The New Yorl(

Forest OwnerA PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

May/Tune 200 1

\1

Volume 39 Number 3 FOUNDED 1963

THE NEW YORK

FOREST OWNERS

ASSOCIATIONVolume 39, Number 3

Officers & DirectorsRonald Pedersen, President

22 Vandenburg Lane,Latham, NY 12110; (518) 785-6061

Jim Minor, Vice President

22 Bryn Mawr Road

Rochester, NY 14624; (716) 247-7069

John Druke, Secretary

6341 Kirkville Road

Kirkville, NY 13082; (315) 656-2313

Jerry Michael, Treasurer4 Leonard Lane,

Binghamton, NY 13901; (315) 648-2941

Deborah Gill, Administrative Secretary

P.O. Box 180Fairport, NY 14450; (716) 377-6060

Joan Kappel, Chair Editorial Committee

P.O. Box 646

Altamont, NY 12009-0646; (518) 861-8753

2002

Harry Dieter, Honeoye Falls, (716) 533-2085

Mike Greason, Catskill, (518) 943-9230Jack Hamilton, Wayland, (716) 728-5769

Rolf Wentorf, Johnsonville, (518) 753-0228

2003

Hugh Canham, N. Syracuse, (315) 457-4972

Roy Esiason, Granville, (518) 642-2351

Jerry Michael, Binghamton, (607) 648-2941

Ronald Pedersen, Latham, (518) 785-6061

2004

Jack McShane, Andes, (845) 676-3534Dave Swaciak, Franklinville, (716) 676-2349

Geff Yancy, Rochester, (716) 271-4567

Paul Yarbrough, Ithaca, (607) 277-3011

Chapter-Designated DirectorsCharlie Mowatt, Allegheny Foothills; (716) 676-3617

Joan & Hans Kappel, Capital District; (518) 861-8753

John Druke, Central New York; (315) 656-2313

Ann Osborn, Lower Hudson; (845) 424-3683

Pat Ward, Northern Adirondack; (315) 268-0902Bob Preston, Niagara Frontier; (716) 632-5862

Peter Gregory, SE Adirondack; (518) 399-1812

Charlotte Baxter, Southern Tier; (607) 967-8516

Peter Smallidge, Southern Finger Lakes; (607) 255-4696

Chuck Winship, Western Finger Lakes; (716) 223-4619

The New York Woodland Stewards,Inc. (NYWS) is a 501(c)3 foundationof NYFOA and tax deductible dona-tions to this organization will advanceNYFOA's educational mission,

All rights reserved. Contents may not be reproduced

without prior written permission/rom the publisher.NYFOA does not necessarily support or approve pro-cedures, products, or opinions presented by authors

or advertisers.

© 2001 New York Forest Owners Association

In This Issue • ••

FROM THE PRESIDENT

RON PEDERSEN ..,., . .,., . ., . .,., . ., .. .,., . .,., . .,,,.,.,,,.,,.,, . .,.,,,,,,.,., . ., . .,., . ., . .,, . .,.,., . .,.",3

IN THE MAIL ..,.",.,.,.,,,,, ..,.,,.,,,,,,,., ., ..,,,.,,,, .,,,,, .,., .. .,., .. ., ,,., " .. ., 4

THE BEAR FACTS

KRIST! SULLIVAN ., " . ., . ., . ., .,., . .,." . ., . .,., ., . .,., . ., ., . .,., .. .,." . .,., . ., . ., . ., .. 5

FORESTERS BRANCH OUT WITH OLD GROWTH DATABASE

JIM ROGALSKI : 6

NEW YORK'S PAPER INDUSTRY

HUGH O. CANHAM . .,., . ., . .,., . ., .... ., . .,., . ., .. .,.,., . ., . .,.,.,.,., . ., . ., . ., . .,.,,,.,., . ., . .,., . ., . .,. 8

NEWS & NOTES 11

NYFOA AWARDS .,..., .,.."" ...,.." .,., .., ., .,., .., ., .,.,.,., .." .,., .,.,.12

CARBON, CLIMATE CHANGE AND FORESTS

TODD MATHES AND ROBERT MALMSHEIMER .,.,.,.,., . ., . ., . .,.,.,.,.,.,.,., . .,.,.,.,.,.,., ... 14

THE INSECT EGG

DOUGLAS C. ALLEN .,., . .,., . ., . ., . .,., . ., . .,."., . ., ... " . ., . ., .. ".,., . ., .. ., . .,., . .,., .... ., . ., .... .,. 16

JOHN DRUKE RECEIVES DONALD STEARNS FORESTRY AWARD.,.,.,.,., 18

FOREST FRAGMENTATION ...,., .., .., ., .., ..,., ., ..,., .., .., .., ., .., ..,." .,., .., 19

WOODLOT CALENDAR 20

The New Yorl(

Forest OwnerA PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

The New York Forest Owner is a bi-monthly publication of The New York Forest OwnersAssociation, P.O. Box 180, Fairport, NiY. 14450. Materials submitted for publicationshould be sent to: Mary Beth Malmsheimer, Editor, The New York Forest Owner, 134Lincklaen Street, Cazenovia, New York 13035. Materials may also be e-mailed tommalmshe@syr.edu. Articles, artwork and photos are invited and if requested, are returnedafter use. The deadline for submission for the Iuly/August issue is June 1, 2001.

Please address all membership fees and change of address requests to P.O. Box 180,

Fairport, N.Y. 14450. 1-800-836-3566. Cost of individual membership/subscriptior is $20.

www.nyfoa.org

COVER: Neil Pedersen is extracting the core from the increment borer of anewly found black gum tree in Greenfield, NY. See page 6 for thefull article on the finding of this old growth tree. Photographcourtesy of John Hastings.

May/June 20012 The New York Forest Owner 39:3

FT~PresidentI

worl:derif New York forest owners- individuals, corporations, andgovernments - are in some way less

proud of their stewardship than folks insome other states, or perhaps not asconfident in the practices being carriedout. On the other hand, it may just bewe are not as demonstrative as others,and hence, may be missing someopportunities to cultivate the under-standing and support of motorists.

While driving through the Caroli-nas, Florida and Georgia last February,Peggy and I again remarked about the

number ofpositiveremindersalong the roadto the impor-tance of forestmanagementand steward-ship. Perhapsyou've seen

some of these small, tastefully donesigns, carefully placed as reminderswithout being scenically intrusive.

Our favorite is "Caring for theForest and All it Produces." A straight-forward, positive statement, which canstir a wide variety of thoughts. Whatcomes to your mind - birds, firewood,solitude; timber, deer, smells; porcu-pines, fenceposts, satisfaction; income,grouse, snow shoes; flowers, ferns,ground pine; writing paper, 2 x 4s, orChristmas trees and children? Trymaking your own list.

"Watch us Grow Trees" is a greatmessage too. Others contribute to yourwell being by growing tomatoes, applesor carrots. I grow trees. When they are"ripe" they contribute many productsthat you use every day. While they aregrowing, they help our water supplyand turn carbon dioxide (a humanwaste) into the oxygen we need.Trees start small and with time andtender loving care grow up -- a lifecycle with which we are all familiar.

Perhaps that is what the GeorgiaAssociation of Consulting Forestershad in mind when they put up this sign:"New Forest Being Born - Watch itGrow." I like that image.

The Georgia Forestry Commissionauthored several signs we like, such as"Georgia's Favorite Color - ForestGreen." They also reminded us that"Trees Grow Jobs," and made recom-mendations such as "Idle Acres? PlantTrees."

Some industrial landholders takethe trouble to explain when trees wereplanted, thinned, targeted for harvestand other information, again stressingthe cyclical nature of raising woodproducts. These messages let peopleknow that growing trees is a seriouslong-term endeavor and that woodproducts don't just "happen."

Skeptics may argue that many ofthose signs are designed to go with thesoutheast's softwood industries and arenot suitable for the northeast. Sure,some of the signs best describe planta-tion farming, and no one is suggestingthat "Prescribed Burning for a HealthyForest" is a sign designed for NewYork. That sign's message is, how-ever, a statement of established prac-tice in Georgia, and its owner isn'tshying away from making a positivestatement regarding a sensitive subject.

