 23, 1840. "A most violent storm of rain" lasted but an hour and did considerable damage In Windsor. "Not a bridge is left between Wood's (5 miles from this place) and the Susquehanna at Windsor Village."
February 5, 1842. "The freshet. Immense quantities of rain fell, and both the Chenango and Susquenanna Rivers rose higher than ever known before. «** Prom every direction we receive accounts of the ravages of the freshet. Never, within memory of that distinguished personage, 'the oldest inhabitant', have the streams risen to such an appalling degree."
March 14 {?), 1846. "Extraordinary freshet. The water here has seldom if ever been higher. It never came upon us so suddenly." Several days of "mild and serene" weather followed by "a heavy rain" of "12 or 14 hours" on the snow "still very deep on our adjacent hills" caused this "extremely disastrous" flood. "A sudden and most providen tial change in the weather" checked the flood, and "had the weather continued mild the loss must have been incalculably great." The damages were heavy in both the Chenango River and Susquehanna River valleys.
February 9, 1857. "The February thaw - great freshet in the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers." Three days of warm weather "carried off the snow with extraordinary rapidity, sending the ice out of the rivers In 2:40 time" and raising the rivers nas high as they have been in several years." Damage, as reported, was chiefly to bridges on both the Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers.
March 17, 1865. Deep anows on the headwaters, "rapidly melt- Ing away In the face of the sun and south wind" and a severe rain, caused this great flood, "estimated as being from 4 to 8 feet higher than it had ever been known to be by white men. The Chenango River was considerably the highest, and its current was by far the most strong and raging." Houses in Binghamton wer6 "in the water up to the first and second stories."
March 12, 1879. "The rivers are rising under the influence of melting snow, and the peaceful, slumbering ice i-s evidently preparing to gorge itself on bridges and mill property." Ice jams caused damage at Whitney Point, on the Tioughnioga River, and at Binghamton, on the Susquehanna River.
December 15, 1901. "Terrible rains caused flood. Binghamton was completely isolated from the outside world from Saturday night until early this morning (Monday) by the worst flood since 1865." The Chenango River at the Court Street Bridge reached a maximum observed stage of 20.4 feet, and the Susquehanna River at Washington Street Bridge a maximum observed stage of 14.9 feet. Great damage was done by inundation and washouts on the railroads and roads.
March 2, 1902. There was undoubtedly a heavy cover of snow over the upper portions of the drainage basin, which rapidly melted dur ing the 5 or 6 days of unusually warm weather and light rains that pre ceded the flood. The Chenango River at Court Street Bridge rose to an observed stage of 23.1 feet. The Suaquehanna River at Washington Street rose to an observed stage of 19.7 feet. Accounts of the flood state that the Susquehanna River reached a point 8 inches below the mark of the flood of 1865. "One of the most reliable marks of the flood of 1865 is afforded by two nails driven In the corner of the building at the corner of South and Carroll Streets, driven in the building in question at time of very highest, March 17, 1865." Much damage resulted from inundation and the destruction of highway and railroad structures.
1901-1935. At the Washington Street Bridge on the Susque hanna River at Binghamton, the United States Weather Bureau has daily observed the stage of the river since 1901. At the Court Street Bridge on the Chenango River the United States Geological Survey daily ob served the stage of the river from 1901 to 1911, and after 1911 the United States Weather Bureau observed the stage occasionally at times of threatening floods and in 1933 resumed daily observations. The following table ahows the date of occurrence and the maximum observed stage each year on the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers:
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1935 267
Maximum observed river stages, In feet, at Blnghamton, N. Y.
Year
1901*19021903190419051906190719081909191019111912191319141915191619171918191919201921192219231924192519261927192819291930193119321933193419351935
Susquehanna River
Date
Dec. 15Mar. 2Oct. 11Mar. 27Mar. 26Mar. 29Dec. 11Feb. 16Feb. 21Mar. 2Mar. 28Apr. 3Mar. 28Mar. 29July 9Apr. 2Mar. 28Mar. 1May 11Mar. 28Nov. 29Mar. 8Mar. 24Oct. 1Feb. 12Nov. 17Oct. 19Mar. 27Mar. 16Jan. 26Mar. 27Oct. 7Aug. 25Mar. 5Jan. 10July 8
Feet
14.919.717.617.814.99.912.814.012.417.714.314.518.618.515.216.513.912.07.714.614.312.813.517.217.214.416.611.517.79.511.412.210.817.716.817.7
Chenango River
Date
Dec. 15Mar. 2Oct. 11Mar. 27Mar. 26Mar. 28Jan. 5Feb. 16Feb. 21Mar. 2Mar. 28
Mar. 28Mar. 29
Apr. 2
Oct. 1Feb. 12
Mar. 5Jan. 10July 8
Feet
20.423.720.320.818.713.813.817.015.721.418.1
22.322.3
20.1
21.120.7
22.321.424.8
^Record starts In August 1901.
The flood of July 8, 1935, will long be remembered as the most
sudden and most destructive flood that has ever occurred In the upper
Susquehanna River Basin, particularly throughout the Chenango and Tlough-
nloga Valleys. Unprecedented rains that developed from severe and con
tinuous tbundershowers, popularly called "cloudbursts", occurred, particu
larly during the night of July 7-8, throughout Cortland and Chenango
Counties, comprising the drainage areas of the upper basins, and to a
lesser degree In northern Broome, Otsego, and Delaware Counties. While
Cortland recorded a fall of 6.12 Inches In 12 hours, from 5:00 p.m.
