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THE NEW SOUTH AND THE FRONTIER. Unit IVD AP United States History. Fundamental Questions. Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the nation’s issues? How better off was the nation after the Civil War and Reconstruction?. The “New” South. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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THE NEW SOUTH THE NEW SOUTH AND AND
THE FRONTIERTHE FRONTIER
Unit IVDUnit IVD
AP United States HistoryAP United States History
Fundamental Questions
►Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the nation’s issues?
►How better off was the nation after the Civil War and Reconstruction?
The “New” South
►The Compromise of 1877 withdrew federal troops from former Confederate states, ended Reconstruction with a promise of development
►New vision From slave-dependency to self-sufficient and
diverse agricultural Industrialization and infrastructure Redemption…
Southern Agriculture
► Cotton remained the dominant crop Cotton farms doubled Large supply of world’s cotton drove prices down
► Diversity of crops Peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans Tobacco and cigarette companies
Sharecropping
► 50% white farmers and 75% black farmers► Crop liens kept small farmers in constant debt
Southern Industry► Growth of cities in
the South Textiles, steel,
lumber, tobacco
► Industrialization spearheaded by cheap labor rates
► More railroads built and designed on national standards
“Southern” Economy
►Northern investment control and slow progress kept the South poor
►Cheap labor wages and sharecropping►Poor education attributed to Southern
poverty
Redemption► Redeemers
Rid of Republican state governments
White supremacy laissez-faire
economics
► Hamburg Massacre (July 1876)
► Senator Benjamin Tillman (D-SC)
► Origin of Bible Belt► Instituted Jim Crow
laws
Segregation► Supreme Court
Civil Rights Cases of 1883► Civil Rights Act of 1875
unconstitutional► Segregation may be practiced by
private individuals and businesses
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)► Established “separate but equal”
► Jim Crow Laws Established by white Redeemer
state governments Legitimized by Plessy v.
Ferguson Examples
► Segregated public facilities and accommodations
► Disenfranchisement Grandfather clauses Literacy tests Poll taxes
Frontier Thesis
► Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893► The frontier defined the American identity► It promoted independence and individualism unlike
European conformity and social structure► The distinct American political society was a result
of surviving the frontier► The edge of the frontier was the figurative border
of civilization and the wild► The loss of the frontier could signal the beginning
of social conformity and rigidity
Railroads Drive the Expansion
► 35,000 miles in 1865 to 193,000 in 1900► Gauge standards connecting various local and
national lines► Connection of rails to cities, water ports, market
centers, Atlantic to Pacific First Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
► Federal land grants and subsidies► Overexpansion and corruption led to
consolidation by business moguls
Expansion of Railroads
Settling the West:Mining Frontier
► Gold and silver from California to Black Hills Comstock Lode in Nevada
(1859)
► Boomtowns and States Most settlers established
markets for miners Deadwood, Dakota; Tombstone,
Arizona
► Employed foreign-born miners South Americans brought
experience Chinese were cheap labor
Settling the West:Cattle Frontier
► Vaqueros – Cowboys► Cattle in West to Beef
Markets in East Cattle trails connect to
railways in Kansas
► Decline Loss of land
► Homesteader claims► Commercial agriculture
Environment► Overgrazing► Cold winters
Settling the West:Farming Frontier
► Homestead Act of 1862 160 acres for $10 and to live on and
cultivate land for 5 years► Oklahoma Land Rush (April 1889)
Sooners and Boomers► Exodusters
Southern free/freed blacks► Innovation
Barbed wire Dry farming
► Bonanza Farms Outside capital and new machinery
led to massive and lucrative farms► National Grange of the Patrons of
Husbandry Movement to better connect farmers
amid dreary rural life Cooperatives
► Stores, elevators, insurance
Manifest Destiny and the Natives► Most western tribes based on a
nomadic lifestyle and buffalo herds Whites decimated buffalo herds
for fur, sport, pests► Reservations
Concentrations of tribes through separate treaties
Tribal chiefs selected by white officials
► Indian Wars Theaters Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Little Big Horn (1876)
► Destruction of Colonel George Custer’s unit
► A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 Nonfiction historical account of
government policies toward Natives
Purpose was to shed light on atrocities and pursue humane and equal treatment
Reactions Toward and By Natives
► Assimilation Formal education and religious
conversion A “white” education
► Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Broke up tribal organizations; lands divided into 160 acre plots; citizenship grants; disease, alcoholism, poverty,
starvation► Ghost Dance Movement
Wovoka’s attempt to drive the settlers out through circle dances and chants
► Wounded Knee (1890) Massacre of Sioux men, women,
and children signifying the end of the Indian Wars