Simply put, I am suggesting thatthere are additional opportunities forinforming the motoring public of whatthey are looking at as they drive by. AsNew York's forest owners - individu-als, corporations, and governments -we need to take every opportunity toraise the level of awareness of thetraveling public as to the environmen-tal, economic and social aspects ofcaring for our forests, and all that theyproduce. Those with forested frontageon secondary roads might consider thepossibilities - how many people driveby every week?

-Ron PedersenPresident

}

• , NYFOA is a not-for-

am profit group of NY• State landowners

promoting stewardship of privateforests. Stewardship puts intopractice knowledge of forestecosystems, silviculture, localeconomies, watersheds, wildlife,natural aesthetics and even law forthe long term benefit of current andfuture generations. NYFOA,through its local chapters, providesthis knowledge for landowners andthe interested public.

Join NYFOA today and begin toreceive the many benefits including:six issues of The New York ForestOwner, woodswalks, chaptermeetings, and two statewide meet-ings for all members.

IfWe would like to support goodforestry and stewardship of NewYork's forest lands

( ) IfWe own acres ofwoodland.( ) IfWe do not own woodland butsupport the Association's objectives.

Name: _

Address: _City: _

State/Zip: _

Telephone: _

County of Residence: _

County of Woodlot: _Referred by: _

Annual Dues (Please Circle One):Student $10(please provide copy of student ID)

Individual $20Family (co-owners) $25Contributing $30-$100Sponsoring $1 01+

Please make check payable to NewYork Forest Owners Association,or, if you prefer, by check payable toNYWS (New York WoodlandStewards, Inc., a tax deductiblefoundation), including any contribu-tion in excess of your NYFOAmembership and send to:

NYFOAP.O. Box 180

Fairport, New York 144501-800-836-3566www.nyfoa.org

The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001 3

In The sc-

MAILtjControlling Deer Population

Both recent numbers of the Conserva-

tionist and The New York Forest Ownercontain lamentations about the numbers of

deer haunting our highways and creatingas serious a threat to our forests as all otherpests put together.

I am ashamed now that for 30 or soyears my lands were part of a community

posting scheme whose purpose was not tocontrol deer but to control hunters.

Twelve years ago I switched posting

signs. The new ones in effect welcomehunters, asking them to get written

permission from me that relieves me ofliability, take all the deer they legally can,and leave some in my freezer.

Bruce E.Robinson, Inc.FORESTRY CONSULTANTS

• FOREST PRODUCT MARKING &MARKETING

• TREE FARM MANAGEMENTURBAN FORESTRY &

OMMUNITY MANAGEMENTTIMBER APPRAISALS

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BOUNDARY MAINTENANCE• CHRISTMAS TREE MANAGEMENT• FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANNING• FOREST RECREATION PLANNING• WOODLOT IMPROVEMENTS IN

IMMATURE STANDS• WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT• FOREST TAXATION PLANNING

Ph. (716) 665-5477Fax. (716) 664-5866

e-mail brobin@netsync.net1894 CAMP ST. EXT.

JAMESTOWN, NY 14701

representative to t

Forest Practi,ce

years/IS of whichRegion FPB to the

Board.:wbere"he

The posting has been very successful.Some 60-70 hunters come for permits each.

season. They are well-spoken and appre-ciative. Some have been coming from the

start. Last fall they reported taking 32 fromabout 1,000 acres, all of them nicely

fattened on seedlings of oak and ash.Last year's hunters included two from

Holland and four from Ecuador. TheDutchmen did all right, but the Latinos

prowled about for five days without asmuch as putting an arrow into deer flesh.

Unfortunately my neighbors think toprotect their woodlands by posting against

hunting instead of for hunting.

I believe that forest owners areresponsible for their property, includingkeeping deer numbers under control.

Moreover that control needs more effectivemeans than increasing sporting license feesor legalizing more bowmen, cross or long.

- Henry S. Kernan

South Worcester, NY

4

Nolan'.'Sporting Supplle.

Outdoor EquIpment SpecialIst

37 • 1.7 Genesee StreetAuburn, NY 13021

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NYFOAScholarship Fund

As of April 1, 2001, theNYFOA Endowed Scholar-ship Fund that is admin-istered by the SUNY ESFCollege Foundation, Inc.has a fund balance of$20,908.85.

The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001

The Bear FactsKRISTI) SULLIV AN

Spring is upon us and chances ofviewing a wandering black bearare greater at this time of year.

Although not true hibernators, bearssleep soundly through the winter innests or dens in hollow stumps, caves,and under trees. As the weatherwarms, bears awaken and begin tosearch out sources of food. Otheractivities, including males searchingfor females and yearlings leaving theirsow's home range, also increase thedistance that bears travel at this timeof year.

Approximately 5,000-6,000 blackbears inhabit New York State. Bearsare most common in the heavilyforested areas of the Adirondack,Catskill and Allegany ranges. How-

ever, an increase in forest cover inother parts of the state where fieldsare reverting to forest is creatingadditional habitat, and bears are beingseen in new areas with increas-ing frequency.

• •Bears are omnivorous .,..and will eat almost ••• ,.,anything including plant .•buds, leaves, stalks, fruitand nuts, as well asinsects, meat, and even garbage.Their opportunistic feeding habitsoften bring them into conflict withpeople as they discover "free" sourcesof food like bird feeders, compostbins, garbage or pet food. To avoidconflict with bears the best strategy isto eliminate all potential food sources.

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Discontinue birdfeeding for thespring. Bringingfeeders in for thenight may be helpful,

but remember that bearswill be attracted to the seed

that has spilled on the ground.Keep garbage cans inside a garageor shed instead of leaving themoutdoors, and avoid feeding pets

outdoors. Remove grease cans fromoutdoor grills after every use and turnthe grill on "high" to burn awayremaining tidbits of food.

Although viewing a bear up closecan be a thrilling experience, bearsthat become accustomed to receivingfood from people often developtroublesome habits as they continue toseek food from inappropriate sources.This behavior can be dangerous forbears as well as people. Bears that areaccustomed to being near people are atgreater risk of being hit by a car orbeing shot illegally. In addition,regularly feeding on improper foodscan lead to dietary deficiencies. Aswith all wildlife, these spectacularcreatures should be respected, and arebest admired from a distance .•.

Kristi Sullivan is a Wildlife CommunicationsSpecialist at Cornell University.

RICHARD CIPPERLYNORTH COUNTRY FORESTRY LLC

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The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001 5

Pederson visited the unfrequentedstand of some 30 old-growth trees forthe first time since the fall when hediscovered them and took boringsamples. It was his first visit to thestate's oldest known living tree since itwas informally confirmed as such inJanuary.

"This is definitely the time of yearto see them - there are no mosqui-toes," Pederson quipped as he stoodnext to the tree that has been scientifi-cally proven to date back to 1448.That's 44 years before Columbussailed the ocean blue.

With Pederson were stateDepartment of EnvironmentalConservation foresters, JohnHastings, Tad Norton and DavidLee. Hastings, the Saratoga Countyforester, originally pointedPederson to the possibility of theold growth trees in the area basedon a tattered 1940 map.

Hastings said the land aroundthe trees likely will be designated asprotected under the new forestmanagement plan he is creating forSaratoga County's 3,000 acres ofstate forest.

Foresters Branch Outwith Old-Growth Database

JIM ROGALSKI

A scraggly old tree with a nastybump on its trunk growing ina remote swamp in

Greenfield, NY is the inspiration for asoon-to-be first-ever national database.

Keith Argow, president of theWashington, D.C.-based NationalForestry Association (NFA), said hestarted creating a database of oldtrees, inspired by news of a 553-year-old black tupelo tree growing on stateforest land off Cohen Road. That treeis believed to be the oldest knownliving tree in New York state, butsince there is not a formal database onold trees it is difficult to know forcertain.

There are national databases forlargest trees and historic/famous trees, butnone for oldest trees. Old tree records arekept informally by researchers and others.

An old burl protrudes from the trunk of whatmay be the oldest tree in New York State - ablack gum of 550+ years.