July 7 to 5:00 a.m. July 8, there was but 0.10 Inch recorded at the
Blnghamton station, only 40 miles distant. The greatest previous record
268 COOTRIBTTTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936
for a 24-hour period at Cortland was 4.87 inches. The greatest record
for a 24-hour period at Binghamton was 4.55 inches, on September 30, 1924.
The small streams and rivers were soon out of their banks, and
a wall-like crest of water moved down the basins, converging at Bingham
ton, where the Susquehanna and Chenango Valleys meet. Prom a low stage
of 1.3 feet at Binghamton the Chenango River rose above flood stage on
the morning of July 8 within 4 hours and reached its crest of 24.80 feet
6 hours later, at 3:00 p.m. of that day. A number of lives were lost in
the upper basins during the early morning hours of July 8. Hundreds of
families were driven from their homes, particularly in the first ward of
the city of Binghamton, which was badly flooded when the rising waters
overflowed the west bank, and in that portion of Eront Street north of
the Perry Street Bridge, which adjoins the first ward. A house at 208
Oak Street, in the first ward, bearing a crest mark of the great flood
in that section of the city on March 17, 1865, shows that this height is
9 inches lower than the high-water mark of July 8, 1935.
The Susquehanna River at Binghamton did not rise as high as on
previous occasions, the crest of 17.72 feet being recorded about 3:00
p.m. July 8. Both rivers continued in flood for about 50 hours.
Property damage of all kinds throughout the basins comprised
in the district mounted upward to $8,000,000.
The record of former floods indicates the marked prevalence
of winter and spring floods and the very rare occurrence of major summer
floods in the. Susquehanna River Basin in the vicinity of Binghamton.
It is interesting to note that prior to July 1935 the highest observed
stage of the Susquehanna River at Binghamton for each calendar month
since the beginning of the record in 1901 has been as follows?
Feet FeetJanuary 1935 16.8 July 1915 15.2February 1925 17.2 August 1903 11.0March 1902 19.7 September 1924 15.3April 1916 16,5 October 1903 17.6May 1927 12.0 November 1926 14.4June 1922 10.3 December 1901 14.9
INDEX
APage
Abstracts................... 1.59-60, 115-116, 197, 233-234
Acknowledgments for aid^.... 4,61 117-118, 220, 234
Alachua County, Fla., piezo-metric surface in.....149-150
pressure heads and waterlevels in wells in.... 190
records of wells in......165, 175Alachua formation, age,
thickness, and charac ter of ................ 122
Alexander Spring, Fla.,discharge of.......... 155
Allegheny River, N. Y.,flood discharge of.... 261
Alum Bluff group, formationsof.................... 128
Anacacho limestone, age,thickness, and water bearing properties of. 67
Anastasia formation, age,thickness, character, and water-bearing prop erties of............. 122
Artesian flow, areas of, inFlorida.......132-133, pi. 10
increase of, withincreased depth.......134-135
Artesian head, decline of, in Kleberg County, Tex...................209-212
definition and measurementof.................... 134
depression in, nearKingsville, Tex....... 212
fluctuations or...........135-145fluctuations of, due to
atmospheric pressure..159-140 due to draft from wells. 142,
144 due to ocean tides...... 141due to rainfall........136-138,
142, 143 due to river stages.....141-142influence of drainagewells on.............142, 143
increase of, withincreased depth.......134-135
permanent loss of......... 145Artesian pressure, fluctua
tions in......02-100, 209-212gradients of..............100-102measurement of, in Kleberg
County, Tex........... 200Artesian water, general con
ditions of, in Florida...............131-132
Artesian wells, concentra tion of, in Florida irrigation districts.. 158
general features of.......157-160specific capacity of...... 159subsurface leakage of.....160-161waste of water from, Texas
law concerning........ .218-219See also Wells.
