The New NationThe New Nation

Chapter 6Chapter 6

17891789The first presidencyThe first presidency

• Washington runs unopposed for PresidentWashington runs unopposed for President

• Inaugurated April 30Inaugurated April 30thth 1789 in New York 1789 in New York

• John Adams comes in second place V.P.John Adams comes in second place V.P.

• Thomas Jefferson is chosen as Secretary of StateThomas Jefferson is chosen as Secretary of State

• Alexander Hamilton is chosen as Secretary of Alexander Hamilton is chosen as Secretary of TreasuryTreasury

• Henry Knox is chosen as Secretary of WarHenry Knox is chosen as Secretary of War

• Edmund Randolph is chosen as Attorney GeneralEdmund Randolph is chosen as Attorney General

17891789The first presidencyThe first presidency

• No precedent to followNo precedent to follow

• Constitution did not provide specific Constitution did not provide specific guidelines for the presidencyguidelines for the presidency

• All members of the Executive Branch were All members of the Executive Branch were unsure about day to day operationsunsure about day to day operations

Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789

• Defined the positions of the Supreme CourtDefined the positions of the Supreme Court

• Established a Federal Court systemEstablished a Federal Court system

• Created an appeal process for state court Created an appeal process for state court decisionsdecisions

First test of Checks and Balances…how?First test of Checks and Balances…how?

Creating an economyCreating an economy

ProblemProblem: The national government was responsible : The national government was responsible for 2/3 of the public debt; the states 1/3for 2/3 of the public debt; the states 1/3

SolutionSolution: : • Feds establish a national bankFeds establish a national bank• Feds takes on all the debtFeds takes on all the debt• Feds issue new bonds to states and individualsFeds issue new bonds to states and individuals• States and individuals would slowly pay interest States and individuals would slowly pay interest

off the bondsoff the bonds How did this strengthen the Federal Government? How did this strengthen the Federal Government?

Whiskey rebellionWhiskey rebellion

1794: 1794:

• National government issues a tax on whiskeyNational government issues a tax on whiskey

• Whiskey producers in PA rebelledWhiskey producers in PA rebelled

• Washington sends 15,000 militia to stop the Washington sends 15,000 militia to stop the rebellionrebellion

Why did Hamilton see this as a way to assert the Why did Hamilton see this as a way to assert the new governments authority?new governments authority?

Federalists vs. RepublicansFederalists vs. Republicans

Leader: Leader:

• HamiltonHamilton

Focus: Focus:

• Strong central Strong central governmentgovernment

• Commercial Commercial businessesbusinesses

Leader: Leader:

• JeffersonJefferson

Focus: Focus:

• Strong state Strong state governmentsgovernments

• Farmers/small Farmers/small businessesbusinesses

The first presidency’sThe first presidency’sForeign PolicyForeign Policy

• 1793: Washington’s neutrality declaration1793: Washington’s neutrality declaration– U.S. would not get involved in France’s war with U.S. would not get involved in France’s war with

EnglandEngland

• 1794: Jay’s treaty1794: Jay’s treaty– U.S. expands trade into the Caribbean islandsU.S. expands trade into the Caribbean islands

• 1795: Pinckney’s treaty1795: Pinckney’s treaty– U.S. takes control of all land east of MississippiU.S. takes control of all land east of Mississippi– U.S. is allowed to use Mississippi River for tradingU.S. is allowed to use Mississippi River for trading– U.S. controls FloridaU.S. controls Florida

Discuss the Impact

• What impact did the following events have on America and on future events?– Creation of the two party system

– Hamilton’s economic plan

–Washington’s position of neutrality

–Washington’s conduct as president

The presidency of John AdamsThe presidency of John Adams

• Significant events:Significant events: • Election of 1796Election of 1796

• XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

• Alien & Sedition ActsAlien & Sedition Acts

• Virginia & Kentucky Virginia & Kentucky ResolutionsResolutions

• How did they impact How did they impact the Adams presidency?the Adams presidency?

Election of 1796

• First political battle between Federalists & Republicans

• Adams (Fed.) defeats Jefferson (Rep.)

• Problem??

XYZ Affair

• Is this a victory or defeat for Adams?

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798• Federalists in Congress allow the president to:

1. Raise residency requirements from 5 yrs to 14 yrs

2. Deport anyone he considers a threat to America

3. Fine or jail any person voices opposition to the government

What does this violate?

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

• VA & KY also claim the right declare any law of the federal government null and void

Can they do this?

The 1800 Election

• Candidates: John Adams (Fed) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Rep.)

• Popular vote: Jefferson defeats Adams

• Electoral vote: Jefferson ties Burr

• House vote: Hamilton persuades House to vote for Jefferson…Burr becomes V.P.

• Result: 12th amendment

• Indirect result: ??

The Jeffersonian PresidencyThe Jeffersonian Presidency(1801-1809)(1801-1809)

Thomas JeffersonPresidential v. Presidential

Philosophy Actions

The Jeffersonian PresidencyThe Jeffersonian Presidency(1801-1809)(1801-1809)

• Philosophy on government…

• Philosophy on states’ rights…

• Philosophy on economics…

The Jeffersonian PresidencyThe Jeffersonian Presidency(1801-1809)(1801-1809)

Actions:

• Reduced federal military spending

• Cut the budget and reduced the national debt

• Issued the Embargo of 1807

–What: National ban on all imports and exports

–Why: Keep America neutral & end impressments by the British

– Impact?

Louisiana Purchase (1803)Louisiana Purchase (1803)

• Who? A hesitant Jefferson & Napoleon

• What? A land purchase of $15 million from the French

• Where? A tributary lands feeding into the Mississippi

• Effect? Jefferson orders the Lewis & Clark expedition to study the West

• Long-term Effect?

Clark Lewis

Thomas JeffersonPresidential v. Presidential

Philosophy Actions

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

Problem:

• Adams appoints Federalists to fill judicial positions before he leaves office

Cause:

• Jefferson to halt appointments

• William Marbury goes to the Supreme court to challenge Jefferson

Marbury vs. MadisonMarbury vs. Madison

Ruling:

1.Supreme Court cannot stop Jefferson

2.Supreme Court gives itself the power of Judicial Review

“It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each.

So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of  these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty.

If then the courts are to regard the constitution; and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature; the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply.

War of 1812War of 1812

How did the following lead to war?

• Impressments

• Attack on U.S. Chesapeake

• Calhoun & Clay’s war hawks

Major EventsMajor Eventsof theof the

War of 1812War of 1812Tippecanoe (1811)

• William Henry Harrison led Americans to victory against British and Native American forces

Declaration of war (June 1812)

• President James Madison declares war on Britain

Washington D.C. (August 1814)

• British invade and Burn down the city

Major EventsMajor Eventsof theof the

War of 1812War of 1812

Baltimore (Sept. 1814)

• British invade the Harbor

• Attack at North Point and Hampstead Hill

• Americans defend against 25 hour attack at Fort McHenry

• British are forced to retreat from the Chesapeake Bay

• Why was Baltimore an important target for the British?

Major EventsMajor Eventsof theof the

War of 1812War of 1812

http://www.historycentral.com/1812/baltimore.html

Battle of Baltimore,

The Star Spangled BannerThe Star Spangled Banner• Who was Francis Scott Key?

• What was his role in the War of 1812?

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

• Ending the fighting between U.S. & Britain

• Confirmed American Independence

New Orleans (Jan. 1815)

• News of peace had not reached New Orleans

• Andrew Jackson and 4,000 Americans defeats a British force of 10,000

Major EventsMajor Eventsof theof the

War of 1812War of 1812