"That (tupelo) tree pushed meover the edge," Argow said from hisWashington, D.C., office, where hedirects the nonprofit agency thatpromotes forestry education in all 50states. His agency is setting up anadvisory council that will include theUniversity of Arizona Tree RingResearch Lab and the Rocky Moun-tain Dendrochronology Lab to keep aformal database of the oldest trees inevery state.

"It's very exciting," said 33-year-old researcher Neil Pederson, whofound the old growth tree inGreenfield last fall. "A database likethis will really help people who workwith trees. I think we may be sur-prised at just how long some trees canlive."

In February, while Argow wasbusy marshaling the forces to launchthe database project, Pederson, aPh.D. candidate at Columbia Univer-sity, strapped on snowshoes and hikedwith a trio of state foresters to thenow-famous black tupelo for furtherstudy.

Armed with a tape measure,boring rod and other work essentials,

271 County Road #9Chenango Forks, N.Y. 13746

(607) 648-5512E-mail snowhawke@juno.com

Timber AppraisalTimber Sales

Forest Stewardship PlansForestry 480-A Plans

Restore the American Chestnut

6 The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001

Neil Pedersen (left), Times Union Photographer Cindy Schultz, andreporter Jim Rogalski in a group of black gum trees

Neil Pedersen (left) is taking an increment boring of a black gum(Nyssa sylvatica) as Cindy Schultz is taking a picture.

"We'll fund it ourselves,"Argow said. "We hope otherpartners eventually will include theNational Arbor Day Foundation.".4

Pederson is a doctoral candi-date at the Tree Ring Laboratory ofLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory atColumbia University. His project isto study the influences of climate ontrees growing at or near their rangelimits in the Hudson Valley.

Argow said the new databasewill work this way: individuals

will notify his agency of a treethey think is particularly old, andthe NFA will dispatch a localforester to study it. Data will bereviewed and verified by a nationalreview board of tree-dating profes-sionals, and certificates will beissued to mark the significance ofthe tree.

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Jim Rogalski is a staff writer with the AlbanyTimes Union. This article originally appearedin the Albany Times Union on February 11,2001 and is reprinted with their permission.

Facts on the state's oldest• Type:. Black tupelo (black• Location: Off Cohen Road,• Height: 55 Feet• Diameter: 26.6 inches• Circumference: 7 Feet• Notable Characteristics: Large

seven feet up the trunk; thecrooked branches that more re~;enlbllthan a maple.

Source: John Hastings, State forester for Saratoga"CountyNYFOA member

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The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001 7

Until the early 1950s, spruce wasthe principal species used to producepaper. Some balsam fir was also usedand specialty mills used poplar (aspen,cottonwood). What was required werespecies that could easily be separatedinto individual fibers and had a highconcentration of cellulose but lowamounts of lignin and other substancesnot useable for paper. Papermakingsoon became a big industry. Althoughthe early mills were small compared tothe huge mills that are now state-of-theart in today's paper industry, theindustry realized that insuring a steadysupply of wood was essential. A papermill generally operates 24 hours a dayfor extended periods. Indeed, it is amajor operation to shut down and startup a paper mill. To insure woodsupply, the companies purchased andmanaged large tracts of land, princi-pally in northern New York. Finch-Pruyn became one of the major land-owners in the Adirondacks, and still is.St.Regis Paper Co., Gould Paper Co.,International Paper Co. all acquiredthousands of acres. The softwoodresource was cut and floated down-stream to the mills. Glens Falls becamea major "papermill town" as didNewton Falls, and Lyons Falls in theTug Hill/western Adirondacks region.

In the 1950s a new process wasdeveloped, largely through researchdone in New York State at the Collegeof Forestry in Syracuse that made thecommercial pulping of hardwoodspecies feasible. Almost overnight, inNew York State, the makeup of thepulpwood harvest dramatically changed(Figure 2). Softwood harvest droppedand hardwood rose. Whereas in 1950,softwood pulpwood accounted for 80percent of total pulpwood consumed byNew York mills, by 1960 it haddropped to 60 percent with hardwoodsreplacing softwoods. A wide variety of

The paper industry in NorthAmerica started on the upperHudson River in New York

State. And, until very recently, NewYork State was the headquarters of oneof the largest paper companies in theworld. These two events characterizethe paper industry's reign in New YorkState: early start, a leading state,declines. The recent closures of severalNew York paper mills call for examin-ing this industry and the reasons thatthe State has lost its premier place as apaper producing state. Of particularnote are the impacts of the changingdynamics of the paper industry on theforest resource. With the bulk of NewYork's forest land in nonindustrialprivate ownership the question be-comes, what is the impact on privateforest owners?

The fledgling paper industry inNorth America differed from itsEuropean counterpart. Here woodwas in abundance; primarily spruceand balsam fir that could easily beground into individual fibers andcombined with the abundant water

resource available to make a veryuseful grade of paper. Producing thispaper also required large amounts ofenergy but this was also availablefrom the falling water in the manyrivers of New York State. Thus, in1869 the Hudson River Paper Com-pany, now International PaperCompany, built a mill on the upperHudson River at the village ofCorinth. By the end of the 1800' sthere were close to 150 pulp mills inthe state. Developments in newtechnologies and changing fortunesled to changes over the next 70years. By 1939, there were 42 woodpulp and paper mills operating inNew York State. These were locatedprimarily in Northern New York withothers around the Niagara Falls area(Figure 1). Northern New Yorkcontained three essential ingredientsfor papermaking: water, energy, andan abundant supply of spruce and fir.In addition, the region was close tothe nation's major paper markets,New York City, Boston, and theother growing eastern cities.

Figure 1: Pulp Mills of New York State 1939

8 The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001

(Figure 4). These mills are still locatedin and around the Adirondacks.However, many of these latter daymills use hardwood or hemlock,species available across the entirenortheastern United States. And energyis usually provided from petrochemicalor wood fired electric generatorsonsite. Their location is, however, stilltied to abundant water supplies.

By today's standards, many of themills operating in New York State inthe 1990s were older, smaller, and ranslower than the average in the industry.However, New York State is stilllocated close to major markets. Thepaper companies responded by findingniche markets and producing specialtypapers. This enabled them to competewith other regions.

Not only did the American paperindustry expand during the 20thcenturybut across the world paper productiongreatly increased. Profits were "plowedback" into newer bigger paper ma-chines. New ventures were started inthe tropics, wood was imported fromthe southern hemisphere. The result,on the eve of the 21't century, was aworld-wide glut, or overabundance ofpaper. As always happens, whensupply increases but demand does not,price falls. The paper industry hassuffered several price drops. At thesame time energy prices have increased

continued on page 10

PULPWOOD PRODUCTION IN NEW YORK STATESelected Years: 1905-1997

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

I-Hacdwood I_ .• - Softw~

; ..»

1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1997

YEARFigure 2

more, in papermaking there aretremendous economies of scale. Putsimply, this means it is much cheaperper ton of paper to produce paper in amill that has the capacity to produce800 tons per day than in an older millproducing only 100 tons per day.

New York State mills foundthemselves in a tight competitivesituation. By 1964 only 16 primarypaper mills (mills that take in woodand produce paper) remained (Figure3). However, the amount of woodconsumed remained about the same.What had happened was that manysmaller mills had closed and thoseremaining had expanded or consoli-dated. These changes continued and bythe 1990s, only 6 mills were left

hardwoods could be used although oakand cherry were not favored due totheir interaction with various metalsand bleaching and pulping difficulties.Today softwoods comprise 33 percentof the pulpwood consumed and hard-woods 67 percent.

However, the Nation was alsochanging. In the western United States,abundant supplies of large softwoodwere becoming available. The southernUnited States was also developing andas further research led to more techno-logical developments the vast southernpine resource across the South becamethe growth center of the paper industry.As is so often true in manufacturing,newer regions and newer mills are builtwith the latest technology. Further-

c..:, ) .'

l~( :, I,

l'kl

''-~ ,

......~

:/ .