PageAtmospheric pressure, flue-,
tuations in artesian head due to...........139-140
Ausable River, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 263
. East Branch of, flooddischarge of.......... 263
West Branch of, flooddischarge of.......... 263
Austin chalk, age of........ 67thickness and water-bear
ing properties of...67, 69-70
B
Baker County, Fla., area ofartesian flow in...... 133
piezometric surface in....149-150records of wells in......165, 175subsurface leakage of
wells in.............. 160Balcones escarpment,
features of........... 71Bath, N. Y., typical flood
conditions on Lacka- wanna Railroad near... pi. 32
Battenkill, N. Y., flooddischarges of......... 256
Beaumont clay, age of....... 200character and water-bear
ing properties of....200, 201wells obtaining water from. 220
Beaver Kill, H. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 258
Beaver River, N. Y., flooddischarges of......... 262
Bennett Creek, N. Y., flooddischarges of......... 260
Beverly Lodges well, Tex., fluctuation of arte sian pressure in.93-94, 95-98
Bexar County, Tex., map of, showing geology and artesian conditions... pi. 5
Big Creek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 260
Binghamton, N. Y., floodconditions in......... 246,
268, pis. 23, 36maximum river stages at.,267, 268 storms and floods in
Susquehanna River Basin near............265-268
Bird Brook, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 257
Black River, N. Y., flooddischarges of.......... 262
Blue Spring, Madison County,Fla., discharge of.... 156
Volusia County, Fla., dis charge and temperature of.................... 155
Blue Springs, Marion County,Fla., discharge of.... 151,
155, 157Marion County, Fla., tem
perature of........... 155view of................. pi. 14
269
270 INDEX
PageBone Valley gravel, age,
thickness, and character of,......... 122
Bouquet River, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 263
Brackenridge Park, SanAntonio, Tex., contri bution of well water from, to swimming pool and river supply...... 88, 90
pumping plant at, fluctua tions in artesian pressure at.........93, 94-95
Bradford, N. Y., flood dis charge of unnamed brook near............ 260
Bradford County, Fla., pie-zometric surface in..149, 150
records of wells in......165, 175Brevard County, Fla.,
pressure heads and water levels in wells in.................... 190
records of wells in..165, 175-176 salt bed in well in....... 164specific capacity of wells
in.................... 159yield of artesian well in. 158
Bridges, T. W., Livingston, Perm, and, Ground- water resources of Kleberg County, Tex..197-232,
pis. 17-21Broward County, Fla.,
records of wells in..166, 176Brown, R. W., quoted........ 18Buda limestone, age, thick
ness, and water-bear ing properties of..... 67
Burdett, N. Y., flood dis charge of unnamed creek near............ 261
Byram marl, occurrence of... 126
Caloosahatch.ee marl, age,thickness, character,and water-bearingproperties of......... 122
Camden County, N. C., out line of geology of.... 13
physical properties ofmaterial from......... 39
surface features of....... 10-11Campbell Creek, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 260Canacadea Creek, N. Y.,
flood discharges of... 260 Canada Creek, N. Y. See
East Canada Creek;West Canada Creek.
Canaseraga Creek, N. Y.,flood discharge of.... 261
Canlateo River, N. Y., flooddischarges of......... 260
Carrington Creek, N. Y.,flood discharge of.... 260
Carrizo sand, permeabilityof.................... 212
thickness of.............. 67water-bearing properties
of.................... 67, 70Cascadilla Creek, N. Y.,
flood discharges of... 261
Page Catskill Creek, N. Y.,
flood discharge of.... 257 Cedar River, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 256Channel sections, typical... 253,
pis. 27, 28 Charlotte County, Fla.,
record of well in....166, 177 Charlton formation, age,
thickness, and charac ter of ................ 122
Chassahowitska Spring, Fla.,discharge of.......... 156
Chateaugay River, N. Y.,flood discharge of.... 263
Chaumont River, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 262
Chemung River, N. Y., flooddischarges of.........259-260
Chenango Forks. N. Y., flooddamage at............. pi. 35
Chenango River, N. Y., flooddischarges of......... 259
at Binghamtqn, N. Y.,maximum stages of..... 267
Cherry Valley Creek, N. Y.,flood discharge of.... 258
Chipola formation. See AlumBluff group.
Chloride, occurrence of, inwell waters inFlorida.......162-164, pi. 16
occurrence of, in wellwaters in KlebergCounty, Tex...........215-216
Choctawhatchee formation,age, thickness, andcharacter of.........122, 130
Citronelie formation, age,thickness, character,and water-bearingproperties of......... 122
Citrus County, Fla., area ofartesian flow in...... 133
piezometric surface in....152-153pressure heads and water
levels in wells in.... 190records of wells in......166, 176
Clay County, Fla., area ofartesian flow in...... 133
artesian pressure in...... 161piezometric surface in....149-150pressure heads and water
levels in wells in.... 190 records of wells in..166, 176-177 specific capacity of wells
in.................... 159Clear Brook, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 259Coastal Plain, features of.. 10-11,
66, 198 Cohocton River, N. Y., flood
discharges of......... 260Cold Spring Brook, N. Y.,
flood discharge of.... 258 Collier County, Fla.,
pressure heads andwater levels in wellsin.................... 190
records of wells in......166, 176Columbia County, Fla.,
pressure heads andwater levels in wellsin.................... 190
records of wells in......166, 177
INDEX 271
PageComal County, Tex., map of
part of, showing geology and artesian conditions............ pi. 5
Comanche Peak limestone, age, thickness, and water-bearing prop- erties^of............. 67
Comanche series, occurrence, character- and water bearing properties of rocks of.............. 67
Cooke, C. W., and Mossom,Stuart, quoted........119-120
Crescent Beach, Fla., sub marine spring near, temperature of........ 156
yield of artesian well at. 158Cretaceous rocks, deeply
buried, mineralized water in.............. 122
