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The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. Chapter 2. Three Theories for The Origins of Adaptations. Creationism Seeding theory Evolution by natural selection Which of the theories is scientific and why?. The Three Products of Evolution. Adaptations By-products Noise. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The New Science of Evolutionary PsychologyChapter 2
Three Theories for The Origins of Adaptations•Creationism•Seeding theory•Evolution by natural selection
•Which of the theories is scientific and why?
The Three Products of Evolution•Adaptations•By-products•Noise
What is an Adaptation?•An inherited and reliably developing
characteristic that came into to existence through natural selection because it helped to solve a problem of survival or reproduction during the period of its evolution
•Must show evidence of special design•Must show evidence it improves fitness
The Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA)•The adaptive problems or selection forces
that were responsible for shaping the adaptation over deep evolutionary time
•Not a time period, but a set of circumstances
•Each adaptation has its own EEA
Byproducts•Characteristics that do not solve design
problems and do not have functional design
•Come along with adaptations
Noise•Random effects•May harm the organism or be neutral
________________________________
The female orgasm: Adaptation, by-product, or noise?
Levels of Evolutionary AnalysisGeneral Evolutionary Theory (Darwin)
Middle Level Theories: Parental Investment
Theory (Trivers) Specific Evolutionary Hypotheses: In species
where males contribute resources to offspring, females will seek males who are willing and able to do so Specific Predictions Based on Hypothesis: Women
prefer men who show generosity during courtship
Strategies for Generating and Testing Hypotheses Theory Driven
Parental Investment Theory
Develop and Test Hypothesis: collect observations of women’s responses to personal ads that vary with regard to stated income
Observation Driven
Develop and Test Hypothesis: collect observations of women’s responses to personal ads that vary with regard to stated income
Observation: women seem to prefer men who have higher incomes
Human Nature•All species have a nature that evolved
through natural selection•All psychological theories are
evolutionary- all contain premises about human nature
•The human mind has evolved psychological mechanisms to solve adaptive problems
What is a Mechanism?•Example: Callous producing mechanism
▫Physical processes that cause toughening of the skin in response to specific environmental inputs
•Solves a specific problem•Is a universal mechanism but the output
will vary based on experience
Evolved Psychological Mechanisms: Definition•Exists because it evolved as an adaptation•Designed to process specific, limited input•Input has information value to the
organism about what adaptive problem it is facing
•Input takes form of decision rules (if-then)•Output: physiological response,
communication to other mechanisms, or overt behavior
•Output of mechanism is directed at solving a particular adaptive problem
Properties of Evolved Psychological Mechanisms•The mind is “carved at its joints” based on
function, although functions are coordinated
•Mechanisms are problem- specific and numerous
•Mechanisms are not rigid instincts but allow behavioral flexibility ▫Are activated by specific environmental
inputs▫Involve decision rules that permit multiple
options
Evolution and Culture•Evolution and learning are not opposites•Learning and culture are descriptions for
how environmental inputs interacts with psychological mechanisms
•Culture is a description that requires explanation- it is not an explanation by itself
Culture
Methods for Testing Hypotheses•Comparing species•Comparing males and females•Comparing individuals within species•Comparing individual across contexts•Experimental methods
Data Sources for Testing Hypotheses•Archaeological records•Data from hunter gatherer societies•Observations•Self-reports•Life history data and public records•Human products
* Multiple data sources allow evidence to converge
Identifying Adaptive Problems
Guideline 1: Modern Evolutionary Theory
•Problems of survival and growth•Problems of mating•Problems of parenting•Problems of assisting genetic relatives
Guideline 2: Knowledge of Universal Human Structures•Identifying common features of human
experience provides a starting place for likely adaptive problems (e.g. Brown’s Human Universals) ▫Social hierarchies▫Giving birth in presence of others
Guideline 3: Traditional Societies•Hunter-gatherer groups more closely
resemble the conditions under which humans evolved
•Humans were hunter-gatherers for 99% of our history
Guideline 4: Paleoarchaeology and Paleoanthropology•Analysis of fossils and tools allows a
window into adaptive problems that our ancestors faced
Guideline 5: Current Psychological Mechanisms•Fear of snakes•Taste aversions•Sexual jealousy
Guideline 6: Task Analysis•Analyze an observation into the various
behavioral and cognitive tasks necessary for it to occur
•Observation: humans generally avoid sexual contact with closely related kin