-"-~), .:--;1y

Figure 3: Pulp Mills of New York State 1964 Figure 4: Pulp Mills of New York State ]995

9The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001

changes are occurring. Sawmills are nowutilizing trees that just a few years agowere barely considered suitable forpulpwood. New edgers, trimmers,resaws, and finger-jointed glued panelsoffer opportunities for furniture compa-nies in New York to obtain much betterutilization of the timber resource. Morespecies are being used, for example,red maple (acer rubrum). Thesedevelopments suggest that the outlookfor forest management opportunities inNew York State can be good, providedthe social costs, energy costs, andregulatory climate, in the state remaincompetitive. Finally, remember, thenortheastern United States can growwood fiber. Some worldwide analystspredict that North America, especiallythe hardwood region, may become amajor "woodbasket" to the world.""

New York's Paper Industry (continued from page 9)

and compliance with tightening envi-ronmental constraints have taken theirtoll on corporate profits. Eventuallysomething had to give. The slowdownin the economy in the latter part of2000 was only the "straw that brokethe camel's back" of the industry. Inretrospect, other earlier signs ofeventual mill closure could be seen -selling assets, not replacing old ma-chinery, lower capital investment thanin other regions of the country. Overthe last year 3 mills have closed: LyonsFalls Paper Co. in Lewis County, theChampion Paper Co. mill at Deferiet inJefferson County, the Appleton PaperCo. mill at Newton Falls in St.Lawrence County.

What are the impacts of all thedynamics of the paper industry onprivate nonindustrial forest manage-ment? When softwoods were theprimary resource there was little effect.However, those landowners withsubstantial softwood plantations, andnotably, the State of New York withthe extensive State Forests, enjoyed atime of prosperity from the 1960sthrough the 1990s by being able toeconomically thin the plantations.Pulpwood production from plantationsin the northeast will never be asprofitable as in the south. However, thepulpwood market allowed no-cost, orextremely low-cost, thinning to beconducted.

With the advent of hardwoodpulpwood markets it was thought thathardwood thinnings (timber standimprovement cutting) would be fea-sible. Foresters in New York Statehave complained for decades anddecades over the absence of marketsfor small-diameter hardwoods. How-ever, hardwood pulpwood, while it canbe produced from just thinnings, canalso be very nicely produced fromstraight crop-trees. This tends to betrue of most markets for small diameterwood. The intermediate product cantake over and become the dominantproduct. However, when a combinedsawlog and pulpwood market exists, as

has been true in much of theAdirondacks and Tug Hill region, veryintensive forest management becomesfeasible and long-term production ofvaluable sawtimber is possible throughintegrated harvests for both products.No doubt, the recent mill closures willdampen the financial profitability oftimber management and alter owners'plans for managing their lands.Changes in the paper industry outsideNew York State have also affectedNew York. Changes in technology inPennsylvania paper mills ended themarket for sawmill residues acrossmuch of the Southern Tier region ofNew York State. Being able to profit-ably dispose of slabs and edgings byconverting them to useful chips for thepaper industry improved the profitmargins of many sawmills. The loss ofthis market lowered the mill's profit-ability and, in turn, forced the mills toreduce payment for logs and restricttheir purchases of low grade logs. Thisrestricts forest .....--------------------------,

managementalternatives andreturns to land-owners

On a brighternote, however,one notices thedecision to buildparticle-boardmills in northernNew York State.These mills willutilize woodmaterial similar topulpwood. Inaddition, otherareas of the statemay fall withinthe wood-shed ofpossible otherchipboard andrelated productsmills outside theState.

In the lumberindustry manynew technological

Hugh Canham is a Professor ofForest Economics at SUNY ESF and amember of the NYFOA Executive Board.

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10 The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001

NEWS&NOTES

Chapters Host NYFOA Booth". The CDC and SAC hosted a NYFOAa. and MFO display at the WoodworkersShowcase in Saratoga Springs on March 24and 25. The exhibit proved to be verypopular with the more than 6,000 attend-ees. Thanks to volunteers: Peter Gregory,Polly and Erwin Fullerton, Dave andJane Jenks, John and Kristine Wiley,Bob Manning, Roy Esiason, Rolf andDebra Wentorf, Cindy King, TomDandrew, Bill Millington, Jan Storm,and Hans Kappel.

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Contact Lake George Forestry today toarrange a free initial consultation.

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11

Dale Bosworth Selected As USDA'sNew Forest Service Chief" Agriculture Secretary Ann M.a. Veneman announced the selectionof Dale N. Bosworth as the new chiefof the Forest Service. Bosworthsucceeds former chief Mike Dombeckwho retired from federal service onMarch 31st

•

"Dale Bosworth is a veteranforester who has devoted his career tothe Forest Service," said Veneman."His background and experience willmake him a great addition to our team.I am pleased to announce his selectionas the 15th chief of USDA's ForestService." Bosworth currently serves asregional forester for the ForestService's Northern Region, whichincludes northern Idaho, Montana,North Dakota and northwestern SouthDakota. As Forest Service chief,Bosworth will oversee an organizationof over 30,000 employees and a budgetof $4.6 billion.

Aerial Photos" Yet another extremely usefula. website - http://www.apfo.usda.

govl Aerial photos are especiallyuseful in determining boundary lines asold hedgerows, fields, lanes, and otherlanduses are visible on the olderphotos. Another good use is a meansby which to estimate stand size (have ahighschool student help you with thegeometric formulas to calculate area).All ordering information and forms areon this site as downloads using AdobeAcrobat Reader (which can be down-loaded from the site free of charge).

The US Mail address is: USDAAerial Photography Field Office, SalesBranch, 2222 W. 2300 South, SaltLake City, UT 84119-2020. CustomerService: 801/975-3503.

DEC's Tree & Shrub Seedling SaleUnderway" The New York State Departmenta. of Environmental Conservation's(DEC) annual sale of tree and shrubseedlings will continue through themonth of May. The program offerslow-cost planting materials and is

The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001

designed to encourage landowners toenhance New York's environment.

DEC's Saratoga Tree Nurseryproduces more than 30 species of treesand shrubs, many native to New York,for planting on public and private land.The minimum order is 100 seedlingswhich require approximately one-quarter acre of planting space. A mixedpacket of 20 wildlife shrubs is availablefor homeowners to attract song birds totheir yards.

Landowners can obtain plantingadvice from their nearest DEC forestryoffice or from a private forestryconsultant. The bulletin "Trees andShrubs" which is available from theSaratoga Nursery or any DEC office,contains helpful information on treeplanting and a list of available speciesand prices.

To order seedlings, call theSaratoga Tree Nursery weekdaysbetween 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. at (518)587-1120.4

Screen Printing speclaHsts

VOSS SIGNS, LLCDept. TF, Box 553

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SPECIAL RECOGNITION

AWARD TO JILL CORNELLA NYFOA SWARD

During the annual Spring Meeting John Hastings, Jill Cornell and Billy Morris were pre-sented with awards from NYFOA. The articles here contain a portion of the presentation to theindividuals. The 2001 NYFOA Awards Committee was chaired by Robert M. Sand and consistiedof Michael Greason Eileen Schaefer and Don Wagner.

HEIBERG MEMORIAL AWARD PRESENTED ToJOHN T. HASTINGS

Bob Sand presented John Hastings with the2001 Heiberg Memorial Award.

Each year the New York ForestOwners Association presents theHeiberg Memorial Award to

recognize outstanding contributions to forestryand conservation in New York State. Theaward memorializes Svend O. Heiberg, arenowned Professor of Silviculture at the NYSCollege of Forestry (now the SUNY Collegeof Environmental Science and Forestry), whowas responsible for proposing the establish-ment of a forest landowner association in NewYork State 39 years ago. With Hardy Shirley,Dean of Forestry, Professor Heiberg beganthe meetings that eventually organizedNYFOA.

This year at its March 17th AnnualMeeting, attended by his family, colleagues,and many friends, NYFOA presented theHeiberg Memorial Award to John T. Hastingsfor his distinguished career in forestry.