occurrence andcharacter of..........67, 122
Croton River, N. Y., flooddischarges of......... 257
Crystal Springs, Fla., dis charge of............. 156
Dade County, Fla., piezo-metric surface in..... 154
records of wells in......166, 177Damage,, amount of, caused by
flood in New York, July 1935........ 233, 264-265
Dams, flow over, computationof.................... 254
Deer River, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......;.. 262
Delaware River Basin, flood discharges of streams in.................... 258
Delaware River, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 258
East Branch of, flooddischarges of......... 258
West Branch of, flooddischarge of.......... 258
Del Rio clay, age, thick ness, and water-bear ing properties of..... 67
Depauville, N. Y., flooddischarge of unnamedbrook near............ 262
De Soto County, Fla..records of wells in..167, 177
Diatoms, occurrence of, in Elizabeth City area, N. C.................. 14-15
Dismal Swamp, general fea tures of.............. 11
water-bearing beds in,thickness of.......... 36
Drops, flow through, compu tation of............. 255
Dudley Creek, N. Y., flood- discharge of.......... 259
Duval County, Fla., area ofartesian flow in...... 133
artesian pressure in Haw thorn formation in.... 160
piezometric surface in....150-151pressure heads and water
levels in wells in....190-191records of wells in..167, 177-178
Page
Eagle Ford clay, age, thick ness, and water-bear ing properties of..... 67
East Creek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 258
East Canada Creek, N. Y.,flood discharge of.... 257
East Stony Creek, N. Y.,flood discharge of.... 256
Edwards limestone, age of... 67 discharge of ground water
from, by springs...... 79by wells................ 86-89
ground-water reservoir in,discharge from........ 79-92
fluctuation in artesianpressure in........... 92
general features of..... 72-74movement of water in...,100-101 recharge to............. 75-79safe yield of...........102-103
ground-water resources of,investigation of...... 60-61
industrial water suppliesfrom.................. 88, 90
map of outcrops of........ pi. 5public water supplies
from................87-88, 90quality of water from..... 104thickness and water-bear-
ing properties of..... 67, 69waste of water from wells
in.................... 91-92Edwards Plateau, general
features of........... 65-66regimen of streams of..... 77-78
Elizabeth City, N. C., deeptest well at, log of.. 14
deep test well at, pump ing test on........... 23-25
location and population of. 2 public water supply of,
adequacy of ground water for............. 50
present source of....... 4-10problem of.............. 2-3
swamp near............;.11, pi. 2Elizabeth City area, N. C.,
climate of............ 11-13map of, showing ground-
water conditions...... pi. 1outline of water-bearing
beds in............... 22purpose of ground-water
investigation in...... 2shallow-well field in,
selection of site for. 49-50 strata encountered in test
drilling in........... 13-21streams in, analyses of
waters from........... 57typical well sweep in...22, pi. 3 water in storage in....... 47
Eocene rooks, deeply buried,mineralized water in.. 122
occurrence and characterof...............67, 122, 123
Erie Railroad, flood condi tions on, at Hornell, N. Y.................. pi. 32
Esopus Creek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 257
272 INDEX
Page
Pall Greek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 261
Palls, flow over, computa tion of ............... 254
Falmouth Spring, Fla.,features of........... 153
Fannin Spring, Fla., dis charge of............. 156
Farm lands, damage to, byflood.............264, pi. 30
Field work................... 3-4,61,117, 197-198, 234, 249-550
Fish Greek, H. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 262
Fishel. V. G., laboratorytests of material by.. 26,
38, 39 Five Mile Creek, N. Y.,
flood discharge of.... 261Flagler County, Fla., piezo-
metric surface in..... 151well 3 In, flow of....158, pi. 13wells in, records of.....167, 178
specific capacity of.... 159Flint River formation,
occurrence of......... 126Flood, damage by, in New
York State.......233, 264-265general features of, in
Hew York State........233-234Flood discharges, assump
tions and computations regarding.............251-255
computation of, by slope- area method...........253-255
effect of debris on..... 251general features of.......246-249maximum intensity of,
measurements of....... 264records of, for streams in
New York State........255-264Florida Keys, piezometric
surface on............ 154wells on, features of..... 154
Florida peninsula, areas ofartesian flow in.....132-133,
pi. 10 artesian wells in,
general features of...157-160 chloride content of ground
water in......162-164, pi. 16geologic formations in,
thickness, character, and water-bearing properties of......... 122
geology of, generalfeatures of...........119-121
reports on..............116-117ground-water supplies inr
investigation of......117-118reports on..............116-117
piezometric surface in...146-147,pl. 12
springs in....155-157, pis. 13-15structure of..........,121, pl. 6topography of.............118-119
Port Thompson formation, age, thickness, character, and water bearing properties of. 122
Foster, M. D., analyses ofwater by.............. 214
GPage
Genesee River, N. Y., flooddischarges of......... 261
Geology, relation of, tooccurrence of groundwater..............66-71, 200
Georgetown limestone, age of. 67 thickness and water-bear
ing properties of..... 67, 69Gilboa Reservoir, N. Y.,
absorption of flood flow by............... 264
Gilchrist County, Fla., pressure heads and water levels in....... 191
records of wells in......167, 178Gilmore Brook, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 259Glades County, Fla., records
of wells in..........167, 178Glen Brook, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 261Glen Creek, N. Y., flood
discharges of......... 261slope-area reaches on....252-253,
pis. 24-26Glen Creek drainage basin,
N. 'Y., maximum inten sity of discharge from. 264
Glendon limestone.See Vioksburg group.