John Hastings is a sixth generationAdirondacker with deep roots in WarrenCounty and the area encompassingWarrensburg. After graduating from highschool, John attended SUNY Stony Brook forone semester before transferring to the NYState College of Forestry, where he earned hisB.S. in 1970. After graduation John's careerincluded many different experiences includingservice in the US Army, working at Pack

Forest, a job with the DEC at Cortland, andworking as a field researcher on Adirondackland slides. John then accepted a DECappointment in 1974 at Warrensburg, NY, hishome and first love.

Over the years John has been both adedicated and hardworking service forester. In1977 he developed and implemented the firstForest Management Plan for the City ofAmsterdam's Glen Wild Watershed, a 6,000acre tract straddling the townline betweenEdinburgh and Providence in SaratogaCounty.

Throughout the 80' s to the present, therehave been years of association with theAmerican Tree Farm System that wasrecognized by Hard Hat Awards, includingBronze, Silver, Gold and Gold Plus. Then in'93, '95 and '98 he was recognized as theOutstanding Tree Farm Inspector of the yearfor New York State.

John owns and manages a 30 acre TreeFarm consisting of Northern hardwoods andRed oak stands in Washington County. Hehas thinned twice for pulpwood and plans amarked timber sale in five years. John hasbeen a member of NYFOA for years and wasinstrumental in the formation of the Southeast-ern Adirondack Chapter (SAC). He becameeditor of the SAC Newsletter in 1991, aposition he continues to hold. John hasprovided leadership for all aspects of SAC andfor six years he was duly elected to serve as aNYFOA Board Member. His list of volunteercommitments is endless.

NYFOA applauds the accomplishmentsof John Hastings, a dedicated professional,who by significant measure of volunteerleadership, rightly deserves this NYFOAappreciation, a token acknowledging adistinguished career filled with years ofcontributions and service to forestry andconservation in New York State.4.

Periodically NYFOA will present aSpecial Recognition Award to anindividual who has contributed

their time and efforts for the good of theorganization. During this year's annualSpring Meeting, NYFOA presented theaward for the year 2001 to Jill Cornell,a dedicated NYFOA leader and a well-known person across New York andmany Northeastern states.

Jill has been a member of NYFOAsince 1992. She has been an activemember with the Capital DistrictChapter (CDq serving first at CDCVice Chair and then succeeding to theCDC Chair. Jill also chaired the FamilyForest Fair in 1997 and again in 1998.

For years she has given both timeand expertise in a number of NYFOAleadership roles, beginning with herelection in 1996 as a member of theBoard of Directors. This year, Jillleaves the Board after having servedwith distinction over the last six years.In April 1997, Jill became NYFOAPresident and served for two eventfulyears.

Cornell is a Master Forest Ownerand has 50 acres of managed forestproperty. She was Director on the NewYork Tree Farm Committee from 1996-99. In 1997 she became NortheasternRegional Vice President for the NationalWoodland Owners Association, and hasserved as the only President of the NewYork Woodland Stewards, Inc. since itsestablishment in 1997. She has writtennumerous articles for the New YorkForest Owner and produced a TreeFarm Video entitled "Managing theEquity in Your Woodlot."

Jill has devoted both significant timeand much talent to advance manyorganizations. Her commitment toNYFOA has been more than a fullmeasure. NYFOA wishes to recognizeher many contributions with a token ofappreciation by presenting the 20Ci!NYFOA Special Recognition Award.Congratulations Jill! 4

12 The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001

BILLY MORRIS RECEIVES NYFOA SERVICE AWARD

HALE FORESTRY COMPANY610 East Main Street, Westfield, PA 16950

The twenty-fourth New YorkForest Owners Association(NYFOA) Outstanding Service

Award was presented to Billy Morris atthe 2001 Annual Meeting. The award,which recognizes outstanding service tothe NYFOA membership, acknowledgesMorris' many contributions of time,energy and talent over the years toNYFOA.

Morris was born in CattaraugusCounty and as a youth helped his fatherthin the farm woodlot. This earlyintroduction to woods work kindled hislove for the forest. Later, this samewoodlot helped finance his educationafter high school. In 1965 Billy beganhis career in forestry at Paul SmithsCollege, then enrolled at SUNY ESF toearn a B.S. degree in Forestry in 1969.

Billy's first job was with theNorthern Logger Magazine in OldForge, NY. He then accepted a positionwith the former New York State Conser-vation Department, now known as theNew York State Department of Environ-mental Conservation, or DEC. Hiscareer with the DEC has spanned 31years.

Morris is a conscientious profes-sional forester. He has dedicated hiscareer to being a champion of theprivate woodland owners in the FingerLakes. He works out of Region 8 of theDEC and is well known throughout his

Billy Morris receives the NYFOA ServiceA ward from NYFOA Vice President JimMinor

circle of travel. He counts manyNYFOA members as personal friendsand is a volunteer participant, speakeror woodswalk leader for many NYFOAevents. He volunteers these same effortsfor the Soil & Water Districts, Coopera-tive Extension, 4-H and the MasterForest Owner program at Cornell'sArnot Forest.

He is an active member of theWestern Finger Lakes Chapter ofNYFOA, a prior member of the Societyof American Foresters and an outstand-ing supporter of the New York TreeFarm Program.

The NYFOA membership sincerelyappreciates all of the contributions oftime, talent and energy Billy Morris hasprovided over the years to the organiza-tion. Congratulations and thank you foryour years of service to NYFOA . .4..

Professional Forestry ConsultingForest Resource Management Services ,

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APPRAISALSINVENTORIES

The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001 13

Carbon, Climate Change and Forests

Today, more than ever, thetraditionally inextricable link

between air pollution, climate

change, and forestry is disappearing.On January 22, 2001, an interna-tional panel of scientists releasedwhat the United Nations considersthe most comprehensive investiga-

tion of the global warming theory todate. The scientists' findings include

a stern warning that air pollutionwill cause dramatic and potentiallyharmful changes in weather patternsduring the next century. The naturaland ongoing sequestration and

storage of human-made atmosphericcarbon-based emissions by forests

may present forest landowners witha new opportunity. If carbon seques-tration markets develop, privateforest landowners may receivecompensation for their forests'

sequestration and storage of atmo-spheric carbon. However, policy

makers must address many issuesbefore these markets will develop.

Global Warming, Sequestration,and Storage

Carbon-based gases in the atmo-sphere are some of the atmospheric gases

responsible for what scientists call thegreenhouse effect. Solar radiationreflected off the earth's surface trapped

by carbon-based gases warms theatmosphere. Although the greenhouseeffect retains atmospheric heat that allowsearth's life to flourish, an accumulation

of excess carbon-based gases canincrease the earth's warming beyond

natural fluctuations.Forests mitigate global warming by

sequestering and storing carbon-basedatmospheric gases. Sequestration is the

physical act of removing carbon-based

gases from the atmosphere duringphotosynthesis. Tree foliage exposed tosunlight converts carbon to new growththrough photosynthesis by separatingatmospheric carbon-based gases from air,

converting these gases to a carbohydrate,and storing carbohydrates in new growth.

Forests store carbon in woody debris,

forest litter, root

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•biomass, andmineral soil, until

these materialseventually

decompose andrelease the

carbon back intothe atmosphere.

mits participant countries to reduce theircarbon-based emissions by an average of5% below 1990 levels by 2010. Articles3.3 and 3.4 of the Protocol address and

promote the use of forests to sequesterand store carbon. These articles state that

Protocol members will inventory carbonstocks, record changes in these stocks,

and if desired, implement an offsetsystem. An offset system allows a

country to attain Protocol carbon-based

gas emissions standards by using carbon

sequestered and stored by its forests tooffset human-made emissions.

The Kyoto Protocol established ageneral framework for carbon sequestra-

tion policy. However at a November2000 follow-up meeting in the Dutch city

of The Hague, the meeting's negotiatorsfailed to agree on how nations wouldcount forest-based carbon sequestrationtoward emission reduction quotas.Negotiators have scheduled futuremeetings aimed at developing an imple-

mentation strategy for the Protocol later

this year.