Glen Rose limestone, age of. 67 outcrops of, map showing., pl. 5 thickness and water-bear
ing properties of...67, 68-69 Goliad sand, age of......... 200
character and water-bear ing properties of....200, 203
permeability of........... 212quality of water in....... 215wells obtaining water from. 220
Grass River, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 263
Great Chazy River, N. Y.,flood discharge of.... 263
Green Cove Springs, Fla., fluctuation of water level in well in...... 161
Ground water, chemicalcharacter of.......... 48-49,
56, 104, 162-164, 213-216 hardness of............... 48-49,
56, 104, 215-216 movement of, in Kleberg
County, Tex........... 212-213relation of geology to
occurrence of......66-71, 200replenishment of.......... 47-48,
161-162, 213 waste of.................. 158,
218-219, pis. 13,20 Guffins Bay, N. Y., flood
discharge of unnamed brook near............ 262
Gulf series, occurrence,character, and water bearing properties of rocks of.............. 67
H
Hamilton County, Pla.,pressure heads andwater levels in....... 191
records of wells in......167, 178
itfDEX 273
PageHawthorn formation, age,
thickness, and character of.....122, 128-130
artesian pressure in...... 160distribution of........... 129section of................129-130water-bearing properties
of........122, 130, 132, 148,149,. 150, 151, 155, 158
Hardee County, Fla., recordsof wells in..........167, 179
Hardness, amount of, in wellwaters................ 48-49,
56, 104, 215-216 Harrisburg Hollow, N. Y.,
flood discharges of... 260 Hendry Courfby, Fla., pres
sure heads and water levels in............. 191
records of wells in......167, 179specific capacity of
well in............... 159Hernando County, Pla., area
of artesian flow in... 133 piezometric surface in...149, 152 pressure heads and water
levels in............. 191records of wells in..167-168, 179
Highlands County, Fla.,records of wells in..168, 179
Hillsborough County, Fla., area of artesian flow in.................... 133
artesian conditions in.... 161piezometric surface in.... 152pressure heads and water
levels in............. 191records of wells in..168, 179-180
Homosassa Spring, Fla.,discharge of.......... 155
Hoosic River, Kass.-N. Y.,flood discharges of... 256
Hornell, N. Y., flood condi tions at..pis. 32, 35, 37, 38
Horse Creek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 262
Hudson River, N. Y., flooddischarges of......... 256
Hudson River Basin, flooddischarges in......... 256
Hunter Spring, Fla., dis charge and temperature of.................... 156
Independence River, N. Y.,flood discharge of.... 262
Indian River, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 256
Indian River County, Fla.,records of wells in..168, 180
Irrigation, history of, inKleberg County, Tex... 199
use of artesian water for,in San Antonio area,Tex.................88-89, 90
Itchatucknee Springs, Fla.,discharge of.......... 155
Ithaca, N. Y destructionby flood in........... pi. 33
Jacksonville limestone, inclusion of, in Hawthorn formation.... 129
PageJacksonville, Fla., loss of
artesian head in wells in.............. 145
Jetting outfit, operationof..............15, 31, pi. 3
Johnson, B. L., andStephenson, L. W.,quoted................ 22
Johnson, Hollister, The New York State flood of July 1935.233-268, pis. 22-38
Juniper Spring Creek, Fla., discharge and tempera ture of............... 155
Kanona, N. Y.., flood damageat.................... pi.
Kayaderosseras Creek, N. Y.,34
256flood discharge of....Key Largo limestone, age,
thickness, character, and water-bearing prop erties of............. 122
Kinderhook Creek, N. Y.,flood discharge of.... 257
Kingsville, Tex., logs ofwells near...........204, 208
annual precipitation at... 198 Kissengen Spring, Fla.,
discharge of.......... 156Kleberg County, Tex.,
analyses of water from. 214 artesian area in..199-200, pi. 17 ground-water development
in, history of........198-199investigation of ground-
water resources of, outline of............197-198
purpose of..............199-20Coccurrence of salt water
in water-bearing formations of......... 201
surface features of....... 198utilization of ground-
water supplies in.....208-209waste of water in......... 218,
pis. 19, 20 water level measurements
in.................... 200Knobbs Creek, N. C., analy
ses of water of....... 57chloride content of water
of, relation between rainfall deficiency and................... 5-8
salt water in, sources of. 10 tide dam on, features of.5, pi. 2
leakage of salt waterbeneath............... 8-9
treatment of water of, toremove color.......... 5
Koch, J., et al., log ofwell of............... 204
La Canada Valley, Calif.,flood in.............. 251
Lackawanns Railroad, flood conditions on, near Bath, N. Y............ pi. 32
Lagarto clay, age of........ 200character and water-bear
ing properties of....200, 203
274 INDEX
Page Lake County, Fla.,
mineralized water in.. 162 pressure heads and water
levels in............. 191records of wells in......168, 180
Lake George, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 263
Lake Ontario, flood dis charges of streams tributary to..........261-262
Laureles ranch, Tex., logsof wells at........... 204-208
records of wells at..226, 231-232 Lee County, Fla., records of
wells in.....168-169, 180-181iehigh Valley Railroad,
washout of roadbed of. pi. 31 Leona formation, age and
thickness of.......... 67water-bearing properties
of.................... 67, 71Levy County, Fla., piezo-
metric surface in..... 152pressure heads and water
levels in............. 191records of wells in......169, 181
Lissie formation, age of.... 200character and water-bear
ing properties of..... 200,201, 203
permeability of........... 212wells obtaining water from. 220
Little Beaver Kill, N. Y.,flood discharge of.... 258
Little Tonawanda Creek,N. Y., flood discharge of.................... 261
Livingston, Penn, and Bridges, T. W., Ground-water resources of Kleberg County, Tex.......197-232, pis. 17-21
Sayre, A. N., and White, W. N., Water resources of the Edwards lime stone in the San Antonio area, Tex.....59-113,
pi. 5 Lohman, K. W., quoted....... 15Lohman, S. W., Geology and
ground-water resourcesof the Elizabeth Cityarea, N. C.....1-57, pis. 1-4
Lohr, E. W., chemicalanalyses of water by.. 25,
51, 56, 57 Luther, R. W., chemical
analyses of water by.. 51
M
Manatee County, Fla., areaof artesian flow in... 133
artesian conditions in.... 160loss of artesian head in
wells in.............. 145mineralized water in...... 164pressure heads and water
levels in.............191-192records of wells in......169-170,
181-182Manatee River marl, inclu
sion of, in Hawthorn formation............. 129
Manatee Spring, Fla., dis charge of............. 155
PageMarianna limestone,
occurrence of......... 126Marion County, Fla., area of
artesian flow in...... 133mineralized water in...... 162piezometric surface in,... 151 pressure heads and water
levels in............. 192-193records of wells in..170, 132-183
Martin County, Fla., pres sure heads and water levels in............. 193
records of wells in......170, 183Meads Creek, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 260Medina County, Tex., map of
part of, showing g%ol- ogy and artesian conditions............ pi. 5
Melbourne bone bed, age,thickness and charac ter of................ 122
Meredith, N. Y. flood dis charge of unnamed brook near............ 259
Meridale, N. Y., flood dis charge of unnamed brook near............ 259
Merrill Creek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 259
Miami oolite, age, thick ness, character, and water-bearing prop erties of............. 122
Midway group, age and thick ness of beds of....... 67
Miocene beds, occurrence,character, and water bearing properties of. 122,
127-130Miocene (?) beds,
occurrence of........200, 203Mohawk River, N. Y., flood
discharges of......... 257Monroe County, Fla., piezo
metric surface in..... 154 records of wells in......170, 183
Moose River, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 262
Middle Branch of, flooddischarges of......... 262
Mossom, Stuart, Cooke, C.W., and, quoted.......119-120
Mount Selman formation, ageof.................... 67
occurrence of............. 71Myers, N. Y., flood on
Salmon Creek at....... pi. 23
Nassau County, Fla., area ofartesian flow in...... 133
artesian pressure inHawthorn formation in. 160
piezometric surface in....150-151pressure heads and water
levels in............. 193records of wells in......171, 183
Navarro group, age, thick ness, and water-bear ing properties of beds of............... 67
Neil Creek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 260
INDEX 275
PageNeversink River, N. Y. f
flood discharge of;... 258New York Central Railroad,
destruction of high bridge of, at Watkins Glen, N. Y............ pi. 31
New York State, flood damagein.................... 233,
264-265, pis. 23, 30-38 flood-discharge determina
tions in, map showing location of............ pi. 29
isohyetal map of.......... pi. 22Norfolk Southern Railroad
well, driller's log of. 29North Carolina State Normal
School wells, drill er's log of........... 30
Norwich, N. Y., flooddamages near......pis. 30, 34
0
Oak Grove sand. See AlumBluff group.
Oaks Creek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 258
Ocala limestone, age, thick ness, and character of. 122,
124-125 artesian pressure in.....135, 160artesian water in,
occurrence of......... 132exposures of............pis. 7, 8relation of, to piezo-
metric surface........146-147water-bearing properties
of.................... 122,125-126, 148, 149, '150, 151,
152, 153, 155, 158 Ocala Oil Corporation,
cuttings from well of. 123 Okeechobee County, Fla.,
pressure heads and water levels in....... 193
record of well in........171, 184Oligocene limestone, possi
ble occurrence of....122, 126Oneida River, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 262Orange County, Fla., pres
sure heads and water levels in.............193-195
records of wells in......171-172,184-185
surface drainage intowells in..............161-162
Osceola County, Fla., areaof artesian flow in... 133
records of wells in......172, 185Oswegatchie River, N. Y.,
flood discharge of.... 263East Branch of, flood
discharges of......... 263West Branch of, flood
discharge of.......... 263Oswego River, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 261Otselic River, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 259Ouleout Creek, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 258Owasco Lake Outlet, N. Y.,
flood discharge of.... 262Owego Creek, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 259
Oxford, N. Y., flood damage near....