National Carbon PolicyIn March 2001, President Bush

announced he would not seek ratificationof the Kyoto Protocol. However, EPA

administrator Christine Whitman hasstated that she is optimistic that the U.S.

can work with our allies through interna-tional processes to "develop technolo-

gies, market-based incentives and otherinnovati ve approaches to global climate

change."Following Kyoto, national policy

efforts to provide incentives to theforestry community for mitigating global

warming emerged in Congress. Republi-

cans and Democrats sponsored eight

carbon sequestration credit, tax incentive,and/or research bills during the 106th

Congress. Three of these bills illustrate

the breadth of potential legislation.

Senator Murkowski (R-AK) introducedthe "Energy and Climate Policy Act of

1

InternationalCarbon Policy

Nearly 150countries met in

1997 to discussgoals and

methods toreduce green-house gasemissions. Theresultant treaty,

entitled the KyotoProtocol, com-

The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001

1999," which would encourage researchand development in climate technologies

and the voluntary inventorying of

greenhouse gases. Senator Roberts' (R-KS) "Carbon Cycle and Agricultural

Best Practices Research Act," would

direct the USDA's Natural Resource

Conservation Service to increase re-search and extension efforts whilefocusing on improved soil carbon

sequestration through best managementpractices. Senator Craig (R-ID) intro-

duced the "Climate Change Energy

Policy Response Act" which wouldattempt to strengthen the science behindglobal warming mitigation strategies.

This year, Senator Wyden (D-OR)proposed the "Forest Resources for the

Environment and the Economy Act,"which would establish a landownercarbon sequestration payment system.This bill would establish carbon seques-tration measurement and reporting

protocols through state forestry agencies.

Wyden's bill would encourage sequestra-tion on under-producing forested landsthrough the creation of a carbon storageprogram modeled after Oregon's ForestResource Trust. Oregon established the

Trust in 1993 to encourage the foresta-tion of under-producing lands - lands

capable of growing forests but not

currently occupied by a manageableforest. Administrators later amended the

Trust to supply landowners funds forfuture carbon dioxide emissions offsets.

The Trust operates as a carbon exchange.Carbon emitting industries, namely

power utilities, pay money into the Trust.In return these industries can offset their

carbon dioxide emissions. The trust then

uses this money to pay landowners up to100 percent of their forestry plan'sforestation costs, such as site preparation,tree planting, seedling protection, and

competitive release practices.

Carbon Sequestration Payment IssuesIf policy makers can establish carbon

sequestration offset markets, atmosphericcarbon emitters may compensate NewYork's forest landowners for providingcarbon sequestration services. However,

policy makers must address scientific,. economic, and political carbon sequestra-

tion issues before the establishment of

these markets.Scientists are still learning how

atmospheric carbon is stored in forests,

especially forest soils. The amount ofcarbon sequestered by forests varies byforest type, cover, density, and geo-

graphic location. While carbon estimatesare available for some forest types,

scientists are still developing data forothers. Atmospheric carbon emitters, and

landowners need this information todetermine the carbon sequestration offset

ability of specific forest parcels.Policy makers also need to address

economic payment and market questions.

For example, should forest landowner

payments be modeled on the Oregonmodel where landowners receive foresta-tion assistance or should landownersreceive unrestricted payments? Anotherquestion concerns carbon sequestration

markets. Large and industrial forest

landowners may sequester enoughcarbon-based emissions that their owners

can individually negotiate sequestrationpayments with carbon emitters withoutgovernment assistance. High transactioncosts may prohibit individual nonindus-trial private forest landowners from direct

negotiations with carbon emitters. These

landowners may need either the govern-

ment to establish a market for sequestrationcredits where they could "sell" their

credits, or they may need to form coopera-tives or other mechanisms to overcomehigh individual negotiation transaction

costs.Finally, if the U.S. enters into an

international climate change agreement,

whether it is the Kyoto Protocol or someother agreement, international policy

makers need to agree on how forest-basedcarbon sequestration will offset nations'human-made emissions. The offsetquestion was one of the most contentiousissues at the Hague meeting. While theU.S. proposed that nations should receive

offset credit for existing forests, delega-tions from the European Union disagreedon how much such credit should be worth.

ConclusionAs scientists continue to validate

climate change predictions of adverse

impacts, national and international policymakers will increase regulatory pressure

on atmospheric carbon-emitting indus-

tries. Industries faced with regulatory

pressure to decrease carbon-basedemissions will attempt to offset theiremissions. One potential offset is forest

sequestration credits.Scientists are learning how forests

sequester and store carbon-based gases.If atmospheric carbon emitters are going

to compensate forest landowners forproviding this public benefit, policy

makers must encourage the developmentof markets for this benefit. While somepolicy makers understand the relationship

between carbon, climate change andforests, many do not. The forestry

community needs to educate policymakers and the public about how forestsoffset the impact of human-made carbon-

based emissions .•

Additional Resources

working DlliruJ.ll11J.t;

SeptemberForestry. TheSeptember2001 issues

www.anlerii~nol·~t&rnr~website COllltaihsCa~~beCialdedicated to

forests' role in mitigatingchange.

www.globalwartning;org: Anindependent sourc~ of globalwarming policy and economic

www.nrbp.org/pub17.pdf: This sitecontains the research report, ''TheRole of Northeastern-Forests andWood Production in CarbonSequestration."

Todd Mathes is a student at SUNY ESF. Heserved as a policy intern at the NationalAssociation of State Foresters in Washington,DC. Robert Malmsheimer is an AssistantProfessor of Forest Policy and Law at SUNYESF.

The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001 15

The Insect Egg

DOUGLAS C. ALLEN

The fecundity (fee-cund-i-tee) ornumber of eggs per female also differsfrom one species to another due todissimilarities in life history, traits orbehavior. This characteristic can alsovary for a given species when changes

occur in the quantity or quality of

available food. Extreme examples offecundity are a termite queen whoproduces hundreds of thousands ofeggs during her lifetime, compared to asolitary wasp that may deposit only 20

to 25 eggs. The difference in theseexamples is tied to insect behavior.

The termite queen is one of four social

castes in a well organized colony. Hersole purpose is to produce eggs;everything else is done for her. Eachpaper wasp female, on the other hand,must prepare and provision a nest prior

to egg laying. This major commitmentof time and energy is, in part,

responsible for restricting her ability to

produce eggs.Oviposition behavior also varies

markedly throughout the insect world.

Most commonly eggs are depositedsingly (Figs. 1-3), in loosely formed

clusters (Fig. 4) or compact masses

Every insect begins life as an egg,the dimensions and

appearance of which aredetermined by the size and habits of each

species. The structure of the egg shell,called a chorion (core-ee-on) by

entomologists, is very complex. It mustallow for exchange of oxygen and carbondioxide, yet minimize loss of moisture.The shell may be relatively thick, as in

the case of a wood borer that oviposits(i.e., deposits the egg) beneath or within

tree bark and many defoliators whose

eggs are exposed for extended periods onleaves or twigs. The eggs of species thatoviposit in or on a less harsh substraterequire relatively little physical protection

and, accordingly, have a thin shell. Forexample, blow fly eggs deposited in ananimal carcass or the eggs of a parasitic

wasp placed inside a host caterpillar areimmersed in a moist, pliable food source.Similarly, egg color varies with

oviposition (egg laying) habits. Eggs

deposited on foliage are often green oryellowish, those that occur on host barkare most often a shade of brown and eggsfound beneath bark or in wood are white

to off-white.

Figure 2 A lacewing egg. Note the silk"stalk. "

(Figs. 5,6). Special accessory glands

associated with the reproductive systemmay produce a glue-like substancewhich tightly adheres the egg to a

substrate, such as foliage or bark.Accessory glands of the forest tentcaterpillar (see Forest Owner Sept.!Oct. 1992) produce a varnish-like

material that coats the egg or egg mass,which helps to conserve moisture.

Substances produced by the accessoryglands to protect eggs of other speciesinclude foam-like materials, silk and

continued on next page

Figure 3 An egg of the yellow birch leaf folder on top of amajor leaf vien.

Figure 1A saturniid egg, most likely the luna moth.

The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 200116

Figure 4 Cluster of greenstripedmapleworm eggs.