Page
pi. 30
Palm Beach County, Fla.,records of wells in..172, 185
specific capacity ofwells in.............. 159
Pamlico formation, age of... 17 Pamlico terrace, altitude of. 11 Pasco County, Fla., area of
artesian flow in...... 133piezometric surface in.... 149pressure heads and water
levels in............. 195records of wells in..172, 185-186
Pasquotank County, N. C.,geology of............ 13
location and population of. 2 surface features of....... 10-11
Pasquotank River, N. C.,analyses of water of.. 57
mouth of.................. 4-5Permeability, coefficient of. 212 Piezometric surface, defini
tion and general features of...........146-147
map of Florida peninsula,showing............... pi. 12
relation of areas of highly mineralized water to.............. 163
Pine Creek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 260
Pinellas County, Fla.,records of wells in..172, 186
Pleistocene beds, occur rence, character, and water-bearing prop erties of.........67, 200-203
Pliocene beds, occurrence, character, and water bearing properties of. 122,
131, 200-203 Pliocene (?) beds, age and
thickness of.......... 67Poe Spring, Fla., discharge
of.................... 156Poesten Kill, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 257Polk County, Fla., area of
artesian flow in...... 133piezometric surface in.... 148pressure heads and water
levels in............. 195records of wells in..172-173, 186 specific capacity of wells
in.................... 159Ponce de Leon Spring, Fla,,
discharge and temperature of........ 156
Poultney River, Vt., flooddischarge of.......... 263
Princess Anne formation,age of................ 17
Princess Anne terrace,features of........... 11
Purdy Creek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 260
Putnam County, Fla.,mineralized water in.162, 163
piezometric surface in....149-150pressure heads and water
levels in............. 195records of wells in......173, 187
276 INDEX
Rainbow Spring, Pla., discharge and temperature of........ 155
Rainfall, fluctuations of artesian head caused by...................136-138,
142, 143 In New York, causes of
unusual...............235-236map showing............. pi. 22miscellaneous measure
ments of..............244-245records of, comparison
of....................236-237records of................ 12,
63-65, 198, 237-245 Raquette River, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 263Read, W. T., analyses of
water by.............. 214Recent beds, occurrence,
character, and water bearing properties of. 67,
122, 131 Reservoirs, absorption of
flood flow by......... 264Reynosa formation. See
Goliad sand. Richelieu River, N. Y.,
flood discharge of.... 263River stages, changes in,
fluctuations in artesian head due to..141-142
Riviera, Tex., chemical character of water from wells near....... 215-216
Rock Spring, Fla., dischargeand temperature of.... 156
outlet of................. 157Rondout Creek, N. Y., flood
discharges of......... 257
Sacandaga River, N. Y,,flood discharges of... 256
East Branch of, flooddischarge of.......... 256
Sage Brook, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 259
St. Augustine, Fla., pres sure head in well at.. 135
St. Johns County, Pla.,mineralized water in.. 162
pressure heads and waterlevels in............. 195
records of wells In......173, 187St Lawrence River, N. Y.,
flood discharges ofstreams tributary to.. 263
St. Lucie County, Pla.,pressure heads andwater levels in....... 195
records of wells in......173, 188St. Regis River, N. Y. f
flood discharge of.... 263 Salado Creek, flowing wells
near, discharge of.89,90, 109 Salado Creek Springs, dis
charge of............. 85-86Salado Water Co.'s well,
discharge of..........89, 109Salmon Creek, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 262view of flood on.......... pi. 23
Salmon River, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 263
Salt Spring, Pla., dischargeof.................... 156
Salt springs, occurrence of,in Florida............ 162
Salt water, contamination ofwells by, problem of.. 32-34
leaks of, in wells, methodof locating..........216-218,
pis. 18, 21occurrence of, In water
bearing formations of Coastal Plain....162-164, 201
San Antonio, Tex., average quantities of water used by............... 109
San Antonio area, Tex.,climate of............ 63-65
farm and ranch watersupplies in........... 89, 90
fluctuations of artesianpressure in.......98-100, 109
geology of..............67, 71-72ground-water in, investi
gations of............ 60-62outlook for future use
of....................104-107utilization of, for
public supplies....... 62-63springs and wells in,
total discharge from.. 89-91 topography of............. 65-66water levels in observa
tion wells in.........110-113San Antonio River, Tex.,
discharge of.......... 108San Antonio Springs, Tex.,
discharge of, fluctua tions in.............. 80-84
discharge of, in 1934..... 86, 90Sand, recent, occurrence and .
water-bearing prop erties of, in Kleberg County, Tex.....200, 201, 215
San Pedro Creek, Tex.,ground-water discharge of.................... 108
San Pedro Springs, Tex.,discharge of, fluctua tions in.............. 84-85
discharge of, in 1934..... 86, 90Santa Gertrudis ranch, Tex.,
artesian well at, flow of.................... 199
logs of wells at..........203-204records of wells at..221, 226-227
Saranac River, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 263
Sarasota County, Pla., areaof artesian flow in... 133
artesian conditions in.... 160loss of artesian head in
wells in.............. 145mineralized water in...... 163records of wells In..173-174, 188
Saw Kill, N. Y., flooddischarges of......... 257
Sawyers Creek, N. C.,analyses of water of.. 57
Sayre, A. N. ( Livingaton,Perm, and White, W. N., Water resources of the Edwards limestone in the San Antonio area, Tex.............59-113, pi. 5
INDEX 277
PageSohoharie Creek, N. Y.,
flood dischargea of... 257Schroon River, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 256Seminole County, Fla., loss
of artesian head in wells in.............. 145
mineralized water in...... 162pressure heads and water
levels in............. 195records of wells in......174, 188
S eminole Sp ri ng, Pla.,discharge of.......... 156
Shackham Brook, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 259
Shoal River formation. See Alum Bluff group.
Silver Glen Spring, Pla.,discharge and tempera ture of............... 155
Silver Springs, Fla., dis charge of.......151, 155, 157
temperature of............ 155view of................... pi. 13
Six Mile Creek, N. Y., flooddischarges of......... 261
Slope-area method, use of, for computing flood discharge.............253-255
Smithville Plats, N. Y.,flood damage at....... pi. 38
Softwater Creek, N. Y., drainage basin of, maximum intensity of discharge from........ 264
flood discharge of........ 261Sopchoppy limestone, inclu
sion of, in Hawthorn formation............. 129
Steele Brook, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 258
Stephens Creek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 260
Stephenson, L. W., andJohnson, B. L., quoted. 22
Stone Mills, N. Y., flooddischarges of unnamedbrooks near........... 262
Stony Brook, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 261
Stony Creek, N. Y. See West Stony Creek; East Stony Creek.
Stringfield, V. T., Artesian water in the Florida peninsula..115-195, pis. 6-16
Strongs Brook, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 259
Structure, features of...... 66,68, 121, 200, pis. 5, 6
Sulphur Spying, Pla.,discharge and tem perature of........... 156
Sumter County, Fla., pres sure heads and water levels in............. 195
records of wells in......174, 189Sun City, Pla., artesian
conditions near....... 161Susquehanna River, N, Y.,-
Pa.. flood discharges of.................... 258
at Binghamton, N. Y.,maximum stages of....267, 268
PageSusquehanna River Basin,
N. Y.-Pa., flood discharges of streams in.................... 258-260
storms and floods in......265-268Suwannee County, Fla., pres
sure heads and water levels in............. 195
records of wells in......174, 189Suwannee River area, Fla.,
piezometric surface in.................... 153
Swanacoochee Spring, Fla.,discharge of.......... 156
T
Tampa limestone, age of..... 122artesian water in......... 132distribution of........... 127exposures of.............. pi. 9thickness and character of. 122.
127-128 water-bearing properties
of........122, 128, 148, 149,150, 152, 153, 155, 158
Taughannock Creek, N. Y.,flood discharges of... 262
Taughannock Falls StatePark, N. Y., flooddamage in............. pi. 33
Taylor marl, age, thickness,and water-bearingproperties of......... 67
Tenmile Creek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 260
Thompson, D. G., quoted..... 10Tides, fluctuations of
artesian head due to.. 141 Tioga River, N. Y., flood
discharges of......... 259Tioughnioga River, N. Y.,
flood discharges of... 259 Titusville, Fla., salt bed
in well at............ 164Townsend, N. Y., slope-area
reach on Glen Creeknear..........252-253, pi. 24
Travis Peak formation,age of................ 67
thickness and water-bear ing properties of..... 67, 68
U
Unadilla River, N. Y.,flood discharges of... 259
Union County, Pla., pressure heads and water levels in.................... 195
records of wells in......174, 189TJvalde gravel, age, thick
ness, and water-bear ing properties of..... 67
Vicksburg group, formations of....................
Volusia County, Fla., loss of artesian head in
126
wells in.............. 145mineralized water in......162-163piezometric surface in....151-152
278 INDEX
Page Volusia County, Fla.,
pressure heads andwater levels in....... 195
records of wells in......175, 189
W
Walkill River, N. Y., flooddischarges of......... 257
Walloomsac River, Vt., flooddischarge of.......... 256
Walnut clay, age, thickness,and water-bearingproperties of......... 67
Water-bearing beds inElizabeth City area,N. C., at intermediatedepths, distributionand thickness of...... 25-26
at intermediate depths,physical properties of. 26-27
shallow, distribution andthickness of.......... 34-36
method of investigationof.................... 30-31
physical properties of.. 36-39 Water-level recorder, view
of.................... pi. 11Water-pressure recorder,
view of............... pi. 11Water table in Elizabeth
City area, N. C.,altitude and shape of. 42-43
fluctuations of......43-45, pi. 4Watkins Glen, N. Y.,
destruction of NewYork Central Railroadbridge at............. pi. 31
slope-area reach on GlenCreek near...253, pis. 25, 26
Weekewachee Spring, Fla.,,depth of.............. 157
discharge of.............. 155view of................... pi. 14
Wekiva Spring, Levy County,Pla., discharge of.... 156
Orange County, Pla., dis charge and temperatureof.................... 156
Wells in Elizabeth Cityarea, N. C., analysesof water of........... 51, 56
Page Wells in Elizabeth City
area, N. C., depth towater levels in....... 55
gravel-wall.............32, 40-42head of wster in.......... 27logs of..........14, 17-21, 29-30quality of water of..28-29, 48-49 records of................ 51-54yield of.........24, 27-28, 45-47
Wells in Florida, pressureheads and water; levelsin....................190-195
records of................165-189use of, for surface
drainage..............161-162Wells in Kleberg County,
Tex., analyses of water from............ 214
location of salt-waterleaks in.200, 216-218, pi. 18
logs of...................203-208methods of drilling.......219-220records of................220-232water levels in observa
tion. ................. 210-212Wells. See also Artesian
wells. West Canada Creek, N. Y.,
flood discharges of... 257 West Stony Creek, N. Y.,
flood discharge of.... 256White, W. N., Livingston,
Penn, Sayre, A. N., and, Water resources of the Edwards lime stone in the San Antonio area, Tex.....59-113,
pi. 5White Spring, Pla., dis
charge of............. 156Wilcox group, age and thick
ness of............... 67water-bearing properties
of beds of............ 67, 70Willet Creek, N. Y., flood
discharge of.......... 259Williams, K. T., chemical
analyses of water by.
Wright Brook, N. Y., flood discharge of.........
56,51,57
258