Figure 5 Egg mass of the sprucebudworm on a fir needle.

gelatinous compounds. One of themost bizarre oviposition habits ispracticed by a group of highlypredaceous insects known in the adultstage as lacewings. The larval stages,called "aphid lions," are cannibalistic.An adaptation that discourages this selfdestruction by lacewings is their habitof depositing individual eggs on theend of a long, silk stalk (Fig. 2).When an egg hatches the larva dropsand is unable to eat its defenselesssiblings, because they are out of reach.

Site selection for egg laying is verycasual for some species, in others veryexacting. Walking-sticks, for example,simply scatter theireggs over theground and gypsymoth eggs massescan be found in avariety of locations-on branches, treetrunks, beneathrocks or on theground attached toany type of debris.Examples of more

finicky oviposition Fig. 6. Egg mass of the orangehumped mapleworm. Darkbehavior are the eggs are parasitized by a wasp.forest tent caterpillar

whose egg masses are almost alwaystightly bound to one-year-old twigs ofthe host, the spruce budworm' s mass ofpancake-shaped eggs that is alwaysdeposited on the upper surface of thehost needle (Fig. 5), or the yellow birchleaf folder that deposits each egg on topof a large vein on the upper surface of aleaf (Fig. 3).

Insect eggs are exposed to a varietyof natural mortality agents. Formany of our major forest pests, survivalduring this life stage often determineswhether an outbreak will occur, andmortality during this stage often is

responsible for the collapse of aninfestation. The eggs of manydefoliators often serve as hosts forsmall parasitic wasps. Eggs or eggmasses that overwinter on the bark ofthe host tree, like gypsy moth or somespecies of tussock moth, for example,are subject to predation by chickadees,nuthatches and other insectivorousbirds that glean this substrate for food.Eggs in more cryptic locations, such asthose of bark beetles which often aredeposited in inner bark, also aresubject to parasitism and predation.For example, mites and the larvalstages of many predaceous beetlesprowl bark beetle galleries in search offood. Finally, eggs may be killedwhen exposed to excessively coldwinter temperatures."

This is the 56th in the series of articlescontributed by Dr. Allen, Professor ofEntomology at SUNY-ESF. It is possible todownload this collection from the DEe Webpage at; http;llwww.dec.state.ny.uslwebsiteldlflprivlandlforprotlhealthlnyfolindex.html.

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The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001 17

John Druke of CNY NYFOA ReceivesDonald Stearns Forestry Award

For the tenth year, the Donald E.Steams Memorial Forestry Awardwas presented at the Madison

County Soil and Water Conservation DistrictAnnual Conservation Farmer of the YearDinner. This was one of two differentawards presented to people who havefurthered the cause of natural resourcestewardship in Madison County. The eventwas held on February 22nd at Quack's Dinerin Madison County. This year's recipient,John Druke, is chairman of the CNYChapter of NYFOA and with his wifeMartha, owns a 280-acre forest inGeorgetown, Madison County, NY.This was not the first time that the forestryaward was presented to a NYFOA member,but with half a dozen CNY chapter mem-bers present to honor John, it was a primeopportunity for the gathering's awareness ofNYFOA's goals and programs. John spoketo the gathering about NYFOA afterreceiving his plaque from DEC SeniorForester Ernie Hammerle. Ernie describedthe objectives of the Donald Steams ForestryAward, which is the recognition of one

person each year that, throughactions or research, exemplifiesadmirable forest managementpractices or in other ways encouragessustainable use of forest and naturalresources. His citation read asfollows:

The year 2001 recipient of theDonald E. Steams MemorialForestry Award is John Druke. John residesnear Kirkville and owns 277 acres of mostlyforest land in the Town of Georgetown,Madison County. John and his family havebeen managing this land for multiplepurposes of timber production, wildlifehabitat improvement and recreation usinggood forest stewardship principles.

Trees have been sold for harvest,harvested for home firewood, and plantedand sheltered to insure survival, clearingshave been created for habitat diversity andtrails are maintained. These accomplish-ments alone might be enough to merit theaward for John, but much more credit is duefor his volunteer efforts in spreading themessage about forest stewardship to others.

Carl Stearns (MFO and son of Donald Stearns), JohnDruke, and Ernest Hammerle, DEC Region 7 SeniorForester.

John is a Master Forest Owner and achair of the Central Chapter of NYFOA.During his tenure as chair, the chapter hasimplemented an outreach campaign targetingforest landowners who have never receivedprofessional forestry assistance. The keycomponent of this effort is workshops, freeof charge to landowners. Also, when theChapter has had "wood walks" on mem-bers' lands, John has opened these up tonon-members.

John's gentle, consistent leadershippromotes teamwork and encourages othersto follow. John is a leader who knows theway, goes the way and shows the way."

Submitted by Rich Taber and Carl Stearns,CNY chapter members.

LANDOWNERSMaples, Cherry & Red Oak are in strong demand, if you are interested in

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The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 200118

Forest Fragmentation

P roceedings of the Forest Fragmen-tation 2000 Conference held in

Annapolis, MD on September 17-

20, 2000 feature an l l-page summary ofthe data that was presented regardingforest fragmentation trends. The overall

conclusion was that private forests arebeing "nibbled" to death by Dynamic

Unintended Consequences (DUCs). Thatis, much of the unremitting movement of

America's private forests toward devel-oped uses and smaller fragments comes

from DUCs fed by common trends and

policies.

What is Forest Fragmentation?Some forest fragmentation from

natural events, such as storms, fires and

aging has always occurred and is even

necessary for functioning forests. Somehuman-caused fragmentation is also

unavoidable and necessary as populations

change, but some is a by-product ofchoices and policies that stack the deckagainst keeping land in forest uses. Three

familiar human-caused occurrences,commonly called forest fragmentation are:

1. Fragmenting ownership of a largeforest tract into several smaller ownerships(also called parcelization);2. Fragmenting the vegetation of a large

expanse of forest into isolated pieces byinserting new uses and different mixtures

of plants and animals; and

3. Fragmenting forest uses by converting

pieces of land to other uses.About 3 million acres (a Connecticut-

size hunk of forestland) is being frag-

mented (split into pieces smaller than 100acres every two years) according to oneestimate that was regarded as conservative

by most conference attendees. Nearly asmuch, around 2.4 million acres offorestland, is also being converted todeveloped land every two years.

Some Dynamic UnintendedConsequences (DUCs)1. Fragmentation rates are increasingfaster than population growth. Develop-

ment-supporting economies keep expand-

ing over the landscape, replacing forest-and-farm-supporting economies. Prior to

1992, each person added to Americaconverted a little less than v of an acre of

forest to developed uses. That rate hasmore than doubled; each additional personcauses development of about 0 an acre of

forest now.2. Subsidized development demandssubsidized services, which increasesdemand for more development. Most

residential development costs governmentmore in services than it pays in taxes.3. Plants and animals thriving on edge and

disturbance effects expand; those needing

large undisturbed expanses decline.4. Exotics and invasive weeds replacenative systems. Vulnerability to insects

and diseases increases. Plantings at

developed sites create 67% of invasiveexotics in the U.S.

5. Timber harvests "go terminal" in and

near developed r------------------------,areas. One last cut ismade in preparation

for development,then the infrastruc-

tures and economic

incentives helpingkeep land in forestsdisappear. Since thisis not accompanied

by a reduction inU.S. demand for

forest products,imports rise, driving

up harvest outsidethe area while local

forests are unused.

What's Feedingthe DUCs?

There are morepeople with moremoney buying morespace, and their

choices are sup-ported by transpor-

continued on page 20

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The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001 19

Forest Fragmentation (continued from page 19)

market approaches encouraging develop-ment push the trends further and faster

and often block solutions.

taxes. People who are 65 and older hold48% of all private timberland acres,meaning that land keeps getting divided

among heirs. Owners of high-value landwho haven't made complex legal tax-

avoidance arrangements before dyingleave their heirs with the problem of being

forced into selling land and timber to payhigh estate taxes.

According to John Greene, a Forest

Service researcher, the number andpercent of estates owing federal estate

taxes has risen in recent years. At thesame time, increased prices and urban

expansion have driven up the value ofboth the timber and land components offorestland, pushing more land into higherbrackets. Greene estimates that there are

tation and communications technology and

public policies. The U.S. population isgrowing and so are incomes and tastes for

larger houses and lots. This drivesdevelopment faster than simple population

growth and pushes it out into rural forestsand farmlands where the unit price of

construction is lower. Huge publicinvestments in improved transportation

systems reaching into the countryside,combined with communication technology

advances have reduced the need to clusterpeople and businesses in concentrated

urban centers and encouraged peripheral

locations for businesses and households.So prosperity and freedom of choice drivesome of the sprawl and fragmenting offorests, but strong public policies and

ExampleInvesting in development is highly

rewarded by many govemment policies;investing in forests is not. Studies consis-

tently show that residential developmentsget more public services than they pay forwhile farms and forests get less. Onaverage, farm and forest owners get only$0.34 worth of local public services for

every dollar paid in taxes. Owners ofresidential properties get $1.15 worth of

services for every dollar they pay in taxes.Those who inherit valuable land areforced to subdivide it to pay high estate

continued on page 22

POSITION ANNOUNCEMENT:

Executive DirectorNew York Forest Owners Association

(NYFOA)Non-profit organization seeks a part-time executive director

to help expand outreach programs, support chapter andmembership volunteers, and increase membership.

NYFOA, a statewide not-for-profit membershipcorporation, promotes private forest owners' stewardshipthrough use of desirable woodland practices. Many of itseducational programs are conducted by volunteers in 11regional chapters.

Applicant must have strong communication skills,demonstrated ability to lead organizations and work withvolunteers, ability to raise funds, and experience in planningand executing successful action programs. In addition theapplicant should be comfortable networking among personswith a range of views, educational levels, and positions andmust be willing to market and promote the organization.Familiarity with natural resource issues, organizations andaction programs is desirable.

NYFOA will establish a contractual relationship with thesuccessful applicant. He/she will provide own modem officeenvironment and will be compensated by contract up to$25,000 annually. Arrangements for travel and other expenseswill negotiated with the contract. Flexible though regular workschedule. Successful applicant is expected to reside in NewYork state.

Direct requests for additional information to 1-800-836-3566 or nyforestowners@excite.com. Send application letterand resume to NYFOA Personnel Committee, Box 180,Fairport, NY 14450 by August 1, 2001.

Growers. AS$(}ciat~.n,_TIleNortliemNut Growers

CornellUni -,-1tbaca,20-25speakers' involvementin nuttmiversityinsti-uctors,to corhobbyist. FOr more infonnatituckerh@epixnet,Oi"byphonalso available-ontheir web

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Timber Contract Review Timber Trespass ActionsOil and Gas Lease Reviews Timberland Succession Planning

Timber Tax Advice Including:Schedule T Preparation

Depletion Allowance CalculationsTax Free Exchanges

Timberland Tax Certiorari Challenges

Call David J. Colligan atWatson, Bennett, Colligan, Johnson & Schechter, LLP

Tel: (716) 852-3540 • Fax: (716) 852-3546www.forestrylaw.comdcolligan@Watsonbennett.com

The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 200120

THE SFlsMPROGRAM

HAS SOME VERY SOLID ROOTS.

The groundwork has beenlaid. Now join the ever-expanding number of parti-cipants who are committedto pursuing responsibleforest practices throughAF&PA membership or asa Sustainable ForestryInitiative Licensee. Already,over 70 million acres of forest-land are enrolled in the SFIprogram. Major participantsinclude The ConservationFund of New York,Vermont

and Maryland (19,480 acres)and the St.Louis County LandDepartment in Minnesota(903,000 acres).

Through the SFI program,you will be joining other like-minded professionals inpromoting the perpetualharvesting and growing oftrees while protecting wildlife,fish, soil and water quality.

It's the marriage of respon-sible forestry and soundbusiness. And we provide the

license. Let the world knowyou support forest steward-ship by becoming an SFIprogram participant today.

Contact Suzanne Manginoat 202-463-2746, or visit ourwebsite at www.afandpa.org

Growing Tomorrow'sForests Today®

www.afandpa.org

The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001 21

Forest Fragmentation (continued from page 19)

presently about 87,000 forest estatetransfers annually. He projects that about2.6 million acres of timber and 1.4 million

acres of forestland is sold annually to pay

estate taxes, and that at least 350,000acres is developed annually as a result.

Markets for timber products are presentlythe sole monetary incentives for keepingland in private forests in most cases.Owners generally receive no payment forthe other outputs coming from their forests

and so have little incentive to considerthem when there is an opportunity to cash

in development values. Examples ofvaluable, but uncompensated, forestoutputs are: carbon sequestration (seearticle on page 14), storm water control,

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to think of all of the benefits youcould enjoy from having a pond ora lake on your own property. Thisidea could become a reality if theright conditions prevail. From our

experience it normally requiresfavorable watershed conditions,

good site conditions, ownercommitment to stewardship for

enhancement of forest land values,appropriate engineering planning

and design, and good constructionpractices.

PONDS UNLIMITED CANEVALUATE the site of your

choice. We can provide all of theengineering services needed to

plan, design and oversee theconstruction of a dam to create ahandsome pond or lake on suitable

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clean water protection, wildlife habitat, airquality improvement and a host of other

benefits that go to the general public free.These have value as evidenced by the highcosts of replacing them with taxpayer-fmanced engineered systems.

Some ValuesClean Water: Forests in New York'sCatskill Mountains provide clean waterbenefits to New York City equivalent toan initial investment of $6-8 billion, with

annual operating costs of $1-2 billion foran engineered system to carry out the

same service.

Handling Storm Water: Water retentionservices lost from developed forests aregenerally replaced (poorly) by costly-engineered systems.

by their forests. Encouraging private

owners to produce these values is likely tobe cheaper than publicly financed,engineered replacements.3. Expand other innovative approaches,

such as the forest bank program and

easements.4. Examine the cost and effectiveness of

public purchase and regulatory programscompared to private owners beingencourage to maintain forestland through

fair taxation and market forces. i!.

Solutions?1. Change government policies

that favor development whilediscriminating against holding

land in private forests. Thisincludes changing estate taxrules that are likely to force

more sales on inherited forests

as values go up.2. Create market-based ap-proaches that pay owners forenvironmental values produced

For more information on the Forest Fragmentation2000 Conference, proceedings can be orderedfor$50 per copy for conference attendees; $75 percopy for non-attendees. Order from: The Sampson .Group, Inc., 5209 York Road, Alexandria, VA22310. Phone (703) 924-0773, Fax: (703) 924-0588, e-mail: meilsampson@cs.com; website:

www.sampsongroup.com

This article originally appeared in the NYFOA

WFL Chapter newsletter.

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MAGAZINEDEADLINE

Materials submitted for the July/August issueshould be sent to Mary Beth Malmsheimer, Editor,The New York Forest Owner, 134 Lincklaen Street,Cazenovia, NY 13035, (315) 655-4110 orvia e-mail at mmalmshe @syr.edu Articles,artwork and photos are invited and ifrequested, are returned after use.

Deadline for material isJune 1, 2001.

22 The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001

~MArurnTPLACENYFOA member Norman E. Murray has recorded a musical cassette, I'm aTree and We're the Forest Families of this Country, which has been used forenjoyment and teaching in elementary schools around the country. It is anon-profit undertaking, with any profits going to Project Learning Tree. Formore information or to request an order form, write U*C Music Division, POBox 1066, Buffalo, NY 14215. Cost is $3.00 per tape (reduced rates availablefor multiple tape orders).

NYFOA MerchandiseDisplay your support ofNYFOA-Purchase one of these CLEARANCE items!

50/50 Blend T-ShirtsAsh - Sizes: XXXL (2) , XXL (1) or Small (2)

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All prices include Shipping and HandlingSend your orders to: NYFOA, P.O. Box 180, Fairport, NY 14450

$3.00

$8.00

$5.00For More Information Contact:

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(315) 655-4110mmalmshe@syr.edu

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The New York Forest Owner 39:3 • May/June 2001 23

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